台湾造船业的核心能力和竞争策略--英文版

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波特三种基本战略

波特基本战略
竞争战略（Competitive Strategy）的提出
• “竞争战略”是由当今全球第一战略权威，被誉为“竞争战略之父”的美国学者迈克尔.波特（Michael E.Porter）于1980年在其出版的《竞争战略》（《Competitive Strategy》）一书中提出，属于企业战略的一种，它是指企业在同一使用价值的竞争上采取进攻或防守的长期行为。波特为商界人士提供了三种卓有成效的竞争战略，它们是总成本领先战略、差别化战略和专一化战略。
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集中化战略的风险
(一)容易限锚获取整体市场份额专一化战略目标市场总具有一定的特殊性，目标市场独立性越强，与整体市场份额的差距就越大。例如，为愿意支付高价的顾客而进行专门设计加工服装的企业，将失去中低档服装市场。有很多企业为了获得专一化优势的同时又进入了广泛市场，这种矛盾的战略最终会使企业丢失其专有的市场。 (二)企业对环境变化适应能力差实行专一化战略的企业往往是依赖特殊市场而生存和发展的，一旦出现有极强替代能力的产品或者市场发生变化时，这些企业容易遭受巨大损失。例如，滑板的问世对旱冰鞋的市场构成极大的威胁。 (三)丧失目标集聚的成本优势（技术革命等）、丧失目标集聚的歧异优势（模仿）（四）目标市场中顾客需求减小（五）目标集聚的其他公司在目标市场中找到新的细分市场
它们旗下的每个产品品牌都个性迥异，针对不同的细分市场进行产品设计、价格定位、广告传播及渠道建设，满足消费者差异化的市场需求。这样，每个品牌都有自己的发展空间，市场就不会重叠。 2、进入中国的十多年中，宝洁一直坚持它那有名的“品牌经理制”，推行一品多牌策略，依靠细分品牌精耕市场，试图书写1＋1＞2的营销公式。而事实证明，宝洁走出了一条属于自己的差异化道路。

我国造船业发展现状及提升策略研究

我国造船业发展现状及提升策略研究船舶工业号称“综合工业之冠”，与钢铁、化工、机械、电子等近百个行业相关，对国民经济发展具有非常强的带动作用。

目前，中国已成为世界第一造船大国，形成了一批具有较强国际竞争力的大型船舶企业集团。

2018年，中国造船业新接订单量、造船完工量、手持订单量分别达到3667万载重吨、3458万载重吨、8931万载重吨，全球占比分别为43.9%、43.2%和42.8%。

在规模提升的同时，中国船舶工业在超大型集装箱船、大型气体运输船、高端海洋工程装备、自主设计建造航母、深海载人潜器等领域不断取得突破。

目前，中国船舶企业正在向世界一流大型船舶企业集团迈进。

一、中国造船企业与世界一流大型造船企业的比较从综合指标分析看，中国船舶集团（中船集团、中船重工集团）、扬子江船业等已经迈入世界大型船舶企业集团之列，但在劳动生产效率等方面与日韩一流大型船企还存在差距。

（一）中国船企规模优势明显从造船完工量看，中国船企具有相对优势。

2018年世界排名前十中中国占五席，中船集团、中船重工集团仅次于位居第一的韩国现代重工集团（见表1）。

从产业集中度来看，中国前五家船企造船完工量国内占比为80%，低于韩国。

2019年10月国务院批准中船集团与中船重工集团实行联合重组成立中国船舶集团，与此同时，韩国现代重工集团也宣布收购大宇造船海洋，两家新重组企业的生产规模将不相上下，日本船企近日也在宣布业务重组，以缩小与中韩企业的规模劣势。

表1 2018年世界主要船企造船完工量情况（单位：万载重吨）数据来源：英国克拉克松公司、中国船舶工业行业协会。

从营业收入看，中国船企处于领先地位（见表2）。

中船重工集团近年快速增长，排在首位，中船集团处于第二梯队的领先位置。

中国船舶集团成立后，营业收入规模将维持600亿美元左右，远远领先日韩船企。

表2 世界主要船企营业收入情况（单位：亿美元）数据来源：企业年报（2014-2018财年）整理。

造船企业供应链风险分析及其防范措施

造船企业供应链风险分析及其防范措施摘要：随着国际贸易的迅速增长，水路运输的发展对船舶运输能力有了更高的要求，同时船运企业在相当长一段时间对船舶的需求也持续增长。

而供应链的有效竞争能力关系到造船企业的生存。

文章着重分析了造船企业供应链的特点及其常见风险，并从供应链管理的角度提出了风险应对策略。

关键词：造船企业；供应链管理；供应链风险；船舶Abstract: With the rapid increasing of international trade，waterway transportation has got corresponding development, meanwhile, there is a higher demand for the transport capacity of vessel. As a result, the large demand for vessel is continuing. It is the supply chain competition that matters whether shipbuilding industry living or not. This paper analyses the supply chain characteristics and hackneyed risks of shipbuilding industry and advances some countermeasures from the perspective of supply chain risk management.Key words: shipbuilding industry; supply chain management; supply chain risk; ship引言信息化时代下，供应链之间的竞争逐渐演变成企业之间竞争的主要方面，企业的连续经营和持续发展建立在可靠的供应链基础之上。

中国造船质量标准CSQS（CB／T4000—2005）英文版译校漫谈

中国造船质量标准CSQS（CB／T4000—2005）英文版译校漫谈中国造船质量标准CSQS(CB/T4000—2005)英文版译校漫谈胡毅提要本文结合中国造船质量标准CSQS(CB/T4000—2005)英文版译校实践,介绍了译校工作的任务和要求,工作方法和注意事项,并通过新老版本的对照,以具体译例说明了该标准新版译文的特色.关键词中国造船质量标准CSQS英文翻译校对工作方法在国防科工委领导的大力支持和我国造船界有关专家共同努力下,中国造船质量标准CSQS(CB/T4000—2005)英文版最近推出.这是我国造船界的一件大事,预计将在中国造船走向世界,让世界了解中国造船建造质量控制和管理方面,发挥重要作用.笔者有幸参加了此标准英文版的译校工作,深感造船质量标准的翻译不但涉及众多专业,而且涉及各种船舶建造工艺实践,是一项难度高,工作量大的工程.现结合译校过程中涉及的部分章节,谈谈笔者的理解和体会.1译校的任务是质疑和建议这次英文版是在前几版的基础上,根据中文版的修订部分做相应的文字翻译修改,由于有很好的底本,译校的工作量不大,主要是把中文的修订部分与译文进行对照和确认.译校的任务是质疑可能的歧意,给出改进的建议.译校者需要有"吹毛求疵"的职业眼光,但是,一定要本着"锦上添花"的精神,一定要做到"言之有据".这是译校者的基本素质,也是做好译校工作,保证译文质量的基本要求.具体地说,译校时要从全篇的角度,把握上下文之间的内在联系.首先注意文字表达,做到语言正确,其次注意专门术语的选用,科技概念的理解是否得当,做到技术正确.当然,也要注意细节,比如打印出错,字母大小写,名词单复数,标点符号等.万一不注意,就会出现疏漏,即使是小小的瑕疵,也会对标准的规范性,严谨性产生负面影响.电脑文字处理软件的应用,大大提高了工作效率,但使用查找替换功能时要注意复核,防止不同文件格式转换过程中出错.另外,还要注意,某章节的文字,如有修改,则与之有关的其他章节的文字也要做相应的修改.如果是标题的修改,还会牵涉到"目录"中各节的标题. 从以上的一些要求来看,新版CSQS做得相当好,确实如评审专家的评价——"译文准确,语言规范",主要表现在以下几个方面:2新版本原文和译文的信息对等更为适当标准译文应当以准确而简洁的文字.达到本源语和翻译语的语言信息对等传递的目的.例如: (1)2005版CSQS英译本目录第11章的文字表达比1998版更简洁而且有更好的对应关系:(见表1)表1中文1998版2005版l1系泊及航行试验11M00RINGrIESTl1MOORINGI1EsT 11.1船体部分ANDSEA TRIALANDSEATRIAl11.2轮机部分11.1Mooringtestand11.1HullPartl seatrialforhullpart11.3电气部分1.2MachineryPart11.2Mootingtestandsea trialformachinerypartl1.3ElectricPart11.3Mootingtestandseaalfore]eetricpart(2)"(锅炉)基座螺栓紧固后应有防松措施."一节,1998版译文为:"Afterfastening,thefoundation boltsaretobecheckedtoensuretheirrobustnessand37reli~ility.TheboltsayetobefittedwitIllockingde—vices.",2005版译文为:"Thefoundationboltsayeto betightenedandsecuredwithlockingmeans.",两相对照,新版显然更加简洁.(3)"锚泊设备,舷梯,舱盖,门窗启闭装置及空调,消防系统等,应根据规范及有关规则出具船级社认可证书,产品合格证书及有关实验报告."一句,新版有两点改进:a】"产品)合格证书"选用"conformitycertificate"代替"qualificationcertificate",更为准确.笔者的理解:"qualificationcertificate"通常指"资格证书"或"资质证书",如"WelderQualification Certificate,焊工资格证书","NDTExaminerQualifi—cationCertifi~cate,无损探伤操作人员资格证书".b】新版在"productconformitycertificatesandtest reports"前增加"andbeprovidedwith".笔者的理解:这样做,弥补了语句结构不对称的瑕疵.等级认可证书的颁发者为船级社,但是,中文却未明示"产品合格证书及有关实验报告"由什么机构核发,加上"andbeprovidedwith",即"提供了,备有(产品合格证书及有关实验报告)",就是一种翻译技术处理方法.由于原文并不强调这些证书文件的发证机关.所以.在翻译时也可以采用不出现发证机构的变通译法,即把"船级认可证书"译为"approval certificatesoftheclassificationsociety".同"product conformitycertificates"."testreports"并列.这样处理,也能达到忠实于原文的目的,也就是说,该节文字也可译成:"Allmooringequipment,…,ayetobe provided(issued)withapprovalcertificatesoftheclas—sificationsociety,productconformitycertificatesand testreports…"o3新版本专门术语的选用更加准确造船标准涉及的专门术语和科技概念,尤其是工艺和惯例,领域之广,门类之多,令人望而生畏.然而,翻译人员却必须面对,无法回避.与1998英文版CSQS相比,新版CSQS的用语和专门术语的选用更加准确,反映了近年来的造船技术的发展(见附录"中国造船质量标准(CSQS)1998版和2005版部分词语和术语对照表").例如,(1)"轴系找中工艺一般采用照光或拉线方法.照光应在无日光直接照射的条件下进行."382005版的译文为"Thecenteringoftheshaftingis tobedoneingeneralbyusingthewayofopticalsightOr tauteningapianowire.Suchcenteringhastoavoiddi- rectsunshine.''"拉线找中工艺"是利用悬挂在两根支杆之间的,靠砝码绷直的钢丝进行找中的工艺.相应的译名为"taut—wirealignmeut".所谓的"拉线",实际是"靠砝码绷紧的钢丝",即"apianowiretautenedbythe weightsbetweentwosupports(stanchions)"."照光",即"opticalsight"或"opticalalignment",一般要避免直射日光的干扰,直接译为"toavoiddi—rectsunshine",更加简明扼要.(21"按产品说明书要求对主机自控,遥控设备的遥控操纵,应急停车,控制位置转换,安全停机,越控,安全减速等控制功能进行调试."一句中的"产品说明书",新版选用"controlequipmentspecifica—tions",比按字面直译"theproductspecifications",更加清晰.(3)"干喷雾颗粒"的译法.所谓的"干喷雾颗粒"只知道是一种涂装缺陷,但这种涂装缺陷是怎么产生的,笔者是一无所知.经请教涂装专家,才知道在油漆喷涂操作时,如果喷枪距离待喷涂工件过远或气温过高.喷出的漆雾在到达待喷涂工件表面之前会过早挥发,出现所谓的"干喷雾颗粒",致使油漆涂覆层的流布性和附着性变差.因此,"干喷雾颗粒"译为"prematurely—driedparticles",即"过早干燥的颗粒",在技术含义上比较接近.以下的英文注释,是笔者所拟.录以备考.Prematurely-driedparticlesreferstoakindof paintingdefectoccurredduringpaintingoperation.In casethesprayingdistanceistoofarawayfromthesur——facetobepaintedand/ortheambienttemperatureisvery(too)high,thesolventinthepaintingspraywille—vaporatequicklybe~rethelatterreachesthesurfaceto bepainted,andthiswillleadtopoorpaint-spreading/ flowing,pooradhesion,and,higherpercentageofsolid particlesinthecoating,thusresultinapoorpainting4新版本较长段落翻译时的前后照应更加严密翻译长句,是令译者头痛的事.长句往往用于列举或描述一系列的事实,容易失去照应.例如下面的一段规定就很长:"轴系找中前,机舱前隔壁往后,主甲板或强力连续甲板以下的全部船体结构和基座应装焊,矫正结束,艉轴管按交验合格的船体中心线装焊完工,艉轴管,冷却水舱以及双层底舱密性试验结束."对照两个板(版)本译文,可以看到新版译文的表达更加严密.主要表现在下面三个方面: (1)"艉轴管……装焊完工"译为"…andthe sterntubeistobecentered,fixed,weldedandbrought tocompletion…"把三个过去分词+介词词组的形式转变成四个并列的过去分词的形式,因为,这里的完工实际上还有检验和验收合格的内容,应当是一个独立的工序.(2)"交验合格的船体中心线"译为"shipscen—terlinedulysurveyedandaccepted",这里的"合格"实际上是"验收合格",所以,选用"accepted"比1998版的"qualified"更加恰当,因为后者通常用于人的资格的认定合格(3)"密性试验结束"从介词词组(withtightnesstestscompleted)上升为并列的谓语,同时用"mean—while"作呼应联系,使之与"船体结构和基座应装焊,矫正结束","艉轴管按交验合格"相并列.凸现其必须完成的地位.5结束语中国造船要做大做强,离不开标准工作.标准翻译工作是中国造船采用国际标准和中国标准走向世界的桥梁,必将更受重视.笔者能有机会为CSQS(CB/T4000—2005)英文版的翻译出版工作尽__份绵薄之力,深感荣幸,而且获益匪浅.本文看法,纯系一得之见,不当之处,敬请指教.附录中国造船质量标准(CSQS)1998版和2005版部分词句和术语对照表序号中文1998版2005版工艺板和吊装disposaloftemporarytreatmentoftemporary1眼板的处理weldingpiecesandweldingpiecesandlifting liftingeyepieceseyepieces2定位焊positionweldingtackwelding管子焊接的质3量控制要点)a1Cleaningofweldedparts;cleannessofpartstobeweldeda)焊接部位清洁管子表面无焊4Noweldingslag,spray,…Noweldingslag,spatter,…渣,飞溅物,……5产品合格证书productqualificationcertificateproductconformitycertificate 舵叶rudderplaterudderblade7船级)合格证书(class)qualificationcertificate(class)conformitycertificate 8螺旋桨锥孔coneholeforpropellerfemaleconeforpropeller9铰制螺栓reamboltreamerbolt tobematchedwiththetobeinterference—fitted冷套或液压过reamboltbycoldwiththereamerboltby10盈配合pressingorbyhydraulicshrinkorbyhydraulic interferencechecking.pressing.39序号中文1998版2005版(轴系找中工艺)centeringofthe●●●11tauteningapianowire 拉线(方法)shafting)runningafine(艉轴管轴承的)externalcircle(oftheexternalcylindrical12外圆sterntubebeating)surface(ofthesterntubebearing)船装HulloutfittingHulloutfitting13机装MachineryinstallationMachineryoutfitting电装ElectricinstallationElectricoutfitting14厚度偏差deflectioninthicknessdeviationinthickness15材质materialgradematerialquality钢材应按……A11steelmaterialsaretoA11steelmaterialsaretobe 16平整堆放.bestoredinpiles'?'andstoredinpilesandkept keptflat.cleanandtidy.17舱口角隅AngleofhatchopeningCornerofhatchopening18总装generalassemblinggeneralassemblinganderection19结构狭窄部位无confinedstructuralspaces20船舯范围mid-lengthregionmidshipregion21包角焊all—roundweldsboxing22涂层膜厚分布无Filmthicknessdistilbution23(管子)加工(pipe)machining(pipe)processing24轴系加工shaftprocessingshaftmachining25环境温度environmenttemperatureambienttemperature不同性质的电Differenttypesofearthing26气设备接地(即无(namelyworkingearthing工作接地和保护andprotectiveearthing)of接地)应相互分开.electricequipmentaretobe,segregatedeachother.27电缆金属护套cablemetalcovetingcablemetalsheath28备用泵无stand—?bypump29首制船prototypeshipthefirstshipoftheseriesconstruction 30舵轴ruddershaftrudderspindle31特涂speciallocationspecialpaintinglocation32手动盘车handturningmanualturning33漏涂(涂装缺陷)miss—'outpaintingholiday34气孔(涂装缺陷)bubblecavitypinhole(下转第36页)于小车支腿可自由摆动,故而能确保走轮与轨道的正常接触,且走轮踏面中心,基本处于支腿的中心线上.但这种结构支腿的摆动,是源于走轮轮缘与轨道侧面接触时的侧向力,所以,要注意轮缘的磨损情况.要保证轮缘有足够的厚度.2大车走轮咬轨啃轨造成大车走轮咬轨啃轨的因素很多,其中大车运行机构的安装精度超差是一个很重要的因素.因此.起重机制造标准中针对大车运行机构的安装有着严格的要求.根据标准要求.在以往的桥吊安装中已形成了一套成熟的方法.但是随着大型船舶的建造,所需起重机的起重吨位越来越大,跨距也越来越大,相应的安装工艺和方法也发生了变化,特别是大车行走机构的安装时机提前到了主梁全支承状态.待整机吊上轨道梁后.由于主梁的自重变形引起了端梁向跨中偏转,跨度越大,梁自重越大,则变形越大,端梁向跨中的转角也越大.安装于端梁上的行走机构同时向内侧倾斜.引起走轮垂直度超差,其后果是走轮踏面单向受力,从而引起或踏面磨损不均,从而导致行走不平稳,或产生附加弯矩应力导致机构寿命缩短. 为解决这一问题.可通过计算主梁自重引起端梁转角值,在吊车制作安装时,将端梁和行走机构向跨外侧放一相应预变位.在LNG车间240吨桥吊制造中,施工人员成功实施了这一措施,效果良好(见图端梁安装施工图).同时,由于大跨度,大起重量桥吊制作的工艺遭遇变革.促使行走端梁的工艺制造程序也发生变革. 传统的方法是待主梁行走端梁全部合拢焊接完成后,再进行划线,镗行走走轮轴孔.这样做的目的,主要是为了保证加工的轴孔的平行度.但是,由于在搭排安装镗刀架的过程本身就已和理论轴线产生偏差,加之加工时的振动位移,因此孔轴线平行度肯定存在偏差从而安装于该轴线上的行走走轮在水平方向也产生偏差,而且很难再作有效的调整.当这一偏差超出一定范围后.将会使整机行走时产生咬轨和啃轨现象发生.如果将轴孔加工改在内场进行并先行预装,那轴孔平行度偏差就可控制在很小的范围内,加以外场定位均按原始基准线定位,减少了累积误差.可大大提高行走机构的精度.这样.行走机构安装精度的最终控制就落到了最后一道工序一焊接工序的变形控制上.因此,焊接时要有严格的工艺程序和规范以及监控手段.特别是根据该处结构的特点一般不宜采取强制变形办法,应让焊接应力有自然释放的空间.在LNG车间240吨桥吊施工中就采用了这一新工艺.3结果经检测,行走机构水平偏差完全在标准许可范围内,证明了先加工,后装焊这一工艺是完全可行的.目前船舶轴系的加工装焊也已开始研究采取这一工艺措施,充分显示了这套工艺的生命力.以上是我们在大型桥式起重机制作过程中的几点体会.随着技术的发展和工程技术人员的努力,吊车制造的工艺技术水平肯定还会有新的飞跃.(上接第40页)序号中文1998版2005版35裂纹(涂装缺陷)cracklecracking干喷雾颗粒36dryparticlesofpaintprematurely—?driedparticles (涂装缺陷)37流挂(涂装缺陷)flowtracesagging,38刷痕(涂装缺陷)brushmarkbrushmarks39起皱(涂装缺陷)ripplewrinkling冷库电缆应明CablesforrefrigeratedCablesforrefrigerated40线敷设.spacesaretobelaidspacesaretobelaidinthe uncovered.modeofopen—wire.。

国内外造船产业发展的现状及趋势分析

国内外造船产业发展的现状及趋势分析造船产业作为现代工业的重要组成部分，对于国家的经济发展、国防建设以及国际贸易都有着至关重要的作用。

近年来，随着全球经济的发展和科技的不断进步，国内外造船产业的发展呈现出一系列新的特点和趋势。

一、国际造船产业的现状1、产业格局调整过去，韩国、日本和欧洲在造船领域占据主导地位。

但近年来，中国造船业迅速崛起，在产业规模和市场份额上逐渐赶上并超越了传统的造船强国。

这使得全球造船产业的格局发生了重大变化。

2、技术创新驱动在国际市场上，造船技术不断创新。

例如，船舶的智能化水平不断提高，自动化导航、远程监控和故障诊断等技术得到广泛应用。

同时，绿色环保技术也成为发展的重点，如采用新型能源、降低排放和提高能效等。

3、市场需求变化国际贸易的发展和能源运输的需求，推动了大型集装箱船和液化天然气（LNG）船等特种船舶的需求增长。

然而，受全球经济不稳定和贸易保护主义的影响，船舶订单的波动性也较大。

二、国内造船产业的现状1、规模持续扩大中国造船业在过去几十年中实现了跨越式发展，造船完工量、新接订单量和手持订单量三大指标在世界市场的份额不断增加。

国内形成了一批具有较强竞争力的大型造船企业。

2、技术水平提升我国在船舶设计、建造工艺和配套设备等方面取得了显著进步。

自主研发的高端船舶产品逐渐增多，如大型液化天然气船、超大型集装箱船等。

3、产业集群发展沿海地区形成了多个造船产业集群，如长三角、珠三角和环渤海地区。

这些产业集群在产业链配套、人才集聚和技术创新等方面发挥了协同效应。

三、国内外造船产业的发展趋势1、绿色化随着环保要求的日益严格，船舶的绿色化发展将成为必然趋势。

这包括采用清洁能源、减少污染物排放、提高船舶的可回收性等。

未来，新能源船舶如电动船、氢燃料电池船等有望得到更广泛的应用。

2、智能化人工智能、大数据和物联网等技术将在造船业中深度融合。

智能船舶将具备自主决策、智能航行和智能运维等功能，提高船舶的安全性、运营效率和经济性。

台湾造船业的核心能力和竞争策略

加强与国际合作伙伴的协同与创新，提升全球竞争力
国际合作与技术创新
台湾造船业应积极与国际合作伙伴开展合作，共同研发新技术、新产品，提升技术水平和创新能力。通过国际合作，可以借鉴国际先进经验，加速自身发展。
拓展全球市场网络
台湾造船业应积极参与国际船舶展览和交流活动，拓展全球市场网络。通过与全球客户和合作伙伴的深入合作，提升品牌知名度和
以上核心能力使得台湾造船业在全球市场上具有一…
加大研发投入，持续推出创新产品；提升生产技术和管理水平，降低成本并提高产品质量；加强与国际造船业的合作与交流，拓展海外市场。
03
台湾造船业的竞争策略
市场定位策略
专注高端市场
台湾造船业可以依托自身在技术研发和设计制造方面的优势，专注于高端船舶市场，如豪华游艇、高科技船舶等，以获取更高的利润空间。
拓展国际市场
积极拓展海外市场，尤其是与台湾船厂具有互补优势的国家和地区，降低对单一市场的依赖，提高市场多元化。
技术创新策略
研发智能化技术
加大在船舶智能化技术领域的研发力度，如自动驾驶、远程操控等，提升船舶的安全性和运营效率。
绿色环保技术
研发和应用绿色环保技术，如清洁能源、废弃物处理等，以满足国际社会对船舶环保性能的越来越高的要求。
拓展海洋工程装备市场机遇
深海开发机遇
随着全球海洋资源的开发利用，深海工程装备市场需求增加。台湾造船业具备丰富的造船经验和技术实力，可以进军深海工程装备市场，提供高质量的工程装备。
海上风电装备机遇
海上风电作为清洁能源的重要来源，正在全球范围内快速发展。台湾造船业可以凭借其在船舶制造领域的专长，转型研发和生产海上风电装备，抓住市场机遇。

钢铁集团公司组织管理手册

钢铁集团公司组织管理手册组织管理手册目录第一章前言 ............................................................. 第二章组织管理设计指导思想 ............................................. 第一节组织管理基本概念.............................................. 第二节组织管理模式设计思想.......................................... 第三节公司组织管理体系框架.......................................... 第三章组织管理推进步骤 ................................................. 第一节组织现状分析阶段.................................................... 第二节组织结构设计阶段.................................................... 第三节部门职能梳理阶段.................................................... 第四节岗位设计及定员阶段................................................ 第五节权责划分梳理阶段.................................................... 第六节组织诊断优化阶段.................................................... 第四章组织管理体系保障 ................................................. 第一节组织管理责任分工.................................................. 第二节组织管理成果确认机制..............................................组织管理分册第一章前言组织管理是企业管理运行的基础平台，对公司持续发展和长远发展起着重要的支撑作用。

船舶英语实用手册

船舶英语实用手册目录一、造船部分------------------------------------------------------------------31．船体部分--------------------------------------------------------------3 2．机舱部分--------------------------------------------------------------9 3．电气部分-------------------------------------------------------------13 4．船装部分-------------------------------------------------------------23二、造机部分-----------------------------------------------------------------29三、修造部分-----------------------------------------------------------------31一、造船部分1、HULL PART船体部分1、1结构Structure12dockyard/shipyard船坞dock/boatyardship-owner船舷Ship's sidequay/dock船的栏杆Ship's railhold甲板DeckShip's registry住舱甲板accommodation deckbow梁拱甲板arch deckladder载货甲板cargo deckstern首楼甲板Forecastle deckUpper deckLower deckMain deckHold deckBridge deckWatertight deck4Navigation deck铜-钢复合板Copper sheathingsteel plateBoat deck甲板边板Deck stringer plateCompass deck斜板Sloping platePlate加强板Reinforcement plateBilge plate舵板Rudder plateBottom plate舷侧外板Side plateShell plate裙板Skirt plateBow plate首柱板Stem plateBracket plate尾柱板Stern plateBulkhead plate平台PlatformCorrugated bulkhead plate机舱平台Engine-room platformBulwark plate分段BlockCoaming plate首段Bow blockConnection plate中段Midship block6Stern block甲板下纵桁Underdeck girderport舭纵桁Wing girderStarboard支柱Pillar纵桁Girder肋骨FrameBar girder基础台架Base frameBottom center girder支架Bear frameBottom center line girder舭肋骨Bilge frameBottom girder船底肋骨Bottom frameBottom side girder首肋骨Bow frameDeck girder肘板框架肋骨Bracket frameCross girder球鼻首肋骨Bulbous bow frameHoriz ontal girder球曲型肋骨Bulbous frameHatch coaming girder主肋骨Chief frameEngine girder首肋骨Fore frame7桁架梁Girder frame舭纵桁舭纵骨Bilge longitudinal Middle frame船底纵骨/纵桁bottom longitudinalPeak frame船底腹板纵桁Bottom weblongitudinalStiffened frame甲板纵桁Deck longitudinalTransverse frame内底纵桁/纵骨Inner bottomlongitudinalF.S.(frame space)舷侧纵桁/纵骨Shell sidelongitudinal/纵骨/纵向构件longitudinal双层底顶纵骨Top longitudinal ofdouble bottom9Slopping-bulkheadlongitudinal舱TankStructure尾尖舱after peak tank Accessory structure尾部水舱after water tankAll-welded structure辅助水柜Auxiliary water tank Amidships structure辅助压载水舱Auxiliary waterballast tankBerthing structure污水舱Bilge tankBottom keel structure底舱Bottom tankBow structure底边舱Bottom side tank Braced structure货油压载舱Cargo and ballasttankBridge structure循环水槽Circulating flowwater tankForecastle structure循环滑油舱Circulating lubricating oil tankFramed structure清洁压载舱Clean ballast tankGirder structure冷凝水柜Condensate catch tankmanhole干舱Dry tank11Drinking water tank密封圈Sealing ringBilge tank铰链HingeEmergency fresh water tank把手HandleFore tank平衡块Balance blockFore peak tankHopper side tank1、2welding焊接Liquid tank坡口GrooveKeel tank单面坡口Single grooveStarboard tank双面坡口Double grooveTopside tankⅠ形坡口Square grooveTopside wing tank V型坡口Single v grooveSmall hatch cover U型坡口Single u grooveWater-tight small hatchX形坡口Single v groovecoverK形坡口Single bevel groove Weather-tight small hatchcover13填充金属Filler metal形坡口Single v groove with broadrood faceGroove face热影响区Heat-affectedz one(HAZ)Groove angle过热区Overheated z oneWeld slope焊合线Bond line(fusion line)Root of joint焊接区Weld z oneRoot gap焊缝区Weld metal areaRoot face焊缝weldWelding joint连续焊缝Continuous weldButt joint断续焊缝Intermittent weldCorner joint纵向焊缝Longitudinal weld形接头T-joint横向焊缝Transverse weldLap joint对接焊缝隙Butt weldCross shaped joint角焊缝Filled weldBase metal(parent metal)并列断续角焊Chain intermittent fi缝llet 15缝Staggered intermittentfillet弧焊整流器Arc welding rectifierFace of weld自动焊Automatic welding Back of weld埋弧自动焊Submerged arc welding Weld width半自动焊Semi-automaticweldingWeld length氩弧焊Argon-arc welding Reinforcement二氧化碳气体保护焊CO2gas shielded arcweldingLeg(of a fillet weld)氧乙炔焊Oxy-acetylene welding Leg length气割Gas cuttingMuff joint碳弧气刨Carbon arc airgougingManual arcwelding(shielded metal arcwelding)水下切割Underwater cuttingDirect current arc welding等离子弧切割Plasma arc cutting alternating current arcwelding连续焊Continuous weldingArc welding transformer断续焊Intermittent weldingSport welding17Butt welding分段退焊Back step welding Fillet welding分段多层焊Block weldingLap welding深溶焊Deep penetratingweldingRe-welding跳焊Skip weldingRepair welding陶质衬垫焊Ceramic backingweldingTack welding引弧Striking the arcBack sealing welding焊接工艺参数Welding condition Backing welding焊接电流Welding current Surfacing(overlaying)焊接电压Welding voltagePlug welding焊接速度Welding speedSlot welding电弧电压Arc voltage Consmetic welding焊丝间距Wire spacing前倾焊Forward welding空载电压Open circuit voltage Backward welding熔化速度Melting rate19Wire feed rate层间温度Inter-passtemperatureGas flow rate焊后热处理Post-weld heattreatmentWire extension锤击PeeningPolarity全焊透Full penetrationwelding /阳极Positive electrode熔池Weld-pool/阴极Navigate electrode熔深PenetrationLeftward welding弧长Arc lengthRightward welding喷射过渡Spray transferCurrent density短路过渡Short circuitingtransferHeat input熔滴过渡Metal transferPreheat焊缝成形Appearance of weldPost-heat焊缝成形系数Form factor of weldPreheat temperature熔敷系数Deposition coeffcientPost-heat temperature熔敷效率Deposition efficiency21Penetration ratio立焊Vertical positionweldingConstant wire-feed system仰焊Overhead positionweldingalternate wire-feed system立向上焊Vertical up welding立向下焊Vertical down welding Static characteristic ofarc单面焊Welding by one side dynamic characteristic ofarcWeldability test双面焊Welding by both sideWelded construction单道焊Single-pass weldingBead多道焊Multi-pass weldingLayer多层焊Multi-layer welding ）Straight polarity焊接材料Consumables）Reversed polarity焊条ElectrodePosition of welding焊条药皮Coating平焊Flat position welding酸性焊条Acid electrode碱性焊条Basic electrodeHoriz ontal positionwelding23Low hydrogen type焊丝盘Wire reelelectrodeIron power type electrode铜冷却板Cu-cooling plateGravity electrode铜滑块Copper shoeFlux切割CuttingFused flux焊接工作台Welding benchSintered flux焊接变位机PositionerWire送丝机构Wire feederFlux-cored wire行走机构TravelerShielded gas焊接车间Welding shopFlux backing引弧板Run-on tab(end tab)Gravity electrode引出板Run-off tab(end tab)Flux-hopper定位板Strong-backFlow meter焊接衬垫Welding backingDryer敲渣锤Chipping hammer25Helmet条虫状气孔WormholeWelding glove密集气孔PorosityElectrode holder针尖状气孔PinholeWelding gun白点Fish eye(flake)Tip切口KerfNozzle咬边UndercutTorch焊瘤overlapWelding defect凹坑PitIncomplete penetration烧穿Burn throughIncomplete fusion未满焊Incomplete filledgrooveSlag清根Back chippingSlag(slag inclusion)清渣Slag removalInclusion焊接烟尘Weld fumeBlow hole电光性眼炎Eye-flash27Weldability横裂纹Transverse crackCarbon equivalent纵裂纹Longitudinal crack未焊满Incomplete filled groove焊趾裂纹Toe crackWeld crack机械性能试验Mechanical propertytestHot crack试板Test pieceCold crack试样SpecimenHydrogen–induced crack侧弯Side bendDelayed crack弯曲BendingLemellar tearing横向拉伸Transverse tensileCrater crack宏观试样Macro-etchingspecimenRoot crack微观试样Micro-examinationspecimenReheat crack破断试验Fracture testHeat-effected z one crack抗裂试验Cracking testIntercystalline crack脆性断裂Brittle fracture29Plastic fracture焊接方法Welding processWelding residual stress焊接工艺Welding technologyStress relieving焊接操作Welding operationWelding deformation焊接顺序Welding sequenceAngular distortion焊接方向Direction of weldingVisual examination常用缩语Non-destructiontesting(N.D.T.)气电立焊EGWUltrasonic inspection药芯电弧焊FCAW（X光）Radiographic inspection(X-ray inspection)实心电弧焊GMAWMagnetic particleinspection焊剂铜衬垫单面埋弧自动焊FCB Penetrate inspection手工电弧焊SMAWWeld-pool埋弧自动焊SAW源）Weld source31钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊TIG机舱部分ENGINE ROOM PARTMIG一、机舱设备Machines andequipment in engineroomMAG1、主机Main engine焊手工电弧切割SMAC1）主机油底壳The sump tank of M.E.）主机飞轮Fly wheel of M.E）活塞Piston、发电机Generator engine）应急发电机Emergency generatorengine）辅机Auxiliary、锅炉Boiler）组合锅炉The composite boiler）锅炉安全阀The safety valve ofboiler34）燃烧器Oil burner unit3）主空气瓶Main air reservoir）水位表Water level gauge4）应急空气瓶Emergency airreservoir）水位控制器Water level controller5、控制空气瓶Control air reservoir）过量蒸气调节阀Excess steam pressurecontrol valve6、空气干燥器Air dryer、舵机7、分油机Oil purifier）舵机间Steering room1）燃油分油机Fuel oil purifier）舵机装置Steering-gear2）柴油分油机Diesel oil purifier）手操舵装置Trick wheel plant3）滑油分油机Lubricate oilpurifier）油缸Oil cylinder4）排渣Sludge discharge）反馈装置Feedback device8、制淡装置Fresh water generator ）舵Rudder9、焚烧炉IncineratorRudder blade10、油水分离器Oil water separatorRudder stock11、生活污水处理器Sewage treat plant Rudder carrier12、大气冷凝器Atmosphere condenser 536Cascade and inspection(hot well)5）主机燃油供给泵Main engine fuel oilsupply pumpThe automatic back-flash lubricating oil filter 6）主机燃油增压泵Main engine fuel oilbooster pumpFuel oil unit7）主机十字头泵Main engine cross head pump）主机燃油单元Fuel oil unit of M.E8）付机海水泵Generator engine seawater pump2）付机燃油单元Fuel oil unit of A.E9）付机缸套水泵Generator enginecylinder coolingwater pump）粘度计Viscosity controller10）锅炉给水泵Feed water pump ofboilerPump11）锅炉燃油泵Fuel oil pump ofboiler）主机滑油泵Main engine lubricatingoil pump 12）分油机供给泵Fuel oil supply pumpof purifier）主机缸套水泵Main engine cylindercooling water pump13）制淡海水泵Sea water pump offresh water generator）主机缸套水预热泵Main engine cylindercooling water preheatingpump14）压载泵Ballast pump）主机海水泵Main engine sea water pump15）舱底消防泵Bilge and fire pump 738）油渣泵Sludge oil pump2、柴油澄清舱Diesel oil settingtank ）柴油输送泵Diesel oil transport pump3、燃油日用柜Fuel oil daily tank ）燃油油输送泵Fuel oil transport pump4、燃油澄清舱Fuel oil setting tank）汽缸油输送泵Cylinder oil transportpump5、滑油澄清舱Lubricating oilsetting tank）淡水输送泵Fresh water transport pump6、滑油储藏舱Lubricating oil storetank）热水循环泵Hot water circulating pump7、滑油循环舱Lubricating oilcirculating tank）饮水日用泵Drinking water pump8、燃油溢油舱Fuel oil overflowtank泵Bilge,fire and G.S pump9、燃油油渣舱Fuel oil sludge tankSprinkling pump10燃油深舱Fuel oil deep tankHarbor sea water pump11滑油污油舱Lubricating dirty oiltank滑油溢油舱Lubricating oiloverflow tank（箱）柜All kinds of tank13滑油油渣打舱Lubricating oilsludge tank、柴油日用柜Diesel oil daily tank14主机淡水膨胀水箱M.E fresh water expansion tank15付机淡水膨胀水箱A.E fresh water expansion tank940、淡水压力柜Fresh water pressure tank1、滑油系统Lubricating oilpiping system、热水压力柜Hot water pressure tank2、燃油系统Fuel oil pipingsystem、饮水压力柜Drinking water pressuretank3、海水系统Sea water pipingsystem、淡水舱Fresh water tank4、缸套水系统Cylinder coolingwater piping system、饮水舱Drinking water tank5、启动空气系统Start air piping system、锅炉水舱Boiler water tank6、控制空气系统Control air piping system、分油机工作水箱Purify operating watertank7、排气系统Exhaust piping system、汽缸油日用柜Cylinder oil daily tank8、日用供水系统Daily water pipingsystem、尾管滑油重力柜Gravity tank of tube oil9、蒸汽系统Steam piping system、排气水封箱Exhaust seal water tank10、锅炉给水和凝水系统Feed water andcondensate of boilerpiping system、蒸馏水水舱Distilling water tank11、燃油净油系统Fuel oil purifiedpiping system、污水井Bilge well12、燃油输送系统Fuel oil transport piping system系统All kinds of pipes41Rudder pintle13、滑油净油系统Lubricating oil purified piping systemrudder stock liner14、滑油输送系统Lubricating oil transport piping systemSleeve for rudder stock15、舱底压载系统Ballast and bilge water piping systemBush for rudder pintle四、仪表类Instructions Sleeve for rudder pintle1、压力表Pressure gauge Rudder carrier seat2、真空表Vacuum gauge Pintle bearing3、温度计Thermometer舵杆承座Rudder stock bearing4、吨位表DWT gaugeRetaining ring5、遥测表Distant survey gaugeTiller6、液全器Level switch）舵角The angle of rudder、空压机Air compressor）主空压机Emergency air compressor）应急空压机43、传感器Sensor12、机控室Engine control room Others13、台虎钳Vise(=vice)、风机Fan14、表铜截止阀Bronz e close valve、防海生物装置Anti-foul STM plant15、表铜截止止回阀Bronz e check valve、泡沫柜Air foam tank16、铸铁截止阀Cast iron stop valve、中间轴Middle shaft17、铸铁截止止回阀Cast iron check and stop valve、尾轴Propeller shaft18、调节阀Adjustable valve、螺旋桨Propeller19、溢流阀、安全阀Relief valve、中间轴承Line shaft bearing20、减压阀Reducing valve、泡沫灭火机Foam fire extinguisher六、材料Material、饮水消毒装置Steriliz er plant1、管子Pipe、主配电板Main switch board2、无缝钢管Seamless steel pipe(tube)、机舱集控台Engine room controlconsole3、紫铜管Purple copper pipe45、铁法兰Iron flange18、支架（马脚）Clamp、铜法兰Copper flange19、油漆Paint、盲板法兰Blind-flange20、备件Spare parts、螺丝（螺栓）Bolt、双头螺丝Stud七、生产工具Produce tool、螺帽（螺母）Nut1、图纸Drawing、不锈钢螺丝Stainless steel bolt2、活络钣Adjustable spanner 、垫片（床）Gasket3、令司板（梅花钣）Ring spanner、橡皮床Gum gasket4、开口钣Open–ender spanner 、纸箔床Paper copper gasket5、管子钳Pipe wrench、紫铜床Purple copper gasket6、凿子Chisel15、石墨床Black lead gasket7、锒头Hammer、青铅床Black lead gasket8、锉刀File、佛纳Feeler gauge9、螺丝刀Screwdriver47、油漆滚筒Paint roller4、首先请检查安装说明和电气绝缘、油漆刷子Paint brush Please check the condition ofinstallation and insulation first、钢锯Hacksaw5、我们准备将油水分离器动转、套筒扳手Socket spanner Now we will run the oily-waterseparator、手电筒Torch6、请检查动转情况、钻头driller Please check the running condition 八、英语会话7、接着我们一个一个地做报警/安全保护装置的功能试验1、早上好good morning Now we will do the function testabout alarm and safety device2、今天我们准备交验油水分离器8、设备交接基本结束Today we will test the oily-waterNow the test is overseparator.3、请跟我来9、请部有何修改意见？Please fellow me.Do you have any question?484910、非常感谢17、这里增加一只落水斗Thanks Add a drain plug here11、再见18、请用空气压缩空气吹干Good bye Please dry it by the compressed air 12、请把这对法兰撬紧松开19、我将回车间支拿肥皂水Please tighten/release the flange I will com to my workshop to takesome soap water13、这路管子是从发电机单元来的20、这个系统非常重要的，一定要认真检查The piping is from to the G/E unit This system is very important,please check it carefully14、这对法兰/接头在漏21、请交验收整改意见This flange/connection is linking Please check your remarks15、这路系统的试验压力是7公斤22、天太热了，请休息一会It’s too hot,please take a rest The test pressure of the piping systemis7bar16、这里请加强please make a clamp here23、我负责这项工作I am in charge ofthis job电气部分ELECTRIC PART5051Words and expression模拟Analog(ue)千赫值班接收机2182KHz watch receiver锚灯Anchor light异常Abnormal风速风向仪Anemorumbometer Acknowledge阳极AnodeActive power天线AntennaActuator天线馈线连接器Antenna feeder connectorAdjust天线引入绝缘端子Antenna leading–in insulatorAir circuit breaker天线共用器Antenna multicoupler Alarm system天线调谐器Antenna tuner Alternating current电焊机Arc welderammeter声音的AudibleAmplifier自动海图标绘仪Auto chart plotterAuto pilotAutomatic53仪Automatic radar plottingaid球鼻首警告灯Bulbous bow warninglightAutomatic telephone汇流排Bus(-)bar器Automatic voltageregulator汇流排Bus–tie–in Automation system蜂鸣器BuzzerBallast control console C、电缆CableBallast电缆填料函Cable glandBase敷设电缆Cable layingBattery电缆管Cable pipe(conduit) Bell电缆扎带Cable strapBend电缆托架Cable trayBerth light校准器CalibratorBlack out电容capacitorBrake阴板CathodeBrush警告牌Caution plate55Ceiling light通讯Communication Central processing unit计算机ComputerChannel接头ConnectorCharger恒电流Constant current Charging&discharging board消耗Consumption海图灯Chart table light触头ContactCheck接触器ContactorChip控制箱Control boxClean控制箱ControllerClear view screen芯线Core报警CO2release alarm角灯Corner lightCoaxial cable计算器CounterCoil电流CurrentCold store calling D、损坏Damage57箱Dangerous gas detecting&alarm box双极单刀开关Double pole singleway switchDaylight signal light双极双刀开关Double pole two wayswitchDecoupling set天线收发转换开关DuplexerDesk light值班水手呼叫Duty sailor calling Detector接地EarthDial接地排Earth bar收信机Digital select–callreceiver测深仪Echo sounderdimmer电工试验板Electric test panel Direct current电机员Electrical engineer Direct–on–linestarting电极ElectrodeDisk应急照明分电箱Emergence lightingdistribution box Display应急示位标Emergence positionindicating radiobeacon器Distress messagecontroller应急停Emergence stop Doppler speed log59Emergency switch board馈电品Feeder panelEngine alarm滤波器FilterEngine control console火警复显器Fire alarm repeater Engine room monitoring&alarm system防火风闸控制单元Fire damper controlunit轮机员呼叫Engineer calling panel火警检测箱Fire detecting box Engineer safety system火焰探头Flame detector讯机Enhance group callreceiver闪光灯Flash light Exchanger浮充电Float charge Explosion proof light强光灯Flood light Extension alarm panel流程图Flow chartFailure流量开关Flow switchFault荧光灯Fluorescent light Feed back雾笛Fog hornFrequency61Fuse感温探头Heat detector Gasket底座HolderGeneral alarm电笛、喇叭HornGenerator病房呼叫Hospital calling Generator panel照明IlluminationGong白炽灯Incandescent light导航GPS navigator指示器IndicatorGroup alarm light pillar卫星B站INMARSAT B stationGroup starter panel卫星C站INMARSAT C stationGyro compass输入输出Input/outputHalogen light安装InstallHandset仪表InstrumentHardware绝缘胶带Insulating tapeHeading绝缘Insulation63Interface限位开关Limit switchInterlock连接LinkInterrupt负载LoadInverter劳莱收信机Loran receiverJunction box磁罗经Magnetic compassKeyboard主机电子调速器Main engine electronic governorLamp主机功率、纽力仪Main engine power& torque unitLevel switch主机遥控系统Main engine remotecontrol systemLevel transmitter主机转速表Main engine revolution meterLight主机安全系统Main engine safetysystemLight column主机增压器转速表Main engine turbo-charger speed meterLight distribution box主配电板Main switchboard Lighting arrester手动手册Manual65Mark移动MoveMast light万用表Multimeter Master&slave clock铭牌Name plateMatching box窄频直接打印机Narrow-band direct printerMeasure航行灯Navigation light Megohmmeter导航系统Navigation system Meter航行监控台Navigation watchconsoleMicrophone航行警告收信机NAVTEX receiverMirror light负极NegativeMonitor网络NetworkMorse key标称值Nominal valueMotor常闭Normally closed Moulded case circuitbreaker常开Normally openMouse失控灯Not under-commandlight67Ohm gauge正极PositiveOmega receiver功率、电源PowerOrder printer电力分电箱Power distributionboxOscilloscope功率因素Power factorOver current优先卸载Preferential trip Overload压力开关Pressure switch舵灯Panama canal steeringlight压力传感器Pressure switch Parallel一次系统Primary systemPhase打印机PrinterPhoto resister程序ProgramPick up螺旋桨警告灯Propeller warning lightPlug广播Public addressorPort light脉冲PulsePortable telephone按钮Push button69Radar电阻ResistanceRadar transponder逆功率Reverse powerRadio旋转灯Rotating lightRadio direction finder舵角指示器Rudder angleindicator器Radio system运转灯Running lampRandom access memory屏幕、屏蔽ScreenRated power螺丝刀ScrewdriverReceptacle搜索灯Search light仪Recorder二次系统Secondary systemRectifier串联SeriesRelay屏蔽ShieldReset船名灯Ship name lightShore connection boxShort circuit71-----看Show电磁阀Solenoid valveShunt trip消音Sound offShut down声力电话Sound power telephoneSign空间加热器Space heaterSignal acquisition unit扳手SpannerSignal light喇叭SpeakerSingle side bandtransceiver分配器DistributorSiren右舷灯Starboard lightSlow down起动Start箱Smoke detecting&alarm box起动带StartSmoke detector尾灯Stern lightSocket停止StopSoftware苏伊士运河尾灯Suez canal stern lightSoldering iron支撑物supporter7273Switch验电笔Test penSwitch on试验程序Test procedureSwitch off热敏电阻ThermistorSynchroniz ing panel热电偶ThermocoupleSynchronoscope温度计ThermometerTachometer恒温计ThermostatTape recorder触摸屏Touch panelTelegraph轨迹球TrackballTelevision收发机TransceiverTemperature switch传感器TransmitterTemperature transmitter变压器TransformerTerminal脱扣TripTerminal board欠电压Under voltageTest不中断电源Uninterrupted powersource75Unload二、会话Dialog andconversationVHF telephone船东o-ownerVisual验船师s-surveyVoltage检验员q-quality inspectorVoltmeter电工e-electricianWall light1、检验电缆敷设Watt Inspection cable layingWaveguide你能带我去看机舱电缆敷设机Weather fax receiver Q:could you show me cable laying ofengine room?Wheel speed&directionindicator好，走吧。

豪华邮轮行业的市场前景

《豪华邮轮行业的市场前景》一、行业规模与增长1. “1 个核心数据：行业总市场规模突破 500 亿元”当前，豪华邮轮行业的总市场规模已经突破 500 亿元，呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。

在近几年，豪华邮轮市场规模的增长主要得益于以下几个方面。

首先，全球旅游业的持续升温为豪华邮轮行业带来了巨大的市场需求。

随着人们生活水平的提高和对旅游品质的追求，越来越多的游客选择豪华邮轮作为度假方式。

豪华邮轮不仅提供了舒适的住宿、美味的餐饮，还提供了丰富的娱乐活动和文化体验，满足了游客多样化的需求。

其次，新兴市场的崛起为豪华邮轮行业带来了新的增长动力。

亚洲、中东等地区的经济快速发展，中产阶级规模不断扩大，对豪华邮轮旅游的需求也在不断增加。

此外，邮轮公司的不断创新和扩张也推动了市场规模的增长。

邮轮公司不断推出新的航线、新的邮轮和新的服务，吸引了更多的游客。

与传统旅游行业相比，豪华邮轮行业具有更高的附加值和发展潜力。

传统旅游行业主要以观光旅游为主，产品同质化严重，市场竞争激烈。

而豪华邮轮行业则以高端旅游为定位，提供了全方位的旅游服务和独特的旅游体验，具有较高的附加值。

同时，豪华邮轮行业的发展也带动了相关产业的发展，如造船业、旅游业、酒店业等，具有较强的产业带动效应。

与其他高端旅游方式相比，豪华邮轮行业具有独特的优势。

豪华邮轮不仅提供了舒适的住宿和美味的餐饮，还提供了丰富的娱乐活动和文化体验，让游客在享受旅游的同时，也能感受到家的温暖。

此外，豪华邮轮还可以停靠多个港口，让游客在一次旅行中领略不同的风景和文化，具有较高的性价比。

2. “2 大增长引擎：技术创新与市场需求扩张”技术创新在豪华邮轮行业的发展中起着至关重要的作用。

一方面，新产品的研发不断推动着市场的发展。

邮轮公司不断推出新的邮轮，这些邮轮不仅在外观设计上更加时尚、美观，而且在内部设施上也更加豪华、舒适。

例如，一些邮轮公司推出了带有私人泳池、电影院、健身房等设施的豪华套房，满足了游客对高品质旅游的需求。

战略管理选择练习题

战略管理选择练习题站略管理教程选择题汇总第一章1.企业战略管理的理论特征有（）A.高层次性B.整体性C.竞争性D.动态性2.企业的成长方向战略有（）A.市场渗透B.市场开发C.产品开发D.多元化3.企业的协同效应可以表现在（）A.销售协同B.运行协同C.产品协同D.管理协同4.下列不属于安索夫管理战略的（）A.产品与市场范围B.增长向量C.竞争优势D.协同效应5.由现市场与现产品组合而产生的企业成长策略（）A.市场渗透B.市场开发C.产品开发D.多元化6.产品开发战略是一种由（）A.现产品现市场B.现产品新市场C.新产品现市场D.新产品新市场7.一般企业市场的三个层次（）A.公司战略B.职能战略C.产品战略D.竞争战略8.企业最高管理层指导和控制企业行为的最高行动纲领（）A.公司战略B.竞争战略C.职能战略D.产品战略9.下列属于竞争战略的是（）A.营销战略B.财务战略C.研究与开发战略10.战略管理过程包括（）A．战略分析 B .战略制度 C.战略实施 D.战略控制11.外部环境分析的主要目的在于找出企业所面对的（）A.优势与劣势B.机会与威胁C.优势与机会D. 劣势与威胁12.企业内部的各种环境因素一般可分为（）A.企业形象B。

企业的战略能力C.企业资源条件D.企业文化与利益相关的期望13.企业战略管理最早出现在（）A．德国 B.日本 C.美国 D.英国14.企业的长期计划阶段开始于（）A.20世纪初B.20世纪60年代C.20世纪80年代D.20世纪50年代15.著名战略学家钱德勒的作品是（）A.《战略优势》B.《战略与机构》C.《应变的战略》D.《竞争战略》答案：1.ABD 2.ABCD 3.ABD 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.ABC 8.A 9.C 10.ABCD 11.B 12.BC 13.C 14.D 15.B第二章1.竞争对手分析模型的四个基本要素（）A.未来目标B.自我假设C.现形战略D.潜在能力2.规模经济作为行业进入壁垒，主要影响因素的行业是（）A.钢铁业B.保健品C.汽车制造业D.造船业3.在下列行业中进入壁垒以产品差异优势为主的行业是（）A.钢铁业B.保健品C.汽车制造业D.造船业4.在产业生命周期中，竞争相对激烈的时期是（）A.新产品拖入期B.快速成长期C.成熟期D.衰退期5.进入壁垒高退出壁垒低的行业是（）A.高利润高风险B.地利润高风险C.稳定的高利润D.稳定的低利润6.市场竞争中此起彼伏的价格大战是由于行业的（）A.产品单位成本高B.变动成本高C.固定成本高D.库存成本高7.进入威胁的大小主要取决于（）A.进入壁垒的高低B.退出壁垒的高低C.产业内竞争程度D.现有企业的反应程度8.SWOT分析法是一种综合考虑企业内部条件外部环境各种因素进行系统评价他的内部环境因素有（）A.内部优势B.内部劣势C.外部机会 D。

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Core competence and competitive strategy of the Taiwanshipbuilding industry:a resource-based approachInstitute of Business and Management，JUNE 2004The shipbuilding output for Taiwan had been 4th in the world until 1999; however, at that time, it dropped to the 9th. Currently, the world shipbuilding capacity greatly exceeds the demand and this disparity could grow to 40% by 2005. Facing this turning point, the main objective of this study is to re-examine the international competitive position of Taiw an’s shipbuilding industry; further-more, to realize the industries’ core competences and attempt to recommend competitive strategies for the future development of Taiwan’s shipbuilding industry.The results show that Taiwan’s main core competence is production management, mainly through heterogeneous resource analysis. This paper also proposes that for general types of ships, Taiwan’s development priority should be to utilize low-cost strategies to occupy the market continuously; as to high value added typ es of ships, Taiwan’s priority should be to utilize differential and focus strategies. Finally, the direction of government policy is suggested.IntroductionResource-based view has become a signiﬁcant approach for strategy management through many literature discussions since Wernerfelt highlighted how a department using unique and idiosyncratic organizational resources can sustain superior performance[1]. Firms can obtain advantages by analyzing and re-assessing information about the assets they already control, if these assets can be used to implement valuable market strategies and if similar assets are not controlled by a signiﬁcant number of competitors. Navarro suggested that a resource-based view of the ﬁrm is a key for the renewal of strategic thinking in mature industries [2]. Barney proposed that resources include all assets, capabilities, organizational processes, ﬁrm attributes, information, knowledge,etc. controlled by a ﬁrm that enable the ﬁrm to conceive of and implement strategies that improve its e ffciency and effectiveness [3]. However; there are a few related concepts in strategy literature which are worth mentioned as follows:Organizational capabilityUlrich & Lake proposed that organizational capability is the ability to build ﬁrm’s internal structure and process, and these structure and process are able to affect employees to create organizational appropriable capability. Hence, the organization isable to ﬁt with strategic requirement and environmental change [4, 5].Distinctive competenceSelznick proposed that distinctive competence is to describe the character of an organization, refers to those things that an organization does especially well in comparison with its competitors [6]. Snow & Hrebiniak stated that distinctive com petence is the capability that organization’s competitors do not possess [7].Core competencePorter proposed that mainstream strategy research through the 1980s and the early 1990s broadly assumed that it is possible for a ﬁrm to achieve and sustain a competitive advantage, a unique position relative to competitors that allows it to consist ently outperform them [8]. Post Porter’s ideal, much of the research on competitive advantage focused on core competence as a major source of that advantage [9]. Core competence is the collective learning in the organization, especially how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of technologies [10, 11]. A ﬁrm’s core competence is deﬁned as the vector of the irreversible assets along which the ﬁrm is uniquely advantaged and it is asset of differentiated technological skills, complementary assets, and organizational routines and capacities [12]. Core competence is skills and areas of knowledge that are shared across business units and result from the integration and harmonization of strategic business unit competence[13].In order to observe ﬁrms in a wider point of view and to study in a more speciﬁc agglomerate effect, resources and core competences are used in this study.The shipbuilding industry is an internalized, liberalized, and mature industry [2, 14]. The related industry network is extensive and contains upstream suppliers for material and equipment, e.g. the steel and iron industries, machinery industry, electrical and electronic industries, and downstream customers, e.g. the shipping industry and national defense industry. In post-war Japan, as later in South Korea, shipbuilding was identiﬁed as a key, strategic industry capable of promoting wider economic growth. In addition, Japan and South Korea comprise the ﬁrst and second largest shipbuilding nations in the world. According to statistics in Lloyd’s Register, in recent years, the main shipbuilding nations: Japan, South Korea, China, Germany, Italy, Taiwan, Poland, Spain, Denmark, and Croatia share 90% of the world’s shipbuilding output. The shipbuilding output for Taiwan had been 4th in the world; however, it dropped to the 9th in 1999. At present, there are 98 shipyards in Taiwan, most of them are small to medium sized and the state-owned China Shipbuilding Corporation (CSBC). Established in 1973, CSBC is the only large shipbuilder to build and repair large merchant vessels and naval ships in Taiwan. The annual output of CSBC shares of the total shipbuilding output is 90%; therefore, CSBC plays a signiﬁcant role in Taiwan’s shipbuilding Industry. In February 1999, 34 ships were on order, totaling 1,160,000 gross tons at CSBC.76% of the orders were exported to Denmark, Greek, Switzerland, and France, among others. Recently, the world shipbuilding capacity has greatly exceeded the demand and this disparity could grow to 40% by 2005 [15]. Therefore,Taiwan’s shipbuilding industry confronts serious competition from the international market. Taiwan is the 15th largest trading nation in the world. The total amount of import and export trade is 210 billion US dollars annually, of which 90% depends on sea transport. Thousands of ships enter and leave Keelung and Kaohsiung harbors annually. Therefore, the shipbuilding industry plays an important role in assisting national defense construction, promoting shipping development, and boosting related industrial development. F acing the dilemma of Taiwan’s shipbuilding indus try, the main objective of this study is to ﬁnd out the competitive position of Taiwan’s shipbuilding industry; furthermore, to realize the core competences and attempt to recommend competitive strategies for future development of Taiwan’s shipbuilding industry.Competitiveness analysisCompetitiveness of ﬁrms implicates the competitive capability of the international market through a set of globalization strategies [16]. However, Porter’s framework does not recommend a common yardstick of practical comparative analysis for competitiveness. In the commercial competitive world of shipbuilding a measure of cost per unit output indicates a shipyard’s e ffectiveness [17]. In table 1, Japan, South Korea, China, West Europe, and Taiwan’s costs per compensated gro ss tonnage ($/CGT) are shown.Limited,1999.Japan is the most competitive nation with US$369.35; Taiwan at US$422.2 and South Korea at US$435.35 are in second and third place for competitiveness. Birmingham, Hall & Kattan argued that performance should be presented simply as cost$/CGT; however, this fails to indicate the qualitative difference between shipyards operating in high- or low-wage economies [18]. This issue can be addressed if the measure is disaggregated into two components, namely: cost$/man-year and man-year/CGT. As can be seen in ﬁgure 1, the cost$/man-year is represented on the horizontal axis, and the man-year/CGT is on the vertical axis. Together, these construct an ISO-cost curve. Each point (country) on the ISO-cost curve has the same cost$/CGT. Regarding the cost$/man-year, China with a ﬁgure of around US$7,170, possesses the most competitive advantage of wage level. South Korea, with a ﬁgure of US$26,226 is the2nd nation. West Europe, Japan, and Taiwan are close, as all are high-wage level nations. Regarding the statistics of man-year/CGT, Japan with 0.0093, has the highest productivity. Both South Korea and Taiwan are quite close, and better than West Europe. The productivity of China, at 0.1157, is the lowest. Concerning the ISO-cost curve, Japan holds the most competitive position, which implies that Japan has the potential for keeping the lead in the shipbuilding market. Both South Korea and Taiwan fall in approximately the same ISO-cost curve, and have little choice but to focus on maintaining a quality lead over their competitors, while making steep change in productivity, based on their core competences as shown in ﬁgure 1.Figure1. Indicative ISO-cost competitiveness curve. Source :‘‘World Shipbuilding—The Challenges Ahead’’, Dreway Shipping Consultants Limited,1999.Industry resources basedBarney proposes that a variety of authors have generated lists of attributes that may enable ﬁrms to conceive of and implement value-creating strategies [3]. Barney also proposes that ﬁrm resources can be classiﬁed into three categories: physical capital resources, human capital resources, and organizational capital resources. Chatterjee & Wernerfeld recommended that ﬁrm resources be classiﬁed into three categories: physical resources, intangible assets, and ﬁnancial resources [19]. Fernandez, Montes& Vazquez propose that intangible resources can be cl assiﬁed as human capital, organizational capital, relational capital, and technological capital [20]. This study synthesizes these discussions and recommends that resources for shipbuilding ﬁrms can be classiﬁed into four categories: tangible assets, intan gible assets, management capabilities, and technology capabilities; and analyzes the resources for major shipbuilding nations as follows:Tangible assetsPhysical assets. Taiwan’s CSBC was the 6th largest shipbuilding ﬁrm in the world from 1990 to 1998; of the other top 10 shipyards, six belong to Japan, and three are South Korean shipyards; implying that the shipbuilding scale of Japan and South Korea is very large. On the other hand, there are only a few nations with 1,000,000 DWT of dry dock, e.g. the RESA shipyards in Spain, Harland & Wolff shipyard in the UK, Hyundai Heavy Industry and Daewoo Heavy Industry in South Korea, and CSBC in Taiwan. Taiwan must utilize its competitive advantage of such physical assets to acquire VLCC/ULCC and very large container orders.Vertical integration.The total cost for building ships can be divided into direct material cost, direct labor cost, and manufacturing expense. The cost of direct materials shares 54% of the total shipbuilding cost as shown in table 2.contract quotes in the world shipbuilding market, and the direct material cost competitive advantage concerns the vertical integration degree of upstream material suppliers for shipbuilders. If the vertical integration degree of upstream material suppliers is higher, the marine equipment market could be self-sufficient and the material transportation costs will be lowered. The shipbuilders in Japan and South Korea operate within a group. Those groups are divided to shipbuilding, heavy machinery, and electronics divisions, and can manufacture marine equipment by themselves. Therefore their material costs are lower than that of Taiwan by about 10–15%. For instance, for four 1200TEU container vessels, both the A category (Main Diesel Engine) and B category (auxiliary machinery) parts, which take 70% of the cost of direct materials, need to be imported due to the fact that no domestic supplier is willing to manufacture these products because of the economic scale. Intangible assetsShip-owners focus on shipbuilding quality and delivery during contract quotation negotiation. CSBC in Taiwan has carried out complete quality management for many years. At present, CSBC has already acquired ISO-9001 certiﬁcation for qual itymanagement systems for shipbuilding by Lloyd’s Register of Shipping in the UK and ISO-9002 certiﬁcation for quality management systems for ship repair by Det Norgke Veritas. Due to this, 76% of Taiwan’s orders are exported to Denm ark, Greece, and Switzerland, among others. This implies that Taiwan’s shipbuilding quality is affirmed by international society and foreign ship-owners. Product quality is the competitive advantage for high manufacturing cost nations. Generally speaking, the shipbuilding quality of Japan is the best, and that of South Korea and Taiwan are equivalent. For the most part, all nations are able to control their product delivery in a timely manner. Details of this will be discussed in next section.Management capabilityProduction management capability. Production management capability for shipbuild- ing can be evaluated by scheduling, resource allocation, manpower leveling, and cost control. Regarding scheduling, Japan requires 11–12 months, South Korea 12–13 months, China 18–20 months [21], and Taiwan 11–13 months from the time a contract is signed to the launching of a vessel. The reason that Taiwan possesses this competitive advantage is due to production-oriented design and modular production as follows:Production-oriented design.Production-oriented design means that the design department can negotiate effectively with the factory during the design stage to comply with the requirements of the contract and speciﬁcations. The action plan of production-oriented design for CSBC is as follows:(1) The conﬁrmation of production strategy: The design department negotiates with the factory the strategy for executing production, e.g. the general arrangement and cabin plan to be considered, to make the work convenient for shop.(2) The conﬁrmation of production factors: In the early design stage, it is neces sary to conﬁrm and be careful of the factors that can promote productivity, e.g. work quantity, effciency, redundant work, auxiliary work, facility, environment, so as to prevent unnecessary rework.(3) The recommendation of a basic index for production: A basic index forproduction is used to evaluate effciency during the building process. The items of a basic index include: construction weight, pipe and cable pieces and lengths, etc. The index is also used by the shop to arrange the work to be done.Modular production method. The traditional production method begins from laying the keel and installation of internal equipment and system, and ﬁnish outﬁtting work after the launch. It is not the most effcient method due to an extended dry dock period. CSBC carries out modular production in order to reduce its cycle time. Modular production means that the outﬁtting material is installed in the block at the assembly shop, with the block then being hung by crane, so that workers in all areas can work simultaneously. For instance, when an outﬁtting worker, e.g. elec trical work, bench work, piping work, installation of equipment and systems is working on one block, the smithing and welding can be done on the next block.Other advantages for modularproduction are:(1) The main system, such as the diesel engine, can be installed into a complete block instead of installing it on board through an opening in the deck.(2) The complicated pipeline work can be installed from the top, side, and front, instead of installing it on board only from one direction.(3) Building each block on the ground is easier than building it in the dock, and helps reduce man-hours and rework, shortening cycle time, and reducing production costs.Marketing management capability. In terms of product, Japan’s shipbuilding quality is the best in the world, with So uth Korea and Taiwan’s quality as reported before. Regarding the characteristics and type of product, Japan’s main products are high value-added ship and general ship; therefore, Japan is the most competitive in terms of advantages. As for price, South Korea has maintained control of pricing during the recent expansion phase so that prices remain low [8], and the other shipbuilding nations are the price follower. As for promotion, Japan and South Korea have established ﬁeld o ffices or send their marketers overseas extensively, to gather customer information at the source. At present, Taiwan acquires orders mainly through brokers, however, establishing a system to investigate the relationship between the broker and the customer is lacking. Besides, estimating and bidding is an important process during the contract quotation period, which should represent the wisdom of an interdisciplinary shipbuilding team consisting of the design department, the production control department, the accounting department, and others [22]. For instance, previously, the labor cost estimate for building a new ship at CSBC was simply calculated as a function of hull steel weight. However, there might be an enormous deviation between the actual labor cost and the estimated labor cost such as with the container vessel No. 101 built for a German ship-owner, in which the actual labor cost was about twice as much as the estimated labor cost and caused a great loss in its construction. In order to solve this problem, Chou & Chang used regression method to develop a labor cost estimation model for ﬁve types of ships, and this model can be adopted for estimation and quotation activities in particular [23]. Human resources management capability.Japan is an advanced industrialized nation with a completely developed engineering and technological education system. The South Korean government regards shipbuilding as a key industry; therefore, government and ﬁrms emphasize and foster talent. There is a complete engineering and technological education system of shipbuilding in Taiwan, e.g. the Institute and Department of Naval Architecture at National Taiwan University, National Taiwan Ocean University, and others. In addition, Taiwan shipbuilding has acquired professional and abundant human resources through development and construction of merchant and naval ships. Particularly, Taiwan shipbuilding’s welding skills have won world competitions.Information management capability. Recently, due to the rapid development of theinformation industry, software trends gradually to integration and three-dimension computer added design application and becoming a important resource in promoting productivity for shipbuilder. The seven major shipbuilding ﬁrms in Japan have developed CAD/CAM by themselves. Recently, due to severe shipbuilding competi tion, the Japanese government integrated seven major shipbuilding ﬁrms who have lead in the development of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) over the past 10 years (1993–2002) in order to maintain its leading status in shipbuilding. As for South Korea, its government integrated research institutions and shipbuilders to put a 14-year (1988–2001) CAD/CAM scheme into action to promote productivity and to reduce the deﬁcit with Japan. In 1986, CSBC established a CAD/CAM system for hull activity, outﬁtting activity, basic design, etc. In the future, it will develop a CIM system so as to achieve the target of promoting competitiveness.General management capability. General speaking, the top management of CSBC have the tendency to manage problems from an engineering point of view. Most of them lack the capability to forecast and predict market dynamics. For instance, in acquiring orders for Panamax B/C, the market price was $3600 to $2650 from 1991 to 1994. However, when CSBC decided to produce this product, the market price decreased sharply, making it impossible for CSBC to get any orders for the product since there would be no proﬁt. Decision making of top management is also poor. For instance, in 1991, Taiwan’s navy wished to acquire six Lafayette class frigates from CSBC via a technology transfer from France. After CSBC and Taiwan’s navy signed the draf t agreement for construction, CSBC forwarded the comments to Taiwan’s navy stating that the draft agreement of the payment method shall be based upon cost plus since the contract was revised by CSBC’s new general manager. Owing to top management’s erroneou s judgment of the situation and an unreasonable margin request by CSBC, Taiwan’s navy decided to procure the Lafayette class frigate from France directly. Therefore, CSBC lost about $2 billion in orders equivalent to 2.5 times its annual business volume.Technology capabilityTechnology capability for Taiwan’s shipbuilders will be discussed from the aspect of product technology and process technology. Japan shipbuilders have great strength in ship design, propulsion technologies, and new materials, and they are able to design every kind of ship. The research and development for ship design in South Korea is lead by the government through R&D by itself and technology transfer from foreign nations. As for Taiwan’s shipbuilding, the R&D at CSBC and United Ship Design and their development center (USDDC) total about 400 researchers, and the former (CSBC) focus on detail design and the latter (USDDC) focus on basic design. At present, Taiwan shipbuilders possess design capabilities for general types of ships. The process technology for shipbuilding includes: materials handling, accuracy control, steel fabrication, assembly, outﬁtting, blasting and coating, and testing [22]. Generally speaking, Japan’s process technology is the same as its product technology as the leading position in the world. Process technology for Taiwan and South Koreaare equivalent.Core competencesRega rding competitiveness for resources of ﬁrms, a resource-based approach proposes that four empirical indicators of the potential of ﬁrm resources to generate sustained competitive advantages—value, rareness, immutability, and substitutability [3, 12]. In te rms of the idiosyncratic resources for Taiwan’s shipbuilders, CSBC owns 1,000,000 DWT dry dock which possesses the competitive advantage of acquiring orders of VLCC/ULCC and very large containers. A huge investment is required to build this 1,000,000 DWT dry dock, and medium and small sized shipbuilders can not easily recreate a dry dock of this scale. On the other hand, the production management system for CSBC, e.g. production-oriented design and modular production, is the main reason for shipbuilding cycle times superior to China and South Korea. It is necessary to integrate the operations of design, materials, and shop to establish the above-mentioned system. Therefore, it is not easy to change the traditional production system. In addition, shipbuilders keep their estimating and bidding systems co nﬁdential. Recently, Chou & Chang developed a labor cost estimation model for ﬁve types of ships, e.g. bulk carriers, ta nkers, container vessels, multipurpose cargo ship, and customs patrol vessels [23]. Since constructing this estimation model requires the integration of design capability and mathematical capability simultaneously, it is not easy to imitate or substitute. Therefore, CSBC possesses the competitive advantage of quick and accurate labor cost estimation and quotation. Meanwhile, core competencies are skills and areas of knowledge that are shared across business units and result from the integration and harmonization of strategic business unit competences [13]. Shipbuilding accounts for a 90% share of the total business volume for CSBC, while ship repair and machinery manufacture share the other 10%, so core competences for Shipbuilding can be represented by CSBC. Consequently, it shows that the core competences include: the 1,000,000 DWT dry dock, production-oriented design, modular production, and an estimation model for labor costs.Competitive strategyNavarro has presented a case of strategic change carried out in a large bureaucratic industrial organization, the Bazan Naval Shipyard in San Fernando, Spain, which changed its product market from warships to commercial vessels, specially fast ferry ships which had fundamental similarities with the fast warships previously made by Bazan Naval Shipyard: high speed, light-weight aluminum components, similar requirements for safety and reliability and ease of handling [2]. This is a good case for illustration the importance of strategic adoption and change in mature industries. Furthermore, Yamin, Gunasekaran & Mavondo propose that two schools of thoughthave emerged regarding the conceptualization and adoption of competitive strategies. The ﬁrst school of thought supports Porter in his assertion that an organization has to choose one of the generic strategies and devote a total commitment of resources to it. On the other hand, several other author s have argued against Porter’s assertion, and suggest that organizations should focus on a combination of strategies that best suit their circumstances [24]. This section will analyze the competitive strategy through a combination of generic strategies based upon the core competences of shipbuilder in Taiwan.Porter reveals the strategic differences in building large vessels [16]. Japan shipbuild- ers adopt a ‘Di ff erentiation Strategy’ to recommend various high-priced vessels.While South Korea shipbuilders adopt a ‘Low-cost Strategy’ to build various vessels, such as oil tankers, at a lower cost and avoid direct confrontation with Japan. The promising shipbuilders in China adopt a ‘Low-cost & Focus Strategy’ to supply only standardized vessels. Taiwan’s Ship builders mainly build general types of vessels, e.g. bulk carriers, container vessels, tankers, etc. Due to the excessive supply results from severe competition, the shipbuilders should emphasize their high quality, on-time delivery, and low price.In term s of delivery, Taiwan’s shipbuilders have earned their reputation. As for quality, Taiwan’s shipbuilders endeavor to provide total quality management, assuring quality in every aspect from quotation to design, manufacturing, testing, and delivery during the whole process. Taiwan was granted ISO-9001 from LR and ISO-9002 from DNV. It is believed that Taiwan should develop a ‘Low-cost Strategy’ for general types of ships, e.g. bulk carriers, tankers, container vessels, etc. The underlying reason for such strategy is that the series production of ships concept may achieve overall cost leadership in shipbuilding industry through a set of functional programs aimed at this basic objective. At the same time, because the strategy above mentioned is aimed at a targeted market of general type of ships, the designs developed are frequently suitable for several ship-owners in that market. Thus, chances are increased for series production of similar vessels, with its inherent opportunity for reduced costs and more favorable prices. Accompanying with series production is standardized designs, which can still provide variations in capacity, e.g. by varying length at the parallel mid-body portion of the hull, power options, deckhouse arrangements, tank coatings, and so forth, to satisfy ship-owners’ preferences.By providing for these options during design development, the cost and production advantages of standardization can be retained. In practice, ship-owners have found that a ship built to a suitable shipyard design incorporating custom features is more economical and preferable to one constructed to a ship-owner developed customized design, if the selling price reﬂects the substantial cost and operating savings inherent in that approach. For instance, CSBC has built a series of 1092 TEU container vessel, and the production cost for the forth ship has been decreased about 3% comparing to the ﬁrst ship. On the other hand, Automation includes measures such as mechanically linked assembly lines and robots, which reduce labor cost and improve the quality and repeatability of processes. CSBC has carried out four directions to accelerate automation as follows. The ﬁrst three are related to equipment and the last is related to design, e.g. use more NC plasma cutters。