6 Word Stress

初中英语沪教版七年级下册Unit7《Wordstress》优质课公开课教案教师资格证面试试讲教案初中英语沪教版七年级下册Unit7《Word stress》优质课公开课教案教师资格证面试试讲教案1教学目标1、初步了解单词重读规则和句子重音;能唱一首歌谣;能模仿录音朗读并角色扮演本文诗歌,能简单谈谈自己最爱的人;2、(1)能用英语进行简单的交际活动(2)能用基本正确的语音语调朗读单词、句子、绕口令、诗歌等不同语料2学情分析初一学生虽然掌握一定的词汇量和知识点,但对于听力课似乎兴趣不大,所以教师应通过各种有效的教学手段,引导学生在听力课上能调动学习兴趣完成教学任务,同时培养听力技巧和语言的驾驭能力。

3重点难点重点:1.听懂课文的意思并完成一些教学活动。

2.掌握听力技巧。

难点:1.如何激发学生上听力课的学习热情。

2.如何通过创设情境让学生掌握一些听力技巧。

4教学过程4.1第一学时4.1.1教学活动活动1【导入】OrganizationAnswer the Qs as quickly as possible.活动2【讲授】Talk timeRead the sentences and try to guess who she is.活动3【练习】PracticePractise reading the words while using a rubber rope.Listen to the tape and read.Try to Summarize the rules.活动4【练习】Sentence PracticeThree groups of the Ss have a competition to see which group performs better.活动5【活动】Before Listening AS:No, Because it’snot convenient.S:To the hairdresser’s.活动6【活动】Listening toGet the information andcomplete the timetable.活动7【活动】After ListeningChoose the questions and answer the questions.。

Word Stress and Sentence Stress 重音是英语发音的关键环节The Golden Key to English PronunciationJosef EssbergerNormally when we say "I feel stressed" it means "I feel anxious". Stress is a kind of worried feeling about life or work. But there is another kind of stress that actually helps us understand. This other kind of stress is an accent that we make on certain syllables and words when speaking English.In some languages, for example Japanese, people say each syllable with equal force. But in English, and some other languages, we put a big force (stress) on some syllables and no force on other syllables or words. This can make it difficult for speakers of other languages to understand English that is spoken quickly. Of course, for native speakers it is not difficult - in fact, stress actually helps native speakers understand each other. So it is very important.We shall talk here about WORD STRESS (stress on a syllable inside a word) and SENTENCE STRESS (stress on words inside a sentence).WORD STRESSWord stress is like a golden key to speaking and understanding English.If you do not already know about word stress, you can try to learn about it. This is one of the best ways for you to understand spoken English - especially English spoken fast.What is word stress?Take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because ONE syllable in each word is STRESSED (stronger than the others).∙PHOtograph∙phoTOgrapher∙photoGRAPHicThis happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETeraThe syllables that are not stressed are "weak" or "small" or "quiet". Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.If you have an English teacher, you can ask her to help you understand word stress. Or you can try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example.Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it.Two important rules about word stress:1. One word, one stress2. The stress is always on a vowelSENTENCE STRESSSentence stress is another golden key for speaking and understanding English. With sentence stress, some words in a sentence are STRESSED (loud) and other words are weak (quiet). Look at the following sentence:We want to go.Do we say every word with the same stress or force? No. We make the important words BIG and the unimportant words small. What are the important words in this sentence? Yes, that's right: WANT and GO.∙We WANT to GO.∙We WANT to GO to WORK.∙We DON'T WANT to GO to WORK.∙We DON'T WANT to GO to WORK at NIGHT.Now that you know that word stress exists, you can try to learn more about it.You should KNOW that SENtence and WORD STRESS are VERy imPORtant1998 Josef Essberger。

1. Word StressIf a word has more than one syllable, one of them is always more prominent than the others and then this syllable is said to be stressed or accented in the word. Sometimes the meaning of a word is different because of the different word-stress, e.g. ‘de sert’ (甜点), ‘ de sert’ (沙漠).Primary Stress：Words consisting of two or more syllables have a strong stress on oneof the syllables, and a weak stress on the remaining syllable or syllables.The heavilystressedsyllable is usually marked with a vertical stroke ( ' )on the upper lefthand corner, as in'prim ary, 'syl lable.Secondary Stress: Words consisting of two or more syllables may have a stresssubordinating to the primary stress. The secondary stressed syllable is usually marked with a verticalstroke( ) on the lower left hand corner, as in pro nunciation,mag azine.Double Stress：Words consisting of two or more syllables may have an equally strongstress on bothtwo syllables. The stressed syllables are usually marked with vertical stroke( ' ) on the upper left hand corner respectively, as in 'Chi 'nese,'hard-'work ing1) Stress in two-syllable wordsMany two-syllable words come from a one-syllable word. For example, the word actor comes from the word act, and the word renew comes from the word new. In these two-syllable words, the stress is on the syllable of the original word:actor O O(stress on the first syllable)renew O (stress on the second syllable)Read the following sentences in which the noun and the adjectives all have the pattern：O O 1.The artist’s most famous picture shows some women and children in a lovelyforest with a purplemountain behind.2. The player dances wildly from the earlymorning till midnight.3. The teacher asked the printer to reprint the document.4. The actors are famous here.5. Children dislike this actor.Some words are both nouns and verbs. For example, im port is a noun if we put stress on the first syllable, and a verb if we put stress on the second syllable, i.e.. im port. Read the following wordsexample, answer, picture, promise, travel visit, stud y2 ) Stress for compoundsCompound words are made from two smaller words put together, for example, paper + tiger=paper-tiger (they are not always written as one word, for example English teacher. In most compound words, the stress is on the first part. For example, sports shoes has two syllables and the stress is on the first syllable.Listen to these examples.O O'note-book, 'study plan, 'bed room, 'shuttle bus'French classO O O'din ner hall, 'traf fic light, 'bus station, 'check-in deskO O O O'sup ermarket, 'art gallery, 'trav el agent 'pho tocopy(1) Compounds Nounds1. When the object in the second part is made out of the material in the first, for example, gold coin, the stress may be on the second part too.Look at these examples.OOglass cup, stone-bridge, stone-wall, brick-house, silk scarf2. When the first noun indicates the use of the second, the stress falls on the first noun.Look atthese examples.:O Ofarm tool ( means a tool for doing farming work with )pencil –box ( means a box for keeping pencils, pens, ruler or eraser )note-book ( means a book for taking notes )3. When the first noun implies some contrast, the stress falls on the first noun.Look at these examples.O Obirth place white house green house black board post man4. When the first noun is the object of the second noun works on, the stress falls on the first noun.Look at these examples.O O OMath teacher (means a teacher who teaches mathmatics)watch maker (means a person who makes watches)5. When the compound noun is made of a gerund and a noun, the gerund always carries the stress.Look at these examples.O O Oread ing room din ing hall sleep ing car fry ing pan6. When the compound noun is made of a present participle and a noun, the noun carries the stresstoo.Look at these examples.O O O Oboil ing wa ter (the water is boiling)laugh ing child ren (the children are laughing)sing ing play er(the player is singing)If the compound is not a noun, we often put stress on both words. Listen to these examples.OO first class, half price, handmade well known home madeO O O bad tem pered, old fash ioned, hard work ing short sight edO O O O ab sent-mind ed, o pen-hand ed, ov er weight ed, e vil-look ing3) Stress in longer words(1) Some words are made up of prefix （前缀）or suffix （后缀），usually this does notchange thecian,ial, ity, ive, ient, itive. The words below with these endings have the stress on the syllable preceding them.For example:d e corate ( O O O) decor a tion ( O O O O )m u sical ( O O O ) mus i c ian( O O O)ec o nomy ( O O O O ) econ o m ic( O O O O)Notice that when a syllable changes from unstressed to stressed, or from stressed to unstressed, the vowel sound often changes. For example, the letter O in the word e'co no my is pronounced as ☜ ,but in eco'no mic, it is pronounced as  .(3) Some words with -y ending normally have the stress on the syllable two from the end.Look at the words below.nation a lit y( O O O OO)phon o log y( O O OO )publ i cit y( O O OO)A stressed syllable may contain any one of the vowel sound except the schwa ☜ , But any vowelexcept the diphthongs  ♋☺   ✋  can be reduced to  ☜  or ♓ . In English there are moreunstressed syllables than there are stressed syllables. This explains why / ☜ / and / i / are the most frequently used vowel sounds in spoken English.4). The difference in word stress bwteen GA and GB。

单词的重读Word Stress在口语中，单词的重读是非常重要的。

请看下面的一些例子：所谓的重读，就是在语气上更强调某单词或句子的某部分读音或词汇。

(1)有两个音节的名词、形容词，重音一般在第一个音节。

present export China table teacher sister happy clever little famous(2)大部分有两个音节的动词，重音在第二个音节。

present export decide begin reduce repeat degree accept receive(3)单词若以-in –sion –tion结尾，重音在这几个字母组合前面。

television celebration education nation action relation station invention introduction population musician discussion delicious special translation(4)若单词以-al -cy -ty -phy -gy结尾，重音在单词的倒数第三个音节。

geography photography cartography democracy critical dependability traditional privacy activity natural hospital practical ability(5)复合词a. 复合名词重音在第一个部分blackboard classroom newspaper football homework railway moonlight honeymoon bedroom handbag cloakroom teapot flowerpot pigtailb. 复合形容词重音在第二部分bad-tempered old-fashionedc. 复合动词重音在第二部分understand overflow overdone manmade overtake句子重读Sentence StressThe basic rules of sentence stress are:(1) content words are stressed(2) structure words are unstressedExercises:动词重读a. I’ll publish it tomorrow morning.b. I’ll give it to you next week.c. A great thing happened today.d. The lady is beautiful.e. The desk was the topic of discussion.f. I don’t want to have a debate.I’ll publish it tomorrow morning.I’ll give it to you next week.A great thing happened today.The lady is beautiful.The desk was the topic of discussion.I don’t want to have a debate.。

1.Two-syllable words1) O ounder /freedom / Asia /constant / daily /letter /happy /clever / climate2) o Oa bout / a rise / be lieve / com pel / con sist / de sire / dis cuss / em ploy / es cape /in deed / mis take / pre vent / pro pose / sup port / trans mit / rou tine / bal loon3) O OChi nese /up stairs /thir teen /un known /arm chair / Bei jing /second-hand2.Three-syllable words1)O o oopposite / average / capable / hospital / difficult / politics / diplomat2)o O oto bacco / di minish / pro vision / com mittee / com mercial / pro tection3.Four-syllable words1) O o o oagriculture / dictionary / evidently / profitable / miserable / wonderfully2) o O o obi ography / ex periment / par ticular / pro fessional / re finery / sta tistical3) O o O oadvan tageous /conver sation /sympa thetic /intro duction /inter jection4.Five-syllable words1)o O o O oe xami nation / pro nunci ation / tu bercu losis /2)O o O o ocharacte ristic / contra dictory / inde pendently / qualifi cation / uni versity /5.Words with more than six syllables1)o O o o O oin dustriali zation / i dentifi cation / per sonifi cation2)o O o O o oin feri ority / im possi bility3)O o o o O o oindividu ality / autobio graphicalStress of some affixesExamples 1:photograph pho tographer photo graphicalfamily familiar familiaritydemocrat democracy democraticdiplomat diplomacy diplomaticpolitics political politicianintellect intelligence intellectualhuman humanity humanitarianartifice artificial artificialityinterrogate interrogative interrogationpersonal personify personalityExample 2:pre fer preferencemaintain —maintenance refer —referencecompete —competent sustain —sustenanceapply —applicant preside —presidentpertain —pertinent excel —excellentdecay —decadent ordain —ordinanceprefer —preference confide —confidentAlternative StressExample:present /prezənt / pre sent /pri zent /(noun/adjective) (verb)accent ac centabstract abstractdigest digestconduct conductcombine combinecontrast contrastenvelope envelopefrequent frequentincrease increaseinsult insultobject objectperfect perfectpermit permitproduce produceprogress progressprotest protestrecord recordrefuse refusesubject subjecttransfer transfertransport transportMispronounced words and their correctionsMispronounced Correcttranslate trans latecigarette (American) ciga rettecom parable comparablepre ferable preferablepredicative pre dicativecorre lative (conjunction) cor relativere lative (relation) relativeaddress (noun) (American) ad dressmyself, yourself, himself, etc. my self, your self, him self, etc.inter view (n.& v.) interviewmoreover more overin crease (n.) increasedis count (n.) discounttrans fer (n.) transferde tail (n.) detailagri culture agriculturegaso line (American) gasolinetri angle triangleex cellent excellentcon crete (n. & adj.) concretecontribute con tributead mirable admirable“Reader’s Di gest”“Reader’s Digest”alternately al ternately (adj. al ternate)neces sarily (American) necessarily (more common)pronunci ation pro nunci ationextra ordinary ex traordinary (more common) adminis trative ad ministrativesub sequent subsequentabso lutely absolutelycom bine (harvester) combineap paratus (instrument) appa ratuscommit tee com mitteega rage (bar rage) (American) garage (barrage)per mit (n.) permitto perfect oneself to per fect oneselfChi nese Chi neseimagi native i maginativeA rabic (of Arabia) Arabicad versary (enemy) adversaryin sult (n.) insultinter esting interestingthir teen, four teen, etc. thir teen, four teen, etc.uni versity uni versitypro ceeds (profit) proceedstoward (prep.) to wards (towards is an adjective)intro duction intro ductioncompo sition compo sitionevery body, any body every body, any bodysome body, no body somebody, nobodyedu cated educatedmomentous (important) mo mentousse dentary sedentarysolicit so licithe roin(e) heroin(e)armchair (said in isolation) arm chairupstairs (said in isolation) up stairsdownstairs (said in isolation) down stairsexami nation ex ami nationcontrast (v.) con trastattri butive at tributivein valid (sick person) invalidin famous (wicked) infamousever green (n.) evergreenStress Shift 1.Rhythmic StressafterfifBeiin sideunsecond-hours carry a way this after nooneight fiflive in Beicome inquite unall second-handafter threedon t carry aafternoon lessonpoundsinsideunknown factlater2.Emphatic Stressmag nificent spec tatorless rather mag specless racharacte ristics distri bution fundaindeabso abso characte distri funda inde3.Contrasting Stressdisinimirhappydiin ex imof fensivesub jective ob unhappy defensiveStress of Compound WordsA two-word compound often takes single stress; while a two-word phrase takes double stress.beauty-spot (picturesque place) beauty spot (patch on the face)boysmithmarkspoutbagboardstockingroom (one that is dark)housestuff (anything green)coatcapneckhousedoctor (who is mad)goods (goods that are dryThe Stress of “–ing” formdining-room smiling facemaster (who is dancing)。

Rules of Word Stress in English There are two very simple rules about word stress:1.One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have twostresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Twostresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a"secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress ismuch smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)2.We can only stress vowels, not consonants.Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.1 Stress on first syllable2 Stress on last syllableThere are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: thewords export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some peoplesay teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another exampleis:CONtroversy and conTROversy.4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)5 Compound words (words with two parts)Here are the main principles that determine how words are stressed or accentuated in English.This list of rules is not complete, but it does explain where to place the mainaccent in the majority of words in English.Can you designate the tonic syllable (main stress) in these words which all obey the rules?Britain,England,Edinburgh,region, regional, economic, to complain, community, to refuse, considering.Examples:•SAMples•CARton•COlorful•RAInyExamples:•reLAX•recEIVE•diRECT•aMONG•aSIDE•beTWEEN•About 80% or so of two-syllable words get their stress on the first syllable.•There are of course, exceptions to this rule, but very few nouns and adjectives get stress on their second syllable.•Verbs and prepositions usually get stress placed on the second syllable, but there are exceptions to this too.For three syllable words, look at the word ending (the suffix), using the following as your guide.For words ending with the suffixes er, or, or ly, the stress is placed on the first syllable.Examples:If there is a word that ends in a consonant or in a y, then the first syllable gets the stress.Examples:T ake a good look at the list of suffixes below (suffixes are word endings).Your stress is going to come on the syllable right before the suffix. This applies to words of all syllable lengths.Examples:1.able: ADDable, ARable, DURable2.ary: PRIMary, DIary, liBRary3.cial: juDIcial, nonSOcial4.cian: muSIcian, phySIcian, cliNICian5.ery: BAkery, SCENery6.graphy: calLIgraphy, bibliOgraphy, stenOgraphy7.ial: celesTIal, iniTIal, juDICial8.ian: coMEdian, ciVILian, techNIcian9.ible: viSIble, terRIble, reSIstible10.ic: arCHAic, plaTOnic, synTHEtic11.ical: MAgical, LOgical, CRItical12.ics: diaBEtics, paediAtrics13.ion: classifiCAtion, repoSItion, vegeTAtion14.ity: imMUnity, GRAvity, VAnity15.ium: HElium, ALUminum, PREmium16.imum: MInimum, MAXimum, OPtimum17.logy: BIology, CARdiology, RAdiology18.tal: caPItal, biCOAstal, reCItalWords that use the suffix ee, ese, eer, ique or ette, have the primary stress actually placed on the suffix.This applies to words of all syllable lengths.Examples:1.ee: agrEE, jamborEE, guarantEE2.eer: sightsEER, puppetEER3.ese: SiamESE, JapanESE, cheESE4.ette: cassETTE, CorvETTE, towelETTE5.ique: unIQUE, physIQUEUsually, prefixes do not take the stress of a word.There are a few exceptions to this rule, however, like: un, in, pre, ex and mis, which are all stressed in their prefix.Examples:1.ex: EXample, EXplanation, EXamine2.in: INside, INefficient, INterest3.mis: MISspoke, MIStake, MISspelled4.pre: PREcede, PREarrange, PREliminaryYou put stress on the second syllable from the end of the word, with words ending in ic, sion and tion.Examples:•iCONic•hyperTENsion•nuTRItionYou put stress on the third from end syllable with words that end in cy, ty,phy, gy and al.Examples:•demoCRAcy•TREAty•geOGraphy•ALlergy•NAUtical11. Word stress for compound wordsA. Compound nouna compound noun, the first word usually takes on the stress.Examples:•SEAfood•ICEland•TOOTHpasteOften, hyphens are used in compound adjectives. In compound adjectives, the stress is placed within the second word.Examples:•ten-MEter•rock-SOlid•fifteen-MInutesecond or on the last part.Examples:•Matilda loves bread but deTESTS butter.•Sarah baked cookies and ATE them up.•Dogs love to eat bones and love DRINking water.noun, the stress is on the first word.Examples:•AIRplane mechanic•PROject manager•BOARDroom memberIn phrasal verbs, the second word gets the stress (the preposition). Examples:•Black OUT•break DOWN•look OUTSpain, Google.The second word is always the one that takes the stress Examples:•North DAKOTA•Mr. SMITH•Apple INCORPORATEDThe second syllable usually takes the stress.Examples:•mySELF•themSELVES•ourSELVESIf the number is a multiple of ten, the stress is placed on the first syllable.Examples:•TEN•FIFty•ONEhundredWord stress and dictionariesDictionaries are great tools for learning word stress.For every word, the dictionary indicates where the stress goes, for example by placing an apostrophe before the stress.T ake a look at your dictionary to find out how your dictionary indicates word stress.Word Stress in EnglishWord stress is your magic key to understanding spoken English. Native speakers of English use word stress naturally. Word stress is so natural for them that they don't even know they use it. Non-native speakers who speak English to native speakers without using word stress, encounter two problems:1.They find it difficult to understand native speakers, especially those speaking fast.2.The native speakers may find it difficult to understand them.To understand word stress, it helps to understand syllables. Every word is made from syllables. Each word has one, two, three or more syllables.vowel (a, e, i, o or u) or vowel sound.What is Word Stress?In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength. In one word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and all the other syllables very quietly.Let's take 3 words: photograph, photographer and photographic. Do they sound the same when spoken? No. Because we accentuate (stress) ONE syllable in each word. And it is not always the same syllable. So the shape of each word is different.This happens in ALL words with 2 or more syllables: TEACHer, JaPAN, CHINa, aBOVE, converSAtion, INteresting, imPORtant, deMAND, etCETera, etCETera, etCETeraThe syllables that are not stressed are weak or small or quiet. Native speakers of English listen for the STRESSED syllables, not the weak syllables. If you use word stress in your speech, you will instantly and automatically improve your pronunciation and your comprehension.Try to hear the stress in individual words each time you listen to English - on the radio, or in films for example. Your first step is to HEAR and recognise it. After that, you can USE it!There are two very important rules about word stress:1.One word, one stress.(One word cannot have two stresses. So if you hear twostresses, you have heard two words, not one word.)2.The stress is always on a vowel.Why is Word Stress Important?Word stress is not used in all languages. Some languages, Japanese or French for example, pronounce each syllable with eq-ual em-pha-sis. Other languages, English for example, use word stress.Word stress is not an optional extra that you can add to the English language if you want. It is part of the language! English speakers use word stress to communicate rapidly and accurately, even in difficult conditions. If, for example, you do not hear a word clearly, you can still understand the word because of the position of the stress.Think again about the two words photograph and photographer. Now imagine that you are speaking to somebody by telephone over a very bad line. You cannot hear clearly. In fact, you hear only the first two syllables of one of these words, photo...Which word is it, photograph or photographer? Of course, with word stress you will know immediately which word it is because in reality you will hear either PHOto... or phoTO...So without hearing the whole word, you probably know what the word is ( PHOto...graph or phoTO...grapher). It's magic! (Of course, you also have the 'context' of your conversation to help you.)This is a simple example of how word stress helps us understand English. There are many, many other examples, because we use word stress all the time, without thinking about it.Where do I Put Word Stress?There are some rules about which syllable to stress. But...the rules are rather complicated! Probably the best way to learn is from experience. Listen carefully to spoken English and try to develop a feeling for the "music" of the language. When you learn a new word, you should also learn its stress pattern. If you keep a vocabulary book, make a note to show which syllable is stressed. If you do not know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries give the phonetic spelling of a word. This is where they show which syllable is stressed, usually with an apostrophe (') just before or just after the stressed syllable. (The notes at the front of the dictionary will explain the system used.) Look at (and listen to) this example for the word plastic. There are 2 syllables. Syllable #1 is stressed.Rules of Word Stress in EnglishThere are two very simple rules about word stress:1.One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear twostresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smallerthan the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)2.We can only stress vowels, not consonants.Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.1 Stress on first syllable2 Stress on last syllableThere are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If westress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example is: CONtroversy and conTROversy.4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)5 Compound words (words with two parts)ENGLISH WORD STRESS - MAIN RULESA few explanations before starting:•An asterisk * means that the form proposed at the right of this symbol is not acceptable.• A capital V stands for Vowel and a capital C for Consonant.•/0/ symbolizes an unstressed syllable, /1/ the primary stress and /2/ the secondary stress.•The forms written between this type of brackets <…> represent the spelling of a word or a piece of word. Hence, <-ate>means “words ended with the lettersmentioned between these brackets”.•In this abridged course, a bold cha racter or bold chain of cha racters means that this part of the word bears a primary or a secondary stress. The usual symbolswill be used in the full course.•/01/ the primary stress and /2/ the secondary stress.IMPORTANT:The rules proposed here are not complete in this abridged course which shows the main tendencies only. There may be other cases which will be explained in class in the unabridged course.In fo reign, the first three letters are not a German prefix but are part of the word, whereas in for get, <for > is an unstressed strong prefix. For example, it may be replaced by another prefix such as <be > in be get, a verb which can be found in the English version of the Bible: and he be gat…I.- PRIMARY STRESS:1 A°) Normal Stress Rule:(code/10/): fo reign , moun tain, le gal, …b) Three-syllable words are normally stressed on the first syllable (code /100/): cha racter, fa mily, …c) Words of more than three syllables are normally stressed on the antepenultimate (code /-100/) and may need a secondary stress (see section II below): o ri ginal, curi o sity, … (unless a strong suffix assigns the primary stress to the penultimate as in cha racteri za tion /200010/, po pulari za tion /200010/, or elsewhere as in cha racte ris tically /20010(0)0/ where one strong suffix is followed by two weak suffixes).1 B°) Main classes of exceptions for two-syllable words /01/:a) Words beginning with a Latin or Germanic prefix : re mind, de cide, ex cept... ; a bout, be hind, for get...b) Verbs ending in <-ate> : cre ate, frus trate, tran slate...2°) Retrieving the original word (= the deriving word)To calculate the main stress of longer words, you must first remove any "weak" suffix, and then count from the end.The principal weak suffixes, added to words without modifying the stress of the stem, are:a)grammatical suffixes such as <-ed>, <-en>, <-ing>, <-(e)s>, <-er>, <-est>…b)agent suffixes such as <-er>,<-or>, <-ist>, …c)any suffix beginning with a C (= Consonant) such as <-ful>, <-less>, <-ness>, <-ment>, <-ly>,…3A°) Words of three or more syllables are normally stressed on the antepenultimate (code /100/ or /-100/)a) Three-syllable words are normally stressed on the first syllable (code /100/): cha racter, fa mily, …b) Words of more than three syllables are normally stressed on the antepenultimate (code /-100/) and may need a secondary stress (see section II below)3B°) Main classes of exceptions:a) Words ending in <-ic> (code/ 10/): ec cen tric, sym bo lic, ca tas tro phic,…(CAUTION: a few words, which are not derived adjectives, are stressed according to the "Normal" Stress Rule (code /100/ or / 100/) and must be learnt by heart: A rabic,a ri thmetic, ar senic, Ca tholic, he retic, lu natic, po litics, rhe toric)b) Verbs ending in <-ish> / 10/: de mo lish, di mi nish, ex tin guish...c) Words ending in <-ion>, or more generally in V{i/e/u}V(C)# [or -iV(C)# , -eV(C)# or -uV(C)#], have their main stress on the syllable immediately preceding the ending (code/ 10/): e du ca tion, co lo nial, a tro cious, ad van ta geous, con spi*cuous, re si dual, ra tio…Please note:The # symbol means that this is the end of the word (after all the suffixes have been removed). II.- SECONDARY STRESS :1°) Whenever two or more syllables precede the main stress, there must be a secondary stress2°) When ONLY two syllables precede the main stress, the secondary stress falls on the first:as in: ma the ma tics /2010/, e du ca tion /2010/, per spi ca city /20100/,...This can be summed up thus: (code /201/)3°) When more than two syllables precede the main stress (code */00 /), consult the nearest deriving form (= the root word)The main stress of the deriving form becomes the secondary stress of the derivedcha racter /100/ -> cha racte ris tic /20010/;e ra dicate /0100/ -> e ra di ca tion /02010/...Ce cours est une refonte d'un document aimablement prêté par Ruth Huart que je remercie pour sa générosité. Bien évidemment, les erreurs qui pourraient subsister sont les miennes. SiD'avance merci.Article mis en ligne le 20 octobre 2005.。

单词重音WordStress学习心得Word Stress一、学了啥1.什么是音节？（1）音节是，一个单词中，只包含一个元音的那一部分。

它可能有一个或多个辅音。

英语中，一个单词可以是一个或多个音节。

音节是英语语言韵律的基本单位。

音节包含的“核心”是一个元音，但也有用辅音来作核心的情况，如table，bottom, cotton。

所以/m/ /n/ /l/ 这三个是可以代替元音的。

这种情况一般出现在词尾。

（2）音节类型，（常见）C（consonant）V（vowel），如seeV, 如eyeCVC, 如sitCCVC, 如spitCCVCC, 如spits其中，“CC”结构，存在consonant cluster，这在中文中是不可能出现的2.重音意味着什么？设想现在有一个机器人毫无波澜在读一个单词，teacher（很明显，两个音节）而有了重音之后，被给到重音的那个音节，会被调节得更长（longer）, teeeeeeeeecher更响（louder）, TEAcher更高亢（higher pitch）, teacher三驾马车混合效果，就是“重音”效果而没被Stress的音节，则会被减弱（reduced）。

英语中，任何元音除了diphthongs /aʊ/和/ɔɪ/, 都可以被读成/ə/(尤其)和/ɪ/首先，没有绝对的所谓的“规则”其次，在名词性的复合词中，重音在第一个，如’greenhouse在形容词性的复合词（通常有动词）中，有动词的时候（不管什么形式，包括p.p., -ing, ect），重音在动词,如easy’going4.Stress shift单词重音什么时候转移？（1）为了节奏’after’noon,this after’noon,an ‘afternoon lesson（2）为了对比‘honest的反义词dishonest, 重音原本是这样的dis’honest，但现在为了表示对比，人们会这样说：‘honest and ‘dishonest, 这样，单词重音就完成了转移。