Effective charge of a deconfined slave particle Comment on ``Confinement of Slave Particles

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欧洲电器产品说明书.pdf_1718720711.9774134

1. 1.1 SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS – This manual contains important safety and operating instructions.1.2 Keep out of reach of children.1.3 Do not expose the charger to rain or snow.1.4Use of an attachment not recommended or sold by the battery charger manufacturer may result in a risk of fire, electric shock or injury to persons.1.5 To reduce the risk of damage to electric plug and cord, pull by the plug rather than the cord whendisconnecting charger.1.6 An extension cord should not be used unless absolutely necessary. Use of improper extension cordcould result in a risk of fire and electric shock. If an extension cord must be used, make sure:• The pins on plug of extension cord are the same number, size and shape as those of plug on charger.• The extension cord is properly wired and in good electrical condition• The wire size is large enough for AC ampere rating of charger as specified in section 8.1.7 Do not operate charger with damaged cord or plug – replace the cord or plug immediately.1.8 Do not operate charger if it has received a sharp blow, been dropped, or otherwise damaged in any way;take it to a qualified serviceman.1.9 Do not disassemble charger; take it to a qualified serviceman when service or repair is required. Incorrectreassembly may result in a risk of electric shock or fire.1.10 To reduce risk of electric shock, unplug charger from outlet before attempting any maintenance orcleaning. Turning off controls will not reduce this risk.1.11 WARNING: RISK OF EXPLOSIVE GASES.a. WORKING IN VICINITY OF A LEAD-ACID BATTERY IS DANGEROUS. BATTERIES GENERATEEXPLOSIVE GASES DURING NORMAL BATTERY OPERATION. FOR THIS REASON, IT IS OF UTMOST IMPORTANCE THAT YOU FOLLOW THE INSTRUCTIONS EACH TIME YOU USE THE CHARGER.b. To reduce risk of battery explosion, follow these instructions and those published by battery manufacturer and manufacturer of any equipment you intend to use in vicinity of battery. Review cautionary markings on these products and on engine.2. 2.1 Consider having someone close enough by to come to your aid when you work near a lead-acid battery.2.2 Have plenty of fresh water and soap nearby in case battery acid contacts skin, clothing, or eyes.2.3 Wear complete eye protection and clothing protection. Avoid touching eyes while working near battery.2.4If battery acid contacts skin or clothing, wash immediately with soap and water. If acid enters eye, immediately flood eye with running cold water for at least 10 minutes and get medical attention immediately.2.5 NEVER smoke or allow a spark or flame in vicinity of battery or engine.2.6 Be extra cautious to reduce risk of dropping a metal tool onto battery. It might spark or short-circuitbattery or other electrical part that may cause explosion.2.7 Remove personal metal items such as rings, bracelets, necklaces, and watches when working with a lead-acid battery. A lead-acid battery can produce a short-circuit current high enough to weld a ring or the like to metal, causing a severe burn.Automatic Battery ChargerOWNERS MANUALPLEASE SAVE THIS OWNERS MANUAL AND READ BEFORE EACH USE. This manual will explain how to use the charger safely and effectively. Please read and follow these instructions and precautions carefully.For the manual with Spanish,visit or call 1-800-621-5485.Para obtener el manual en español,2.8 Use charger for charging 12V LEAD-ACID (STD or AGM) rechargeable batteries. It is not intended tosupply power to a low voltage electrical system other than in a starter-motor application. Do not use battery charger for charging dry-cell batteries that are commonly used with home appliances. These batteries may burst and cause injury to persons and damage to property.2.9 NEVER charge a frozen battery.3.3.1 If necessary to remove battery from vehicle to charge, always remove grounded terminal from batteryfirst. Make sure all accessories in the vehicle are off, so as not to cause an arc.3.2 Be sure area around battery is well ventilated while battery is being charged.3.3 Clean battery terminals. Be careful to keep corrosion from coming in contact with eyes.3.4 Add distilled water in each cell until battery acid reaches level specified by battery manufacturer. Do notoverfill. For a battery without removable cell caps, such as valve regulated lead acid batteries, carefully follow manufacturer’s recharging instructions.3.5 Study all battery manufacturer’s specific precautions while charging and recommended rates of charge.3.6 Determine voltage of battery by referring to car owner’s manual and make sure that output voltage selectorswitch is set at correct voltage. If charger has adjustable charge rate, charge battery initially at lowest rate.4.4.1 Locate charger as far away from battery as DC cables permit.4.2 Never place charger directly above battery being charged; gases from battery will corrode and damage charger.4.3 Never allow battery acid to drip on charger when reading electrolyte specific gravity or filling battery.4.4 Do not operate charger in a closed-in area or restrict ventilation in any way.4.5 Do not set a battery on top of charger.5.5.1 Connect and disconnect DC output clips only after setting any charger switches to “off” position andremoving AC cord from electric outlet. Never allow clips to touch each other.5.2 Attach clips to battery and chassis, as indicated in sections 6 and 7.6.WARNING: A SPARK NEAR THE BATTERY MAY CAUSE A BATTERY EXPLOSION.TO REDUCE THE RISK OF A SPARK NEAR THE BATTERY:6.1 Position AC and DC cords to reduce risk of damage by hood, door, or moving engine part.6.2 Stay clear of fan blades, belts, pulleys, and other parts that can cause injury to persons.6.3 Check polarity of battery posts. POSITIVE (POS, P, +) battery post usually has larger diameter thanNEGATIVE (NEG, N, –) post.6.4 Determine which post of battery is grounded (connected) to the chassis. If negative post is grounded tochassis (as in most vehicles), see (6.5). If positive post is grounded to the chassis, see (6.6).6.5 For negative-grounded vehicle, connect POSITIVE (RED) clip from battery charger to POSITIVE (POS, P, +)ungrounded post of battery. Connect NEGATIVE (BLACK) clip to vehicle chassis or engine block away from battery. Do not connect clip to carburetor, fuel lines, or sheet-metal body parts. Connect to a heavy gauge metal part of the frame or engine block.6.6 For positive-grounded vehicle, connect NEGATIVE (BLACK) clip from battery charger to NEGATIVE(NEG, N, –) ungrounded post of battery. Connect POSITIVE (RED) clip to vehicle chassis or engine block away from battery. Do not connect clip to carburetor, fuel lines, or sheet-metal body parts. Connect to a heavy gauge metal part of the frame or engine block.6.7 When disconnecting charger, turn switches to off, disconnect AC cord, remove clip from vehicle chassis,and then remove clip from battery terminal.6.8 See Operating Instructions for length of charge information.WARNING: A SPARK NEAR THE BATTERY MAY CAUSE A BATTERY EXPLOSION.TO REDUCE THE RISK OF A SPARK NEAR THE BATTERY:7.1 Check polarity of battery posts. POSITIVE (POS, P, +) battery post usually has a larger diameter thanNEGATIVE (NEG, N, –) post.7.2 Attach at least a 24-inch-long 6-gauge (AWG) insulated battery cable to NEGATIVE (NEG, N, –) battery post.7.3 Connect POSITIVE (RED) charger clip to POSITIVE (POS, P, +) post of battery.7.4 Position yourself and free end of cable as far away from battery as possible – then connect NEGATIVE(BLACK) charger clip to free end of cable.7.5 Do not face battery when making final connection.7.6 When disconnecting charger, always do so in reverse sequence of connecting procedure and break firstconnection while as far away from battery as practical.7.7 A marine (boat) battery must be removed and charged on shore. To charge it on board requiresequipment specially designed for marine use.8.8.1 This battery charger is for use on a nominal 120 volt circuit and has a grounded plug. The charger must begrounded, to reduce the risk of electric shock. The plug must be plugged into an outlet that is properly installed and grounded in accordance with all local codes and ordinances. The plug pins must fit the receptacle (outlet).Do not use with an ungrounded system.8.2 DANGER: Never alter the AC cord or plug provided – if it does not fit the outlet, have a proper groundedoutlet installed by a qualified electrician. An improper connection can result in a risk of an electric shock or electrocution.NOTE: Pursuant to Canadian Regulations, use of an adapter plug is not allowed in Canada. Use of an adapter plug in the United States is not recommended and should not be used.8.3 USING AN EXTENSION CORDThe use of an extension cord is not recommended. If you must use an extension cord, follow these guidelines:• Pins on plug of extension cord must be the same number, size, and shape as those of plug on charger.• Ensure that the extension cord is properly wired and in good electrical condition.• Wire size must be large enough for the AC ampere rating of charger, as specified:Length of cord (feet)2550100150AWG* size of cord18161210*AWG-American Wire Gauge9.9.1 Remove all cord wraps and uncoil the cables prior to using the battery charger.10.LED INDICATORSCLAMPS REVERSED/BAD BATTERY (red) LED flashing: The connections are reversed.CLAMPS REVERSED/BAD BATTERY (red) LED lit: The charger has detected a problem with thebattery. See Troubleshooting for more information.CHARGING (yellow/orange) LED lit: The charger is charging the battery.CHARGED/MAINTAINING (green) LED lit: The battery is fully charged and the charger is in maintain mode.NOTE: See Operating Instructions for a complete description of the charger modes.RATE SELECTIONUse this button to select one of the following:6<>2A CHARGE/MAINTAIN – For charging small and large batteries. Not recommended for industrialapplications. The charger will automatically adjust the charging current, based on battery size, in order tocharge the battery completely, efficiently and safely.BOOST – For quickly adding energy to a severely discharged or large capacity battery prior to Engine Start.ENGINE START – Provides additional amps for cranking an engine with a weak or run-down battery.WARNING: A spark near the battery may cause an explosion.NOTE: This charger is equipped with an auto-start feature. Current will not be supplied to the battery clamps until a battery is properly connected. The clamps will not spark if touched together. CHARGING A BATTERY IN THE VEHICLE1. Turn off all the vehicle’s accessories.2. Keep the hood open.3. Clean the battery terminals.4. Place the charger on a dry, non-flammable surface.5. Lay the AC/DC cables away from any fan blades, belts, pulleys and other moving parts.6. Connect the battery, following the precautions listed in sections 6 and7.7. Connect the charger to an electrical outlet.8. Select the desired rate.9. When charging is complete, disconnect the charger from the AC power, remove the clamp from thevehicle’s chassis, and then remove the clamp from the battery terminal.CHARGING A BATTERY OUTSIDE OF THE VEHICLE1. Place battery in a well-ventilated area.2. Clean the battery terminals.3. Connect the battery, following the precautions listed in sections 6 and 7.4. Connect the charger to the electrical outlet.5. Select the desired rate.6. When charging is complete, disconnect the charger from the AC power, disconnect the negativeclamp, and finally the positive clamp.7. A marine (boat) battery must be removed and charged on shore.Times are based on a 50% discharged battery and may change, depending on age and condition of battery. AUTOMATIC CHARGINGWhen an Automatic Charge is performed, the charger switches to the maintain mode automatically after the battery is charged.ABORTED CHARGEIf charging cannot be completed normally, charging will abort. When charging aborts, the charger’s output is shut off and the Bad Battery (red) LED will light. Do not continue attempting to charge this battery. Check the battery and replace, if necessary.DESULFATION MODEDesulfation could take 8 to 10 hours. If desulfation fails, charging will abort and the Bad Battery (red) LED will light.COMPLETION OF CHARGECharge completion is indicated by the Charged/Maintaining (green) LED. When lit, the charger has switched to the maintain mode of operation.MAINTAIN MODE (FLOAT MODE MONITORING)When the Charged/Maintaining (green) LED is lit, the charger has started maintain mode. In this mode, the charger keeps the battery fully charged by delivering a small current when necessary. If the charger has to provide its maximum maintain current for a continuous 12 hour period, it will go into abort mode (see Aborted Charge section). This is usually caused by a drain on the battery or the battery could be bad. Make sure there are no loads on the battery. If there are, remove them. If there are none, have the battery checked or replaced.MAINTAINING A BATTERYThe unit charges and maintains 12V batteries, keeping them at full charge.NOTE: The maintain mode technology allows you to safely charge and maintain a healthy batteryfor extended periods of time. However, problems with the battery, electrical problems in the vehicle, improper connections or other unanticipated conditions could cause excessive current draws. As such, occasionally monitoring your battery and the charging process is required.USING THE ENGINE START SETTINGYour battery charger can be used to jump start your car if the battery is low. Follow all safety instructions and precautions for charging your battery. Wear complete eye protection and clothing protection.WARNING: Using the ENGINE START setting WITHOUT a battery installed in the vehicle could cause damage to the vehicle’s electrical system.NOTE: If you have charged the battery and it still will not start your car, do not use the Engine Start setting, or it could damage the vehicle’s electrical system. Have the battery checked.1. With the charger unplugged from the AC outlet, connect the charger to the battery, following theinstructions given in Follow These Steps When Battery Is Installed In Vehicle.2. With the charger plugged in and connected to the battery of the vehicle, set the Rate Selectionto the Engine Start position.3. Crank the engine until it starts or 3 seconds pass. If the engine does not start, wait 3 minutes beforecranking again. NOTE: During extremely cold weather, or if the battery is under 2 volts, use theBoost setting for 5 minutes before cranking the engine.4. If the engine fails to start, boost the battery for 5 more minutes before attempting to crank the engine again.5. After the engine starts, unplug the AC power cord before disconnecting the battery clamps from the vehicle.NOTE: If the engine does turn over but never starts, there is not a problem with the starting system;there is a problem somewhere else with the vehicle. STOP cranking the engine until the other problem has been diagnosed and corrected.12.A minimal amount of care can keep your battery charger working properly for years.• Clean the clamps each time you are finished charging. Wipe off any battery fluid that may have come in contact with the clamps to prevent corrosion.• Occasionally cleaning the case of the charger with a soft cloth will keep the finish shiny and helpprevent corrosion.• Coil the input and output cords neatly when storing the charger. This will help prevent accidental damage to the cords and charger.• Store the charger unplugged from the AC power outlet in an upright position.• Store inside, in a cool, dry place. Do not store the clamps clipped together, on the handle, on or around metal, or clipped to the cables.13.PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE SOLUTIONBattery clamps do not spark when touched together.The charger is equipped with anauto-start feature. It will not supplycurrent to the battery clamps until abattery is properly connected. Theclamps will not spark if touchedtogether.No problem; this is a normalcondition.Three LEDs come on for 2 seconds, then turn off.The charger is plugged into anAC outlet.The charger was recentlyunplugged from an AC outlet.No problem; this is normal.This is normal. Allow a fewminutes for the charger to shut off.The charger will not turn on whenproperly connected.AC outlet is dead.Poor electrical connection.Check for open fuse or circuit breaker supplying AC outlet. Check power cord and extension cord for loose fitting plug.Short or no start cycle whencranking engine.No power at receptacle.AC cord and/or extension cord isloose.The clamps are not making agood connection.Failure to wait 3 minutes (180seconds) between cranks.The battery may be severelydischarged.The battery is drawing more thanthe Engine Start rate.The charger may be overheated.Check for open fuse or circuit breaker supplying AC outlet.Check power cord and extension cord for loose fitting plug.Check for poor connection at battery and frame.Wait 3 minutes of rest time before the next crank, to allow the battery and charger to cool down.On a severely discharged battery, use the Boost setting for few minutes, to help assist in cranking. Crank time varies with the amount of current drawn. If cranking draws more than the Engine Start rate, crank time may be less than 3 seconds.The thermal protector may have tripped and needs a little longer to close. Make sure the charger vents are not blocked. Wait and try again.PROBLEM POSSIBLE CAUSE SOLUTIONThe red LED is lit.The battery voltage is still below10V (for a 12V battery) or 5V(for a 6V battery) after 2 hours ofcharging.(or)In maintain mode, the outputcurrent is more than 2.0A for 12hours.Desulfation was unsuccessful.Lack of progress is detected andbattery voltage is below 14.2V (fora 12V battery) or 7.1V (for a 6Vbattery).The battery’s initial voltage isbelow 12.2V (for a 12V battery)or 6.1V (for a 6V battery) and thetotal input is less than 1.5 Ah.The battery voltage drops tobelow 12.2V (for a 12V battery) or6.1V (for a 6V battery) in MaintainMode.The battery may be defective. Make sure there are no loads on the battery. If there are, remove them. If there are none, have the battery checked or replaced. The battery may be defective. Have battery checked or replaced.The battery may be overheated. If so, allow the battery to cool. The battery may be too large or have a short circuit. Have battery checked or replaced.The battery capacity is too low,or the battery is too old. Have it checked or replaced.The battery won’t hold a charge. May be caused by a drain on the battery or the battery could be bad. Make sure there are no loads on the battery. If there are remove them. If there are none, have the battery checked or replaced.14.For REPAIRS OR RETURNS, visit Visit for Replacement Parts.15.For information on our one year limited warranty, please visit or call 1-800-621-5485 to request a copy.Go to to register your product online.。

英语四级真题作文及范文(必备18篇)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying “Learning is a daily experience and a lifetime mission.” You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of lifelong learning. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.It is widely accepted that to live and learn is a creed of many centuries. Even in contemporary society, life -long learning still carries great importance to personal happiness.Example：As a famous saying goes， “Never go out there to see what happens， go out there to make something happen。

” Simple as the saying is， its meaning is profound and thought-provoking， which is meant to tell us that we are supposed to be creative instead of acting as the onlooker。

Conspicuous are the impacts of being creative and I would like to explore the following aspects。

四级汉译英练习20.doc

CET-4汉译英练习Exercise 11. Nobody can make a slave of you if（你不把自己看作奴隶）.2.I deposited 2000 dollars in my saving's account last week, but this week（我不得不从银行中取出1500元付学费）.3.When the temperature becomes extreme,（人们不断抱怨天气）.4.After all, you are eighteen years old, so you should behave yourself and（你必须学着表现得更像个成年人）.5.Of all the Chinese cities, it seems to me,（上海比其他任何一座城市消耗的电都多）.1.if you don't regard yourself as oneOr: if you don't see yourself as oneOr: if you don't think yourself as one2.but I had to withdraw 1500 from the bank to pay for my tuition3.people constantly complain about the weatherOr: people often complain about the weather4.you must learn to behave more like a grown upOr: you must learn to behave more like an adult5.Shanghai consumes more electricity than any other cityExercise 21.As is often said that money makes the world go round,（人和动物生命很大程度上依赖能源的“货币”）.2.（在我们眼前的岩石中看起来可能是普通的东西），is a series of scattered events from apast million upon millions years of long.3.（想证明某个观点的最好的办法之一）is to take the example fromhis own experience.4.It may be difficult to say that how fast a skimming speed should be, but our experience is that（你的速度可以是普通阅读速度的两倍）.5.He is an experienced teacher, （他知道如何将他学生的最佳状态发挥出来）.1.human and animal life depends largely on the currency of energy2.What may seem like a common thing in the rocks exposed to our eyes3.One of the best ways to prove one's view point4.your speed can be twice as fast as the normal reading speed5.he knows how to make the best out of their students1.（事实上，我认为动物遭受的不必要的痛苦应该避免）,but beforediscussing the issue, we should first make sure that all human beings are well fed.2.（尽管他们有着各种各样的困难）,the sailors were determined to unload the ship ahead ofschedule.3.（他下定决心）to carry out this task all by himself.4.In several football countries, it has been noted, factory production goes up and down,（取决于他们本土队的胜与败）.5.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that（这些严重的病患并不想知道他们病情的真实情况）.1.In fact, I believe that all the unnecessary pains that animals have been enduring should beavoided2.In spite of all the difficulties they had3.He's made up his mind4.depending on the home team's win or loss5.the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their conditionOr: the serious patients do not want to know the truth of their conditionExercise 41. The play has proved to be a success（与我原先预想的相反）.2.The soldier would not leave the wounded alone（尽管他有机会离开）the dangerous place.3.We are still uncertain（杰克是否是这个工作的适当人选）.4.He has taken his stand long before（在这个问题进行公开讨论）.5. People's attitude toward drugs（每个人各不相同）.1.contrary to what I expected2-though he had the chance to leave3.whether Jack is the right person for the job4.the question is being discussed in public5 . varies from person to person1.（首先，什么促使你得出这样的结论）？In the second place, howdo you know it will do any good to the company?2.Fm thinking of（我们如何让他们接受我们的条件）.3.（即使我们的想法都基于事实）,others may not agree with us.4.Some of us have their own favorite singers while（还有些人甚至不知道谁是最流行的歌手）.5.The wind is blowing hard, and（根本无法让人听到你的声音）.Exercise 51.In the first place, what makes you draw such a conclusion2- how we could make them accept our terms3.Even if we base our opinion on facts4.still some have no idea who is the most popular singer5 . there is no way to make your voice heardExercise 61.I am so weak that I can't take five steps without having to sit, for（我己经喘不上气了）.2.（毫无疑问有关联）between cigarette smoking and lung cancer.3.Learning English may be difficult for you now, but（从长远角度来说，你会受益的）.4.（我希望不时被告知）how my son is getting along in school.5.（这位影星不太可能被认出）for he is wearing large dark glasses.1.I'm very short of breath2.There is no question of the relationship3.in the long run, you will benefit from it4.rd like to be informed from time to time5.It is less likely for the movie star to be recognized1.（他拒绝再有任何关系）with the pyramid selling （传销）job when he learnt what thepromoters were up to.2.Professor Johnson's devotion to teaching（为他赢得了来自同事和学生的尊敬）.3.Without proper guidance, young people, who are easily bored with their quiet life,（倾向于使用暴力和毒品）.4.The fact that you are giving comments on this book （表明你己经形成了自己的观点）.5.The extent of your vocabulary （暗示你的聪明程度）.Exercise 71 - He refused to have anything more to do withOr: He refused to have any relationship with2.has earned him the respect from both his colleagues and his students3.tend to act violently and have drugs4.shows that you have formed your own point of view5.indicates the degree of your intelligenceExercise 81.There are certain factors in success that can（和你所做的实验一样科学地被测量）.2- （就我们学生而言），getting involved in inventing a course is both exciting and worrying.3.（考虑到已变化了的情况），he urged that the meeting bepostponed till next week.4.She is （对这一主题一点兴趣都没有）under discussion.5.Hardly （人们用肉眼看到星星）without the help of telescopes.Exercise 81.be measured as scientifically as the experiments you've done2.As far as we students are concerned3 - Considering the changed circumstancesOr: Thinking of the changed conditions4.not in the least interest in the subject5 . can people see the stars with their own eyes1.The depression that started in mid-1929 was a catastrophe of （范围如此之大美国从未经历过）.2.（约翰克服了他的羞怯）to such an extent that he could give aspeech in public.3.The fall in the cost of living is （与全球油价下跌有关）.4.If there is no objection to this decision, lefs （进行到议程的下一项）.5.If the thing you purchase has serious defects,（你有权要求退款）.Exercise 91.such a large scale as that the United States had never experienced before2-John overcame his shyness3.related to the drop of international oil priceOr: associated with the fall of internal oil price4.pass on to the next item on the agenda5 . you have the right to ask for refundExercise 101.Many women identify themselves with the heroine in the movie,（她奋斗以赢得尊重）andfulfill her ambitions.2.I will start working or pursue my doctorate studies,（根据情况决定）.3- He tries to control his temper（而不是说一些不愉快的话）.4.As he saw the shadow of the tower under the sun, he was（他了解到他变隐形的原因了）.5.So far they have got more then 5000 people to sign the petition（反对建设核发电厂）.Exercise 101.who struggles to gain respect2.depending on the circumstances3 - instead of saying something unpleasantOr: instead of saying something rude4.aware of the reason why he was invisible5 . against the building of nuclear power plant1.His（向人事经理推荐你）do you a good turn.2- It will break your mother's heart when she finds out that（你考试作弊并被学校开除）.3.（闭上眼睛，静静地躺在稻草上），he made an effort of will toovercome the pain.4.For a long time Genetic engineered food was regarded beneficial to human bodies, but recentlythere has been proof against it and（你被警告远离它）.5.The management's proposal to lay off some workers（以便提高效率）received a coolresponse from the trade union.Exercise 111.recommending you to the personnel manager2.you've cheated on exams and been dismissed from school3.Closing his eyes and lying on the hay4.so you are warned off it5.so as to raise efficiencyExercise 121. Not until the team reached the base（他们得知战争结束的消息）.2.Take my word for it that you will buy（只有烦恼）if you buy that house.3.The new Medicare system（非常重视疾病预防）and primary care.4.It is essential that（孩子被传授分辨正确与否）.5.An effective way to reduce labor cost is（用更多的机器人取代工人）.Exercise 121.did they learn that the war came to an end2.nothing but trouble3.attaches great importance to prevention of illness4.children be taught to distinguish right from wrong5.to use more robots to replace workers1.Some people say that the study of liberal arts is（我们在困难时期负担不起的无用的奢侈）.2.（在他动身前往美国的前夜），his friends and relatives came to hishouse to bid him goodbye.3.（我震惊地f解到）the world spend so much money on arms whilemillions of people were starving.4.It took Jim about two weeks（习惯他的新工作）as a sales manager.5.There were some supernatural phenomena（为此没有科学家能够给出解释）.Exercise 131 - a useless luxury we can not afford in hard times2.On the eve of his leaving for the United States3 . I was shocked to learn that4. to get used to his new job5 . for which no scientists can offer any explanationExercise 141.（为了能在最短时间内赶上他的同学）,Sam decided to workduring the weekend.2.You'd better call the police if you find any suspicious guys（后半夜在这栋房子附近闲逛）. 3-（老妇人在吓得要死）when two gunmen appeared in front of her suddenly.4.（这事从未在比尔身上发生过）that his proposal would be met withdisapproval at the meeting.5.Rob of almost all movements, Hawking（被限制在一辆轮椅上）.Exercise 141.In order to catch up with his classmates in the shortest period of time2.hanging around the house late at night3 - The old lady was nearly frightened to death4-It never occurred to Bill5 . is confined to a wheelchair1.The new approach is quite different from the traditional one and（结果远不令人满意）.2.When his doctor told him that he had lung cancer, he was（不知道该说什么）.3.I might have been incredulous（如果不是因为我习惯于这样的回答）.4.It was not until every phase of the development plan had been examined （委员会做出决定）.5.（不要听他的话）.，for he always talks recklessly withoutthinking carefully first.Exercise 151.the results are far from satisfactory2.at a loss what to say3.had I not been accustomed to such responses4.that the committee made a decision5.Don't take any notice of what he saysExercise 161. The whole discussion comes down to the question of（政府的4介格政策是否明智）.2.The president made it clear that（向恐怖分子屈服最终会给世界人民带来灾难）.3.（火灾在半夜突发）, but no one was aware of it until it grew to bigthat it couldn't be put out.4.The black Americans have been struggling to become（自己命运的主宰）.5.Carol（在某种程度上受广告的误导）,and expected too much of the product.Exercise 161.whether the government's price policy is wise2.yielding to tenorists would eventually bring disasters to the world people3.Fire broke out at midnight4.masters of their own destiny5.was misled by the advertisement to some extent1 - Some of the basic industries of that country have crippled（作为一系列罢工的结果）.2.（在地铁上他的包被抢劫），and what's worse, the passport was inside his bag.3.The tension within a family is often relieved or eliminated when（家庭作为一个整体受到外力的威胁）.4.We shall offer you advice, but you are（没有义务听从）.5.（在任何情况下你都不能）open the parcel nor can you throw it away.Exercise 171 - as a result of a series of strikes2.He was robbed of his bag on the metro3.the family as a whole is threatened by an external force4.under no obligation to follow it5 . Under no circumstances can youExercise 181.When Alfred Nobel died, an annual peace prize（为纪念他而设立）.2.An eternal problem that haunts the third world countries（是如何快速发展经济）withoutdamaging the environment.3.In preparing for a job interview, you can pay special attention to your appearance such asdressing neatly, keeping your hair tidy,（不管你白勺长相），4.Do you think it worthwhile for them to（逐字翻译这本大厚书）？5.But （决定不要孩子的夫妇）never know the joys of watching achild grow up or of playing with a grandchild.1.（随着每年被夺去生命的数字的增长）,there is a call to control thegun, to restrict its use and to get rid of it.2.The party was postponed because Mike's wife Sue（发烧病倒了）.3.Without a contract or agreement to bind the contracting parties,（任何国际性的生意或交易）would be impossible.4.Scholars have suggested that how a society deals with the threats of AIDS describes the extent（这个社会有权声称自己为文明社会的）.5.As long as candidates can teach and have the required level of English,（他们是谁和从哪里来都不重要）.Exercise 191.With the increasing number of lives taken each year2.came down with a fever3.any international business or transaction4.to which that society has the right to call itself civilized5-it doesn't matter who they are and where they come fromExercise 201.Reading is fun, not because the writer is telling you something,（而是因为它让你的大脑工作）.2.（除了他身体上的问题外）,Mark also had money worries.3.The healthier diet suggested by the scientists people are having,（他们就越强壮）.4.Researchers are trying to discover how this built-in biological time clock works（以便他们能减慢其过程）.5.The American education system is based on the idea that（尽可能多的人）should haveaccess to（尽可能多的教育）.Exercise 201.but because it makes your mind work2.In addition to his physical problemsOr: Besides his physical problems3.the stronger they are becoming4.so that they can slow down the process5- as many people as possible； as much education as possible翻译答案Exercise 1l.if you don't regard yourself as oneOr: if you don't see yourself as oneOr: if you don't think yourself as one2.but I had to withdraw 1500 from the bank to pay for my tuition6.people constantly complain about the weatherOr: people often complain about the weather7.you must learn to behave more like a grown upOr: you must learn to behave more like an adult8.Shanghai consumes more electricity than any other cityExercise 26.human and animal life depends largely on the currency of energy7.What may seem like a common thing in the rocks exposed to our eyes8.One of the best ways to prove one's view point9.your speed can be twice as fast as the normal reading speed10.he knows how to make the best out of their studentsExercise 36.In fact, I believe that all the unnecessary pains that animals have been enduring should beavoided7.In spite of all the difficulties they had8.He's made up his mind9.depending on the home team's win or loss10.the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their conditionOr: the serious patients do not want to know the truth of their conditionExercise 46.contrary to what I expected7.though he had the chance to leave8.whether Jack is the right person for the job9.the question is being discussed in public10.varies from person to personExercise 56.In the first place, what makes you draw such a conclusion7.how we could make them accept our terms8.Even if we base our opinion on facts9.still some have no idea who is the most popular singer10.there is no way to make your voice heardExercise 66.I'm very short of breath7.There is no question of the relationship8.in the long run, you will benefit from it9.rd like to be informed from time to time10.It is less likely for the movie star to be recognizedExercise 76.He refused to have anything more to do withOr: He refused to have any relationship with7.has earned him the respect from both his colleagues and his students8.tend to act violently and have drugs9.shows that you have formed your own point of view10- indicates the degree of your intelligenceExercise 86.be measured as scientifically as the experiments you've done7.As far as we students are concerned8.Considering the changed circumstancesOr: Thinking of the changed conditions9-not in the least interest in the subject10-can people see the stars with their own eyesExercise 96.such a large scale as that the United States had never experienced before7.John overcame his shyness8.related to the drop of international oil priceOr: associated with the fall of internal oil price9.pass on to the next item on the agenda10- you have the right to ask for refundExercise 106.who struggles to gain respect7.depending on the circumstances8.instead of saying something unpleasantOr: instead of saying something rude9.aware of the reason why he was invisible10- against the building of nuclear power plantExercise 116.recommending you to the personnel manager7.you've cheated on exams and been dismissed from school8.Closing his eyes and lying on the hay9.so you are warned off it10.so as to raise efficiencyExercise 126.did they learn that the war came to an end7.nothing but trouble8.attaches great importance to prevention of illness9.children be taught to distinguish right from wrong10- to use more robots to replace workersExercise 136. a useless luxury we can not afford in hard times7.On the eve of his leaving for the United States8.I was shocked to learn that9.to get used to his new job10.for which no scientists can offer any explanationExercise 146.In order to catch up with his classmates in the shortest period of time7.hanging around the house late at night8.The old lady was nearly frightened to death9.It never occurred to Bill10.is confined to a wheelchairExercise 156.the results are far from satisfactory7.at a loss what to say8.had I not been accustomed to such responses9.that the committee made a decision10.Don't take any notice of what he saysExercise 166.whether the government's price policy is wise7.yielding to teiTorists would eventually bring disasters to the world people8.Fire broke out at midnight9- masters of their own destiny10.was misled by the advertisement to some extentExercise 176.as a result of a series of strikes7.He was robbed of his bag on the metro8.the family as a whole is threatened by an external force9- under no obligation to follow it10.Under no circumstances can youExercise 181 - was established in his memory2. is how to develop the economy quickly3 . regardless of your looks4. translate the thick book word by word5 . couples who decide not to have childrenExercise 196.With the increasing number of lives taken each year7.came down with a fever8.any international business or transaction9- to which that society has the right to call itself civilized10.it doesn't matter who they are and where they come fromExercise 206.but because it makes your mind work7.In addition to his physical problemsOr: Besides his physical problems8.the stronger they are becoming9.so that they can slow down the process10.as many people as possible； as mucheducation as possible。

2008年考研英语真题及解析

2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and havecontributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including severalworld-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former hasbeen 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez’s experien ce demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expens es[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far,made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches t aller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by the geneti c architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says Wiencek, aut hor of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necess ary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one longargument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in an y higher degree.” (49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, ho wever, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。

Lincoln-Douglas Debates林肯和道格拉斯辩论概述

Lincoln-Douglas Debates
• Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln were rival candidates in the election for the senator from Illinois.
• Douglas attempted to show that Republicans in general —and Lincoln in particular—were abolitionists in disguise,bent on destroyaid
• A fiery abolitionist,had previously participated in the armed struggle against proslavery forced in Kansas,later traveling East to continue his work. • Found guilty,John Brown was hanged on December 2.Many Northerners regarded Brown as a martyr to the cause of freedom.
• During the four-month interval between Lincoln’s election in 1860 and his inauguration in 1861,the seven states of the deep South (South Crolina,Mississippi,Florida,Alabama, Georgia,Louisiana,and Texas) voted for seccession—withdrawal from the Union.

MINISO 无线RETRO无线音箱说明书

小峙代掛繩蓝牙音箱总长693*75mmMINISOUSER MANUAL使用貌明菩使用轰品前罚仔衄隅埭本使用泣阴害，壶馈妥兽保管。

PlfASE READ THIS MANUAI.CAAEFULLYBEFORE USING THEPROOUCT AND KEEP IT PROPERLY每页63*75mm＿ Thank you for using Miniso WiMless Speaker. Pl斡睬啦d this manual ceretully before use. Using I t prope什y fur best product pertoema ce. MINISO Wireless Speaker has styl飞h appearance, true-to-life sound ond multlple扣心a s.The如Ole沁ees ha屯the pate t ot app蚐ra oe d..ign. The sy tem adopting the indust”－妇di g tech ol匀y enabl .. you lo enjoy the excellent oound e油ct,enytime at home. outdoors. duri g a trip or during沁rk.II provides pertect experience咘en you pl y mus忙o your laptops. digi切I music playe飞and other a心o-visual p oyers. !adi g you to a better l fe w lh beautiful叩s c!－ 1 Stone and u貊it at room temperature 2. Do ot ．叩怔•it to rain or mo如...3. Do ot throw the product to avoid damage caused by dropping4. Do ot disassemble, modifY or repair the p roduct y ourself.5. This product is equipped with an irreplaoeable built-I n I曲ium batter .Do no discard I t心oss in fins to avoid dang釭6. T o p函enl its performanoe from b..ng inlerfer&d, k 碑pIt awey from stro g mag etic objects.7. If you are ot goi g to use 11 ror a long time, charge the speal<er once every 3 mo ths to extend the lifespa of battery.＿.UJETOOTHC叩GING INP\11 CMAROINO PORT贼U仔IC PLAYB心T1'淝．V5.15V-1AMICRO u se Am心3HBLUETOOTH PAlRINGHAfllE BAlIUh叩N印IISSIONDISTANCE《”“叩m,..E MINISO-LTBT2219 3.7VI,，心归如~5叩吐h Aroood 10mAO25H＿勹\....===-/I 2' I31. Power B如n2. LED I d cator L ght3. Charg ng Port－ Funct;on Instruction霍P y P 叩笠Sh rt pres s pc沁N buttonNext T ra kD ub l!! pr e s power buttonP�,au , Tra k P志power butt n t h ree t e:oiL叩Ba tt ery lertpm pt咘e,lhe b叽e"村""Pa l S ng h uldT 叩eoutt u f r n h Q "� n, t h e p n •u 1 w i U t r , m 10 l ut l l n Q诅lo r n o h t 加刃r e I h t i 3t u c mm .ta na U 铲011,fu w h e 心ett i 如＿ Speaker, C ha屯"9Cable, U sar Manuel＿ 1. T he w ireless sp<边ker Is unable to be paired w ith the cell phone. Solution: Confirm if the wirelo...P的ker is i pairin mode, a nd if tho Bluelooth on your pho叩io tumed on. T匝n delete lho product in the list, p air I t with汗x ,r phone again a"心rding to the User Manual 2. Tho w ir•I.. •叮叩h辱r cannot lo泗tumod on.Solution: Confirm the battery level. Charge the speaker if ii� n七七d叫3. Can the battery or the w lreleu speaker心repla..d?Solu廿on:No, th心，s ithium po ymer battery,叫叱h is irrep aceab e.4. Can I use the w lreless speaker at a high volume伈r a long time? Solution: T o extend the lifespan of the wireles＄＄函ke r ,!is ot recom吓叹ied to play，口a high volume釭a l叩time.5. Tho link凶h“mth.wiml....puk.-1111d tho叫l pho心h..h叩dioc“”“贝回within 10n..“' .. Solution: Bluetoath I s w1rel妇•so that n I s very s ens化ve to obj的它谗妞砌the.pea尥r and the oo nnec;妇1device O记ck w there are any metal or叩r 叶hj可+slhat may志cl心m矶ction wihin the effective distance.6. Cannot妇ar audio playing w h..the .p..ker i• conn叱d to tha comp啦r or phon..Solution: Check咘ether the computer's audb output I s alraady oo ne也to wirele岱device and凶lei归the Bluetoo1h in the oo mpu心如pports A2DP protocol. Ma尥su"'the volume is up on you『phone可oo m pu的r 7. Con I ope...比如Apps ofmy phone through th..优吵”“归p霍iring tho谝巾..1...引沁R缸rwRh th.phone?Anowa,Some ap困may not support being operatoo thmugh the sp..ker due 1o theirsetting-T his device oompl邮with Part t 5 of the FCC Rulee, Operation is 叩bjec:t to the伈llowi g two conditions: This devtce may ot cause harmful I nterference, a dThis device must accept any interference received, i cluding intarf<lrenco that may cause u d..ired oparati o n.Caution: Changes or mod1f i catione ot expra..ly apprnved by the party 冗spons『ble for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.NOTE: Th s equ pment has b..n test的and found to comply w th the limits fo r a Glass B digital device, pursua t fo Pan 15 of the FCC RulesThese limHs are designed to p『ovide啦sonab e protect on against harmful interfere oe in a 戊sidential installation. This equipment扣七I从es,uses and can radi啦rado氐ue叨e ergy a d 甘not installed and u蕊din ac=元al109With Ihe in呻udion•, may cause沺rmfulint呻面ce to radio commu�calions. H<-『,then,� no guarantae that i叩erenre will not o氏ur i a四rtirular i 如lation. If this eq"ipment does cause harmful I哗心七n to radk> o氓le书记Ion re七eplon,wNch ca be ＆妇mi咄切印ming the equipment off and on, l he user is en oou叨ed to lryto江叮虹妇iI心1「111"心by o e or mo"'of the fo!owing m...ures: 4祜＂缸I or n,locate t匡匝龙订Ing丛N田11出一Ina出lhe seperation 叫讯儿n Ille equipment a d沦ceive『. -Co ooct Ille equipn妇1l into an outlet on a circuit dllle r 印t from th a t to which the re也ver lsoonnec尽如嘘lhe d泌er or an e 知边叫io/TV但加i心n for help＿ Nous vous心m矶心1s d'e\IOir u廿lis�le haut-pa心ur sens 111 Mi 心Veuill眨1ita比nt,vement oe manuel avant rut仇迎tion.U训sez�e oom立m七nt pour 咖nir les meilleu咚阳「UlI旦l吐s du produtt_ Le haut俘r1eur笠•filMINISO吓une心d ，dlced的a心u so f>d 七le et deSm 切ons mu灼µ社r i e enti�re a le brevet de la co ception de「apparence.Le sys泊me 叫平ant la吵nologie de pc;切de l'i du劝ie VOUS pe,met de p rooter d'exoellenla ell啦双m叩3a血momen\ii le maison, ii re如eur,en 口归ge ou au lraval. Le produtt ollre u e e叩erience pa中心lo卤ue心心1ouez de a mu�que sur火巧ord nateurs portables, vos ecleur, de musique num拉ue et a叩le氓,.,.audic,,i和啦叨JS oondui..t�une vie moi，如f"OIM!Cde la归<>m氓iquel＿ 1. Consorvez-le et u引lsoz-lea tern凶rature amblarrte2. tvitez de l'exp函r A la plule ou合un envioonnement humde3. Ne pas jeter le prodult pour eviter I..dommeges caus丘＂汜r une chu妇4. Ne pas d�mo 忙r.modifier ou reparer le produit vous-m!me5. Ce prodult est的ulpo d'avec u o batte什o au lithium Int的飞e，叩mpl的able.Ne pas jeter le produit et心p的le je沁r dans le feu pour eviler tout danger.6 PourOVItor que ses p.rformanc.s n. SC,e t p叭urt,的s,meintenir a10,gne des objets magnetiques pui..ants.7. Lo心que vous 'utmsez pas le haut-perteur pendant une longue伐riode,chargez-la tous les 3 mois pour prolonger la du伶e de vie de la 仄如ri.＿ BLUETOOTH EN"伍...CHAROE鼠ENTPORTDEMCROusa CHARGEMENTDUR!E D E LECTU ..DE LA M U81QUE V5.1SV=1A0d.“', 3HNOM D 'APr合JR BLUETO叩...TTERJEDISTANCE D E TRAN叩lSSIONTEMPS D E CHARGEMENTMINISO-LTBT2219 氐如心·all t 闷um 3,7V 500m心Ee,i 心10mE的巾n 2 5H＿丿勺1. Bouto d'Alimentation 2. Voyant L umineux LEDS. Port de Chargement＿ FonCion Inst八,ction戛L ed"兀Pa u eAppu归z br 如een飞ur e加,u lon 油e祖P ste Su i v antl!!pp叩zeux f s u r le bouton 'l ent t P teP元口只允nte 如沪Im记fn ur k'! boulan 'lm e l2!.t B e 创n F e ,b Un够Sgge 吓ie r ait l rsque e batterie e t fo ble'A ti D m�g e 'S 'II c y叱1e p a s p ro u n ，如,1nt u p 心1so t q u e u . ent . V �C h 由Lu m e neu x te 心u 巾e l .『•• t u t 9,. 6 .. t e t l u 蚧o o . n 飞b h l ”口m沁n p t I B r a h 台e ＿ Haut-parleur, C的le de Chargeme t, Manuel d'Utilisation＿ 1.Le haut-1>■11eur san• ftl no parvlent pa■金·`ppad.r aw兀lomobile.Sotuuon : Cooflrmez sl rencelnte sens fll est en mode d'appaJrage, e t si le Bluetooth de votre tel七pho爬est active. Suppnmez e suite le produit de la liste, p ui, appairez-le � nouv..u avec votre比lepho e en sulvant l..Instructio s du manual d"uHllsallon. 2. lmpo••lble d'allume, le hout-padeur ..•• fllSolution : Confinnez e niveau de a batter心Ch叩ez � haut-parteur si eoes 吁咋3. La b叩rle du haut-parleur sons fl! pout会lie ftre remplac妇？Solution : Non, ii s'agit d'u e pile au lithium pol仰虹，qui ..I 而mpla伴blo.4. Puis•j.utiliHr lo h•u�严rlour..,.fil • un volumo olevo pendant une longue p6rtode ?Solutlon. Pour p『olonger la durl>e de vie du haut-parleur sans fil, ii 'a,t pas recommanda de l'ut1liser白u volume aleva pendant una longue p,ricde.5. La liaison ontro le haul-parlour sans fil et lo mobile •妞啦connoct6e dans un rayon de 10 m杜兀..Solutlon, La technologie Bluetoolh est •a s fil. Elle eot done I志sensible aux cbjets s�ueo e叩le haut-parleur et l'appa"'ii ccnne啦V如fiez s'l y a d es objets metall qves ov au呤Qu peuvent affecter la connexion d•n• la distance effective. 6. Imp<遠芯Ible d'ontend,. la loctu.. a udio lo..qu.1.haut-parl.ur ..t connocti古l'ordinateur ou au蚀I合phone.Solutlon : VMflez SI la的rtle audio de l'ordlnateu『est d仑J a conne啦ea un沁riph七rique san＄介I el si le Bluetoolh de l'ordinateur pre d en charge le pnotocole A2DP. A岱Umz.vous qu.l．叩ume es ol酌o su『VO四lelephona ou vot戊ordinateur.7. Puis-j• utilisor las applications do mon血phono via I•haut·归rteur ap啦avolr ap贮'r1610 naut-parleur sans Ill aveo le 岭liphone ?R`pon.e • II ...peut que c．心ines applic;atio心o pui•..nt pas otre util1s妇par lo haut-part印心raiso do I矶』n;param�tres.—户＿＿玑l 少i斗己，一J,J,社i,;,.,,,丑～”“匕山l少I....JI�，匕，沪～屯llJI9严Jl 一扫I J<..,己也心l产一心－＂，心斗泸冲心一托片l o中心心也..WI ..一一边叩土_,.,,“J炉右S'J ·“4心尸少乒托......“'七-l 3.斗!,I 心力－勺还气心l心l扣心心心心心斗,.切i己心，，，心沁归心心山;;.J JJ也.:..J .-,.la产3....,I-尸上斗～山”扣1if I J仑一～已七斗,�.,.,也l也立心上，心J泸凸，切心切""'— 也只心P心）人｝巳l “'P，立L，，，1勺心,1卢J己,.,...,.,.,..,_2匕正4u己U 上1匕＆h..,；；；y 3一一贮1e 止1,IJ,心＄上？心认4... -,,1产J l .,,i_,,c .J l '°'"'llJ<l,心户一心心匕少沪，心.5少干UI己，叫少五：U一己七夕11.......,"--J ,.C.少'"'---•土心叫J“以正U炉13.J<七i....JI 斗，心卢心心，也＂＇止立7— MINISO-LT.BT221. “心~...心IJ.500J”“卢10.JbJ卢｀＇尸＇仕血1J心｝，动 5.1 J口乙夕5少.11_,.._MICRO USB吐炉,,,,...,心,�心压心心1丛心l.,2.5.,1夕“心1今|心匕3J I，，1~~一女＿正心J l ii.l..3庄少，＂.o.2J.已..11�i (1)— _1..l-.I I上～斗,...上止o上已d I C也a ..,七.,.匕“'＂，，IJ.o,;,J �li.llj,..:.,_,JW ;l...JI.,,.,\I;J,>..ll e l.u i..-, 扎K妇lJL已．3－...,上一~J一七l l 夕心,10,-,Ji.o;I SCi>人，，，1,1J吐少已上～心l ”比1J心1....-..-丿，心1.,.,....乒户讥气产2心l心巳1L心l丘·十a个ll欠心斗,... J兑｀｀卢Jt.,I """''-"'少．＂心＿，心.JI心·口已J IJ,匕．...,,＿ J牡认必J少见心社~Jl1,'.J,a,..J，心一｀心勺也u阳玑吵·吵汹1�,..)ocl..Jl.:....011....rb:a,团，心儿从J，人心一打儿vi夕沁o止：K，，,.心，，心IJ:,..,,._.;1，心心少l,Jlbl让i...,1.,...,"'lb,11应b 奾:"句,......心心凸王心.2寸s匕屯J'-1.,<.,少3JI｀＇，心l吵少一虫心出心坠.Y斗的l口王心沪尸－－扛匕心l立..,心JJl4叫少印K山让少知d吐户一夕”～气"'L....JIJ,心山心吵＇．斗汛J ，上七,._,,J叫10,J心4心U肛斗....Jl JLA消上卢＿；安…尸l 心心！勺凶..,.比“'凶还心J t...也少心”从1：女切一心3S 夕lo也l ,I U』出JIJ谥心S I 斗匕．心心汕沪b心匕叫�IAAJI句匕心J匕心l心..,,1力妒”“$......,,心，，皿"....e.....-,.6还l 习匕，心正心心夕玉j玫I心沪》亡少1让9－心尸＇SJL..产·斗习JI ，心中，少－卢心一；也一灶应D P 心心户兰丸心lIJ一心�,夕心心,,.,沁书也......,心正斗心＿，上__..,.,,..,,._.,,..i,..:.占Ja .7,..,,,�1-还L...IIJ心J.a.:,.J .,I 心b.JI._,...卢上，心心心1＿笠屯s por usar MINISO AJtavoz lna�bri己Lea.. tema.,.,al如呻ente antes de心a的Util�andolo OOITT戏叩en访para oble er el meJor re叫rnenlD det pl<Jdudo. AJtavoz lnalambrtco de MINISO Ile e una apar面也elegante,u 切叩llooom p acto, u n的ni心飞叭sla y m雌ipl.. 扣n改｝罕Toda la..ne tie e la patente怎disel\o de apanenaa.El s1stema Que adopta la托cno切ia lider e la indus�la le戊m a .di叶utar de los O心Ion如引矶乒de sonido on 111刁IQuier mome 比en也扫，al a西l，如，dura te un �•j• o dura te al tr,也ajo.Brinda u氓切心1妇cia perfecta cua do rep1<Jdure musica en s1氐commt刁叩蕊＂咽les,叩戍ucto啦de mos,笠dig回y如s阳pro d uclDI飞s audiovisuaes, l o que lo lleva a una ,;da me;,,con m的C8h臼mosa.＿ 1. Gu6rdelo y utilloelo a tern凶ratura ambiante.2.Eviteae,扣业i6n a la luvia o al ambi..,te humedo.3. No a叨e el pnxlucto pa..evitlrd对ios臼ll.9巾，poroaf d as.4. No d部m还modi几1-1e ni repa闯·1叩ducto usted mismo5. E啦produ心v o n .oon una扫brlado tion叩coda i心uslilu blo.No lo dE斗,ct,e ni k> arroje al fu e go pera evilac el严ig10.6. Para e,,itar Que的in 七rf氐ra en su funcionamiento, ma咄切galo alejado de ob;血mag，心icosluertes.7. Cua do no .. 的en u 的duran归mucho tiempo, cargue el altavoz cada 3 叩蕊spara p心叩尹r laWda切Id85ba妇ria.＿.LUETOOTH ·Nnt心ADE CARGA PUERTO D E CARGATlEMPO D EREPROOU心1心I凡d~Jde3H DE MOSICAV515V=1AMICRO USSHfl帕REDE EMPARF_,AMIFNTO BWETOOTHBATE川A DISTANC八DE TRANSMISIONTIEMPO D E CARGAMNI的LT.BT2219,.,.,.,.''"'"3,7V 500mAh 斗，趴比dor de10m ＂，七山士比，如2,5H＿2' II I 乙1. Bo论n de Allmentacl的2.lndlcado『Lumlnoso LED3. Puerto do Carga一FuncI ..lntmcclone8Rep 中rI P u ga r P u e breve ent兮elb啦 e ent 如P飞P S g u论｀eP ul e vece e b t6n e e Ien扫dOP 又a 八1”UI P ul e e b l 6n e l enla c 6n tres vece A e中eBa t erf Ba j Unm旧o ctJa le b t erle. e 啦b aieE p ,T 吧•J po e Es A 叫ra µ，h· S o h $e OO n n e x 6n ul t 点r n r t c u ducio n 沿n te 1e .0 p 叩心fe e 血lcadora e C 叩.L e Iu z ,m -,•.• 啦p 叩o g 蚊e n sp l •u ,,.,..的,O.. i U 2O p ,0. ＿ Alta血Cable de Ca屯a,Manual de Usuario＿ 1. El altav立inal知bri0的妇puede emparejar con el吵ii.Soluci6n: Co fione si el altavo z inal�ml>ricc es泊en mode de emparajamie to y el Bluetooth de su tel七fono e函activado.L哗90elimine el e沺"'to en le lists, v uelve e vinoolerlo con su telefo o de 一寸句寸c co •I Ma ual dol usuario. 2. El Oltavoz I 心1.mbrlo no又：pued· ·nmn心r.Soluci如：Co firme el ivel de la bi妇由Cargue et alta中Z3..l巳上一心3. LS• pu心e正empr立ar l·b..eria de1al.. v oz l nal�mMco? Solucl6n: No se pu忒..u氓batorla呻pol「moro de Ii廿o,que e8 insustiluibte.4. 1,Puedo usar el altavoz i natlimbrico a un volumen alto du巾nte mucho tiompo?So1uc16n: Para prolongar ta Vida util del altavoz inal�mbnco. no se recomienda 『eprodudrlo a un v吨ume alto duranle m心ho liempo 5. El enlo...nt...l .“avomn叩叩rlco y..m如,....dooconectado on 10 motroa.Soluci6n: Bluetooth es in必mbrico,por lo quo es muy sons;blo • los objetos entre el a归voz y el dispositivo conectado. Com pruebe si hay algu me扫I u otro, objetos que puedan afectar la conex论n dentro de la 叩anda el氏加a6. 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帅建林版国际贸易实务课后练习答案(双语)

Chapter 1IYES，Please refer to the 1st paragraph of the text.IIIThe chart above shows the U.S. imports from China, U.S. exports to China and the trade balance. The U.S. has a negative trade balance with China, and it has been growing. During the period from 1997 to 2003, imports from China have grown 244% while exports to China have grown 221%, indicating that the trade deficit is increasing. There had already been a sizeable trade balance deficit with China in 1996, totaling $ 39.5 billion at the end of the year.IV1. Export goods are tangible goods sent out of countries.2. Trade in services are international earnings other than those derived from the exporting and importing of tangible goods.3. Import goods are tangible goods brought in.4. International trade is all business transactions that involve two or more countries.5. FDI is one that gives the investor a controlling interest in a foreign company.6. Investment is used primarily as financial means for a company to earn more money on its money with relative safety.V1. International trade is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and/or services across national boundaries. It concerns trade operations of both import and export and includes thepurchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.2. In today's complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations participate in the international trade for many reasons. As to the economic reasons, no nation has all of the economic resources (land, labor and capital) that it needs to develop its economy and culture, and no country enjoys a particular item sufficient enough to meet its needs. As for the preference reasons, international trade takes place because of innovation of style. Besides, every nation can specialize in a certain field and enjoy a comparative advantage in some particular area in terms of trade so that they need to do business with each other to make use of resources more efficiently and effectively.3. In measuring the effectiveness of global trade, nations carefully follow two key indicators, namely, balance of trade and balance of payments.4. FDI, the abbreviation form Foreign Direct Investment, means buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations. It occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is trade. The great significance of FDI for China might be that: FDI solve the problem of capital shortage for China so that China may spend the money on importing advanced equipment and technologies for its infrastructure, national supporting industry, key projects, etc.Chapter 2II1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers.保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。

ChargeofLightBrigade，英文诗歌中的“执行力”！

ChargeofLightBrigade，英⽂诗歌中的“执⾏⼒”！The Charge of the Light Brigade 是⼀⾸著名的英国诗歌，作者是 Alfred Tennyson (1809- 1892)，写作于 1854 年。

诗歌讲述的，是英国军队的⼀⽀骑兵劲旅、当年在克⾥⽶亚战争中的⼀次冲锋进攻。

就这次进攻，虽然收到的命令中存在明显的错误，但指挥 Light Brigade 的军官并没有询问和请求澄清，600 多位⼠兵也没有提出质疑。

按照命令中的指⽰要求，Light Brigade 向敌军严阵以待的炮兵阵地发起进攻，最终承受了⼏乎半数的伤亡。

全诗结构Light Brigade 这⾸诗歌，分为 6 个 Verses 段落，描述了骑兵旅的 600 多名军⼈，从冲锋开始、到达敌军阵地、之后被迫撤退、再返回到⾃⼰阵地的这个过程。

开头的两段描述的是：⼠兵们策马发起冲锋，即将进⼊敌军⽕炮的射程，头脑中回想着刚才上级传来的命令。

在第3段中，敌军的⽕炮响起，炮弹飞落下来；第4段中，⼠兵们拔出战⼑，冲⼊敌军的阵地、砍杀敌军炮兵，之后被迫撤退，但⼈数已经不是最初的 600 多⼈。

第5段描写轻骑旅撤退返回的过程，⼠兵们再次承受敌军炮⽕的轰击，⼜有很多⼈受伤、死亡。

最后⼀段，感叹赞颂骑兵们如何英勇地履⾏职责，呼吁⼈们向参加冲锋的 600 多位⼠兵表⽰敬意。

第 1 段Half a league, half a league,Half a league onward,All in the valley of DeathRode the six hundred.半个 League 相当于公制的2500⽶，是Light Brigade 冲锋前进时、从起点到达敌军阵地的距离。

在这半个 Light league 的路途中，600多位⼠兵如同在死亡的⼭⾕中策马前进。

“Forward, the Light Brigade!Charge for the guns!” he said.Into the valley of DeathRode the six hundred.⼠兵们的头脑中，还在回想刚才传达命令的军官所说的话，“前进，向着那边的敌军炮兵阵地发起冲锋”。

Where do we go from here原文+词汇翻译

yiMartin Luther King Speech - Where do we go fromhereSouthern Christian Leadership ConferenceAtlanta, Georgia16 August 1967Now, in order to answer the question, "Where do we go from here?" which is our theme, we must first honestly recognize where we are now. When the Constitution was written, a strange formula to determine taxes and representation declared that the Negro was 60 percent of a person. Today another curious formula seems to declare he is 50 percent of a person. Of the good things in life, the Negro has approximately one half those of whites. Of the bad things of life, he has twice those of whites. Thus half of all Negroes live in substandard housing. And Negroes have half the income of whites. When we view the negative experiences of life, the Negro has a double share. There are twice as many unemployed. The rate of infant mortality among Negroes is double that of whites and there are twice as many Negroes dying in Vietnam as whites in proportion to their size in the population.In other spheres, the figures are equally alarming. In elementary schools, Negroes lag one to three years behind whites, and their segregated schools receive substantially less money per student than the white schools. One twentieth as many Negroes as whites attend college. Of employed Negroes, 75 percent hold menial卑贱的 jobs.This is where we are. Where do we go from here? First, we must massively assert our dignity and worth. We must stand up amidst尽管存在…情况 a system that still oppresses us and develop an unassailable攻不破的 and majestic sense of values. We must no longer be ashamed of being black. The job of arousing manhood within a people that have been taught for so many centuries that they are nobody is not easy.Depiction描写叙述 of Blackness and Negro ContributionsEven semantics have conspired to make that which is black seem ugly and degrading. In Roget's Thesaurus同义词词典 there are 120 synonyms for blackness and at least 60 of them are offensive, as for example, blot 污渍, soot煤烟, grim糟糕的, devil魔鬼and foul. And there are some 134 synonyms for whiteness and all are favorable, expressed in such words as purity, cleanliness, chastity贞洁淳朴 and innocence. A white lie isbetter than a black lie. The most degenerate堕落的 member of a family is a "black sheep.害群之马" Ossie Davis has suggested that maybe the English language should be reconstructed so that teachers will not be forced to teach the Negro child 60 ways to despise鄙视 himself, and thereby perpetuate使永存 his false sense of inferiority, and the white child 134 ways to adore himself, and thereby perpetuate his false sense of superiority.The tendency to ignore the Negro's contribution to American life and to strip him of剥夺his personhood人格, is as old as the earliest history hooks and as contemporary as the morning's newspaper. To upset this cultural homicide杀人行为, the Negro must rise up起义 with an affirmation 主张 of his own Olympian庄严的 manhood. Any movement for the Negro's freedom that overlooks忽视 this necessity is only waiting to be buried. As long as the mind is enslaved, the body can never be free. Psychological freedom, a firm sense of self-esteem, is the most powerful weapon against the long night of physical slavery. No Lincolnian林肯作风的Emancipation 解放 Proclamation 宣告or Johnsonian Civil Rights Bill can totally bring this kind of freedom. The Negro will only be free when he reaches down to the inner depths of his own being他自己的生存 and signs with the pen and ink of assertive坚定而自信的 manhood his own Emancipation Proclamation. And, with a spirit straining变形 toward true self-esteem, the Negro must boldly throw off the manacles手铐of self-abnegation自欺欺人 and say to himself and to the world, "I am somebody. I am a person.I am a man with dignity and honor. I have a rich and noble history. How painful and exploited剥削的 that history has been. Yes, I was a slave through my foreparents and I am not ashamed of that. I'm ashamed of the people who were so sinful to make me a slave." Yes, we must stand up and say, "I'm black and I'm beautiful," and this self-affirmation is the black man's need, made compelling必须承认的 by the white man's crimes against him.Basic ChallengesAnother basic challenge is to discover how to organize our strength in terms of economic and political power. No one can deny that the Negro is in dire need of急需 this kind of legitimate power. Indeed, one of the great problems that the Negro confronts is his lack of power. From old plantations种植园 of the South to newer ghettos贫民区 of the North, the Negro has been confined to a life of voicelessness沉默 and powerlessness. Stripped of the right to make decisions concerning his life and destiny 命运 he has been subject to the authoritarian专制独裁者 and sometimes whimsical异想天开的 decisions of this white power structure. The plantation and ghetto were created by those who had power. both to confinethose who had no power and to perpetuate their powerlessness. The problem of transforming the ghetto, therefore, is a problem of power-confrontation 对抗 of the forces of power demanding change and the forces of power dedicated to the preserving of the status quo. Now power properly understood is nothing but the ability to achieve purpose. It is the strength required to bring about social, political and economic change. Walter Reuther defined power one day. He said, "Power is the ability of a labor union like the U.A.W. to make the most powerful corporation in the world, General Motors, say 'Yes' when it wants to say 'No.' That's power."Now a lot of us are preachers说教者, and all of us have our moral convictions and concerns, and so often have problems with power. There is nothing wrong with power if power is used correctly. You see, what happened is that some of our philosophers got off base. And one of the great problems of history is that the concepts of love and power have usually been contrasted as opposites - polar opposite that love is identified with a resignation顺从 of power, and power with a denial of love.It was this misinterpretation that caused Nietzsche尼采, who was a philosopher of the will to power, to reject the Christian concept of love. It was this same misinterpretation which induced Christian theologians 神学家to reject the Nietzschean philosophy of the will to power in the name of the Christian idea of love. Now, we've got to get this thing right. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless轻率鲁莽的 and abusive攻击性的, and love without power is sentimental and anemic贫血的. Power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love. And this is what we must see as we move on. What has happened is that we have had it wrong and confused in our own country, and this has led Negro Americans in the past to seek their goals through power devoid 缺乏of love and conscience.This is leading a few extremists today to advocate for Negroes the same destructive and conscienceless power that they have justly abhorred厌恶 in whites. It is precisely this collision of immoral power with powerless morality which constitutes the major crisis of our times.Developing a Program?We must develop a program that will drive the nation to a guaranteed annual income. Now, early in this century this proposal would have been greeted with ridicule and denunciation谴责, as destructive of initiative andresponsibility. At that time economic status was considered the measure of the individual's ability and talents. And, in the thinking of that day, the absence of worldly goods indicated a want of industrious勤劳的 habits and moral fiber. We've come a long way in our understanding of human motivation and of the blind operation of our economic system. Now we realize that dislocations脱位混乱 in the market operations of our economy and the prevalence of discrimination thrust people into投身于 idleness 闲散 and bind them in constant or frequent unemployment against their will. Today the poor are less often dismissed, I hope, from our consciences by being branded as inferior or incompetent. We also know that no matter how dynamically the economy develops and expands, it does not eliminate all poverty.The problem indicates that our emphasis must be twofold. We must create full employment or we must create incomes. People must be made consumers by one method or the other. Once they are placed in this position we need to be concerned that the potential of the individual is not wasted. New forms of work that enhance the social good will have to be devised for those for whom traditional jobs are not available. In I879 Henry George anticipated this state of affairs when he wrote in Progress and Poverty:The fact is that the work which improves the condition of mankind, the work which extends knowledge and increases power and enriches literature and elevates thought, is not done to secure a living. It is not the work of slaves driven to their tasks either by the task, by the taskmaster工头, or by anirnal (sic) necessity. It is the work of men who somehow find a form of work that brings a security for its own sake and a state of society where want缺乏 is abolished.Work of this sort could be enormously increased, and we are likely to find that the problems of housing and education, instead of preceding the elimination of poverty, will themselves be affected if poverty is first abolished. The poor transformed into purchasers will do a great deal on their own靠自己的力量 to alter housing decay. Negroes who have a double disability will have a greater effect on discrimination when they have the additional weapon of cash to use in their struggle.Beyond these advantages, a host of大量的 positive psychological changes inevitably will result from widespread economic security. The dignity of the individual will flourish when the decisions concerning his life are in his own hands, when he has the means to seek self-improvement自我修养. Personal conflicts among husbands, wives and children will diminish when the unjust measurement of human worth on the scale of dollars is eliminated .Now our country can do this. John Kenneth Galbraith said that a guaranteed annual income could be done for about twenty billion dollars a year. AndI say to you today, that if our nation can spend thirty-five billion dollarsa year to fight an unjust, evil war in Vietnam, and twenty billion dollars to put a man on the moon, it can spend billions of dollars to put God's children on their own two feet right here on earth.Commitment To Non-violenceNow, let me say briefly that we must reaffirm our commitment to nonviolence.I want to stress this. The futility无益无用 of violence in the struggle for racial justice has been tragically etched腐蚀 in all the recent Negro riots. Yesterday, I tried to analyze the riots and deal with their causes. Today I want to give the other side. There is certainly something painfully sad about a riot. One sees screaming youngsters and angry adults fighting hopelessly and aimlessly against impossible odds. And deep down事实上within them, you can even see a desire for self-destruction自杀, a kind of suicidal longing.Occasionally Negroes contend主张 that the 1965 Watts riot and the other riots in various cities represented effective civil rights action. But those who express this view always end up with stumbling出错的 words when asked what concrete gains have been won as a result. At best, the riots have produced a little additional antipoverty money allotted分配摊派 by frightened government officials, and a few water-sprinklers to cool the children of the ghettos. It is something like improving the food in the prison while the people remain securely incarcerate d监禁 behind bars. Nowhere have the riots won any concrete improvement such as have the organized protest demonstrations. When one tries to pin down迫使作出决定advocates of violence as to what acts would be effective, the answers are blatantly看穿了地 illogical. Sometimes they talk of overthrowing推翻racist state and local governments and they talk about guerrilla warfare. They fail to see that no internal revolution has ever succeeded in overthrowing a government by violence unless the government had already lost the allegiance拥护 and effective control of its armed forces. Anyone in his right mind knows that this will not happen in the United States. In a violent racial situation, the power structure has the local police, the state troopers骑兵, the National Guard国民警卫军、后备役 and, finally, the Army to call onÑÑall of which are predominantly white. Furthermore, few if any violent revolutions have been successful unless the violent minority had the sympathy and support of the nonresistant majority. Castro may have had only a few Cubans actually fighting with him up in the hills, but he could never have overthrown the Batista regime政权 unless he hadthe sympathy of the vast majority of Cuban people.It is perfectly clear that a violent revolution on the part of American blacks would find no sympathy and support from the white population and very little from the majority of the Negroes themselves. This is no time for romantic illusions and empty philosophical debates about freedom. This is a time for action. What is needed is a strategy for change, a tactical program that will bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible. So far, this has only been offered by the nonviolent movement. Without recognizing this we will end up with solutions that don't solve, answers that don't answer and explanations that don't explain.And so I say to you today that I still stand by nonviolence. And I am still convinced that it is the most potent威力大的 weapon available to the Negro in his struggle for justice in this country. And the other thing is that I am concerned about a better world. I'm concerned about justice. I'm concerned about brotherhood. I'm concerned about truth. And when one is concerned about these, he can never advocate violence. For through violence you may murder a murderer but you can't murder. Through violence you may murder a liar but you can't establish truth. Through violence you may murder a hater, but you can't murder hate. Darkness cannot put out darkness. Only light can do that.And I say to you, I have also decided to stick to love. For I know that love is ultimately the only answer to mankind's problems. And I'm going to talk about it everywhere I go. I know it isn't popular to talk about it in some circles today. I'm not talking about emotional bosh when I talk about love, I'm talking about a strong, demanding love. And I have seen too much hate. I've seen too much hate on the faces of sheriffs县司法长官in the South. I've seen hate on the faces of too many Klansmen and too many White Citizens Councilors议员 in the South to want to hate myself, because every time I see it, I know that it does something to their faces and their personalities and I say to myself that hate is too great a burden to bear. I have decided to love. If you are seeking the highest good 善, I think you can find it through love. And the beautiful thing is that we are moving against wrong when we do it, because John was right, God is love. He who hates does not know God, but he who has love has the key that unlocks the door to the meaning of ultimate reality.I want to say to you as I move to my conclusion, as we talk about "Where do we go from here," that we honestly face the fact that the Movement must address itself to the question of restructuring the whole of American society. There are forty million poor people here. And one day we must ask the question, "Why are there forty million poor people in America?"And when you begin to ask that question, you are raising questions about the economic system, about a broader distribution of wealth. When you ask that question, you begin to question the capitalistic economy. And I'm simply saying that more and more, we've got to begin to ask questions about the whole society. We are called upon to help the discouraged beggars in life's market place. But one day we must come to see that an edifice大建筑物 which produces beggars needs restructuring. It means that questions must be raised. You see, my friends, when you deal with this, you begin to ask the question, "Who owns the oil?" You begin to ask the question, "Who owns the iron ore铁矿石?" You begin to ask the question, "Why is it that people have to pay water bills in a world that is two thirds water?" These are questions that must be asked.About CommunismNow, don't think that you have me in a "bind" today. I'm not talking about Communism.What I'm saying to you this morning is that Communism forgets that life is individual. Capitalism forgets that life is social, and the Kingdom of Brotherhood is found neither in the thesis of Communism nor the antithesis of capitalism but in a higher synthesis合成. It is found in a higher synthesis that combines the truths of both. Now, when I say question the whole society, it means ultimately coming to see that the problem of racism, the problem of economic exploitation经济波动, and the problem of war are all tied together. These are the triple evils that are interrelated.If you will let me be a preacher just a little bit - One night, a juror 审判员came to Jesus and he wanted to know what he could do to be saved. Jesus didn't get bogged down in the kind of isolated approach of what he shouldn't do. Jesus didn't say, "Now Nicodemus, you must stop lying." HE didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must stop cheating if you are doing that." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, you must not commit adultery." He didn't say, "Nicodemus, now you must stop drinking liquor if you are doing that excessively." He said something altogether different, because Jesus realized something basic - that if a man will lie, he will steal. And if a man will steal, he will kill. So instead of just getting bogged down 陷入困境 in one thing, Jesus looked at him and said, "Nicodemus, you must be born again."He said, in other words, "Your whole structure must be changed." A nation that will keep people in slavery for 244 years will "thingify" them - make them things. Therefore they will exploit them, and poor people generally,economically. And a nation that will exploit economically will have to have foreign investments and everything else, and will have to use its military might to protect them. All of these problems are tied together. What I am saying today is that we must go from this convention and say, "America, you must be born again!"ConclusionSo, I conclude by saying again today that we have a task and let us go out with a "divine dissatisfaction." Let us be dissatisfied until America will no longer have a high blood pressure高血压 of creeds信条 and an anemia贫血 of deeds. Let us be dissatisfied until the tragic walls that separate the outer city of wealth and comfort and the inner city of poverty and despair shall be crushed by the battering rams攻城槌 of the forces of justice. [,et us be dissatisfied until those that live on the outskirts 郊区 of hope are brought into the metropolis一国主要城市 of daily security. Let us be dissatisfied until slums are cast扔 into the junk heaps破旧汽车 of history, and every family is living in a decent sanitary home. Let us be dissatisfied until the dark yesterdays of segregated schools will be transformed into bright tomorrows of quality, integrated education. Let us be dissatisfied until integration is not seen as a problem but as an opportunity to participate in the beauty of diversity. Let us be dissatisfied until men and women, however black they may be, will be judged on the basis of the content of their character and not on the basis of the color of their skin. Let us be dissatisfied. Let us be dissatisfied until every state capitol国会大厦 houses a governor who will do justly, who will love mercy and who will walk humbly with his God. Let us be dissatisfied until from every city hall, justice will roll down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when the lion and the lamb shall lie down together. and every man will sit under his own vine and fig tree 无花果树and none shall be afraid. Let us be dissatisfied. And men will recognize that out of one blood God made all men to dwell upon仔细研究 the face of the earth. Let us be dissatisfied until that day when nobody will shout "White Power!" - when nobody will shout "Black Power!" - but everybody will talk about God's power and human power.I must confess, my friends, the road ahead will not always be smooth. There will still be rocky places of frustration and meandering蜿蜒的 points of bewilderment. There will be inevitable setbacks here and there. There will be those moments when the buoyancy恢复力 of hope will be transformed into the fatigue of despair. Our dreams will sometimes be shattered and our ethereal轻飘的 hopes blasted. We may again with tear-drenched 湿透eyes have to stand before the bier棺材 of some courageous civil-rights workerwhose life will be snuffed out扼杀 by the dastardly acts of bloodthirsty mobs嗜杀的暴徒. Difficult and painful as it is, we must walk on in the days ahead with an audacious 有冒险精神的faith in the future. And as we continue our charted course, we may gain consolation in the words so nobly left by that great black bard who was also a great freedom fighter of yesterday, James Weldon Johnson:Stony the road we trod,Bitter the chastening rodFelt in the daysWhen hope unborn had died.Yet with a steady beat,Have not our weary feetCome to the placeFor which our fathers sighed?We have come over the wayThat with tears hath been watered.We have come treading our pathsThrough the blood of the slaughtered,Out from the gloomy past,Till now we stand at lastWhere the bright gleamOf our bright star is cast.Let this affirmation be our ringing cry. It will give us the courage to face the uncertainties of the future. It will give our tired feet new strength as we continue our forward stride toward the city of freedom. When our days become dreary with low hovering clouds of despair, and when our nights become darker than a thousand midnights, let us remember that there is a creative force in this universe, working to pull down the gigantic mountains of evil, a power that is able to make a way out of no way and transform dark yesterdays into bright tomorrows. Let us realize the arc of the moral universe is long but it bends toward justice.Let us realize that William Cullen Bryant is right: "Truth crushed to earth will rise again." Let us go out realizing that the Bible is right: "Be not deceived, God is not mocked. Whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap." This is our hope for the future, and with this faith we will be able to sing in some not too distant tomorrow with a cosmic past tense,"We have overcome, we have overcome, deep in my heart, I did believe we would overcome."。

新编英美概况许鲁之(第四版)Unit1-7课后习题简答题答案

Unit 1 Geographical Features and Natural Resources1. How many states are there in the United States? And which two states are geographically separated from the others? (50, Alaska, Hawaii)2. What are the general characters of the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.1) To the west of Atlantic coastal plain lie the Appalachian Mountains that begin in Canada and reach all the way to Georgia and Alabama. These are old mountains with rounded tops and wooded hills, usually not exceeding 800m in height. The highest point is only 2000m above the sea. Most of the mountain ridges are low enough to be easily crossed by modern highways. The Appalachians have much beautiful scenery and many tourist resorts. The Ohio and the Tennessee Rivers flow down the western slopes of the Appalachians to the great Mississippi River, deep in the heart of America.2) To the west of the Great Plains lie the Rocky Mountains, “the backbone of the continent”. These high mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic and form what is known as Continental Divide, or Great Divide, the most important watershed on the continent. The Rockies are more than twice as high as the Appalachians and high enough to receive more rain than the surrounding plains and plateaus. Consequently, they are mostly forested. The striking and varied scenery of the Rockies has given rise to the establishment of many national parks here. The other natural wonders include roaming herds of buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and sheep, as well as the famous grizzly bear.Chapter 2 American Population1.Why is the United States known as a “melting pot”?It means that the US is composed of immigrants from different nations all over the world.①The people of the US are predominantly white.②The second most numerous minority in the US were the black people whose forefathers came fromAfrica.③American Indians were the original inhabitants on the continent.④There were about 50.5 million Hispanics in 2010 in the US. They are the Spanish-speaking immigrantsfrom Latin American countries.⑤The Chinese American have proved to be industrious and intelligent.2.What factors cause the Americans to move frequently within the United States?①The desire for economic betterment is generally the most important force inducing migration.②Geographic difference in economic opportunity, as reflected by such factors as differences inemployment opportunities and earning power for workers and differences in the availability and the price of land for farmers.③Noneconomic factors. Such as climate, racial attitudes, and family tires, influencing migration.3.Why do many Americans now migrate from cities to suburbs?①The widespread uses of automobiles and the construction of express highways made it possible forpeople to live farther away from their jobs.②The telephone reduced the need for them to work or live in close proximity to one another.③Suburban areas offered more living space than cities, lower crime rates, less pollution, and superiorschools. It is generally believed that they are better place for raising children.Chapter 3 Discovery and Colonization of the New World1. Discuss the pre-Columbian cultures in the Americas.1) The Aztecs of Mexico2) The Incas of Peru3) The Indians of North America4) Indian contributions to European culture: Foods, Drugs and Utilitarian objects2. Why did the discoveries of New World before Columbus not exert great influence in the world at that time?Because Europe was then poor and politically fragmented, It was beset by local wars and civil disorder and largely illiterate. In short, Europe was then incapable of responding to the Norse discoveries.3.Why did so many English people move to the New World in the 17th century?1) The New World was a great and rich land. In the New World there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development.2)During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1588-1603), the English in growing numbers realized that the New World was their best place to make their fortunes, and to worship and live according to their beliefs.3)Some of them might move to America to leave oppressive political institutions, to escape burdensome church duties, to acquire large landholdings or merely to change their general pattern of living. Of course, material gain was a common factor.4. What was the social structure of the 13 colonies?Society in the l3 colonies was like a pyramid.①The top was made up of merchants and landlords.②The base was made up of refugees from Europe, black slaves from Africa. And native Indians.5.Why did not the American Indians become slaves during the colonial days?As for Indians, they could not put up with slavery. If an Indian was enslaved, his fellow tribe members would fight to free him. So the colonialists soon gave up the attempt to use them as slave labor. Instead they seized the land of the Indians and drove them away or killed them.Chapter 4 American Revolution2. What happened on the evening of March 5, 1770?A clash between American colonies and British soldiers took place in Boston.①A group of unemployed laborer attacked a British sentry stationed at the Boston customhouse.②When the British soldiers dispatched to help the sentry arrived, they met a rapidly growing, angry crowd.③Someone gave the command for the soldiers to fire.④Three colonies were killed and several were wounded, two of whom later died.3. How did the colonies react to the Townshend Act?The colonies, however, still rejected the idea that the Parliament in Britain had the right to tax them without consent and reacted to these new duties by refusing to import any of the taxed goods.4. What were the main contents of the Declaration of Independence?①The Preamble, which explains why the Declaration was issued.②A statement of principles of government to which the American people were committed③A list of injustices suffered by the colonists.④A summary of efforts the colonies had made to avoid a break with the mother country.⑤The proclamation is that the “Colonies are Free and Independent States”5. What was the importance of the victory at Saratoga?The victory and Saratoga wa s a turning point of the war. It further heightened the spirit of the Americans, but more importantly it caused action abroad. It was after this battle that the French agreed to join the war against Britain. Later Spain and Holland joined France while most of the other European powers formed an Armed Neutrality to protect their commerce from Britain’s naval power.Chapter 5 the Confederation and the Constitution1. What is confederation?A confederation is a government in which the constituent governments, called states in the US, create a central government by constitutional compact but do not give it power to regulate the conduct ofindividuals.2. Compare the powers of the governments under the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution.3. What does the “check and balance” mean?It means that each branch of government-executive, legislative, or judicial-must exercise distinct powers and be selected in a distinct way, and that each branch must be able to “check and balance” the others if one branch grew too powerful and sought to dominate the others.4. What was the Bill of Rights?It guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, peaceful assembly, and the press; the right to bear arms; freedom from unreasonable search; and the right to the protection of certain legal procedures known as the due process of law.5. What were the chief causes of the War of 1812?①The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies. Using Canada as the base, they always challenged to battle with the young Republic.②This anger reaches its peak in 1807 when one British warship attached and boarded in American ship, killing and wounding 21men and impressing four sailors.③Jefferson persuaded Congress to pass an Embargo Act, which forbade all ships, except foreign ones without charge, to leave American ports.Chapter 6 American Expansion and the Civil War1. What was the importance of the Monroe Doctrine?The essence was” America for Americans”, which later became a cornerstone of the US foreign policy. As the New world developed in the years ahead this Doctrine became more meaningful and was strengthened by a broader interpretation to meet the needs of an energetic and ambitious United States.2. What were the basic causes of the Civil War?Two different social-economic systems existed side by side in the United States.In the South slavery was the foundation of the economic system while in the North industry and commerce were the main character of its economy. The swiftly growing industries in the North required the restriction of slavery as well as an expanding territory in order to provide capitalist production with raw materials, markets and abundant labor supply.The slave economy in the South was an obstacle to industrial growth and expansion. This economic antagonism led to increased conflicts between the North and the South.3. What was the doctrine of the “popular sovereignty”?This doctrine means that the inhabitants of the new territories can decide the question of slavery for themselves. In appearance, it seemed fair, but in actual practice, as far as slavery was concerned, the doctrine did not work.4. How do you comment on the American Civil War?The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government of the US capitalism. In 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the US Constitution was adopted, which freed all slaves throughout the United States.Chapter 7 Reconstruction and the Birth of US Imperialism1. What is the 10 percent plan?The plan provided that as soon as 10 percent of voters in any state had taken the oath of loyalty, they could form their own government and would be entitled to the recognition of their state by the president of the United States.2. Why was Andrew Johnson impeached by the House?In March 1867, Congress passed two Acts that took away two presidential prerogatives: the right to remove Cabinet members and the right to remove army officers under his command.To test the constitutionality of the Act, President Andrew Johnson removes Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretaryof War, from office in1869, who was the only remaining Radical in Johnson’s Cabinet.He thus walked into troubles with the radicals. Later the House voted to impeach the President.3. After the Reconstruction, how were the civil rights of the Blacks in the South?①Voters must be able to read and write;②Voting taxes were introduced;③The whites also took steps to segregate the blacks and two separate societies emerged in the South.4. Why did the US have a rapid industrial growth after the Civil War?①The vast industrial development began with the opening the West.②Speeding this process of western settlement were the railroads.③Science and technology were also greatly marching forward.④The basic industry of the nation, iron and steel, also developed rapidly after the Civil War.⑤The oil industry also developed rapidly.⑥During the latter part of the 19th industry, industrial expansion in America went ahead rapidly.⑦There was a clear indication of rapid concentration of capital.6. What was the “Open Door Policy”?The so-called “Open Door Policy”which demanded that all the imperialist powers should enjoy equal chance in China as freely as other aggressors.。

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a r X i
v :
c o n
d -m a t /0209417v 1 [c o n d -m a t .s t r -
e l ] 17 S e p 2002
1
Comment on “Conﬁnement of Slave Particles in U(1)Gauge Theories of Strongly Interacting Electrons”Masaki Oshikawa
Department of Physics,Tokyo Institute of Technology,Oh-okayama,Meguro-ku,Tokyo 152-8551JAPAN In a recent Letter [1,2],Nayak argued that the de-conﬁnement can never happen in the U(1)gauge theory approach,because the “holon”charge q b and “spinon”charge q f can be assigned arbitrarily provided q b −q f =e (−e is the electron charge).This simple but important question seems never answered appropriately [3,4].In this Comment,I shall examine the issue more carefully.Besides the dynamical gauge ﬁeld a µ,I introduce
(smooth)external static gauge ﬁelds A f µand A b
µwhich couple respectively to the spinon and holon ﬁelds.To ob-tain the low-energy eﬀective action,high-energy parts of the dynamical ﬁelds are integrated out;their low-energy parts are kept ﬁxed and are indistinguishable from the external ﬁelds.As a consequence,under A f and A b ,the
eﬀective action must be written in terms of ˜A αµ≡A αµ+a µ.
Here I assume that the kinetic term of the gauge ﬁeld is generated in the low energy eﬀective action,as it is ar-gued in the U(1)gauge theory approach.The low-energy eﬀective Lagrangian density is thus written as
L =L f [¯f σ,f σ,˜A f µ]+L b [¯b,b,˜A b µ]+
λf
2
˜F f µν˜F b µν+
λb λf +2λm +λb δj f
µ.
This means that,the eﬀective
charge of a deconﬁned spinon,including the contributions from the gauge ﬁeld ,is given by Q f =−e (λm +λb )/(λf +2λm +λb )which is independent of the arbitrary param-eter c of charge assignment.A similar analysis gives the eﬀective charge of a deconﬁned holon Q b ,which satisﬁes Q b −Q f =e .
To conclude,the arbitrariness in the charge assignment observed by Nayak does not contradict with the possibil-ity of the deconﬁnement.The eﬀective charge carried by a deconﬁned slave particle appears to be fractional,which is independent of the arbitrary charge assignment but is rather determined dynamically.This fractional charge is apparently not quantized,unlike in the fractional quan-tum Hall eﬀect.An estimate based on the one-loop calcu-lation (see e.g.[5])shows [6]that Q b and Q f are propor-tional to (1−x )and x respectively,where x is the doping concentration.This implies that the “holon”indeed car-ries most (but not all!)of the charge near half ﬁlling (x ≪1).More reliable non-perturbative calculations of the eﬀective charges Q α,along with the examinations on whether the deconﬁnement really takes the place,would be desired.
I thank Kazusumi Ino,Patrick A.Lee and Chetan Nayak for useful discussions.This work is supported in part by Grant-in-Aid from MEXT of Japan.
[1]C.Nayak,Phys.Rev.Lett.85,178(2000).[2]C.Nayak,Phys.Rev.Lett.86,943(2001).
[3]I.Ichinose and T.Matsui,Phys.Rev.Lett.86,942(2001).[4]
I.Ichinose,T.Matsui and M.Onoda,Phys.Rev.B 64,104516(2001).
[5]P.A.Lee and N.Nagaosa,Phys.Rev.B 46,5621(1992).[6]I thank P.A.Lee for a discussion leading to this.。

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