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笔记-叶子南-高级英汉翻译理论与实践(总3页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如 democracy 中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny 译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer 到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》翻译实践及详解（AgricultureintheUnitedSta9. Agriculture in the United StatesIn North America, agriculture had progressed further before the coming of the Europeans than is commonly supposed.Until the 19th century, agriculture in the U.S. shared the history of European and colonial areas and was dependent on European sources for seed, livestock, and machinery. That dependency, especially the difficulty in procuring suitable implements, made American farmers somewhat more innovative. They were aided by the establishment of societies that lobbied for governmental agencies of agriculture; the voluntary cooperation of farmers through associations; and the increasing use of various types of power machinery on the farm①. Government policies traditionally encouraged the growth of land settlement. The Homestead Act of 1862 and the resettlement plans of the 1930s were the important legislative acts of the 19th and 20th centuries.In the 20th century steam, gasoline, diesel, and electric power came into wide use. Chemical fertilizers were manufactured in greatly increased quantities②, and soil analysis was widely employed to determine the elements needed by a particular soil to maintain or restore its fertility. The loss of soil by erosion was extensively combated③by the use of cover crops(quick-growing plants with dense root systems to bind soil), contour plowing (in which the furrow follows the contour plowing of the land and is level, rather than up and down hills that providechannels for runoff water), and strip cropping(sowing strips of windbreaks in fields of plants with loose root systems)④. Selective breeding produced improved strains of both farm animals and crop plants. Hybrids⑤of desirable characteristics were developed; especially important for food production was the hybridization of corn in the 1930s. New uses for farm products, by-products, and wastes were discovered. Standards of quality, size, and packing were established for various fruits and vegetables to aid in wholesale marketing. Among the first to be standardized were apples, citrus fruits, celery, berries, and tomatoes. Improvements in storage, processing, and transportation also increased the marketability of farm products. The use of cold-storage warehouses and refrigerated railroad cars was supplemented by the introduction of refrigerated motor trucks, by rapid delivery by air-plane, and by the quick-freeze process of preservation, in which farm produce is frozen and packaged the same day that it is picked⑥. Freeze-drying and irradiation have also reached practical application for many perishable foods.Scientific methods have begun to be applied to pest control, limiting the widespread use of insecticides and fungicides and applying more varied and targeted techniques. New understanding of significant biological control measures and the emphasis on integrated pest management have made possible more effective control of certain kinds of insects.From New Encyclopedia by Funk & Wagnalls 【参考译⽂】北美农业在欧洲⼈来到之前的进步程度⽐⼀般的想象要来得⾼。
1.5分合移位法⊙切分（Division）1.The reform,while laid a solid foundation,need to continue to evolve to meet the ever increasing demand of citizens and businesses for better integrated,more effective services.【译文】但是公共部门管理改革是一场没有终点线的比赛。
//改革已经为今后的工作奠定了坚实的基础，但仍然需要继续深化，才能提供更协调和更有效的服务，满足公众和企业不断增长的需求。
2.The Last Shadow did not fare well in the United States,but it did develop a huge following in Europe where viewers who usually did not go for this movie genre embraced it wholeheartedly.【译文】《最后的影子》在美国表现欠佳，但在欧洲却大受欢迎，//欧洲的观众通常不太喜欢这一类型的电影，但这次却全心接受了。
3.We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.【译文】我们尽力劝说他放弃错误的信念，//但没有成功。
4.It was a dangerously foolish area to which they pinned down a major portion of U. itary power.【译文】他们把美国一大部分军事力量困在那个地区，//这（样做）是愚蠢而危险的。
5.Hitler’s black empire would suddenly collapse in rubble,blood,and flame. (Winds of War)【译文】希特勒的黑暗帝国顷刻之间就会在血泊与烈火中崩溃，//夷为废墟。
《⾼级英汉翻译理论与实践》复习笔记（从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译）【圣才出品】第2章从语⾔⽂化对⽐⾓度看翻译⼀、语⾔⽂化对⽐的层次对⽐就是在两种语⾔的各个层⾯上去发现相似性和差异性，以便为⽇后的翻译活动打下⼀个扎实的基础。
语⾔对⽐的层次为：(1) 语⾳和书写系统的对⽐(2) 语义的对⽐(3) 句法的对⽐(4) 话语和篇章结构的对⽐(5) 社会、⽂化等语⾔外因素的对⽐⼆、语⾳和书写系统的对⽐1. ⾳节、声调不同(1) 汉语⼀个字⼀个⾳节，⽽英语⼀个词则可能有多个⾳节，汉语有四个声调，英语没有。
(2) 对翻译的影响①失去语⾳承载的特殊意义。
例：“四⼗四只⽯狮⼦”这句话的语义可译为(forty-four stone lions)，但⽆法体现汉语特殊的语⾔特征。
②⾳译时，汉语的声调⽆法体现，英汉的⾳节数可能会⽆法对应,发⾳⽆法完全相同。
例：a. “王洪宝”和“王洪豹”这两个⼈名译成英语时都是Wang Hong-bao，没有差别。
b. Dallas译成“达拉斯”，但原⽂两个⾳节，S不构成⼀个⾳节，中⽂则是三个⾳节。
c. Reagan译成“⾥根”，但是R和“⾥”中的L完全不同。
2. ⾳韵和节奏的对⽐(1) 任何语⾔都有⾳韵和节奏，因为⼈们在交流过程中也希望取得⼀些“额外”的效果。
(2) 英汉⾳韵和节奏差异的根源①英语形合和汉语意合的区别。
形合的句⼦，为了结构的严谨，表意的精确有时会牺牲⾳韵和节奏。
例：A new kind of aircraft—small, cheap, pilotless—is attracting increasing attention.[译⽂]这是⼀种体积⼩、造价低的⽆⼈驾驶型飞机。
[分析]原⽂并未考虑到⾳韵、节奏⽅⾯，但在翻译为意合的汉语时，做出了调整，使其结构整齐，考虑到了⾳韵与节奏。
If North America and Europe renew their moral life, build on their culture commonality, and develop closer forms of economic and political integration…a third Euroamerican phase of western affluence and political influence.[译⽂]如果北美和欧洲能在道德⽣活⽅⾯得以重振，在共同的⽂化基础上进⾏发展，在政治经济领域进⼀步整合，以此作为在北约安全合作外的补充，那么将可衍⽣出经济富甲天下，政治⼀⾔九⿍的欧美第三阶段。
211、985学长学姐组建为大家答疑解惑笔记备份：叶子南：高级英汉翻译理论与实践比较遵照原文语言结构的译法就是直译，并不专指“逐字”的程度在经济、科学、新闻、政论等语篇中，语言形式不是关键因素，在英汉翻译中发挥中文的优势是译者始终要努力的方向。
功能对等>形式对等既然已传达信息为主，那么介绍原语文化不应以牺牲译入语为代价，否则靠近原语的译法会生成很多不符合译入语习惯的句子。
以读者为中心而非作者，在英译汉中尤为突出翻译本身就是一件让人左右为难的事。
英汉语义对比：举例如democracy中西感觉是不一样的；It is not funny译成这不好笑，根本没有将说话人愤怒的情感表达出来。
汉语是人治的语言，印欧语系是法治的语言句法对比：一、英语重形合，汉语则重意合：鸡声茅店月，人迹板桥霜。
何等简洁，不须加动词即可表情达意。
汉语结构较为松散，重意念。
将一个重形合的语言转化成重意合的语言，最常犯的错误就是将形合的特点transfer到意合的语言中，现在很多译文充斥着洋腔洋调，却美其名曰“忠实原文”。
二、状语对比------------------------状语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧定语对比--------------------------定语从句的译法，参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧被动句对比-----------------------译法参考中国翻译和本书翻译技巧篇章结构的不同实际上是思维结构不同在语言上的反映。
汉语中所谓的“布局谋篇”就是我们翻译当中牵涉到的语段篇章的安排问题。
英汉翻译是否保留原句的布局特征，还是应该采用译入语的布局特征是一个值得注意的问题。
其实大多数情况下采用贪懒的办法也是译者不得已而为之，因为译者根本就没有真正看懂原文。
第二个问题是译者的翻译思想有问题，认为这类贴近原文的译法才是忠实的译法。
正确的翻译思想应该是译文必须像中文，不带翻译腔，因为原文有原文读者读时并没有翻译腔。
17. MayhewCapri is a gaunt rock of austere outline, bathed in a deep blue sea; but its vineyards, green and smiling, give it a soft and easy grace①. It is friendly, remote, and debonair②. I find it strange that Mayhew should have settled on this lovely island, for I never knew a man more insensible to beauty. I do not know what he sought there, happiness, freedom, or merely leisure; I know what he found. In this place which appeals so extravagantly③to the senses he lived a life entirely of the spirit. For the island is rich with historic associations and over it broods always the enigmatic memory of Tiberius the Emperor. From his windows which overlooked the Bay of Naples, with the noble shape of Vesuvius changing color with the changing light, Mayhew saw a hundred places that recalled the Romans and Greeks. The past began to haunt④him. All that he saw for the first time, for he had never been abroad before, excited his fancy; and in his soul stirred the creative imagination⑤. He was a man of energy. Presently he made up his mind to write a history. For some time he looked about for a subject, and at last decided on the second century of the Roman Empire. It was little known and it seemed to him to offer problems analogous with those of our own day.He began to collect books and soon he had an immense library. His legal training had taught him to read quickly. He settled down to work. At first he had been accustomed to foregather in the evening with the painters, writers, and suchlike who met in the little tavern near the Piazza, but presently he withdrew himself, for his absorption in his studies became more pressing. He had been accustomed to bathe in that bland sea and to take long walks among the pleasant vineyards, but little by little, grudging the time, he ceased to do so⑥. He worked harder than he had ever worked in Detroit. He would start at noon and work all through the night till the whistle of the steamer that goes every morning from Capri to Naples told him that it was five o’clock and time to go to bed. His subject opened out before him, vaster and more significant⑦, and he imagined a work that would put him forever beside the great historians of the past. As the years went by he was to be found seldom in the ways of men. He could be tempted to come out of his house only by a game of chess or the chance of an argument. He loved to set his brain against another’s⑧. He was widely read now, not only on history, but in philosophy and science; and he was a skillful controversialist, quick, logical, and incisive⑨. But he had good-humor⑩and kindliness; though he took a very human pleasure in victory⑪, he did not exult in it to your mortification.By William S. Maugham 【参考译文】卡普里岛在深蓝色的大海中，远远望去仿佛是一块朴实无华的荒凉的岩石。
1.6定语从句Ⅰ.译为定语1.There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of socialism.【译文】全世界人民在社会主义阳光下过幸福生活的一天是会到来的。
2.Those who did not die from smallpox usually carried scars on their faces for life.【译文】那些没有死于天花的人通常脸上会终生留下疤痕。
3.This is the very hotel where they spent their honeymoon.【译文】这正是他们曾经度蜜月的那家旅馆。
4.The technique of organ transplant,as a significant surgical breakthrough to heal the wounded and rescue the dying,has saved a good many patients who are on the point of death.【译文】器官移植手术是外科方面的重大技术突破，目的是救死扶伤，已经挽救了许多濒临死亡的病人的生命。
5.Mr.Murdoch who owns the New York Post indicated that U.S.newspaper’s editorial strategies were to blame for their financial problems.【译文】拥有《纽约邮报》的默多克先生指出，美国报纸的编辑战略应承担报纸财务问题的责任。
【解析】这里的定语从句的翻译是典型的前置法。
翻译时按照汉语的习惯加个“的”字。
6.The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.【译文】在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。
叶子南高级英汉翻译理论与实践第3版笔记和考研真题详解展开全文第一部分翻译技巧篇复习笔记第1章翻译的基本概念和问题一、翻译基本问题的提出1. 翻译的定义(1)语际翻译与语内翻译广义地说翻译包括的范围很广，甚至可包括语言和非语言符号之间的转换。
本书讨论的翻译就是指如何将某一语言活动的言语产物转换到另一语言中去，也就是语际(interlingual)翻译。
严格地说，翻译还应包括某一语言内不同变体间的转换，也就是语内(intralingual)翻译。
这两类翻译在本质上颇有雷同之处，而且其核心问题都是如何把原文的意思在译文中说出来。
(2) 探索翻译的新概念随着现代语言学的发展，各类应用语言学分支学科应运而生，探索翻译的工具越来越得心应手，出现了许多关于翻译的新的概念，如“忠实”、功能对等、等值、信达雅等等。
但翻译的本质仍然是在某一特定的社会环境内进行交流的过程。
概括来说，翻译的定义就是把原文中的意思在译文中表达出来。
2. 原文意思在译文中的表达在翻译过程中，有些句子如照字面直接译过来意思就会不够清楚。
(1) 句子中的有些意思会紧紧地结合在语言本身的形式上使得译者将语言的形式照搬。
例：It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.【译文】这是一条举世公认的真理：凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太。
【解析】本句中it为形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。
从翻译技巧上看，可先译that从句，后译It is a truth universally acknowledged，但是鉴于原文的语言形式有一种讽刺的口吻，译者有必要依照原文的句法结构进行翻译。
(2) 意思和语言结构完全绑在一起，而英汉两种语言结构上的不同造成了不可译性(untranslatability)。
2. Has Democracy a Future?Back to the question: Has democracy a future? Yes, Virginia①, it does, but not the glorious future predicted in the triumphalist moment. Democracy has survived the twentieth century by the skin of its teeth②. It will not enjoy a free ride③through the century to come.In America, democracy must run a gauntlet of challenges. The most crucial is still Du Bois’ color line. Much depends on the availability of jobs, especially in the inner city④. If employment remains high, political action will mitigate racial tensions, particularly when minorities understand that in the longer run ethnic gerrymandering⑤will reduce, not increase, their influence. Tension will be mitigated even more by intermarriage. Sex—and love—between people of different creeds and colors can probably be counted on to arrest the disuniting of America.The national capacity to absorb and assimilate newcomers will remain powerful. The call of the mainstream will appeal far more than linguistic or ethnic ghettos, above all to the young⑥. English will continue as the dominant language. Indeed, in essentials the national character will be recognizably much as it has been for a couple of centuries. People seeking clues to the American mystery will still read, and quote, Toequeville.Technology will rush on according to Adams’ law of acceleration. But for all⑦the temptations of interactivity⑧and all the unpopularity of elected officials, I doubt that Americans will sanction the degradation⑨of representative democracy into a system of plebiscites. Capitalism too will careen on, through downs as well as ups, but laissez-faire ideology will probably wane as capitalists discover the range of troubles the unfettered market cannot solve, or makes worse. Unbridled capitalism, with low wages, long hours, and exploited workers, excites social resentment, revives class warfare, and infuses Marxism with new life. To move along constructive lines, capitalism must subordinate short-term plans and profits to such long-term social necessities⑩as investment in education, research and development, environmental protection, the extension of health care, the rehabilitation of infrastructure, the redemption of the city. Capitalists are not likely to do this by themselves. Long- term perspectives demand public leadership⑪ and affirmative government.From Foreign Affairs, September/October 1997 【参考译文】回到我们原来的问题：民主有前途吗？有！①民主是有前途，但并不像人们在必胜信念、乐观心态盛行时期所预测的那种光辉灿烂的前途。
1.1解包袱法1.the first black president【译文】第一位与黑人关系密切的总统2.the first woman president【译文】第一位关心妇女问题的总统3.presidential historian【译文】专门研究总统生平的历史学家4.opinion leader【译文1】能影响或左右舆论的人【译文2】意见领袖（台湾译法）kboy【译文】送牛奶的男孩6.fireman【译文】消防员7.postman【译文】送邮件的人8.sick room【译文】病房9.criminally insane【译文】刑事法庭鉴定为患有精神病10.a morning person【译文】习惯早起的人11.a body shop【译文】车身修理厂（洗车店）12.manage forests sustainably【译文】管理森林，以便使其可以持续发展13.digital gap【译文】数字鸿沟/数位落差（台湾译法）【解析】对于已经形成相对固定的说法的包袱，可不解。
14.peak load【译文】峰值负荷15.satellite communications ground station equipment repairer【译文】卫星通讯地面站设备维修人员16.The divorce is less culturally acceptable in a society that is family-oriented.【译文】在以家庭为中心的社会文化背景下，离婚是难以接受的。
17.I am pleased to be here to offer a U.S.business perspective on one of today’s great quality challenges:building a high skills/high wage workforce.【译文】我很高兴能来此介绍一下美国商界对当今我们在素质方面所面临的挑战的看法，这项挑战就是如何建立一支高技术、高薪金的劳动队伍。
1. Preface to Culture of Narcissism
Hardly more than a quarter-century after Henry Luce proclaimed “the American century”, American confidence has fallen to a low ebb①. Those who recently dreamed of world power②now despair of governing the city of New York. Defeat in Vietnam, economic stagnation, and the impending exhaustion of natural resources have produced a mood of pessimism in higher circles, which spreads through the rest of society as people lose faith in their leaders. The same crisis of confidence grips other capitalist countries as well③. In Europe, the revival of fascist movements, and a wave of terrorism all testify, in different ways, to the weakness of established regimes and to the exhaustion of established tradition④. Even Canada, long a bastion of stolid bourgeois dependability⑤, now faces in the separatist movement in Quebec a threat to its very existence as a nation.
The international dimensions of the current malaise indicate that it cannot be attributed to an American failure of nerve⑥. Bourgeois society seems everywhere to have used up its store of constructive ideas⑦. It has lost both the capacity and the will to confront the difficulties that threaten to overwhelm it. The political crisis of capitalism reflects a general crisis of western culture, which reveals itself in a pervasive despair of understanding the course of modern history or of subjecting it to rational direction⑧. Liberalism, the political theory of the ascendant bourgeoisie, long ago lost the capacity to explain events in the world of the welfare state and the
multinational corporation; nothing has taken its place. Politically bankrupt, liberalism is intellectually bankrupt⑨as well. The sciences it has fostered, once confident of their ability to dispel the darkness of the ages, no longer provide satisfactory explanations of the phenomena they profess to elucidate. Neoclassical economic theory cannot explain the coexistence of unemployment and inflation; sociology retreats from the attempt to outline a general theory of modern society; academic psychology retreats from⑩the challenge of Freud into the measurement of trivia. The natural sciences, having made exaggerated claims for themselves⑪, now hasten to announce that science offers no miracle cures for social problems.
From The Culture of Narcissism by Christopher Lasch 【参考译文】
亨利·卢斯曾经宣称“美国世纪”的到来。
可仅仅25年后，美国的自信心已跌至谷底①。
曾几何时，有人大做主宰世界②的强国梦，而他们现在对于如何管理纽约市却一筹莫展。
越战惨遭失败，经济停滞不前，自然资源枯竭在即，这一切都在上层人士中酝酿着一种浓重的悲观情绪，随着人们对领导人逐渐失去信心，悲观情绪蔓延到了社会的各个角落。
这种信心危机不仅侵蚀着美国，其他资本主义国家也在劫难逃③。
在欧洲，法西斯运动死灰复燃，恐怖活动四处蔓延，这一切都以不同形式证明现存的制度和传统已如强弩之末④。
加拿大长期来始终是一个愚忠不改，靠得住的资产阶级之堡垒⑤。
可今日魁北克独立运动方兴未艾，直接威胁到加拿大国家的完整。
当今国际社会中的信心危机说明这并非只是美国缺乏勇气⑥的结果。
全球各地的资产阶级社会似乎已经江郎才尽，再也拿不出治病的良方⑦。
它已没有能力，也没有意志面对来势汹汹、令人无法招架的重重困难。
资本主义的政治危机实际上反映了西方文化的总危机。
这
种危机主要表现为人们普遍对现代历史的进程茫然不解，无法以理性指点迷津⑧。
自由主义曾是上层资产阶级赖以生存的政治理论。
可是在当今这个福利国家和多国公司的世界里，自由主义早已失去解释各种事件的能力了。
然而至今还没有一个新理论可以取而代之。
自由主义不仅在政治上已告破产，而且在思想上也已黔驴技穷⑨。
自由主义曾孕育了科学。
过去科学曾信心十足地驱散黑暗和无知；可现在科学对自己擅长解释的现象再也拿不出令人满意的答案了。
新古典主义经济学理论不能解释失业和通胀共存的现象。
社会学面对勾画现代社会理论的重任已打了退堂鼓。
心理学界的学究们则回避⑩弗洛伊德的挑战，去玩弄心理学的细枝末节。
自然科学曾夸夸其谈⑪，现在也匆忙宣布没有解决社会问题的灵丹妙药。
(叶子南译) 【翻译要点】
①原文中的fallen to a low ebb为比喻句，将信心比作海潮。
这一比喻在英语中已成为表达概念的习惯用法，属于cliche一类，所以在翻译时不用译出比喻，或使用相同的形象来译，译文中的“跌落谷底”为汉语的惯常用法，简洁生动。
②原文中的world power为名词加名词的修饰结构，此处译为“主宰世界”，将其转换为动词短语，清楚的表明了其逻辑关系。
③原文为一个简单句，使用了same，other和as well加强与上文的联系，译文则将它分为两个分句，使用了“不仅…也…”结构，而且将grip分别译为“侵蚀”和“在劫难逃”，处理方式灵活，且与上下文联系紧密。
④本句句子较长，主语为两个带of短语的并列成分，译文将两个名词性短语转译为两个动词分句，既有动作感，又形象生动，而且译为“死灰复燃”和“四处蔓延”“强弩之末”也符合本文的语域特征。
此外，句中的regime虽然常用意思为“政权”，但此处为“制度”的意思。
⑤在处理该短语前，应先弄清楚词语之间的深层关系。
根据上下文的理解，dependability 的逻辑主语是人，被依靠的是bastion，即加拿大，而bastion由bourgeoisies组成，所以该短语可演化为a stronghold of stolid dependable bourgeoisies，这样就逻辑清楚，由此可以得出译文的译法。
⑥nerve的惯用意思为“神经”，此处是“勇气”的意思。
⑦have used up its store of constructive ideas，在这里译为“江郎才尽”，准确生动，且符合汉语的惯用表达，而且，作者还用“再也拿不出治病的良方”加以补充，这一比喻也符合译入语的语言体系。
⑧原文的两个of结构都用来修饰despair，在译文中，将其处理为两个分句，且将despair 灵活处理，分别译为“茫然”和“无法”，与其后的动词连用，连贯自然。
⑨原文的bankrupt虽为“破产”的意思，但这里处理为“黔驴技穷”，既避免与上文的重复，又生动有趣，体现了汉语的文化特征。
⑩原文连用两个retreat from，翻译时可灵活处理，分别译为比喻形式“打了退堂鼓”及动词“回避”，生动而且与上下文衔接紧密。
⑪原文的分句having made exaggerated claims for themselves译为四字短语“夸夸其谈”，简洁生动。
