英语词汇学自考重点

各章重点内容串讲：

Introduction

1.Lexicology（名词解释题）

（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of

words（WNWD）.

本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。

（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological

structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical

development, formation and usages.

本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。

2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）

（1）Two approaches

There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and

diachronic.

synchronic 共时法

diachronic 历时法

（2）Definition: A, synchronic

From a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.

However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking

into its origin and changes in form and meaning.

1.word（名词解释）

（1）a minimal free form of a language

1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）

2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。）

2.the relationships between the sound and meaning

（1）简答题

1）Sound is the physical aspect of a word. And meaning is what the sound refers to.

本句翻译：音是词的物质外壳；义是音的所指。

2）A word is a symbol that stands for something else in the world, which is outside the

language system.

（2）单选题或填空题

arbitrary/conventional

1）there is ‘no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea

and the actual thing and idea itself’.（音与实际的实物和实际思想本身并没有一定的逻辑关系）

2）The relationship between them is conventional because people of the same speech

community have agreed to refer to the animal with this cluster of sounds.

3.More and more differences occur between the two.（简答题）（音和形之间的距离越拉越大）（P8）

①The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans

②Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the

years

③The third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.

④Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English

vocabulary.

4.Words can be classified by different criteria（简答题/单选题）（P10－P11）

Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into

content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by

origin.

use frequency 使用频率

notion 概念

origin 词源

5.The basic word stock（名词解释）（P11）

（1）The basic word stock is the foundation（基础） of the vocabulary accumulated over

centuries and forms the common core of the language.

（2）Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English

vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.

6.Features of the basic word stock （简答题）

①All national character.（全民性）

②Stability.（稳定性）

③Productivity.（能产性）

④Polysemy.（多义性）

⑤Collocability.（搭配性）

7.Nonbasic words

（1）Terminology（术语）

（2）Jargon（行话）

（3）Slang（俚语）

（4）Argot（黑话）

（5）Dialectal words（方言词）

（6）Archaisms（古词）

（7）Neologisms（新词）

Slang（俚语）（P14）:

1）Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the

standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like

cant（shoptalk of any sub-group）, jargon, and argot.

俚语属于非基本语言，它是位于标准语和套话、行话以及黑话之间的语言。

2）Certain words are labeled ‘slang’ not because of their appearance or pronunciation but

because of their usage.

本句翻译：某些词语之所以叫俚语并不是因为它的发音，也不是因为它的词形，而是因为它的用法。

3）Much of the slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words

though some slang words are new coinages altogether. 4）Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive.

俚语是多彩的、直接的、富于表达的并令人印象深刻。

Neologisms（新词）（P15）:

Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new

meanings.

新词是新创造出的单词或表达方式，或呈现出新意思的词。

8.Content Words and Functional Words（单选题）

（1）By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words.

（2）Content words, which constitute the main body of the English vocabulary.

实词构成英语词汇的主体。

main body 主体

（3）functional words, which make up a very small number of the vocabulary, remain stable.

remain stable 保持稳定

（4）functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content

words.

9.Native Words

Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the

Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.