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Passage 3As the pace of life continues to increase, we are fast losing the art of relaxation. But relaxation is __1__ for a healthy mind and body.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to __2__ it. In fact, it is not the bad thing as it is often supposed to be. A certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and give purpose to life. It is only when the stress gets out of __3__ that it can lead to poor performance and ill health.The amount of stress a person can withstand depends very much on the individual. Some people are not afraid of stress, and such __4__ are obviously prime material for managerial responsibilities. Others lose heart at the first sight of __5__ difficulties. When exposed to stress, in whatever form, we react both physically and __6__. In fact we make choice between “flight or fight” and in more __7__ days the choices made the difference between life or death. The crises we meet today are unlikely to be so extreme, but however little the stress, it involves the same __8__. It is when such a reaction lasts long, through continued __9__ to stress, that health becomes endangered. Since we cannot __10__ stress from our lives it would be unwise to do so even if we could, we need to find ways to deal with it.Passage 4As is known to all, the organization and management of wages and salaries are very complex. Generally speaking, the Accounts Department is __1__ for calculations of pay, while the Personnel Department is interested in discussions with the employees about pay.If a firm wants to __2__ a new wage and salary structure, it is essential that the firm should decide on a __3__ of job evaluation and ways of measuring the performance of its employees. In order to be __4__, that new pay structure will need agreement between Trade Unions and employers. In job evaluation, all of the requirements of each job are defined in a detailed job description. Each of thoserequirements is given a value, usually in “points”, which are __5__ together to give a total value for the job. For middle and higher management, a special method is used to evaluate managers on their knowledge of the job, their responsibility, and their __6__ to solve problems. Because of the difficulty in measuring management work, however, job grades for managers are often decided without __7__ to an evaluation system based on points.In attempting to design a pay system, the Personnel Department should __8__ the value of each job with these in the job market. __9__, payment for a job should vary with any differences in the way that the job is performed. Where it is simple to measure the work done, as in the works done with hands, monetary encouragement schemes are often chosen, for __10__ workers, where measurement is difficult, methods of additional payments are employed.Passage 5Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform. Why are uniforms so __1__ in the United States?Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more __2__ than civilian（百姓的）clothes. People have become conditioned to __3__ superior quality from a man who wears a uniform.The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to __4__ more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the __5__ of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What an easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to __6__ professional identity（身份）than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many __7__ benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of __8__ experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it,without __9__, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act __10__, o n the job at le a st.Passage 6Britain is not just one country and one people; even if some of its inhabitants think so. Britain is, in fact, a nation which can be divided into several __1__ parts, each part being an individual country with its own language, character and cultural __2__. Thus Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales do not claim to __3__ to “England” because their inhabitants are not __4__ “English”. They are Scottish, Irish or Welsh and many of them prefer to speak their own native tongue, which in turn is __5__ to the others.These cultural minorities(少数民族) have been Britain’s original inhabitants. In varying degrees they have managed to __6__ their national characteristics, and their particular customs and way of life. This is probably even truer of the __7__ areas where traditional life has not been so affected by the __8__ of industrialism as the border areas have been. The Celtic races are said to be more emotional by nature than the English. An Irish temper is legendary. The Scots could rather __9__ about their reputation for excessive thrift and prefer to be remembered for their folk songs and dances, while the Welsh are famous for their singing. The Celtic __10__ as a whole produces humorous writers and artists, such as the Irish Bernard Shaw, the ScottishPassage 8Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can __1__ performance at work and school. Cognitive( 认识派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on __2__ and gifts from others.A coeducational(男女合校的) school offers children nothing less than a tree version of society in miniature(缩影). Boys and girls are given the 1 to get to know each other, to learn to live together from their earliest years. They are put in a position where they can compare themselves with each other in terms of 2 ability, athletic achievement and many of the extracurricular activities which are part of school life. What a practical 3 it is (to give just a small example) to be able to put on a school play in which the male parts will be taken by boys and the female parts by girls! What nonsense coeducation makes of the argument that boys are cleverer than girls or vice versa. When 4 , boys and girls are made to feel that they are a race apart. In a coeducational school, everything falls into its 5 place.The greatest contribution of coeducation is 6 the healthy attitude to life it encourages. Boys don’t grow up believing that women are 7 creatures. Girls don’t grow up imagining that men are romantic heroes. Years of living together at school remove illusions of this kind. The awkward stage of adolescence brings into sharp focus some of the physical and 8 problems involved in growing up. These can better be 9 in a coeducational environment. When the time comes for the pupils to leave school, they are fully prepared to 10 society as well-adjusted adults. They have already had years of experience in coping with many of the problems that face men and women.Passage 13The anthropologist (人类学家) Clifford Geertz defines culture as a “historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols by 1 of which men can communicate, perpetuate and develop their own knowledge about and attitudes towards life.”Why is it important that you 2 about other cultures? There are a number of reasons. Some may do it 3 because they find fascinating the different ways that people think, speak, act, evaluate, and communicate. But let me assume that you are a more pragmatic sort of person, and are 4 in the “cash value” of a course like this — apart, that is, from the grade you will receive at the end of it. What is a class like this good for? Let me make a couple of suggestions on how what you learn in this class may prove 5 to you in the future:Business: Geert Hofstede’s excellent book on culture is 6 not primarily out of academic theory, but out of his study of the practical problems faced by one particular modern corporation (IBM), which exists across national and cultural 7 . In the world we live in, understanding 8 in general and also specific individual cultures in particular can make the difference between success and failure in the global market and economy.Politics and Diplomacy: If your career goal involves anything that relates to international politics and diplomacy, then understanding other cultures is 9 .Neighbors: If none of these previous factors 10 you, then you can just look at this class as a lesson in good neighborliness in the global village.Passage 14A pioneering study into the effects of a mother’s fat intake during pregnancy on her child’s health when he or she grows up is being launched at the University of Southampton.The research will investigate whether the type and amount of fat a mother eats during pregnancy 1 the risk of heart disease, 2 high blood pressure, in her child when he or she reaches adulthood.Although the link between high fat diets and high blood pressure is well known, there has been 3 research into the connection between a woman’s diet and her child’s risk of hypertension (高血压).The study, which is 4 by the British Heart Foundation, is led by Dr Graham Burdge, British Heart Foundation Professor of Cardiovascular Science.The award of this 5 grant is part of a ￡3.5 million boost for heart research in the UK by the British Heart Foundation. The charity’s special grants are made to fund research into the causes, prevention, 6 and treatment of heart disease, the UK’s biggest killer.Dr Burdge says, “The type and amount of fat in our diet has 7 during the past 50 years. Pregnant women 8 the same diet as the rest of us, but we know very little about the 9 of these changes in dietary (饮食的) fat on the development and future health of their children. We hope that the 10 of this study will help to develop recommendations for pregnant women about how much fat they should eat and what types of fat they should avoid.”Passage 15Major retailers and car manufacturers have slashed (削减) their marketing budgets in the six months to October, 2008, as the financial crisis has taken its toll, while supermarkets have __1__advertising spending in a battle to prove that they offer the most ___2__ prices.According to new research undertaken for The Daily Telegraph by Nielsen Media Research, in the six months to September 30, 2008, Marks & Spencer’s advertising spend fell 20.3 pc to ￡25.3 m, __3___ with the same period in 2007.While the retailer has spent heavily on a campaign __4__ celebrities in the past two years, it is understood to be cutting back on celebrity spending in 2009. The retailer is, however, still the UK’s 25th largest spender on advertising, __5__ being at 17th place in the six months to September 30, 2007.Car manufacturers have also significantly ___6__ back on marketing spending, believed to be a result of the financial crisis. According to Nielsen, Ford spent ￡26.6m in the six months to September 30, 2008, down 21pc from the same period last year. Vauxhall also ___7__ spending by 15.6pc in the period to ￡26.5m.For supermarkets, however, a significant increase in advertising spending, it appears, is a ___8___ as they seek to woo (追求) increasingly price __9__ customers. The leading supermarkets have __10__ an aggressive price war in the past six months as consumers have been faced with news of higher food prices.Passage 16Teddy bears have been around since 1902. The teddy bear came to being when President Theodore Roosevelt refused to 1 a black bear held captive by his hunting party. Also worth noting is that President Roosevelt’s refusal to shoot this captive bear became a very popular political cartoon by Cliff Barryman.A Brooklyn shopkeeper was 2 by the cartoon. The shopkeeper then asked President Rosevelt for 3 to name a toy bear “Teddy”. Thus became the creation of the teddy bear.It is also worth 4 that the teddy bear was born in Germany between 1902 and 1903.The first teddy bears did not have cuddly faces or smiles, in fact, the first teddy bears had expressions which could best be described as 5 . Teddy bears were also quite stiff, the 6 arms and legs and soft, plush bodies came much later.Now teddy bears are still the number one item to give babies as their first toy, the prize to win your girl on your first date, and most 7 , the toy of choice for law enforcement to give to children in sad, unsafe situations to help them calm down and feel safe.The market for collectible teddy bears has seen significant 8 in the last several years. A collectible teddy bear is very different than the typical store bought teddy that you might give a child. The industry 9 collectible teddy bears as hard, not floppy, and fully jointed (meaning arms, legs, and head are moveable). The artists however, also determine collectibles. Steiff teddy bears and others have a very high collectible 10 .Passage 17Hungry prehistoric hunters, not climate change, drove elephants to extinction during the Pleistocene era, new research suggests.At least 12 kinds of elephants 1 to roam the African, Eurasian, and American continents. Today, only two 2 of elephants are left in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. One theory for this dramatic demise holds that rapid climate shifts at the end of the most recent major ice age, some 10,000 years ago, 3 vegetation and broke up habitats, causing the death of those unable to adapt to the new conditions. Another 4 blames prehistoric humans, whose improved weapons and hunting techniques allowed them to wipe out whole herds of elephants.To help 5 the debate, archaeologist Todd Surovell of the University of Wyoming, Laramie, and colleagues tested two assumptions. If humans caused the elephant and mammoth extinctions, Surovell reasoned, the timing of the die-offs in 6 regions should match human expansion into those regions. On the contrary, if the extinction was 7 to climate change, elephants should remain in regions 8 colonized by humans and would only begin to die off once climate change occurred.The team tested both theories by analyzing where and when elephants were killed. In all, the study included 41 archaeological sites on five continents. The researchers found that, as humans 9 out of Africa, they left a trail of dead elephants behind them. The creatures disappear from the fossil record of a region once it became colonized by humans. Modern elephants survived in refuges 10 to humans, such as tropical forests, says Surovell.Passage 18There have been claims that warming on Mars and Pluto are proof that the recent warming on Earth is caused by an increase in solar activity, and not by greenhouses gases. But we can say with 1 that, even if Mars, Pluto or any other planets have warmed in recent years, it is not due to 2 in solar activity.The Sun's energy output has not increased since direct 3 began in 1978. If increased solar output really was 4 , we should be seeing warming on all the planets and their moons, not just Mars and Pluto.Our solar system has eight planets, three dwarf planets and quite a few moons with at least a 5 atmosphere, and thus a climate of sorts. Their climates will be 6 by local factors such as orbital variations, changes in reflectance (反射率) and even 7 eruptions, so it would not be surprising if several planets and moons turn out to be warming at any one time.However, given that a year on Mars is 8 two Earth years long, and that a year on Pluto lasts for 248 Earth years, it is rather early to start 9 conclusions about long-term climate trends on the outer bodies of the Solar System.What do we know? Images of Mars suggest that between 1999 and 2005, some of the frozen carbon dioxide that 10 the south polar region turned into gas. This may be the result of the whole planet warming.。
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) Section ADirections:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in thebank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item onAnswer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of thewords in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.Passage OneAdvice to “sleep on it” could be well founded, scientists say. After a good night’s sleep, a problem that seemed insurmountable(不能克服的) the night before can often appear more 47 , although the evidence until now has been anecdotal (轶事的).But researchers at the University of Luebek in Germany have designed an experiment that shows a good night’s sleep can 48 insight and problem-solving. Dr. Jan Born, a neuroscientist at the university, and his team taught volunteers two simple rules to help them 49 a string of numbers into a new order. There was also a third, 50 rule, which could help them increase their speed in solving the problem. The researchers divided the volunteers into two groups: half were allowed to sleep after the training while the 51 were forced to stay awake. They noticed that the group that had slept after the training were twice as 52 to figure out the third rule as the other group.“You have a memory representation in your brain of the problem you want to solve, and then you sleep. Sleep can act on the problem,” Born said in a telephone interview. But he also admitted that how restructuring of memories occurs or what governs it is still 53 .Other scientists say the 54 evidence supports the anecdotal suggestions that sleep can stimulate creative thinking.Although the role of sleep in human creativity will 55 be a mystery, the research gives people good reason to 56 respect their periods of sleep.Passage TwoWhen you have to meet someone from a different culture, be prepared. If you understand cultural differences, you’ll be a better communicator — even before you open your mouth!In many Western cultures, men stand up before they are 47 to someone important. Standing up shows politeness and 48 . After that, someone will usually offer to shake hands. But in the East, 49 introductions often begin and end with bowing rather than shaking hands.Now, let’s look at the simple introduction of sh aking hands. Americans like a 50 handshake. But the French 51 a light, short handshake. If you shake a Frenchman’s hand the American way, he may think you’re uncultured.People in Eastern European countries and some Latino cultures prefer shorter handshakes, too. Hugging after shaking hands is also a common introduction. Don’t be scared or 52 if you meet someone in Brazil and he gives you a hug. If you 53 this gesture, your friendship may not start well!The 54 customs for eye contact vary between cultures, too. Westerners appreciate regular eye contact during conversations. Refusing to look a Westerner in the eye may be understood as lack of trust, or maybe 55 . But in some African countries, too much eye contact can offend or sometimes have romantic meanings. Some people in Middle Eastern countries may appear to have their eyes half-closed while talking to you. Although it might seem like they’re tired or bored, such behavior is normal and should not be taken 56 .Passage ThreeFemale cheetahs (猎豹) at the Bronx Zoo in New York just love Calvin Klein’s Obsession forMen perfume (香水). No, they don’t 47 their favorite perfume behind their ears, but they do enjoy rubbing up against tree stumps sprayed with the scent.This is part of a program of the Wildlife Conservation Society, which 48 New York City’s zoos and aquariums, to keep animals healthy and happy. “We want to enrich the daily lives of the animals, both 49 and psychologically,” Diana Reiss, a senior research scientist at the Conservati on Society, told the reporter. “One of the ways we do that is offering our animals different kinds of scents to give them 50 .”The scents provide a way to 51 the animals. Reiss said smell is essential to the lives of animals. “With our cheetahs at the Bronx Zoo, we worked from inexpensive perfumes to expensive perfumes,” she said. “The one they respond to the most is Calvin Klein Obsession for Men. But they also respond to 52 perfumes.”The wildlife workers test the animals’ 53 to various scents by 54 tree stumps with different perfumes or placing cinnamon or other spices (香料) in the animals’ 55 . “We’ll observe how much time theyspend in that area,” Reiss said. But not all animals have 56 tastes when it comes to scents, Reiss said. Female cheetahs at the Bronx Zoo may rank Obsession for Men as their favorite perfume. But forget that for the pumasand lynx at the Queens Zoo. They like something that really smells.Part V Cloze (15 minutes)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choicesmarked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneAnother person’s enthusiasm was what set me moving toward the success I ha ve achieved. That person was my stepmother.I was nine years old when she entered our home in rural Virginia. My father 67 me to her with these words: “I would like you to meet the fellow who is 68 for being the worst boy in this county and will probably start throwing rocks at you no 69 than tomorrow morning.”My stepmother walked over to me, 70 my head slightly upward, and looked me right in the eye. Then she looked at my father and replied, “You are 71 . This is not the worst boy at all, 72 th e smartest one who hasn’t yet found an outlet (释放的途径) for his enthusiasm.”That statement began a(n) 73 between us. No one had ever called me smart. My family and neighbors had built me up in my 74 as a bad boy. My stepmother changed all that.She changed many things. She 75 my father to go to a dental school, from which he graduated with honors. She moved our family into the county seat, where my father’s career could be more 76 and my brother and I could be better 77 .When I turned fourteen, she bought me a secondhand 78 and told me that she believed that I could become a writer. I knew her enthusiasm, I 79 it ，and I saw how it had improved our lives. I accepted her 80 and began to write for local newspapers. I was doing the same kind of 81 that great day I went to interview Andrew Carnegie and received the task whichbeca me my life’s work lat er. I wasn’t th e 82beneficiary(受益者). My father became the 83 man in town. My brother and stepbrothers became a physician, a dentist, a lawyer, and a college president.What power 84 has! When that power is released to support the certainty of one’s purpose and is 85 strengthened by faith, it becomes an irresistible (不可抗拒的) force which poverty and temporary defeat can never 86 .You can communicate that power to anyone who needs it. This is probably the greatest work you can do with your enthusiasm.67. A) rushed B) sent C) carried D) introduced68. A) distinguished B) favored C) mistaken D) rewarded69. A) sooner B) later C) longer D) earlier70. A) dragged B) shook C) raised D) bent71. A) perfect B) right C) wrong D) impolite72. A) but B) so C) and D) or73. A) agreement B) friendship C) gap D) relationship74. A) opinion B) image C) expectation D) mind75. A) begged B) persuaded C) ordered D) invited76. A) successful B) meaningful C) helpful D) useful77. A) treated B) entertained C) educated D) respected78. A) camera B) radio C) bicycle D) typewriter79. A) considered B) suspected C) ignored D) appreciated80. A) belief B) request C) criticism D) description81. A) teaching B) writing C) studying D) reading82. A) next B) same C) only D) real83. A) cleverest B) wealthiest C) strongest D) healthiest84. A) enthusiasm B) sympathy C) fortune D) confidence85. A) deliberately B) happily C) traditionally D) constantly86. A) win B) reach C) match D) doubtpassage TwoThe first attempt of most artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece. If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), revising will seem a natural part of the writing 67 .What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals that many Broadway shows 68 ? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering—69 revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s musical Phantom of the Opera70 such a process.When Lloyd Webber began writing in 1984, he had in 71 a funny, exciting production. However, when Phantom opened in London in 1986, the audience saw a(n) 72 psychological love story set to music. The musical had undergone several revisions due, in part, 73 problems with costuming and makeup (戏服和化妆).When you revise, you change aspects of your work in 74 to your evolving purpose, or toinclude 75 ideas or newly discovered information.Revision is not 76 an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 77 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way. Even your decision to switch topics while prewriting is a type of 78 . However, don’t make the mistake of 79 the revision stage that follows drafting. Always make time to become your own 80 and view your dress rehearsal, 81 to speak. Reviewing your work in this 82 can give you valuable new ideas.Revising involves mixing the effectiveness and appropriateness of all 83 of your writing. When you revise, ask yourself the following questions: Is my main idea or purpose 84 throughout my draft? Have I given my readers all of the 85 ? Finally, have I included too many 86 details that may confuse readers?67. A) technique B) style C) process D) career68. A) go through B) go with C) go over D) go by69. A) in particular B) as a result C) for example D) in other words70. A) underwent B) exceeded C) rejected D) replaced71. A) head B) mind C) mood D) thought72. A) amusing B) disappointing C) moving D) living73. A) for B) in C) with D) to74. A) addition B) response C) reference D) contrast75. A) apparent B) obvious C) fresh D) ambitious76. A) just B) even C) almost D) hardly77. A) Moreover B) However C) Instead D) Therefore78. A) rearranging B) revising C) drafting D) performing79. A) abandoning B) skimming C) abusing D) skipping80. A) director B) master C) audience D) teacher81. A) and B) or C) as D) so82. A) method B) way C) procedure D) means83. A) abstracts B) aspects C) views D) assumptions84. A) puzzling B) bright C) unique D) clear85. A) angles B) evidence C) information D) hints86. A) unnecessary B) unreliable C) uninteresting D) unimportantPassage ThreeThe recession is taking a serious toll on American retail, but e-commerce could emerge as a winner.According to a new report by Forrester Research, e-commerce sales (beyond travel) are likely to 67 11%, to $156 billion, in 2011. That 68 a slowdown from 13% growth last year and 18% in 2009. The major factor 69 to the pace shift is, of course, 70 consumer confidence.But e-commerce’s slowed pace is still far better than the National Retail Federation’s forecasted 0.5% drop in 71 retail sales this year.That means e-commerce is stealing market shares from 72 retail —and fast. 73 Forrester’s estimates, in 2010 e-commerce 74 for 5% of all retail sales. In 2012, Forrester thinks e-commerce could have an 8% share.One recent factor is that online shopping promises 75 to price-sensitive consumers. “The recession is definitely 76 more consumers to do their homework before they go and complete a(n) 77 ,” says Forrester analyst Sucharita Mulpuru.E-commerce is also somewhat protected because online shoppers 78 to be wealthier: about half of all online shopping is done by households that earn more than $75,000 per year, even though they’re just about a third of all households with Internet 79 .80 not all Internet companies are set to benefit 81 . Last month, e-commerce giant eBay 82 its first-ever quarterly revenue decline, 83 Amazon reported a sales surge of 18%.Smaller players are particularly 84 risk. “There are some pretty vicious (恶意的) wars as companies go online to get market shares,” says Mulpuru. “The 85 I have is that we could go back down the spiral (螺旋) of death from 2001 and 2003, when companies would under-price themselves 86 thinking about profitability (盈利).”67. A) arise B) grow C) raise D) breed68. A) causes B) says C) dictates D) marks69. A) attributing B) subjecting C) contributing D) applying70. A) declining B) lowering C) improving D) reducing71. A) entire B) intensive C) overall D) decisive 72. A) traditional B) original C) basic D) rational73. A) To B) As C) About D) By74. A) stood B) attached C) accounted D) amounted75. A) debates B) bargains C) disputes D) negotiations76. A) encouraging B) disappointing C) upsetting D) surprising77. A) purchase B) order C) business D) charge78. A) aim B) happen C) tend D) bound79. A) entrance B) access C) chance D) route80. A) Therefore B) Otherwise C) But D) And81. A) completely B) hardly C) initially D) equally82. A) decided B) posted C) boasted D) complained83. A) while B) when C) since D) because84. A) on B) at C) with D) in85. A) care B) attention C) intention D) concern86. A) under B) beyond C) within D) without。
英语四级选词填空语法讲义：英语冠词大学英语四级考试涉及的语法知识点多、涉及面宽，对不少考生来说都是一个难题。
希望通过本系列的学习，考生能对四级语法有更全面的掌握。
英语冠词冠词分不定冠词(indefinite article)和定冠词(definite article)两种，一般无句子重音。
1)不定冠词a，ana) a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物中的“一个"，相当于汉语的"一"，但不强调数目观念。
b) a用在辅音之前，an用在元音之前。
如：a notebook一个笔记本，a cigarette一支香烟，an old man一位老人，an English class一堂英语课。
字母u读作[ju:]时，由于第一个音[j]是辅音，故前面用a，不用an。
如：a useful book一本有用的书，a university一所大学。
字母h如不发音，第一个音又是元音，前面用an而不用a，如an hour [?n'au?]一小时，an honest [?n' nist] person一个诚实的人。
c) a和an在句中分别弱读作[E]和[En]。
2)定冠词thea)表示某一类人或事物中的"某一个"或"某一些"，相当于汉语的"这"或"那"。
b)不论单数名词或复数名词，也不论可数名词或不可数名词，前面都可以用the。
c)在元音前读[Ti]，辅音前读[TE]。
如the evening [Ti5:vniN] (傍晚)，the car [TEkB:] (汽车);在元音字母u发[ju:]和半元音字母。
y发[j]时，仍读[?TE]。
如the unit [TE5ju:nit] (单位)，the yard [TEjB:d] (院子)。
英语中不定冠词a (an)的用法1)指一个人、动物或一件事物属于某一类。
[四级阅读]教你攻陷四级的“选词填空”（bankedcloze）-备考资料选词填空（banked cloze）是四级考试改革后出现的新题型，旨在考察大家的词汇量，逻辑性，以及对文章的整体理解和分析，。
大部分的考生普遍反映这个部分的难度较大，因此很多同学复习时对此感到了无头绪，不知所措。
今天在这针对该题型的解题方法和技巧大家做一个分享。
首先，我们来了解一下选词填空在四级考试中所处的位置和所占比重。
出现在大学英语四级考试深度阅读(Reading in Depth)的第一部分．由一篇250—300词的短文和15个选项构成题目要求从给出的15个词中选择10个填入短文的空格中。
该部分占整个分值比例的5％，考试时间大概为7分钟。
选词填空的难点主要为：1. 单词有可能不认识 2. 错一题，可能会错两题。
选词填空与完型填空的相同点：都要上下文做题。
不同点：选词填空要先判断词性，而完型填空不用判断词性，4个待选项词性基本一致。
选词填空部分虽然所占比例较小，但只要找到解题技巧，还是能够提高整体分数的。
抛开文章本身不论，选词填空的15个备选单词往往就是给大家造成的第一个障碍。
最行之有效的办法就是从中挑选出大家最熟悉的若干单词进行选择，而将陌生词汇排除在考虑范围之外。
大体步骤分为四个部分，即1. 筛选单词 2. 词性分类 3. 对号入座 4.固定搭配。
其中最关键的步骤为词性的分类，多年以来的四级选词填空只曾涉及过四类词：动词、名词、形容词和副词。
遇到动词进行二次分类：确定时态，确定单三还是非单三。
遇到名词，确定单数还是复数。
做好标注后再回到原文根据意思和需要确定空内应填入的词性。
针对一些典型可以区别词性的后缀做了如下整理，仅供参考：名词后缀主要有：tion/ sion/ ness/ ance/ ence/ hood/ ment/ er/ or/ ion/ ist/ ism/ bility/ ship。
比如：action，conclusion，kindness，importance，difference，childhood，requirement，artist，socialism，possibility，scholarship，备考资料《[四级阅读] 教你攻陷四级的“选词填空” （banked cloze）》(https://)。
《大学英语四级考试》选词填空题型分析及备考教学建议作者：彭莉来源：《读与写·教育教学版》2016年第02期摘要：选词填空是《大学英语四级考试》中难度系数较高的一个题型，本文通过对该题型的命题规律分析，给予教师在有关词汇和句法上的备考教学建议。
关键词：选词填空单词句法中图分类号：H319 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-1578（2016）02-0007-011 《大学英语四级考试》选词填空题型介绍根据《大学英语四级考试大纲》，选词填空题型属于阅读理解中仔细阅读的部分，该部分主要测试考生在不同层面上的阅读理解能力，包括理解主旨大意和重要细节、综合分析、推测判断以及根据上下文推测词义等。
选词填空文章长度为200-250个词，要求考生从15个词中选择10个正确的词汇填空，让文章复原，每个词不能复选。
改题型所占分值不大，仅为5%，但难度不小，该题型考察考生对篇章的理解，对上下文的把握，词汇的用法，句法知识等。
如果考生熟悉该题型的出题规律及掌握四级词汇的用法、句法知识及一定的语法分析能力，他们完全能够拿下这5%的分数。
2 选词填空题型出题规律分析根据大英四级历年真题分析得知：选词填空的文章第一句话是不设空，而且空在文章中是比较均匀的，基本上做到了设空不影响考生对文章的理解。
文章的第一句话具有重要的导向作用，考生可以通过第一句话从了解文章的主题和意义。
如2012年12月真题中该题文章第一句“People whose jobs require them to sit for long periods of time suffer as much from back pain as peo ple who lift all day long.”，通过阅读该句以及浏览文章后面内容能推断出文章主要讲述的相关内容；再以2015年6月真题第一句为例，“It’s our guilty pleasure： Watching TV is the most common everyday activity，after work and sleep，in many parts of the world”，那么这一句的主题词应该是电视。
