下载文档原格式
1. Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two two groups: groups: the the religious religious religious group group and the secular one . 2. Beowulf , a typical example of Old English English poetry, poetry, poetry, is is is regarded regarded regarded as as as the the the epic epic epic of of the Anglo-Saxons. 3. 3. Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer is is is one one one of of of the the the greatest greatest poets in English.●The Renaissance Period (14th---mid17th)◆William Shakespeare : : (38 (38 (38 plays, plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long poems) 1.作品：Henry IV , The Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, Sonnet 18, The Tempest 2. Greatest Greatest tragedies:tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. 3. The The Tempest Tempest is is known known known as as as the the the best best best of of Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s final romance . The playwright playwright resorts resorts resorts and and and to to to the the the supernatural supernatural atmosphere atmosphere and and and to to to the the the dreams dreams dreams to to to solve solve solve the the conflict. And And this this play play is is is also also a a typical typical example example of of of his his his pessimistic pessimistic view view towards towards human life and society in his late years. 4. 4. William William William Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s s history history history plays plays plays are are mainly written under the principal that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. 5.Try to analyze Hamlet Hamlet Hamlet is is is a a a man man man of of of speculation, speculation, speculation, umbrage umbrage and contemplation.Hamlet Hamlet is is is neither neither neither a a a frail frail frail and and and weak weak weak minded minded youth youth nor nor nor a a a thought thought thought sick sick sick dreamer. dreamer. dreamer. He He He has has none of the single minded blood lust of the earlier earlier revengers. revengers. revengers. It It It is is is not not not because because because he he he is is incapable of action, but because the cast of his his mind mind mind is is is so so so speculative, speculative, speculative, so so so questioning questioning and and so so so contemplative contemplative contemplative that that that action, action, action, when when when it it finally comes, seems almost like like defeat. defeat. Trapped Trapped in in in a a a nightmare nightmare nightmare world world world of of of spying, spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged obliged to to to inhabit inhabit inhabit a a a shadow shadow shadow world, world, world, to to to live live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the the conventional conventional conventional role role role of of of a a a stage stage stage revenger. revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life and death. Hamlet is also a humanist, a man who is free from medieval medieval prejudices prejudices prejudices and and and superstitions. superstitions. superstitions. He He has an unbounded love for the world rather than heaven. He cherishes a profound reverence for man and a firm belief in man's power over destiny. 6. 6. What What What did did did Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare criticize criticize criticize in in in his his play? The conscientious playwright criticized various kinds of human vices and sins, like greed, betrayal, pride, prejudice and deception, including acts of social inequality, sexual and racial discriminations in in plays plays plays such such such as as as The The The Merchant Merchant Merchant of of of V V enice and The Tempest. In his tragedies, he condemned the hypocrisy, treachery and general general corruption corruption corruption at at at the the the royal royal royal court. court. court. He He does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars against religious persecution and the corrupting influence of money and gold. In King Lear, he criticized the bourgeois egoism while he feared anarchy, hated rebellion and despised democracy. 7. Soliloquy is a nature medium for Hamlet to release his anguish. 8.The The theme theme theme of of of Sonnet Sonnet Sonnet 18 18 18 is is is that that that a a a nice nice summer summer’’s s day day day is is is usually usually usually transient, transient, transient, but but but the the beauty in poetry can last for ever. 9.Discuss the four periods of Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s dramatic career. The The first first first period period period of of of Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s s dramatic dramatic career was one of apprenticeship. He wrote five history plays (e.g. Henry VI), four comedies comedies (The (The (The Comedy Comedy Comedy of of of Errors). Errors). Errors). In In In the the second period, Shak Shakespeare’s espeare’s style and approach became highly individualized. He wrote wrote five five five histories histories histories (e.g. (e.g. (e.g. Henry Henry Henry IV), IV), IV), six six comedies (The (The Merchant Merchant Merchant of of of V V enice) and two two tragedies tragedies tragedies (e.g. (e.g. (e.g. Romeo Romeo Romeo and and and Juliet). Juliet). Juliet). His His third period includes includes his greatest' his greatest' tragedies (e.g. Hamlet) and his so called dark comedies comedies (Measure (Measure (Measure for for for Measure). Measure). Measure). The The The last last period includes his principal romantic tragicomedies (The Tempest). 10. Briefly discuss discuss Shakespeare’Shakespeare’Shakespeare’s artistic s artistic achievement in characterization, plot construction and language A. Shakespeare’s major char characters acters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they represent certain types; they are individuals individuals representing representing representing certain certain certain types. types. types. By By employing a psycho-analytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters characters’’inner inner world. world. world. Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare also also portrays portrays his his his characters characters characters in in in pairs. pairs. pairs. Contrasts Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters. B. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot; instead, he borrows them form old plays or storybooks, storybooks, from from from ancient ancient ancient Greek Greek Greek or or or Roman Roman sources. sources. In In In order order order to to to make make make the the the play play play more more lively lively and and and compact, compact, compact, he he he would would would shorten shorten shorten the the time and intensity the story. There are usually usually several several several clues clues clues running running running through through through the the play, thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension. C. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different different poetic poetic poetic forms, forms, forms, such such such as as as the the the sonnet, sonnet, the blank verse and the rhymed couplet. He has has an an an amazing amazing amazing wealth wealth wealth of of of vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary and and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the the meaning of meaning of the the old words old words also creates striking effects on the reader. 11. 11. About About About the the the four four four tragedies: tragedies: tragedies: What What What are are the characteristic of the four tragedies in common? Briefly summarize each hero ’s weakness of nature Each Each portrays portrays portrays some some some noble noble noble hero, hero, hero, who who who faces faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the the outside evil force; outside evil force; t he the the old old old king king king Lear Lear Lear is is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth's lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes. ◆John Milton 1.作品：Paradise Lost ，Paradise Regained ，Samson Agonistes ，Lycidas 2.John Milton Milton’’s greatest poetical work Paradise Lost is the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf 3.His His literary literary literary achievement achievement achievement can can can be be be divided divided into into 3 3 3 groups: groups: groups: the the the early early early poetic poetic poetic works, works, works, the the middle middle prose prose prose pamphlets pamphlets pamphlets and and and the the the last last last great great poems. 4. Milton Milton wrote wrote wrote his his his three three three major major major poetical poetical works after the Restoration. 5. Paradise Lost is taken from Genesis of the Bible; the theme is “the fall of man ”6. 6. According According According to to to the the the setting setting setting of of of the the the poem poem Paradise Lost, discuss the theme, the author author’’s s intention intention intention to to to create create create it it it and and and the the implication that the poem expresses. A. The theme of the poem Paradise Lost is the "Fall of Man ”, i . e. man's disobedience . e. man's disobedience and and the the the loss loss loss of of of Paradise, Paradise, Paradise, with with with its its its prime prime cause-Satan. B. The author's intention to write this poem is to expose the ways of Satan and to "justify the ways of God to men". C. In this poem, the author implicitly expresses his fundamental concern with freedom freedom and and and choice choice choice and and and his his his belief belief belief that that that the the unquestionable unquestionable truth truth truth of of of Biblical Biblical Biblical revelation revelation means that an all knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and of their free will to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. 7. What is M ilton’s ilton’s fundamental concern fundamental concern in Paradise Lost? At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies M ilton’s fundamental concern with freedom and choice. The theme is the” Fall of Man,” i. e. man’s man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise. disobedience and the loss of Paradise. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. humanity. The The The freedom freedom freedom of of of the the the will will will is is is the the keystone of Milton's creed. 1.Shall I compare thee to a summer day?thou art more lovely an d more temperate:rough winds do shake the darling darling buds buds buds of of of May.adn May.adn May.adn summers summers summers lease lease hath all too short a date: 答：sonnet 18,Shakespeare Speech Figure Personification Them of the poem:A nice summer ’s day is usually usually transient transient transient but but but the the the beauty beauty beauty in in in poetry poetry can last forever. 2.So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,/So long lives this,and this gives life to thee. 答：Implication of the work: the beauty in poety can last forever, Idea Idea of of of the the the two two two line line line express:Shakespeare express:Shakespeare express:Shakespeare’’s faith in the permanence of poetry. 3.For For herein herein herein Fortune Fortune Fortune shows shows shows herself herself herself more more kind/than is he custom.It is still her use/To let the wretched man outlive his wealth/to view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow/An brow/An age age age of of of poverty:from poverty:from poverty:from which which which ling ling ring penance/Of such misery doth she cut me off .答：Shakespeare, She refer to Fortune. Mean:Antonio thinks Fortune is more kind toward him because Fortune is taking away both his wealth and life,which means Antomio Antomio will will will not not not feel feel feel the the the pain pain pain of of of losing losing everything. 4.To be or not to be-that is the question : 答：William Shakespeare, Hamlet. Mean:To Mean:To live live live on on on in in in this this this world world world or or or to to to die:to die:to suffer or to take action. Characteristic of the protagonist:He is a man of speculation,umbrage and contemplation What does the third line imply:The protagonist lived in a world that was full of trouble, trouble, and and and he he he was was was often often often determined determined determined to to take take up up up arms arms arms against against against troubles troubles troubles that that that sweep sweep upon him like a sea,But he did not succeed. 5. If thou beest he -but O how fallen! How changed/From him who in the happy realms realms of of of light/Clothed light/Clothed light/Clothed with with with transcendent transcendent brightness brightness didst didst didst outshine/Myriads,though outshine/Myriads,though bright! If he whom mutual league /United thoughts and counsels,equal hope/And hazard hazard in in in the the the glorious glorious glorious enterprise,/Joined enterprise,/Joined with with me me me once,now once,now once,now misery misery misery hath hath hath joined/In joined/In equal ruin:into what pit thou seest... 答：Paradise lost John Milton The story story is is is taken taken from Genesis of of the the Bible,The theme is the Fall of Man. What does the poet intend to do in writing it? it? Intended Intended Intended to to to expose expose expose the the the ways ways ways of of of Satan Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men. The word he refers to God. 。
Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period A basic introduction to the neoclassical period.Edumund SpenserEdumund Spenser1)William ShakespeareHamlet To be, or not to be---that is the question; Whether tis nobler in the midn to suffer/The sligs and arrows (2) of outrageous fortune, Or to take arm against a sea of troubles, And bu opposing end them? To die, to sleep---no more; and by a sleep to say we end.Francis Bacon (1561-1626)1) Francis Bacon, a representative of the Renaissance in England, is a well-known philosopher, scientistand essayist. He lady th efoundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinkingand fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge His Essays is the first and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the firstexample of that genre in English literature.2) The Advancement of Learning, written in English; Novum Organum, an enlarged Latin version of TheAdvancement of Learning. Other works are Apophthagmes New and Old, The History of the Reign ofHenry VII, and his unfinished The New Atlantis. Maxims of Law and The Learned Reading upon theStatute of Uses are the two famous works from the third group.3) The Advancement of Learning is a great tract on education. In Book I, Bacon highly praises)f g g,g y pknowledge, refuting the objections to learning and outlining the problems with which his poan is to deal.Also he answers the charge that learning is against religion.4) Novum Organum is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology.5) "esteem the performance of public duty his highest aim."6) Francis Bacon is "Father of Science". His work "Novum Organum" is the most impressive display ofhis intellect. what is the main concern of the work? why the work is so important for the development ofd i?A)Th k i t f ht i d ti i i l f th A i t t li modern science? A) The work is an argument for hte inductive reasoning in place of the Aristotelian deductive reasoning. B) The Aristotelian reasoning only states the fact, not capable of discovery while the inductive reasoning, although starting with a hypothesis and developing with experiments, amy lead to the discovery of true knowledge.7) According to Bacon, man's understanding consists of three part: History to man's memory; Poetry toman's imagination and creation; and Philosophy to man's reason.8)Francis Bacon is best known fo r his essays.Of Studies What is the main idea of "Of Studies"? Answer: "Of Studies" analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character."Of Studies"reveals to usOf Studies how studies exert influence over human character. Of Studies reveals to us Bacon's mature attitude towards learning.John Donne (1572-1631)1) The term "metaphysical poetry" is commonly used ot name th ework of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit, the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.2) John Donne is the leading figure of the "metaphysical school." Herbert, Vaugham, Crashaw, Marvell and Cowley are also considered to be metaphysical poets.3) The Songs and Sonnets, by which donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics. Love is the basic theme. John Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body .4) The Sun Rising is to give compliments to the mistress and her power of beauty .John Milton (1608-1674)1) Paradise Lost was finished in 1665, after seven year's labor in darkness. In 1666 Milton began his Paradise Regained In 1671appeared his last important work Samson Agonistes (the Death, Be Not ProudThis is a sonnet written in the strict Petrarchan pattern, with 14 lines of iambicpentameter rnhyming abba abba cddc ee.Paradise Regained . In 1671 appeared his last important work Samson Agonistes (力士参孙）, the most powerful dramatic poem on the Greek model.2) John Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Among the three, the first is the greatest, indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf; and the last one if the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.3) Areopagitica is probablhy his most memorable prose work. (John Milton ,1644)p g p y p 《论出版自由》(著,年出版)4) The theme of Paradise Lost is the "Fall of Man," i. e. Man's disobedience and hte loss of Paradise,with its prime cause:Satan.5) What are the characteristics in the style of "Paradise Lost?" A) "Paradise Lost", the greatest English epic since "Beowulf", long and complicated lines, formal words. A lot of contrasts andparallels. The meanings of some lines are vague, it is called Miltonic Vagueness. As a whole his style i d l Paradise Lost 1) The Poem tries to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelationmeans that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and,of their free will to choose sin and its inevitable punishment.2) Selected: "Here in the heart of hell to work in fire,/ Or do his errands in the gloomydeep." In the gloomy deep means in Chaos.。
