翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——诚

翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——五经本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献五经(wǔjīnɡ)《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》等五部儒家经典的合称。

先秦时期有“六经”之说，指《诗》《书》《礼》《乐》《易》《春秋》，因《乐》已亡佚(一说无文字)，故汉代多称“五经”。

从汉武帝立“五经博士”起，“五经”之学成为中国学术、文化和思想的根本。

从内容上来说，“五经”各有所偏重，如《诗》言志、《书》言事等，因其不同而互补，故构成一个整体。

历代儒者通过对文本的不断解释，为这些经典赋予了丰富的意义。

“五经”之学包括了中国传统文化对于世界秩序与价值的根本理解，是道的集中体现。

Five ClassicsThe term refers to the five Confucian classics: The Book of Songs, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annals. In the pre-Qin period, the term “Six Classics”was used, referring to The Book of Songs, The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Music, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annals. The Book of Music, did not exist in written form, hence people often used the term “Five Classics”during the Han Dynasty. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty established the title of “Academician of the Five Classics,”study of these works became the foundation of Chinese learning, culture, and thought. In terms of content, the Five Classics each has its own focus; for instance, The Book of Songs deals with aspirations, andThe Book of History chronicles events. Different in focus but complementing each other, they form an integral collection of classics. Throughout history, Confucian scholars added significant meaning to these classics with their interpretations of the original texts. The Five Classics comprise traditional Chinese culture’s fundamental understanding of world order and values, epitomizing the concept of Dao.********************************************【引例】“五经”何谓?谓《易》《尚书》《诗》《礼》《春秋》也。

翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——小人本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献小人(xiǎorén)“小人”最初用以表明人的社会身份与地位，通常指被统治者或地位低下之人。

后世又以人的德行高下来界定“小人”。

德行卑下者被称作“小人”(与“君子”相对)，“小人”只关注和追逐个人的权力或利益，为了获取私利不惜违背道义，缺乏对“道”的理解与尊重。

Petty ManThe term was originally used to indicate a person’s social status, usually referring to the rulers’subjects or those low in social ranking. Later generations also used the term to indicate one’s moral standard in a disapproving way. Those of base character were called petty men as opposed to men of virtue. A petty man only pursues his personal interests or profits, even by violating morality and righteousness; and such people have no understanding of or regard for Dao.********************************************【引例】君子喻于义，小人喻于利。

(《论语•里仁》)A man of virtue understands and observes what is morally right; while a petty man only has his eyes on and goes after what brings him personal gains. (The Analects)苟安务得，所以为小人。

翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——玄览本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献玄览(xuánlǎn)原指在深远虚净的心境下览知万物，是老子提出的认识“道”的一种方法。

老子认为，只有摒弃一切杂念与成见，保持内心明澈如镜，才能静观万物，从而认识“道”，体会其精要。

后世文艺评论家因为“玄览”所主张的心境与文艺创作及鉴赏所要求的审美心境相契合，遂用为文艺思想的重要术语，以说明文艺创作与鉴赏时应具有的超越一切欲望与功利的特殊心境。

Xuanlan ( Pure-minded Contemplation )This term was first used by Laozi as a way to understand Dao. He believed that one cannot understand Dao by calmly observing everything unless one abandons all distracting thoughts and biases, and keeps one’s mind as clear as a mirror. Later literary critics believed that the state of mind as required for xuanlan has similarities with the state of mind required for literary writing and appreciation, thus they made it an important term to mean one’s state of mind must transcend all desires and personal gains in literary writing and appreciation.********************************************【引例】涤除玄览，能无疵乎?(《老子·十章》)伫中区以玄览，颐情志于典坟。

翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——德本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献德(dé)“德”有两种不同含义：其一，指个人的良好品格或人们在社会共同生活中的良好品行。

“德”原初的意义与行为有关，主要指外在的道德行为，后兼指与道德行为相应的内在的情感、意识，“德”被认为是外在的道德行为与内在的道德情感、道德意识的结合。

其二，指事物从“道”所得的特殊规律或特性，是幽隐无形的“道”的具体显现，也是事物产生和存在的内在依据。

DeThe term has two different meanings. One is an individual’s fine moral character, or his proper conduct in society. At first de (德) was only related to an individual’s behavior, referring to his external moral conduct. Later, it also referred to something that combined external behavior with internal emotions and moral consciousness. The other meaning of de refers to the special laws and features obtained from Dao, or the physical manifestation of the hidden and formless Dao, as well as the internal basis for the origination and existence of all things.********************************************【引例】天生烝民，有物有则，民之秉彝，好是懿德。

翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——四海本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献四海(sìhǎi)全国各地或世界各地。

古人认为中国的疆域四面环海，各依方位称“东海”“南海”“西海”和“北海”，合称“四海”。

它蕴含着远古中国人关于中国和世界的地理图景：“九州”居“天下”之中，“天下”由“九州”及其周边“四海”组成，中国是“海内”，外国则是“海外”。

在古人那里，“四海”大多统指天下，并不确指某个海域，有时用来指陆地四周的海，有时又指“四海”所环绕的陆地。

Four SeasFour Seas refer to the territory of China or the entire world. The ancient Chinese believed that China was a land surrounded by Four Seas –the East, West, North, and South seas. The term suggests what the ancient Chinese conceived to be the map of China and the world: Nine zhou (regions) were located at the center of tianxia (all under heaven). Tianxia consisted of nine zhou and its surrounding Four Seas. China was within the Four Seas, while foreign lands were outside the Four Seas. In ancient China, Four Seas referred to all under heaven in most cases, and did not denote a specific body of water. Therefore, the term was used sometimes to mean the seas surrounding the land, and sometimes to specify the land surrounded by the Four Seas.********************************************【引例】君子敬而无失，与人恭而有礼，四海之内皆兄弟也。

摘要：翻译硕士（MTI）经典素材-笔译常用词汇（文化）All Saint’s Day 万圣节American plan约能源 (旅馆的）美国式收费式a soft job 轻松的工作a widow’s mite 礼轻情义重beefcake 男性健美照be free to practice one’s religion 宗教信仰自由“bifocal” vision “双重”视野break with old customs 抛弃传统busboy （饭店的）洗碗擦桌子的杂工Catch-22 无法摆脱的困难；难以逾越的障碍civic values 大众价值观clash with civilizations 文明的碰撞consumerist creed 消费至上主义corporate culture 企业文化country fair 乡村博览会cross-cultural bridge 跨文化桥梁cross-cultural communication 跨文化交流cultural borrowing 文化借用cultural complex 文化情结cultural development 文化建设cultural devolution 文化退化cultural differences 文化差异cultural hegemony 文化霸权cultural heritage 文化遗产cultural identity 文化认同cultural impact 文化影响cultural insights 文化视角cultural lag 文化落后cultural life 文化生活cultural manifestation 文化诉求cultural misreading 文化误读cultural pluralism; multiculturalism 文化多元化cultural shock 文化冲击cultural traditions 文化传统culture area 文化区culture of tolerance 宽容的文化culture-oriented travel 文化旅游culture trait 文化特质dialogue among civilizations 文明间的对话dinner etiquette 餐桌礼仪dominant culture 主导文化ethnic origin 种族起源flower children 配花嬉皮士Flower Generation 花季的一代generation X （90年代的）未知的一代gold-collars 金领阶层hard drug 硬毒品；易成瘾的烈性毒品（如海洛因、可卡因、吗啡等）heterogenous culture 异质文化high culture 优等文化；高级文化human civilization 人类文明humane historical sites 人文历史遗址hyper-individualism 超级个人主义intercultural dialogue 跨文化对话isomorphic cultural community 同质文化群体King’s English 纯正英语language restriction 语言限制主义Lazy Susan （指一种盛食品的）自动转盘（方便顾客选用的食品）low culture 低等文化；低级文化low tea 晚餐前茶点mainstream culture 主流文化Mary Jane 大麻（烟叶）“me” generation （70年代的）“为我”的一代midriff 露脐装national identity and values 民族特性和价值观national sentiments 民族感情new-collars （指二战后的第一代婴儿潮中出生的人）Nobel laureate 诺贝尔获得者off license 售酒执照orphan book 孤本pot culture 大麻文化（指以吸用大麻为中心的生活方式）prejudice and misunderstanding 偏见和误解promote sociability 促进社会交往sample local culture 领略当地文化service station 加油站，服务站silent generation （指50年代成年的人）沉默的一代soft drug 软毒品；不宜成瘾的毒品spiritual enhancement 精神升华the beaten generation 垮掉的一代The Clash of Civilization 《文明冲突》the gilded age 镀金时代the lost generation 迷茫的一代the Millennials 千禧一代tolerance and mutual respect 互相宽容和尊重value of knowledge 知识的价值value proposition 价值主张Vietnam War generation 越战的一代（60年代成年的人）weekly-shoppers throwaways 每周购物一次的人看就随手扔掉的那种杂志Yaps (young aspiring professionals) 亚皮士/雅皮士/优皮士（少壮职业人士/年轻、不断得到升迁的专业人士）yellow boy 金币These two cultures, which were created in different areas, developed in parallel and without interference.这两种文化产生于不同的地区，他们的发展并行不悖，互不影响。

中华思想文化术语----20个中英文对照词了解传统文化近日，“中华思想文化术语传播工程”第二批术语对外发布，对“居安思危”“上善若水”等反映中华传统文化特征与思维方式的核心术语，作出了简明的中文释义和英文翻译。

今天，“微言教育”继续向大家亮出这些词语，我们一起学习吧。

【英译】Jingjie(VisionaryWorld)【释义】“境界”本指疆域边界、土地边界，后来在佛经翻译中，“境界”一词被用于精神领域，指人破除对于物质世界的沉迷后所达到的精神层次或修为境域。

作为文艺术语，主要指文艺作品中所表现出的审美层次和境域，是作者的创造力、理解力和审美能力在精神层面的综合呈现。

有境界的作品是作者真实人格的显现，具备超越凡俗的意味，更能引发读者的共鸣，激发读者的想象，甚至提升读者的感受。

“意境”形成较早，而“境界”主要受中唐以后佛教思想的影响而形成。

近代学者王国维《人间词话》对境界的阐释最多。

王国维往往将“意境”与“境界”概念通用。

他构建了融合西方美学与中国古典美学为一体的“境界论”。

但一般说来，意境侧重作者主观寓意与作品形象的完满融会，通过鉴赏使想象得到发挥，而境界则突出心灵感悟使艺术形象得到升华，强调心灵世界对于作品层次的提升。

【英译】AestheticConceptionTranscendsConcreteObjectsDescribed.【释义】诗文中的审美意境往往在物象之外，需要鉴赏者领悟其中的精神之美。

“境”指作品所创造的审美意境，“象”是作品中所呈现出的具体物象。

诗歌由语言文字写成，所描写的都是一个个物象，在这些具体的物象之外，能够形成整体的审美情境。

唐代诗人刘禹锡首次提出这个命题，表达对诗歌意趣的思考，强调文字与物象是确切的，而审美情境却是微妙而难以言传的。

在古典诗论意境说的形成过程中，“境生象外”是一个重要的发展阶段。

【英译】BeonAlertAgainstPotentialDangerWhenLivinginPeace【释义】处在安宁的环境中，要想到可能出现的危难。

翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——养民本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献养民(yǎnɡmín)养育人民，包括满足人民的生活需要和对人民进行教育。

《尚书•大禹谟》将其作为“善政”(良好政治)的目的;为了实现这一目的，治国者必须治理、协调好“六府三事”。

“六府”是指金、木、水、火、土、谷，即人民生活所需的各种物质资料;“三事”是指“正德”(端正人民品德)、“利用”(使物质资料为百姓所用)、“厚生”(使人民生活充裕)。

这是一种以民为本、物质文明和精神文明兼顾并举的治国理念。

Nurturing the PeopleThis term means to provide the people with necessities of life and educate them. According to The Book of History, this is what constitutes good governance. To reach this goal, the ruler must manage well the “six necessities and three matters,”the six necessities being metal, wood, water, fire, land, and grain, and the three matters being fostering virtue, proper use of resources, and ensuring people’s livelihood. This concept of governance, which focuses on promoting both economic and ethical progress, is people-centered.********************************************【引例】德惟善政，政在养民。

翻译硕士考研：中华思想文化术语翻译选读——人文本内容凯程崔老师有重要贡献人文(rénwén)指礼乐教化、典章制度，即诗书、礼乐、法度等精神文明的创造以及与之相关的既有差等又有调和的社会秩序。

与“天文”(日月星辰等天体的运行状态和规律)相对。

也泛指人事，即人类社会的行为、习俗或状态。

近代以后，受西学影响，“人文”演变指人类社会的各种文化现象，研究人类社会文化现象的学科称为人文科学。

RenwenRenwen (人文) encompasses the cultural and ethical progress created by rites, music, education, codes, and systems as well as a social order which is hierarchical but harmonious. Renwen is in contrast to tianwen (天文), the study of celestial bodies including the sun, moon, and stars. Renwenalso refers to human affairs in general, that is, behaviors, customs, and the human state. Under the influence of Western culture in the modern period, renwen came to mean cultural phenomena in human society as well as the humanities, which are academic disciplines that study human culture.********************************************【引例】观乎天文，以察时变;观乎人文，以化成天下。

2017翻译硕士考研“诚”翻译选读翻译硕士考研复习要不断积累，从汉语百科到各类翻译词汇，下面凯程要分享的中华思想文化术语——”美刺“的有关内容及翻译，2017考生可以拓展了解。

2017翻译硕士考研：”美刺“翻译选读美刺(měicì)赞美与讽刺批评。

用于文学艺术领域，主要指用诗歌对统治者的品德、政令和作为进行赞美或讽刺批评。

孔子最早指出“诗可以怨”，强调《诗经》具有抒发不满情绪的功用，确定了诗歌创作的基本功能。

汉代的诗学则迎合统治者的需要，突出诗歌歌功颂德的功能。

汉代诗学作品《毛诗序》和郑玄《诗谱序》将“美刺”确立为诗歌批评的基本原则之一，使之成为后世诗人和作家的自觉追求，是他们参与政治、干预社会生活的一种方式，从而构成中国文学的基本功用与重要特色。

Extolment and Satirical CriticismThis literary term is used in poetry to comment on a ruler’s moral character, policies, decrees, and performance, either in praise or criticism. Confucius was the first to point out that poetry could be used to vent resentment and thus established a basic function of poetry writing by emphasizing the role The Book of Songs played in voicing grievances. In the Han Dynasty, however, poetry tended to be used as a vehicle for extolling the accomplishments and virtues of rulers. In “Preface to Mao’s Version of The Book of Songs” and “Preface to On the Categories of The Book of Songs,” two influential writings on theory of poetry published during the Han Dynasty, extolment and satirical criticism was regarded as an underlying principle of poetic criticism. This principle was widely employed by poets and writers of later generations as a way of getting involved in politics and making their impact on the society. This constituted a fundamental function and an essential feature of Chinese literature.********************************************【引例】论功颂德，所以将顺其美;讥刺过失，所以匡救其恶。