英语句子成分和英语句子结构
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英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习英语句子就像一座建筑,句子成分是构成这座建筑的各种材料,而句子结构则是建筑的框架。
理解句子成分和结构对于我们正确理解和运用英语至关重要。
接下来,让我们一起深入探讨。
一、英语句子成分1、主语主语是句子所描述的主体,通常是某人、某事或某物。
它是句子的核心,决定了句子要说的是谁或什么。
比如,“The dog is cute” (这只狗很可爱。
)中,“The dog”就是主语。
2、谓语谓语表示主语的动作或状态。
它通常由动词构成。
例如,“She sings beautifully” (她唱歌很好听。
)中的“sings”就是谓语。
3、宾语宾语是动作的对象,通常是接受动作的人或物。
比如,“He bought a book” (他买了一本书。
)中的“a book”就是宾语。
4、表语表语用于说明主语的特征、状态、身份等。
常见的系动词有 be (am/is/are)、seem、look 等,其后的成分就是表语。
例如,“She is happy” (她很开心。
)中的“happy”就是表语。
5、定语定语用来修饰、限定名词或代词。
它可以是形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语等。
例如,“The red car is mine” (那辆红色的车是我的。
)中的“red”就是定语。
6、状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,表示时间、地点、原因、方式、程度等。
比如,“He runs fast” (他跑得很快。
)中的“fast”就是状语。
7、补语补语用于补充说明宾语或主语的情况。
例如,“We made him our monitor” (我们选他当班长。
)中的“our monitor”就是宾语补足语。
二、英语句子结构1、简单句简单句只有一个主谓结构,是最基本的句子类型。
例如,“I love you” (我爱你。
)2、并列句并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句通过并列连词(and, but, or 等)连接而成。
英语句子成分及结构英语句子由多个成分构成,其中主要的成分有:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
1. 主语(Subject):句子中的主要主体或实施者。
例如:John is a teacher.(John是主语)2. 谓语(Predicate):句子中描述主语动作或状态的部分。
例如:John is teaching math.(is teaching math是谓语)3. 宾语(Object):句子中接受动作的对象。
例如:She reads books.(books是宾语)4. 定语(Adjective):句子中修饰名词或代词的部分。
例如:He is wearing a red shirt.(red修饰shirt)5. 状语(Adverb):句子中修饰动词、形容词、副词等的部分。
例如:She runs quickly.(quickly修饰runs)例如:He became a doctor.(a doctor是补语)英语句子的结构可以分为简单句、并列句、复合句等。
1. 简单句(Simple Sentence):由一个独立的主语和谓语构成的句子。
例如:She sings well.例如:He is tired, but he keeps working.例如:I will buy a new car when I save enough money.在复合句中,从句有三种类型:名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
- 名词性从句(Noun Clause):在句子中担当名词的成分。
例如:What you said is true.(what you said是名词性从句)- 形容词性从句(Adjective Clause):在句子中作定语修饰名词或代词。
例如:The book that I'm reading is very interesting.(that I'm reading是形容词性从句)- 副词性从句(Adverbial Clause):在句子中作状语修饰动词、形容词或副词。
句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
英语句子成分有主语.谓语.表语.宾语.宾语补足语.定语.状语等。
顺序一般是主语,谓语.宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。
1、主语主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词.代词.数词.不定式等充当。
He likes watching TV. 他喜欢看电视。
2、谓语谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。
一般可分为两类:1)简单谓语: 由动词(或短语动词)构成。
可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。
We study for the people.我们为人民学习。
My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。
2)复合谓语:情态动词+动词I can speak a little English.我可以说一点英语。
3、宾语宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。
We like English.我们喜欢英语。
有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。
He gave me some ink.他给了我一点墨水。
有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。
如:We make him our monitor.我们选他当班长。
4、表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于连系动词(be, become, appear, seem 等)之后。
Africa is a big continent.非洲是个大洲。
I feel much better today.我今天感觉好多了。
5、定语在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。
用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。
形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解1. 主语(Subject):句子中进行动作或者是被动接受动作的人或物。
例句:Tom is reading a book.(主语是Tom)2. 谓语(Predicate):句子中所陈述的动作或状态。
例句:I am studying English. (谓语是am studying)3. 宾语(Object):句子中被动作的对象或者是动作的影响者。
例句:She bought a new car.(宾语是a new car)4. 定语(Adjective):修饰名词或代词的词或词组。
例句:I saw a black cat.(定语是black)5. 状语(Adverb):修饰动词、形容词、副词,可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。
例句:She sings beautifully.(状语是beautifully)例句:I am a student.(补语是a student)英语句子结构可以按照不同的组合方式分类:1. 简单句(Simple Sentence):包含一个主语和一个谓语。
例句:She sings.(主语+谓语)例句:I like swimming, but he prefers hiking.(独立子句+连接词+独立子句)3. 并列句(Coordinative Sentence):用连词连接两个或更多的相同层次的分句。
例句:I am tired, so I'm going to bed.(分句+连词+分句)例句:She invited me to a party, which made me happy.(主句+从句)总结起来,英语句子成分和结构的掌握对于理解和构建句子都是非常重要的。
通过对各个成分的认识和使用,可以更准确地表达自己的意思。
而了解不同的句子结构,可以帮助我们构建丰富多样的句子,提高语言表达的能力。
英语句子成分和句子结构分析语法讲解1认识语法一、英语语法分为两大部分词法微观遣词;句法宏观造句01词法微观遣词1. 实词:有实际意义的词;名词n.:表事物名称动词vi./vt.:行为,动态;vi.不及物动词,本身可以表达完整意义,后面不需要带宾语vt.及物动词,本身无法表达完整意义,后面必须带宾语形容词adj.:修饰n.副词adv.:修饰v./adj.或者句子中其他adv或者整个句子代词Pron.:代替n.数词num.:表数量基数词,表顺序序数词2. 虚词:没有实际意义的词;介词prep.:说明词与词之间的关系连词conj.:说明句子与句子之间的关系冠词art.:在n.前,限定n.感叹词int.:表达感叹02句法宏观造句1.句子的成分2.句子结构3.句子的变化4.句子的功能5.句子的类型:简单句,并列句,复合句6.复合句:名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句二、语法四大原则1. 词性决定词用2. 同类同用同种类型的词,用法相同,越细分,越一致3. 动词即句魂句子里最重要的是谓语,谓语部分最重要的就是动词4. 举一反三由表及里,发掘句子结构,归属;认识句子本质,由点及面,放大到句群;语法精讲2句子的成分主体:主语,谓语,宾语,表语次体:定语,状语,补语,同位语主语:一个句子的主体,是全句述说的对象;常由名词,代词或相当于名词或代词的词担任,一般放在句首;The sun名词n. rises in the east.W e代词pron. are friendsT wenty years数词num. is a short time in history.S eeing动名词 is believingT o be a teacher不定式is my dreamW hat he needs 句子is a book 主语从句I t 形式主语is time to go home真正的主语形式主语是为保持句子平衡谓语:表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或动词词组担任,放在主语的后面W e study实意动词 EnglishI can情态动词do itI don’t助动词knowH e is系动词asleep.宾语:表示谓语行为的对象,常由名词,代词或相当于名词的词担任,一般放在及物动词或者介词之后;I play with him代词I like china名词H ow many do you need ——we need two数词I enjoy working with you动名词I hope to see you again不定式D id you write down what he said句子U nder the snow介宾短语,there are many rocks.H e gave me间接宾语a book直接宾语 yesterday表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态,一般由名词或者形容词担任;凡是系动词be 动词,感官动词等出现的地方,后面必定带着表语He is a teacher名词Seventy-four you don’t look it代词F ive and five is ten数词H e is asleep形容词T his picture is on the wall介词短语M y watch is missing/lost 形容词化的分词T o wear a flower is to say“ I’m poor ,I can’t buy a ring”不定式T he question is whether they will come句子语法精讲3定语:用来修饰或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或者从句担任,形容词放在名词前面;相当于形容词的短语或者从句放在名词后面;H e is a clever boyT his is an apple treeT here are ten students in our classS he is Tom’s sisterH e bought some sleeping pillsT he girl in red is his sisterW e have a lot of work to doT he girl standing under the tree is his daughterD o you know the man who spoke just now.状语:用来说明动词,形容词,副词或者整个句子的成分;常由副词担任;修饰动词可放动词前,也可放在动词后;修饰形容词或者副词时放在他们前面;动词的八个状态:时间,地点,原因,状态,目的,结果,方式,程度T he students study hardI often write to himH e wrote with a red pencilH e went to see a filmT he students went away laughingI’ll write to you as soon as I get there .补语:表示补充说明,总是跟着宾语跑I found a book lying on the floor.D o you smell something burningS he asked me to go with her.独立成分:同位语,感叹语B ruce,my English teacher,is a cool man That’s great语法精讲4简单句的5种基本结构通过一个爱情故事掌握5种简单句;1, 主语+谓语:She comes.2, 主语+系动词+表语She is lovely.3, 主语+谓语+宾语I love her.4, 主语+谓语+间宾+直宾I gave her a rose.5, 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补I made her happy. 2三大句子结构类型1, 简单句F rank and Eric are good friends.I make and have breakfast.2, 并列句I like English, but I don’t like math.I hate grammar,while he loves it.3, 复合句W hat she does is not good.T he man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle.W hen you finish the work,you may go out to play with Sam.语法精讲5简单句T hat is what I want to tell you. 表语从句I t’s a question how he did it. 同位语从句T he man whom you talk with is my friend. 定语从句I f I am free,I will go shopping . 条件状语从句四种句子类型:01陈述句肯定,否定H e is six years old.S he doesn’t like English.02疑问句一般,特殊,选择,反义D o you like swimming ↑一般疑问句W hat are you doing ↓特殊疑问代词+一般疑问句=特殊疑问句I s this a pen ↑or a pencil ↓选择疑问句S he likes dancing↓,doesn’t she ↑反义疑问句;前肯后否或者前否后肯03祈使句:命令,要求,请求;一般会略去主语,动词开头B e careful , boysD on’t speak in class04感叹句:how/what 开头H ow clever the boy isW hat a nice day it is。
【语法体系】1.词法冠词、名词、代词、副词、动词、介词和介词短语、连词、数词。
2.句法句子成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。
句子种类:陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句句子结构:简单句并列句a)名词性从句:主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句复合句:b)定语从句c)状语从句特殊句式:倒装句、强调句、省略句、there be句式主谓一致直接引语和间接引语虚拟语气【句子成分】1.主语:主语是一个句子的主体,一般位于句首。
名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等均可作主语。
e.g. Instead,a picture should try to show the “life” of itssubject.e.g. To find a best friend is difficult.2.谓语:用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态,一般位于主语之后,由动词或动词短语充当,且谓语有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。
e.g. I run into the classroom.e.g. He had an apple for breakfast.3.宾语:宾语是动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词之后。
名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分次、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等均可充当宾语成分。
e.g. People love to get together.e.g. I like chatting online.宾语的种类:(1)双宾语:间接宾语+直接宾语e.g. Hand me your book, please.(2)复合宾语:宾语+宾语补足语e.g. They elected him their monitor. 4.表语:表语用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。
一般位于系动词之后,与之构成系表结构。
名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、从句等均可作表语。
英语句子成分和英语句子结构英语句子成分:句子的组成成分叫句子成分。
在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。
句子成分由词或词组充当。
英语的基本成分有六种:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、补语和状语。
主语: 句子说明的人或事物名词【Little streams feed big rivers. 小河流入大江。
】China is believed to promise to be among the powerful country in the world.大家坚信中国有希望成为世界强国之一。
Observation is the best teacher. 观察是最好的老师。
代词【He told a joke but it fell flat. 他说了一个笑话,但没有引人发笑。
】We are never too old to learn.活到老学到老。
Who is speaking, please?数词【Three is enough. 三个就够了】Two-thirds of the workers are women.动名词【Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山真是有趣】Constant dripping wears away a stone. 水滴石穿。
Learning how to learn is life's most important skill. 知道如何学习是一生中最重要的技能。
Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。
不定式【To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
】Not to advance is to go back. 不进则退。
To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。
英语句子成分和句子结构什么叫句子成分呢?句子的组成成分叫句子成分。
在句子中,词与词之间有一定的组合关系,按照不同的关系,可以把句子分为不同的组成成分。
句子成分由词或词组充当。
现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种,即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。
英语的基本成分有七种:主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicati ve)、宾语(object)、补语(complement)、定语(attribute)和状语(adverbial)。
英语句子成分中,有些具有形态标志。
如第一人称代词作主语就用主格“I”,作宾语用宾格“me”,作定语用所有格“my”。
这些形态变化对分析辨认成分很有帮助。
把句子的各个成分搞清楚,也就是把句子各部分的关系搞清楚。
做到这一点,才可以准确地理解句子的意思或造出结构正确、意思明白的句子。
有一点要注意,在分析句子结构时,应该抓住主要成分。
我们分析句子结构,划分句子成分无非是为了理解,或者是为了造句。
这个目的达到了就行了,不必过于细致,更不要钻牛角尖,否则就会事倍功半。
各种语言有各自的规则、各自的习惯,而且语言是很灵活的东西,发展过程也很复杂,很难把语法的现象都做出明确、统一的解释来。
在使用一种语言时,语法应让位于习惯。
符合习惯的,有时尽管不符合语法,也是正确的。
英语句子有长有短,有简有繁,从现象看,似乎千变万化,难以捉摸,但从实质看,可以发现其内在联系,找出其共同规律。
英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。
掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。
一、句子结构:五种基本句型英语五种基本句型列式如下:基本句型一:SV(主+谓)基本句型二:SVP(主+谓+表)基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)基本句型四:SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾)基本句型五:SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)注意区别句型四和句型五:We call it a cake.We give it a cake 小窍门:划线部分如果能用be动词连接,意思通顺的话,就是宾补结构,如果意思不通顺的话,就是双宾结构。
英语句子基本句式结构及成分一、句子结构这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子(万句之源),例如增加其他修饰成分、倒装、疑问、否定、祈使等。
这五个基本句式如下:(主语蓝色,谓语红色)1、S + V→主语+ 谓语→V是不及物动词(vi.)。
Day dawns. 天亮了。
2、S + V + O →主语+ 谓语+ 宾语→V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。
Lucy understands English. 露西懂英语。
3、S + V + O1 + O2→主语+ 谓语+ 宾语1 + 宾语2→V是带有双宾语的及物动词。
He told us a story. 他给我们讲了一个故事。
4、S + V + O + C →主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补→V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。
He found George intelligent. 他发现乔治很聪明。
5、S + V + P →主语+ 谓语(系动词)+ 表语→V是系动词(link v.)。
She is beautiful. 她很漂亮。
⭐一般认为系动词和表语合在一起才是句子的谓语,但为了方便学习,可以把系动词理解为谓语。
二、句子成分三、汉译英,并标注属于什么句式及其主语、谓语:1、那个很帅气的男生在昨天回家了。
2、汤姆把那个漂亮的女生惹生气了。
3、我妈妈给我买了一本书。
4、她很生气。
5、太阳在东边升起。
⭐参考译文1、那个很帅气的男生在昨天回家了。
The handsome boy went home yesterday.2、汤姆把那个漂亮的女生惹生气了。
Tom made the pretty girl angry.3、我妈妈给我买了一本书。
My mom bought me a book.4、她很生气。
She is angry.5、太阳在东边升起。
The sun rises in the east.。
英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习主语(subject): 句子说明的人或事物。
The sun rises in the east. (名词)He likes dancing. (代词)Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词)To see is to believe. (不定式)What he needs is a book. (主语从句)It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)谓语(predicate): 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English. He is asleep.表语(predicative): 系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher. (名词)Seventy-four! Y ou don’t look it. (代词)Five and five is ten. (数词)He is asleep. (形容词)His father is in. (副词)The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. (不定式)The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)常见的系动词有:be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel(摸起来,smell(闻起来), taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持,仍是), feel(感觉)...It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.宾语:1)动作的承受者-----动宾I like China. (名词)He hates you. (代词)How many do you need? We need two. (数词)We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. (动名词)I hope to see you again. (不定式)Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3)双宾语-----间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor. (名词)We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名)We will make them happy. (形容词)We found nobody in. ( 副词)Please make yourself at home. 介词短语)Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词)I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)主补:对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 定语:修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Ai Y anling is a chemistry teacher.(名词)He is our friend. (代词)We belong to the third world. (数词)He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)Y ou should do everything that I do. (定语从句)状语:用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。
表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。
(以下例句按上述顺序排列)I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much.If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike.Though he is young, he can do it well.句子结构简单句的五个基本句型主语+不及物动词She came./ My head aches.主语+及物动词+宾语She likes English.主语+系动词+表语She is happy.主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语She gave John a book.She bought a book for me.主语+宾补动词+宾语+宾语补语She makes her mother angry.The teacher asked me to read the passage.(There +be There lies a book on the desk. )Exercises分析下列句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home.2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you3. All of us considered him honest.4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.5. He broke a piece of glass.6. He made it clear that he would leave the city.7. ---I love you more than her,child .8. Tees turn green when spring comes.11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.12. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Don't get nervous,help yourself to what you like.16.We will make our school more beautiful.17. He didn't come.That is why he didn't know.18. She showed us her many of her pictures.19. The old man lives a lonely life.20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany.22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him.23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup?28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him?30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.翻译练习:主谓结构(主语+不及物动词)1你应当努力学习。
2她昨天回家很晚。
3那天早上我们谈了很多。
4会议将持续两个小时。
5在过去的十年里,我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。
7 1919年,在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。