外交学院200X年研究生入学考试英语专业试题

外交学院复试——笔试《英语写作》（计100分，考试时间为2个小时）
给2组topic，有感而写，写作要注意主题思想、政治内容、组织结构、逻辑、语言、文体等方面的情况。

（不是二选一，是写两篇）
去年英语写作题目：
1.
中国梦。

习近平总书记在参观复兴之路展览时提出中国梦。

你的中国梦是什么？请就此话题写一篇800--1000字的论文。

2. 伟大的科学家爱因斯坦曾经说过，“I fear the day when the technology overlaps with our humanity. The world will only have a generation of idiots.”
有人认为，看看今天的世界的情形，不幸被爱因斯坦言中，这一天已经到来了！你的看法呢？请就此话题写一篇800--1000字的论文。

注意1.时间2.字数3.要写成议论文4.用英文书写。

外交学院硕士研究生入学考试专业课样题——二外英语（代码218）1号《》（代码218）Part I: Multiple Choices (20%)Section AkaoyantjDirections:In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the ONE answer that best complet es the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied ____ in the areaon the night of the fire.网络督察[A] to be [B] to have been [C] having been [D] be2. Thompson is the only one of the students who ____ to France.业[A] has been [B] have been [C] had been [D] has being3. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it ____ in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.同济西苑[A] is to be analyzed [B] has been analyzed659 76674[C] be analyzed [D] should have been analyzed4. I didn’t know what to do but then an idea suddenly ____ to me.同济西苑[A] happened [B] entered 专[C] occurred [D] emerged5. ____ if you had lost your watch?6554 8814[A] Hadn’t you been upset[B] Weren’t you upset021-[C] Wouldn’t you be upset [D] Wouldn’t you have upset6. John would rather that Jane ____ to the party yesterday evening.021-[A] did not go [B] not go 同济[C] wouldn’t gone[D] had not gone7. The match was cancelled because most of the members ____ a match without a standard court.同济[A] objected to having [B] object to have密云路[C] were objected to have [D] were objected to having8. ____ from the tenth floor when the policeman pointed his pistol at him.西门[A] Jumped down the burglar [B] Down the burglar jumped kaoyangj[C] The burglar jumps down [D] Down jumped the burglar9. Before the students set off, they spent much time setting a limit ____ to expenses ofthe trip.659 76674[A] to [B] about [C] in [D] for10. You should abide ____ your promise as a man of honor.共济[A] to [B] for [C] by [D] withSection B密云路Directions:In this section, you are required to select the one word or phrase that wou ld best match the meaning of the underlined part in the original sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11. Dr. Smith checked the patient’s signs carefully before making his statement.kaoyangj[A] symbols [B] symptoms [C] sinecures [D] synods12. Henry’s news report covering the conference was so exhaustive that nothing had beenomitted.1号[A] understanding [B] comprehensible[C] comprehensive [D] underlying13. The driver stopped at the crossroad as the traffic lights flashed.[A] pulled off [B] pulled round[C] pulled away [D] pulled up14. Motivation is a primary factor in learning.[A] Memorization [B] Aptitude[C] Intelligence [D] Incentive15. It is bad policy for the developing countries to sacrifice environmental protection to promote economic growth.[A] accelerate [B] further [C] discourage [D] weaken16. The world market is constantly changing. We must anticipate the changes and make timely adjustments.[A] regularly [B] steadily [C] scarcely [D] always17. Many people have the illusion that wealth is the chief source of happiness.[A] false idea [B] imagination[C] vision [D] impression18. Jack came to the party with a young woman, whom I assumed to be his girl friend.[A] pretended [B] supposed [C] resumed [D] granted19. They built the motel on the edge of an abandoned village.[A] immense [B] deserted [C] well-run [D] remote20. After receiving her check, Suzy endorsed it and took it to the bank.[A] destroyed [B] signed [C] folded [D] depositedPart II. Cloze (15%)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are fou r choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] below the paper. You should choose the ONE tha t best fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Cheques have largely replaced money as a means of exchanges, for they are widely accepted everywhere. Though this is very __21__ for both buyer and seller, it should not be forgotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite __22__ in themselves. A sho p-keeper always runs a certain __23__ when he accepts a cheque and he is quite __24__his rights if, on occasion, he refuses to do so.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called __25__. An old and every wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experi ence. He went to a famous jewellery shop which keeps a large __26__ of precious stones and asked to be shown some pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he __27__ t o buy a particularly fine string of pearls and asked if he could pay by cheque. The assist ant said that this was quite __28__, but the moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager’s office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with __29__ the same name had presented them with a __30__ cheque not long ago. He told my friend that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay __31__ he wanted to get into serious trouble. __32__, the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to my friend for the __33__ and asked him to copy out a note which had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The not __34__: “I have a gun in my pocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.” __35__, my friend’s handwriting was quite unlike thethief’s.21. [A] complicated [B] trivial [C] bearable [D] convenient22. [A] valueless [B] invaluable [C] valuable [D] indefinite23. [A] danger [B] change [C] risk [D] opportunity24. [A] within [B] beyond [C] without [D] out of25. [A] in difficulty [B] in doubt [C] in earnest [D] in question26. [A] amount [B] stock [C] number [D] store27. [A] considered [B] thought [C] conceived [D] decided28. [A] in order [B] in need [C] in use [D] in common29. [A] largely [B] mostly [C] exactly [D] extremely30. [A] worth [B] worthy [C] worthwhile [D] worthless31. [A] whether [B] if [C] otherwise [D] unless32. [A] Really [B] Sure enough [C] Certainly [D] However33. [A] treatment [B] manner [C] inconvenience [D] behavior34. [A] read [B] told [C] wrote [D] informed35. [A] Unfortunately [B] Fortunately [C] Naturally [D] BasicallyPart III. Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions: There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questi ons or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneMobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationshi ps. Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the sou rce of friction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizing.Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space, movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termed resp ectively spatial, vertical, and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements in rail and wa ter transportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplane passenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditiona l home with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when indiv idual family members of the family as a whole move away from a community, the perso n or the family is removed from the pressures of relatives, friends, and community institut ions for conventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits some members of a family to come in contact with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways of thinking different from those held by other family members. The pr esence of different attitudes, values, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and family disorganization. Potential disorganization is present in t hose families in which the husband, wife, and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see each other only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion o f sons and to some extent daughters, who engage in occupations other than those of theparents. Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social cl asses. This occurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. En gaging in a different occupation, or intermarriage, like spatial mobility, allows one to com e in contact with ways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents and their children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such as newspapers, periodicals, and books, the increase in the percentage of the population ow ning radios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home. When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is for conflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separated from each other.36. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement ____.[A] social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional families[B] family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility[C] potential disorganization is present in the American family[D] the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its social status37. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family ____.[A] are less likely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stability[B] have to depend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it[C] will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from it[D] can get more help from their family members if they are in trouble38. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which ____.[A] the husband, wife, and children work too hard[B] the husband, wife, and children seldom get together[C] both parents have to work full time[D] the family members are subject to social pressure.39. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganization because ____.[A] they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking[B] they allow one to find a good job and improve one’s social status[C] they enable the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parents[D] they enable the children to travel around without their parents40. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose members ____.[A] are not psychologically withdrawn from one another[B] never quarrel with each other even when they disagree[C] often help each other with true love and affection[D] are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios, and TV setsPassage TwoDo animals have rights? Do trees? Do humans have an obligation to behave ethically to rivers? To rocks? Viruses? The entire planet?These are not merely questions for abstract philosophical debate but, as Roderick Fraz ier Nash points out in The Rights of Nature, issues of intense interest to theologians, law yers, legislators and even scientists. Radical environmentalists are already demanding that l egal and ethical protection be extended to all of nature, and a few of them have demonst rated a willingness to fight, break the law and even die in support of this belief.As described by Nash, the circle covered by the ethical rules governing individual an d social behavior has expanded slowly and irregularly throughout history. Starting by grant ing rights to themselves, humans gradually enlarged the circle to include the family, the tr ibe, the nation and, in theory if not in practice, the entire community of human beings. When Thomas Jefferson wrote that all men were created equal and entitled to certain unal ienable (不可剥夺的) rights, it was understood he was talking only about white males. Sin ce the American Revolution, however, the right to ethical treatment has been extended, at least by law and social consensus, to include women and ethnic minorities.The next page in this history –the extension of ethical and legal rights to animals, p lants, and the rest of the natural world –is now being written, Nash believes. For a gro wing number of people throughout the world but particularly in the United States, the belief is taking root.The idea that nature has rights and is entitled to ethical consideration is not a new o ne. Some Eastern religions define humans as only part of a great chain of being. But in t he Judeo-Christian tradition of the West, man was created to master nature, not to be partof it.However, as environmentalism has evolved as a social movement in recent years, Nas h says, the concept of liberating nature from persecution by humanity has gained follower s. U. S. law, he notes, provides legal protection to animals and plants through the Endang ered Species Act and the Marine Mammals Protection Act.Nash points to the increasingly aggressive positions of so-called deep environmentalist s and other radicals who insist that nature has intrinsic and unalienable rights that have nothing to do with its value to people. Some of these radicals have thrown themselves bef ore bulldozers to protect virgin forests and chained themselves to rocks on a river bank toprevent the river from being damned.For the most part, Nash takes no position on questions of ethical duties. Only in an epilogue (跋), does he indicate where his sympathies lie. Just as the antislavery radicals in the early part of the 19th century were scorned (嘲笑) for insisting that slaves were hum an beings with rights, today’s radical environmentalists are often laughed at for sugg esting that nature is “the latest minority deserving a place in the sun of American liberal traditi on,” he says. But with the groundwork now laid for “mass participation in environmentalis m,” Nash believes, there is a real possibility of serious confrontat ion with those who profit from exploitation of the environment.“If this situation, with its intellectual and political similarities to America before the Civil War, promises once again to endanger domestic peace,” Nash warns, “it is not the fault o f history.”41. Radical environmentalists hold that ____.[A] all of nature should enjoy legal and ethical protection[B] all animals should have legal rights as human beings[C] viruses should be eliminated from this planet[D] nature should be exploited in a humane way42. By “all men were created equal,” Thomas Jefferson meant that ____.[A] all human beings should enjoy equal rights[B] all white males should have equal rights[C] blacks and whites should enjoy equal rights[D] men and women should have equal rights43. According to the so-called deep environmentalists, _____.[A] things in nature that have value to people should be protected[B] virgin forests should be preserved[C] man should let rivers take their natural course and dams should not be built[D] everything in nature has its intrinsic (天生的) value and should be protected44. According to the passage, Nash ____.[A] is neutral on the question concerning the ethical rights of nature[B] sympathizes with the radical environmentalists[C] laughs at the idea that nature deserves a place in the American liberal tradition[D] is scornful of the anti-slavery radicals for insisting that slaves were human beings.45. The best title for this passage might be ____.[A] Ethics and the Natural World[B] Anti-slavery Radicals and Deep Environmentalists[C] All men Were Created Equal[D] Relationship Between Human Beings and NaturePassage ThreeWhereas George Gershwin worked in the glare of critical and commercial success, C harles Ives worked in obscurity. Though Ives created the bulk of his output before Gersh win appeared on the scene, his music was almost completely neglected until he was “redi scovered” in the 1940’s and 1950’s. He earned his livelihood, for most of his adult life, i n the insurance business and created some of the most striking examples of American mu sic in his spare time. Ives’s composing was restricted to weekends, ho lidays, vacations, an d long evenings, Ives himself was quite philosophic about this and never considered his b usiness career a handicap to artistic production. On the contrary, he regarded his music and the business in which he earned his livelihood as complementary activities.His raw material for all of his work was the ordinary musical life of a small New England town. In evolving his highly individualistic musical language, Ives used popular d ance hall tunes fragments of hymns and patriotic anthems, brass band marches, country da nces, and songs which he integrated into works of enormous complexity.But Ives’s music was hardly popular with the broad public at the time it was writte n. The composer found it all but impossible to get his music performed. For example, Ive s’s Second Symphony, which be worked on between 1897 and 1902, received its first per formance in 1951 when it was played by the Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra of New York, under Leonard Bernstein. His Third Symphony, completed in 1911, was first perfor med in 1945, the Fourth Symphony, written between 1910 and 1916 received its premiere in 1965 under the direction of Leopold Stokowski. Not until he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Third Symphony, in 1947, did Charles Ives received any degree of recognition for his work.46. Charles Ives’s success in music could be called unusual because he __.[A] had a physical handicap[B] was trained to be a philosopher[C] did not devote his entire career to music[D] did not have much financial backing47. According to the passage, how did Ives feel about the business and musical sides ofhis life?[A] They lent support to each other.[B] They each satisfied his need for recognition.[C] They represented a conflict in his nature.[D] They took too much of his time.48. It can be inferred that all of the following were sources of inspiration for Ives in hisearly career EXCEPT __.[A] church music [B] folk tunes[C] Gershwin’s compositions[D] patriotic songs49. Ives’s Third Symphony was first performed in the __.[A] late nineteenth century[B] first decade of the twentieth century[C] mid-nineteen forties[D] mid-nineteen sixties50. Who conducted the first performance of Ives’s Fourth Symphony?[A] Pulitzer [B] Bernstein[C] Gershwin [D] StokowskiPart V Translation (35%)Section ADirections: Translate the following passage into Chinese.When we established our friendly and cooperative relations, we did so on the underst anding that we would develop our friendship on the basis of mutual respect and equality, and mutual benefit. These are the principles on which we seek friendship with all peoples of the world. It is absolutely vital that all nations, big or small, strong or weak, should conduct their relations with each other on these principles.We, therefore, welcome the interest and understanding that China has shown regarding the problems of and positions taken by small and developing countries. China’s support is a constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of the goals of developing andmaintaining the independence of our country.Section BDirections: Put the following sentences into English1.在香港问题解决之后，中英之间没有任何重大障碍能阻止两国发展跨世纪的、稳定的、全面合作关系。

外交学院硕士研究生入学考试专业课样题《翻译》（代码804）This test paper consists of two parts, namely, English into Chinese translation and Chinese into English translation.To facilitate grading, the texts have been broken into groups of sentences, each with a number, and you should put down the number of the paragraph you are translating before giving your version after this number.Please write neatly and intelligibly.The total hours of work are 3 hours.The maximum score is 10×15＝150 pointsPart One: English into Chinese TranslationDirections: Translate the following two passages into Chinese; read the whole texts carefully to get a general impression of the contents and give your translation in the sheets provided.Passage 1:[1] We are living through a time of global economic challenges that cannot be met by half measures or the isolated efforts of any nation. Now, the leaders of the Group of 20 have a responsibility to take bold, comprehensive and coordinated action that not only jump-starts recovery, but also launches a new era of economic engagement to prevent a crisis like this from ever happening again. No one can deny the urgency of action. A crisis in credit and confidence has swept across borders, with consequences for every corner of the world. For the first time in a generation, the global economy is contracting and trade is shrinking.[2] Once and for all, we have learned that the success of the American economy is inextricably linked to the global economy. There is no line between action that restores growth within our borders and action that supports it beyond. If people in other countries cannot spend, markets dry up — already we've seen the biggest drop in American exports in nearly four decades, which has led directly to American job losses. And if we continue to let financial institutions around the world act recklessly and irresponsibly, we will remain trapped in a cycle of bubble and bust. That is why the upcoming London Summit is directly relevant to our recovery at home.[3] Our leadership is grounded in a simple premise: We will act boldly to lift the American economy out of crisis and reform our regulatory structure, and these actions will be strengthened by complementary action abroad. Through our example, the United States can promote a global recovery and build confidence around the world; and if the London Summit helps galvanize collective action, we can forge a secure recovery, and future crises can be averted. Our effortsmust begin with swift action to stimulate growth. Already, the United States has passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.[4] Second, we must restore the credit that businesses and consumers depend upon. At home, we are working aggressively to stabilize our financial system. This includes an honest assessment of the balance sheets of our major banks, and will lead directly to lending that can help Americans purchase goods, stay in their homes and grow their businesses. This must continue to be amplified by the actions of our G-20 partners. Together, we can embrace a common framework that insists upon transparency, accountability and a focus on restoring the flow of credit that is the lifeblood of a growing global economy.Passage 2:[5] After years of fighting unionization efforts at its stores, Wal-Mart, t he world’s largest retailer, said today that it would work closely with Chinese officials to establish labor unions at all of its outlets here. Wal-Mart said it would form an alliance with the government-backed All China Federation of Trade Unions because it wanted to create “an effective and harmonious way of facilitating the establishment of grassroots unions” at its stores. The announcement came less than two weeks after Wal-Mart employees established their first union in China, the first time that a union had ever been formed at a Wal-Mart store.[6] Wal-Mart’s decision surprised observers because while the company had signaled earlier that it would not do anything to stop unions from forming at its Chinese stores, it had never suggested that it would actively participate in backing unionization efforts. Wal-Mart’s decision to allow unions comes after years of pressure from the All China Federation of Trade Unions, which has been pushing companies with large foreign investments here to allow unionization, which is required under Chinese law. Forming a union at Wal-Mart stores, which have been plagued by labor disputes in recent years, has proved incredibly difficult.[7] But exactly what it means to have a unionized Wal-Mart store here is unclear because unions in China do not have the history of bargaining power. Wal-Mart officials see China as a potentially huge market and are determined to expand rapidly here. The company already has about 60 retail outlets and 30,000 employees here. And because of China’s mighty factories, this country is Wal-Mart’s primary sourcing base for the millions of goods its sell around the world. Wal-Mart initially signaled its approval of unions here in late 2004, when the company said that if workers in China moved to unionize, Wal-Mart would not stop them.Part Two: Chinese into English TranslationDirections: Translate the following three passages into English; read the whole texts carefully to get a general impression of the contents and give your translation in the sheets provided.Passage 3:[8] 美国掀起的这场全球货币战争已经拉开帷幕。

外交学院英语专业考研基础英语模拟题I. Grammar 20 points1.Supply the passage with proper prepositions(8 points)(1) food and shelter, clothing is one of people’s most important needs. Clothing includes all the different garments, accessories, and ornaments worn by people (2) the world.Most people, no matter where they live, wear some kind of clothing. People (3) various regions dress differently (4) many reasons. They may have different materials and methodsmaking clothes, or they may have different habits of dress. Any person may wear certain clothing for a variety of individual reasons. But (5) general, people wear clothes for three main reason: a. protection, b. communication, and c. decoration. Most clothing serves all three purposes.In many areas of the world, people need clothing for protection (6) the weather. Clothing also protects people who work (7) dangerous jobs, take part in rough sports, or engage (8) other hazardous activities.2.Choose from A, B, C or D the one that best complete each sentence.(12 points)(9) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think .A. ought to be saidB. must sayC. have to be saidD. need to say(10) The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall indeath rates as a result of improvements in medical care.A. andB. asC. butD. or(11) In my opinion, he’s the most imaginative of all the contemporary poets.A. in allB. at bestC. for allD. by far(12) She is a musician than her brother.A. much ofB. much asC. more ofD. more as(13) my wife’s consistent encouragement I wouldn’t have accomplished my graduatestudy.A. But forB. But withC. Except forD. as are(14) Most insulation devices of this kind, manufactured for such purposes, are extremely expensive to install.A. that areB. which isC. those areD. as are(15)Just as there are occupations that require college or even higher degrees,occupations for which technical training is necessary.A. so too there areB. so also there areC. so there are tooD. so too are there(16) This, they say, is proof that the more primitive species was not simply supplanted by anadvanced one into one.A. but also developedB. but reformed sharplyC. but merely turnedD. but evolved slowly(17) In such desperate strains did he find himself that he was reduced to the violin in thestreets.A. playB. playingC. be playingD. having played(18) Those twins are so alike that it is next to impossible to distinguishA. who is whoB. which is whichC. one and the otherD. one another(19) He is determined to prove his innocence, he has to go to the highest court in the land.A. even thoughB. even asC. even ifD. even so(20) When , many racists cannot give a logical reason for their attitudes towards other racial groups.A. questioningB. having been questionedC. having questionedD. questionedII. Vocabulary 30 pointsDirections: complete the passage by choosing the best word for each gap from the box. Changethe word form when you think it is necessary to do so. (30 points).English as a killer languageThroughout the world, people regard English as a language of economic opportunity, though this is not a universal feeling, since some consider English a tool for the destruction of linguistic and cultural （21）. A number of commentators have seen the spread of English not as an unqualified benefit, but rather as an opportunity reserved only for the （22）few and a means to construct patterns of inequality both within countries and between the “west’ and the “rest”.The global spread of English is （23）: on the one hand it appears as an unstoppable process that homogenizes culture wherever it goes: Crystal (1997a) cites the Italian word cocacolonizzare ( to co-colonize),while the poet Derrick Desmond （24）crudely laments the ‘Californucation’(sic) of world culture. On the other hand , however, the spread of English creates divisions in society, and （25）with other languages causes the creation of new language varieties.Pattayanyak(1996) has suggested that in India the use of English （26）improved educational opportunities for only a very small minority. On the whole it （27）the rift between the urban and rural, the developed and developing and the masses and the elite. He argues that （28）English is the almost exclusive language of science and technology, this actually prevents ordinary people form having access to and interacting with it. Because it prevents many languages sharing communication, it （29）‘alienation, anomie, and blind spots in cultural perception’. Ultimately, Pattaynayak argues, English causes other cultures to wither and die, and its use by the elite to secure their position of privilege is just as much of an imposition on the people as colonialism （30）was.It has also been suggested (and it does seem to be true certainly of most Britons and American) that the spread of global English has led to complacency about the use of English, and has encouraged people to be （31）about learning languages. Certainly in my recent experience teaching at university in Great Britain, many of the foreign-language programmers arestruggling to recruit students who wish to （32）in a foreign language and traditional literature-based German and French programmers in particular seem to be struggling to retain student numbers. On the other hand, as we mentioned in the section on the boom in English teaching, courses that combine European language with, for example, business studies, marketing or IT training, （33）the instrumental function of learning the language is transparent, are indeed attracting students. Thus, this complacency or lack of interest might not be a simple （34）of students losing interest in learning languages, but rather of academics （35）touch with how and why we teach them.Ш. Reading Skills 40pointsText ATask 1: Complete the passage by choosing the best sentence for each gap. There are more sentences given than necessary.（10 points）We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person’s knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It really is extraordinary that after all these years; educationists have still failed to device anything more efficient and reliable than examinations. For all the pious claim that examinations test what you know, it is common knowledge that they more often do the exact people opposite.(36) .(37) It doesn’t matter that you weren’t feeling very well, or that your mother died. Little things like that don’t count: the exam goes on. No one can give off his best when he is in mortal terror, or after a sleepless night, yet this is precisely what the examination system expects him to do.(38)(39) What has to be learnt is rigidly laid down by a syllabus, so the student is encouraged to memorize. Examinations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading; they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming. They lower the standards of teaching, for they deprive the teacher of all freedoms. Teachers themselves are often judged by examination results and instead of teaching their subjects, they are reduced to training their students in exam techniques which they despise. The most successful candidates are not always be best educated; they are the best trained in the techniqueof working under duress.The result on which so much depends are often nothing more than a subjective assessment by some anonymous examiner. Examiners are only human .They get tired and hungry; they make mistakes. Yet they have to mark stacks of hastily scrawled scripts in a limited amount of time. They work under the same sort of pressure as the candidates. And their word carries weight. After a judge’s decision you have the right of appeal, but not after an examiner’s.(40) It is cynical to suggest that examinations are merely a profitable business for the institutions that run them? This is what is boils down to in the last analysis. The best comment on the system is this illiterate message recently scrawled on a wall “I were a teenage drop-out and now I are a teenage millionaire.”A.Every class at school requires homework, quizzes, texts, and finally, a final exam. We takeexams to prove ourselves---to prove we have advanced our education.B.There must surely be many simpler and more effective ways of assessing a person’s trueabilities.C.Stress has hit an eleven on the one-to-ten scale during examinations. Stress is not healthy,and it makes everyone angry. The last thing I remember when I go back to school is exams. Is the school trying aversion therapy on its student?D.The moment a child begins school, he enters a world of vicious competition where successand failure are clearly defined and measured. Can we wonder at the increasing number of ‘drop-outs’: young people who are written off as utter failures before they have even embarked on a career? Can we be surprised at the suicide rate among students?E.As anxiety-makers, examinations are second to none. That is because so much depends onthem. They are the mark of success or failure in our society. Your whole future may be decided in one fateful day.F.They may be a good means of testing memory, or the knack of working rapidly underextreme pressure, but they can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude. G. A good education should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. Theexamination system does anything but that.Text BTask 1: Read the passage and then mark your answers. (6 points)During adolescence, the development of political ideology becomes apparent in the individual; ideology here is defined as the presence of roughly consistent attitudes, more or less organized in reference to a more encompassing, though perhaps tacit, set of general principles. As such, political ideology is dim or absent at the beginning of adolescence. Its acquisition by the adolescent, in even the most modest sense, requires the acquisition of relatively sophisticated cognitive skills: the ability to manage abstractness to synthesize and generalize, to imagine the future. These are accompanied by a steady advance in the ability to understand principles.The child’s rapid acquisition of political knowledge also promotes the growth of political ideology during adolescence. By knowledge, I mean more than the dreary “facts”, such as the composition of country government that the child is exposed to in the conventional ninthgrade civics course. Nor do I mean only information on current political realities. These are facets of knowledge, but they are less critical than the adolescent’s absorption, often unwitting, of a feeling for those many unspoken assumptions about the political system that comprise the common ground of understanding----for example, what the state can “appropriately” demand of its citizens, and vice versa, or the “proper”relationship of government to subsidiary social institutions, such as the schools and churches. Thus, political knowledge is the awareness of social assumptions and relationships as well as of objective facts. Much of the naivete that characterizes the younger adolescent’s grasp of politics stems not from an ignorance of “facts”but from an incomplete comprehension of the common conventions of the system, of what is and is not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done.Yet I do not want to overemphasize the significance of increased political knowledge in forming adolescent ideology. Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization, by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition, has been misled about the tempo of political understanding in adolescence. Just as young children can count numbers in series without grasping the principle of ordination, young adolescents may have in their heads many random bits of political information without a secure understanding of those concepts that would give order and meaning to the information.Like magpies, children’s minds pick up bits and pieces of data. If you encourage them, theywill drop these at your feet—Republicans and Democrats, the tripartite division of the federal system, perhaps even the capital of Massachusetts. But until the adolescent has grasped the integumental function that concepts and principles provide, the data remain fragmented, random, disordered.(41) The passage suggests that, during early adolescence, a child would find which of thefollowing most difficult to understand?A. A book chronicling the ways in which the presidential inauguration ceremony has changedover the years.B. An essay in which an incident in British history is used to explain the system of monarchicsuccession.C. A summary of the respective responsibilities of the legislative, executive and judicialbranches of government.D. A debate in which the participate argue, respectively, that the federal government shouldor should not support private schools.(42) It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with whichof the following statements about schools?A. They should present political information according to carefully planned, schematicarrangements.B. They themselves constitute part of a general sociopolitical system that adolescents arelearning to understand.C. If they were to introduce political subject matter in the primary grades, students wouldunderstand current political realities at an earlier age.D. They are ineffectual to the degree that they disregard adolescent’ political naivete.(43) According to the author, which of the following contributes to the development of politicalideology during adolescence?A. conscious recognition by the adolescent of his or her own naiveteB. Thorough comprehension of the concept of ordinationC. Evaluation by the adolescent of the general principles encompassing his or her specificpolitical ideas.D. Intuitive understanding of relationships among various components of society.Task2: Respond BRIEFLY to the following questions based on the text. (14 points)(44) What is the author’s primary purpose in the passage?(45) What does the term “common ground of understanding” refer to in the passage?(46) Please summarize the author’s evaluation of the accumulation of political knowledge byadolescents.IV. Translation 40 points(59) Translate the following into English. (20 points)对于大自然的爱好，我是多方面的，我爱山，但更爱海。

外交学院法语语言文学2020年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟试题（二）考试科目：二外英语考试时间：180分钟总分：150分命题时间：2019年4.27日命题人：育明教育考研考博研究室考生注意：1.本试题的答案必须写在规定的答题纸上，写在试卷上一律不给分。

2.考试结束后，将答题纸和试卷一并装入试卷袋内。

Part1:Multiple choices(20%)Section ADirections:In this section,there are10incomplete sentences,for each sentence,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.Then write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.1.How can I concentrate if you_________continually_________me with silly questions?A.have…interruptedB.are…interruptedC.had…interruptedD.were…interrupted2.They will wonder whether their life___considerably by2010.A.will have changedB.will be changingC.will have to changeD.is going to change3.This picture is believed___painted by Tom.A.it wasB.to beC.to beingD.to have been4.I____provided you with the money.Why didn't you ask me?A.could haveB.hadC.must haveD.ought to have5.All the committee members said the lecture was___a second time.A.worth to listenB.worth being listened toC.worth listening toD.worth to listen to考研专业课答题技巧：扫一扫关注更多的考研信息6.Although thunder and lightning are produced at the same time,light waves travel faster___,so we see the lightning before we hear the thunder.A.than sound waves doB.than sound waves areC.do sound wavesD.sound waves7.The problem of___to select as his successor was quickly disposed of.A.whatB.whichC.whomD.how8.The first people to live in___Hawaii were by Polynesians,who sailed here in large canoesfrom other Pacific islands about2,000years ago.A.now where isB.what is nowC.it is nowD.now this is9.Hovercraft,or air-cushion vehicles,are unusual___travel over land and water on a layer ofair.A.theyB.in theyC.that theyD.in that they10.The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers___for.A.be demonstratingB.demonstrateC.had been demonstratingD.have demonstratedSection BIn this section,you are required to select the one word or phrase that would best match the meaning of the underlined part in the original sentence.Then write the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.11.We've bought some___chairs for the garden so that they are easy to store away.A.adaptingB.adjustingC.bendingD.folding12.The boss___into a rage and started shouting at Robert to do as he was told.A.flewB.chargedC.rushedD.burst13.We can rely on William to carry out this mission,for his judgment is always___.A.unmistakableB.reliableC.unquestionableD.healthy14.Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn,the Irish milkmaid fought hard to___her laughter.A.hold backB.hold onC.hold outD.hold up15.The speaker attempted to explain it in such a way that it would be___to an outsider.A.intelligibleB.invariableC.plausibleD.intrinsic16.He could___the shadowy figure of a man standing among the trees.A.discoverB.distinguishC.discernD.disguise17.The local people could hardly think of any good way to___disaster of the war.A.shake offB.get offC.put offD.take off18.When will Britain___Japan in industrial production?A.catch up withB.catch up onC.catch up inD.catch up to19.The album might have___had it been less expensive.A.worked outB.fallen throughC.caught onD.fitted in20.There are a few small things that I don't like about my job,but___it's enjoyable.A.above allB.as usualC.by largeD.by all meansPart2:Cloze(15%)For many people today,reading is no longer relaxation.To keep up their work they must read letters,reports,trade publications,interoffice communications,not to mention newspapers and magazine:a never-ending flood of words.In_21_a job or advancing in one,the ability to read and comprehend_22_can mean the difference between success and failure.Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are_23_readers.Most of us develop poor reading_24_at an early age, and never get over them.The main deficiency_25_in the actual stuff of language itself--words. Taken individually,words have_26_meaning until they are strung to gather into phrase, sentences and paragraphs._27_,however,the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He laboriously reads one word at a time,often regressing to_28_words or passages,Regression, the tendency to look back over_29_you have just read,is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which_30_down the speed of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as_31_reads.To overcome these bad habits,some reading clinics use a device called an_32_,which moves a bar(or curtain)down the page at a predetermined speed.The bar is set at a slightly faster ratehim.The accelerator forces the reader to _33_the reader finds comfortable,in order to“stretch”read fast,_34_word-by-word reading,regression and subvocalization,practically impossible.At first_35_is sacrificed for speed.But when you learn to read ideas and concepts,you will not only read faster,but also your comprehension will improve.21.A.applying B.doing C.offering D.getting22.A.quickly B.easily C.roughly D.decidedly23.A.good B.curious C.poor D.urgent24.A.training B.habits C.situlations D.custom25.A.lies bines C.touches D.involves26.A.some B.a lot C.little D.dull27.A.Fortunately B.In fact C.Logically D.Unfortunately28.A.reuse B.reward C.rewrite D.recite29.A.what B.which C.that D.if30.A.scalesB.cuts C.slowsD.measures31.A.some one B.one C.he D.reader32.A.accelerator B.actor C.amplifier D.observer33.A.then B.as C.beyond D.than34.A.enabling B.leading C.making D.indicating35.A.meaning prehension C.gist D.regressionPart3:Reading Comprehension:(30%)PassageOne:Business has slowed,layoffs mount,but executive pay continues to roar--at least so far. Business Week's annual survey finds that chief executive officers(CEOs)at365of the largest US companies got compensation last year averaging$3.1million-up l.3percent from1994.Why are the top bosses getting an estimated485times the pay of a typical factory worker?That is up from475times in1999and a mere42times in1980.One reason may be what experts call the"Lake Wobegon effect".Corporate boards tend to reckon that"all CEOsare above average"-a play on Garrison Keillor's famous line in his public radio show,A Prairie Home Companion,that all the town's children arc"above average".Consultants provide boards with surveys of corporate CEO compensation.Since directors are reluctant to regard their CEOs as below average,the compensation committees of boards tend to set pay at an above-average level.The result;Pay levels get ratcheted up.Defenders of lavish CEOpay argue there is such a strong demand for experienced CEOsthat the free market forces their pay up.They further maintain most boards structure pay packages to reflect an executive's performance.They get paid more if their companies and their stock do well. So companies with high-paid CEOsgenerate great wealth for their shareholders.But the supposed cream-of-the-crop executives did surprisingly poorly for their shareholders in 1999,says Scott Klinger,author of this report by a Bostonbased Organization United for a Fair Economy.If an investor had put$10,000apiece at the end of1999into the stock of those companies with the10highest-paid CEOs,by year-end2000the investment would have shrunk to$8.132.If$10,000had been put into the Standard&Poor's500stocks,it would have been worth$9,090.To Mr.Klinger,these findings suggest that the theory that one person,the CEO,is responsible for creating most of a corporation's value is dead wrong."It takes many employees to make a corporation profitable."With profits down,corporate boards may make more effort to tame executive compensation. And executives are making greater efforts to avoid pay cut.Since CEOs,seeing their options"under water"or worthless because of falling stock prices,are seeking more pay in cash or in restricted stock.36.Which of the following statements is true about Garrison Keillor?A)His idea on the CEOs was recognized by corporate boards.B)One of his lines had been modified to describe the CEOs.C)His play pointed out that"all CEOsare above average".D)His radio program aroused the"Lake Wobegon effect".37.According to the second paragraph.CEOs'pay keeps soaring mainly because___________.A)surveys indicate that CEOsdeserve higher payB)consultants tend to believe CEOsare above averageC)directors'belief greatly influences the pay standardD)compensation committees seldom evaluate the CEOs'ability38.Scott Klinger most probably tends to agree Chat____________.A)most people lose money in the investment into the stocksB)the CEOsperformance can't be reflected by the value of stocksC)the CEOsare not the only factor that prospers a corporationD)the pay of the CEOsgreatly influences the profit of'a company39."Cream-of-the-crop"is closest in meaning to____________.A)competentB)courageousC)disappointingD)hard-working40.Which of the following is the biggest concern of the corporate boards?A)The free market.B)The CEOs’performance.C)The corporations'profit.D)The CEOs’pay.PassageTwo:When global warming finally came,it stuck with a vengeance（异乎寻常地）.In some regions, temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century.Sea levels shot up nearly400feet. flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland.Deserts spread throughout the world as vegetation shifted drastically in North America.Europe and Asia.After driving many of the animals around them to near extinction,people were forced to abandon their old way of life for a radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease.The adaptation was farming:the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of thefuture,earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past-and how those changes have transformed human existence.Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold,wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of years.Most important.scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have bad a major impact on the evolution of the human species.New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution:from the dawn of primates(灵长目动物)some65million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs.from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture.Indeed,the human history has not been merely touched by global climate change,some scientists argue,it has in some instances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environment summit in Rio.Among other things,the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planet Earth. The benign(宜人的)global environment that has existed over the past10,000years-during which agriculture.writing,cities and most other features of civilization appeared-is a mere bright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages.In fact,the pattern of climate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramatic changes in the future-even without the influence of human activity.41.Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged__________．A)to give up his former way of lifeB)to leave the coastal areasC)to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD)to abandon his original settlement42.Earth scientists have come to understand that climate____________.A)is going through a fundamental changeB)has been getting warmer for10,000yearsC)will eventually change from hot to coldD)has gone through periodical changes43.Scientists believe that human evolution________.A)has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB)has exerted little influence on climatic changesC)has largely been affected by climatic changesD)has had a major impact on climatic changes44.Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that__________.A)human activities have accelerated changes of Earth's environmentenvironment will remain mild despite human interferenceB)Earth’ｓC)Earth's climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD)Earth's climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future45.The messagethe author wishes to convey in the passageis that______________.A)human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB)mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC)man bas to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD)human civilization will continue io develop in spite of the changes of naturePassageThree:Dr.Donald Sadoway at MIT started his own battery company with the hope of changing the world's energy future.It's a dramatic endorsement for a technology most people think about only when their smartphone goes dark.But Sadoway isn't alone in trumpeting energy storage as a missing link to a cleaner,more efficient,and more equitable energy future.Scientists and engineers have long believed in the promise of batteries to change the world. Advanced batteries are moving out of specialized markets and creeping into the mainstream, signaling a tipping point for forward-looking technologies such as electric cars and rooftop solar propels.The ubiquitous battery has already come a long way,of course.For better or worse,batteries make possible our mobile-first lifestyles,our screen culture,our increasingly globalized world. Still,as impressive as all this is,it may be trivial compared with what comes next.Having already enabled a communications revolution,the battery is now poised to transform just about everything else.The wireless age is expanding to include not just our phones,tablets,and laptops,but also our cars,homes,and even whole communities.In emerging economies,rural communities are bypassing the wires and wooden poles that spread power.Instead,some in Africa and Asia are seeing their first lightbulbs illuminated by the power of sunlight stored in batteries.Today,energy storage is a$33billion global industry that generates nearly100gigawatt-hours of electricity per year.By the end of the decade,it's expected to be worth over$50billion and generate160gigawatt-hours,enough to attract the attention of major companies that might not otherwise be interested in a decidedly pedestrian technology.Even utility companies,which have long Viewed batteries and alternative forms of energy as a threat,are learning to embrace the technologies as enabling rather than disrupting.Today's battery breakthroughs come as the.world looks to expand modern energy access to the billion or so people without it,while also cutting back on fuels that warm the planet.Those simultaneous challenges appear less overwhelming with increasingly better answers to a centuries-old question:how to make power portable.To be sure,the battery still has a long way to go before the nightly recharge completely replaces the weekly trip to the gas station.A battery-powered world comes with its own risks,too.Whathappens to the centralized electric grid,which took decades and billions of dollars to build,as more and more people become"prosumers,"who produce and consume their own energy onsite?No one knows which--if any--battery technology will ultimately dominate,but one thing remains clear.The future of energy is in how we store it.46.What does Dr.Sadoway think of energy storage?A.It involves the application of sophisticated technology.B.It is the direction energy development should follow.C.It will prove to be a profitable business.D.It is a technology benefiting everyone.47.What is most likely to happen when advanced batteries become widely used?A.Mobile-first lifestyles will become popular.B.The globalization process will be accelerated.munications will take more diverse forms.D.The world will undergo revolutionary changes.48.In some rural communities of emerging economies,people have begun to_____.A.find digital devices simply indispensablemunicate primarily by mobile phoneC.light their homes with stored solar energyD.distribute power with wires and wooden poles49.Utility companies have begun to realize that battery technologies_____.A.benefit their businessB.transmit power fasterC.promote innovationD.encourage competition50.What does the author imply about the centralized electric grid?A.It might become a thing of the past.B.It might turn out to be a"prosumer".C.It will be easier to operate and maintain.D.It will have to be completely transformed.Part4:Translation（35%）Section A:Translation the following passagesinto Chinese.1.More than a century has passed since explorers raced to plant their flags at the bottom ofthe world,and for decades to come this continent is supposed to be protected as a scientific preserve,shielded from intrusions like military activities and mining.But an array of countries are rushing to assert greater influence here,with an eye not just towards the day those protective treaties expire,but also for the strategic and commercial that already exist.2.The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly“cultural”as well as language learning content.That being said,the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical,making direct comparisons between the three difficult.3.As for musical ability,it may be that what is inherited is an especially sensitive ear,a peculiarstructure of the hands or the vocal organs connections between nerves and muscles that make it comparatively easy to learn the movements a musician must execute.Section B:Turn the following passagesinto English:4.早在使用机械和化肥之前，勤劳和富有创造性的中国农民就已经采用各种各样的方法来增加农作物产量。

外交学院硕士研究生入学考试专业课样题《英语翻译基础》（代码357）I. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with on e point for each .(30’)1. AFTA2. HSBC3. GMT4. NMD5. IOC6. DJI7. OECD8. CPU9. UNDP10. WMO11. WIPO12. liquefied petroleum gas13. file transfer protocol14. Certificate of Deposit15. World Food Program16. 思想库17. 产权单位18. 宏观调控19. 售后服务20. 大棒政策21. 人才外流22. 收盘价格23. 现货市场24. 人工呼吸25. 一次性补偿26. 公司所得税27. 个体工商户28. 非公有制经济29. 载人航天飞行30. 民族区域自治II. Directions: Translate the following two source texts into their target language respectively. (120’)Source Text 1:THESE HA VE BEEN THE BEST OF TIMES for many of the nation’s top universities—and the worst of times for middle income families struggling to afford them. Thanks to a robust stock market, school endowments have ballooned. Yet few institutions have held down steep increases in tuition. But that may be changing.Williams College, a prestigious liberal arts school in Massachusetts, announced last month that for the first time in 46 years, its tuition would remain steady at $31,520. Last week students at Princeton University learned that their annual $31,599 tuition, room and board will rise just 3.3%—the smallest hike in 30 years.These shows of restraint may signal a turnaround from the whopping tuition increases of recent years, as some schools now consider using their endowments to control price hikes. Since 1980, college costs have more than doubled, after adjustment for inflation while the median income of families with college-age children has increased only 12%.Last year tuition rose an average of 4.6%, the lowest jump in 12 years—but still more than twice the rate of inflation. “Remaining affordable for middle-class parents is the 800-lb gorilla facing colleges and universities,” says Terry Hartle, senior vice president of the American Council on Education in Washington.Williams held its tuition flat by paying more of its bills with the investment profits on its $1.1 billion endowment and with contributions from alumni. But college officials who oppose using endowments to freeze tuition say the students most vulnerable to hikes are not affected by them.“If we were to keep tuition constant, would it change the situation here for students in need?” asks Princeton president Harold Shapiro. “No, because their tuition is fully covered.” The school plans to boost scholarships to needy students this year as much as $2,250 a person.To be sure, there is no shortage of families who can afford elite institutions. Despite annual tuition hikes at Harvard, its applicant pool swelled from 13,029 in 1992 to 18,167 last year. Families that equate price with quality have allowed costs at elite schools to be on “autopilot,” says Gordon Winston, an economist at Williams College. Most wealthy families can afford the high tuitions, and poor families get financial aid, but middle-income families get squeezed—and even squeezed out. (378 words)Source Text 2:起初，我们了解俞子丹只是因为他教书的才能。

外交学院翻译硕士口译考研真题基础英语1.20个单项选择。

考词汇和语法，专八水平，比较基础，有一道很老的题，还有一道其他学校考过的，只是句子稍改了一下。

2.10个改错。

给出一小篇文章，在10行画线句子中找错。

比专八改错简单些。

3.6篇阅读。

外院每年都是6篇阅读，前五篇是选择，题目难度不大，基本上都可以从原文中找到，但要细心。

其中还有一篇是要在几个句子里，选出填到原文空缺处的考题。

最后一篇有变化，去年是考的问答，今年是给文章的每一段选一个可以概括该段的句子，总共需要选出5个，但给出了10个选项，需要认真分析，仔细阅读。

4.作文。

The function of a university(at least400words）前面给了几句不同人的看法，关于大学要不要提供和工作有关的课程。

翻译基础1.QE、API、FTAAP、UNCCC、ISIS、escape velocity、零和关系、零碳和低碳技术、集体供暖体系、贸易代表团、非约束性原则、部长级会议……总共是30个，其余的想出来再补充吧。

2.英译汉从网上搜了一下，没有找到原文，大概讲的就是奥巴马支持民权运动，与其他政治领袖的不同、以及讲述了马丁路德金是怎么影响奥巴马的。

总共是9小段。

3.汉译英从网上找到了原文，543字。

作者是美国加州圣玛利亚学院教授，首发刊载于9月4日发售的《中国新闻周刊》。

人们对不美好的、令人失望的事物可能抱三种态度：理想主义、现实主义和犬儒主义。

有研究者发现，这三种人生态度会分别在青年、中年、老年时期特别有影响。

人在十几、二十来岁的年轻时期，往往倾向于理想主义，特别有正义感。

一旦碰到不公不义、龌龊丑恶之事，便充满了愤怒，理想化地想要对它进行彻底的纠正。

打倒孔家店，推翻封建礼教，消灭封、资、修，占领华尔街，都是年轻人在那里冲锋陷阵。

中年的务实理想主义者希望能尽自己的力量做一些有益的事情：公益活动、议论时事、参与民间团体的活动等等。

他们很清楚自己所贡献的不过是绵薄之力，在有生之年也不可能期待实现多少实质性的变化。

外交学院国际关系考研真题在国际关系领域，外交学院一直是培养高层次国际事务人才的重要学府之一。

考研真题是考生备考的重要资源，有助于了解考试内容和要求。

下面将通过分析外交学院国际关系考研真题，帮助考生了解考试形式和应对策略。

一、真题分析外交学院国际关系考研真题通常由选择题、论述题和案例分析题组成。

选择题考察考生对国际关系理论、国际政治经济、国际组织与国际法等知识的掌握。

论述题要求考生对某一理论、事件或问题进行深入分析和论述。

案例分析题则要求考生根据提供的案例进行分析和评价，并给出合理建议。

以外交学院20xx年国际关系考研真题为例，试题内容如下：1. 国际关系理论中，实力政治理论、结构理论和文化理论分别强调了哪些因素？2. 请简述国际关系理论中的现实主义和自由主义的核心观点。

3. 美国的“亚太再平衡”战略对东亚地区安全产生了哪些影响？通过对上述真题的分析，考生可以发现选择题主要考察理论知识，因此备考时需对经典的国际关系理论如现实主义、自由主义等进行深入了解。

论述题和案例分析题则要求考生在熟悉理论基础上能够灵活运用知识进行分析和推理。

二、备考策略1. 构建知识框架考生应在备考初期，通过系统学习各类经典的国际关系理论，包括现实主义、自由主义、社会构建主义等。

建立起理论体系，掌握各理论的核心观点和主要代表人物。

2. 增强理论分析能力针对论述题和案例分析题，考生需要能够准确灵活地运用所学理论进行深入分析。

在备考过程中，可以选择一些典型案例进行分析演练，培养自己的理论应用能力。

3. 多做真题真题是备考的重要参考资料，通过做真题可以熟悉考试形式和题型，掌握出题规律。

考生应多做历年的外交学院国际关系考研真题，并结合标准答案进行查漏补缺。

4. 增强英文阅读能力国际关系领域的学术论文和研究报告通常是以英文发表的，因此考生需要具备一定的英文阅读能力。

平时可以多阅读国际关系方面的英文文献，积累词汇和阅读理解能力。

总之，备考外交学院国际关系考研需要全面掌握国际关系理论、掌握分析能力和英语阅读能力。

外交学院历年考研真题说明：1、从2003年起，每门专业课总分从100分调整到150分2、从2004年起，《国际关系史》考查的时间范围调整为1945.2000年3、从2004年起，专业课二调整为综合科目，包括世界经济概论和国际关系理论两部分1999年《国际关系史（1919-1995）》一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、拉巴洛条约2、史汀生主义3、的里雅斯特4、纳尔逊•曼德拉5、卡特主义6、以巳《奥斯陆协议》二、简答题（何题20分，共40分）1、反法西斯同盟的形成及其意义。

2、美苏《中导协议》形成的背景及其基本内容。

三、论述题（30分）联邦德国东方政策的转变——从“哈尔斯坦主义”到《东方条约》的签订。

《世界经济概论》一、名词解释（每题4分，共24分）1、福利国家2、南南合作3、服务贸易4、知识经济5、北美自山贸易区6、特别提款权二、简答题（您题6分，共42分）1、发展中国家的主要经济特征2、战后科技革命的内容及特点3、西方国家宏观经济调节的效果4、布雷顿森林体系及其瓦解的原因5、亚太经济合作组织及其主要经济合作成就6、国际经济协调产生的原因及主耍形式7、经济全球化对世界经济贸易的影响三、论述题（1题20分，2题14分，共34分）1、试论欧元启动对欧盟及世界经济的影响2、试述国际资本流动形成的原因及影响2000年《国际关系史（1919-1995）》一、名词解释（每题8分，任选5题，共40分）1、联合国2758号决议2、反弹道导弹条约3、参与和扩展战略4、柏林墙5、热那亚会议6、拉宾7、东京审判二、论述题（每题20分，共60分）1、开罗会议的内容及意义2、评北约的历史作用3、苏联解体对国际关系的影响《世界经济概论》一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、知识经济2、公开市场业务3、非股权安排4＞单一*经济5、W TO6、国际经济协调二、简答题（每题8分，共40分）1、西方国家社会福利制度的作用2、国际资本流动形成的原因3、区域经济一体化及其影响4、布雷顿森林体系的主要内容及其内在矛盾5、战后资本主义经济周期的特点及成因三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1、美国“新经济”的主要表现及形成原因2、试析欧元启动以来汇率变动的基本态势及其制约因素2001年《国际关系史（1919-1995）））一、名词解释（何题6分，共30分）1、《五国海军条约》2、《联合国家宣言》3、蒙巴顿方案4、马岛战争5、戈兰高地二、简答题（每题20分，任选2题，共40分）1、《苏德!£不侵犯条约》签定的背景及其苏联的政策得失2、简述“戴高乐主义”3、冷战后有关联合国安理会改革的不同主张三、论述题（30分）70年代美苏从“缓和”走向“第二次冷战”的基本过程及原因《世界经济概论》一、名词解释（何题5分，共30分）1、“休克疗法”2、最惠国待遇3、“替换帐户”4、商品的国际价值5、布雷顿森林体系6、出口导向二、简答题（每题8分，共40分）1、大卫•李嘉图的比较利益说2、战后跨国公司发展的特征3、加入WTO对中国经济的影响4、西方国家宏观经济调节的主要目标5、亚太地区经济合作的特点三、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1、战后科学技术革命对世界经济的影响2、90年代美国和日本经济发展的新特点及其比较2002年《国际关系史（1919-1995）»一、名词解释（每题5分，共30分）1、白里安--凯洛格公约2、波茨坦公告3、奥德■尼斯河边界4、田中角荣5、东盟地区论坛6、《马斯特里赫特条约》二、简答题（每题20分，共40分）1、1935年《苏法互助条约》和《苏捷互助条约》的基本内容及其相互联系2、埃及--以色列“戴维营会谈”的成果及影响三、论述题（30分）20世纪50年代美国在亚太地区建立的军事同盟体系及其性质《世界经济概论》一、名词解释（每题4分，共24分）1、盯住汇率制度2、贸易创造效应3、国际直接投资4、W TO5、经济全球化6、“长波”理论二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1、生产要素禀赋理论2、国际经济协调的动因3、产业结构的融合与软化趋势4、20世纪80年代发展中国家经济协调改革的特点和内容三、论述题（每题18分，共36分）1、试论浮动汇率制条件下影响一国汇率波动的主要因素2> 2001年世界经济走势的新特点概述2003年《国际关系史（1919-1995）»一、名词解释（每题10分，共50分）1、《m中奏折》2、敦巴顿橡树园会议3、克什米尔4、舒曼计划5、安理会242号决议二、简答题（每题20分，共40分）1> 1941年《苏日中立条约》签订的背景，内容及其评价2、尼克松主义出台的背景及其基本内容三、论述题（任选2题，每题30分，共60分）1、新中国建初期外交政策的基本原则2、德国统一的内部进程和外部进程3、联合国索马里维和行动受挫的基本原因《世界经济概论》一、名词解释（每题5分，共40分）1、二元经济结构2、国际直接投资3、自然资源禀赋论4、金汇兑木位制5、结构性危机6、协议性国际分工7、贸易创造效应8、反倾销税二、简答题（每题12分，共60分）1、战后国际贸易的发展特点2、汇率目标区制度的基本要点3、国际经济旧秩序的主要表现4、东欧国家经济改革取得的成效5、中国加入WTO一周年简要厄I顾三、论述题（每题25分，任选2题，共50分）1、试论世界经济全球化与区域经济一体化的进展与互动2> 2002年世界经济走势的新特点概述3、论80年代后跨国公司经营战略的调整及其原因2004年《国际关系史（1945-200（））》一、名词解释（每题8分，共40分）1、“打扫干净房子再请客”2、奠边府战役3、《关于限制反导弹系统条约》4、“301” 条款5、阿富汗“北方联盟”二、简答题（每题20分，共60分）1、“东南亚条约组织”产生的背景及其覆灭的原因。

外交学院硕士研究生入学考试专业课样题《二外英语》（代码248）Part I. Multiple Choices (20%, 1 point each)Section ADirections: In this section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence.1 Our plan for a picnic was ruined by the unexpected rain; we _____ stay on campus.[A] couldn’t help [B] couldn’t help but to[C] would prefer [D] might as well2 Had Paul received six more votes in the last elections, he _____ our chairman now.[A] must have been [B] would have been[C] were [D] would be3 _____ the great inventions, he remained very modest and gave all the credit to his colleagues and played down his own part in it.[A] To speak of [B] Speaking of[C] Spoken of [D] Having spoken of4 As long as we are alive, we are learning and, in fact, some of our most important learning takes place outside of school _____ in school.[A] other than [B] more than[C] rather than [D] better than5 The manager of the opera house has directed that late arrivals _____ at the door until the intermission.[A] be made to wait [B] were made waiting[C] are made to wait [D] should be made waiting6 Cultural values can be defined as assumptions _____ is right or wrong shared by the members of a society.[A] about whichever [B] concerning whatever[C] on which [D] as to what7 What do we live for _____ life less difficult for each other?[A] if not to make [B] unless making[C] as long as to make [D] even if making8 Once acquired, a habit becomes nearly automatic. _____ our capacity to acquire automatic responses, humans would be unable to compete successfully in the struggle for existence.[A] Was it not with [B] Were it not for[C] If it were for [D] If it were not with9 Some scientists think that trial-and-error methods help to show how intelligent _____.[A] is an animal [B] will an animal be[C] an animal is [D] an animal will be10 _____, women are better able to handle stress than men.[A] Strange as it may seem [B] As strange it may seem[C] It may seem as strange [D] May it seem as strangeSection BDirections: In this section, you are required to select the one word or phrase that would best match the meaning of the underlined part in the original sentence.11 Before the advent of synthetic fibers, people had to rely entirely on natural products for making fabrics..[A] modern [B] flexible[C] colored [D] artificial12 High in the sky a number of birds was flying southward.[A] pack [B] crowd[C] flock [D] herd13 Calipers are instruments that can be used to gauge the distance between two surfaces.[A] create [B] measure[C] fill [D] enclose14 Most doctors were dubious about the effectiveness of the new medicine.[A] anxious [B] pessimistic[C] doubtful [D] ignorant15 We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always sound.[A] unmistakable [B] unreasonable[C] unquestionable [D] healthy16 Louis looked solemnly at the people around him.[A] slowly [B] weakly[C] happily [D] seriously17 Despite dangers and difficulties, the soldiers were resolute.[A] uncomplaining [B] untiring[C] well-disciplined [D] determined18 The professor tried to stimulate interest in archaeology by taking his students on expeditions.[A] simulate [B] fake[C] encourage [D] diminish19 It provides an objective, unbiased, factual and accurate service.[A] prompt [B] impeccable[C] impartial [D] efficient20 The Civil War in 1863 cut the United States into two nations – a southern Confederacy and a northern Union.[A] severed [B] acknowledged[C] integrated [D] alienatedPart II. Cloze (15%, 1 point each)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] below the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.In 1915 Einstein made a trip to Gattingen to give some lectures at the invitation of the mathematical physicist David Hilbert. He was particularly eager—too eager, it would turn (21) ________to explain all the intricacies of relativity to him. The visit was a triumph, and he said to a friend excitedly. “I was able to (22) ________ Hilbert of the general theory of relativity.”(23) ________ all of Einstein’s personal turmoil at the time, a new scientific anxiety was about to (24) ________. He was struggling to find the right equations that would (25) ________ his new concept of gravity, ones that would define how objects move (26) ________ space and how space is curved by objects. By the end of the summer, he realized the mathematical approach he had been pursuing for almost three years was flawed. And now there was a (27) ________ pressure. Einstein discovered to his (28) ________ that Hilbert had taken what he had lectured and was racing to come up (29) ________ the correct equations first.It was an enormously complex task. Although Einstein was the better physicist, Hilbert was the better mathematician. So in October 1915, Einstein (30) ________ himself into a month-long-frantic endeavor in (31) ________ he returned to an earlier mathematical strategy and wrestled with equations, proofs, corrections and updates that he rushed to give as lectures to Berlin’s Prussian Academy of Sciences on four (32) ________ Thursdays.His first lecture was delivered on Nov.4.1915, and it explained his new approach. To his (33) ________ he admitted he did not yet have the precise mathematical formulation of it. Einstein also took time off from (34) ________ revising his equations to engage in an awkward fandango with his competitor Hilbert. Worried about being scooped, he sent Hilbert a copy of his Nov.4 lecture. “I am (35) ________ to know whether you will take kindly to this new solution,” Einstein noted with a touch of defensiveness.21 [A] up [B] over[C] out [D] off22 [A] convince [B] on counsel[C] persuade [D] preach23 [A] Above [B] Around[C] Amid [D] Along24 [A] emit [B] emerge[C] submit [D] submerge25 [A] imitate [B] ignite[C] describe [D] ascribe26 [A] into [B] beyond[C] among [D] through27 [A] complex [B] compatible[C] comparative [D] competitive28 [A] humor [B] horror[C] excitement [D] extinction29 [A] to [B] for[C] with [D] against30 [A] threw [B] thrust[C] huddled [D] hopped31 [A] how [B] that[C] what [D] which32 [A] successive [B] progressive[C] extensive [D]repetitive33 [A] subordinates [B] coordinates[C] followers [D] clients34 [A] casually [B] coarsely[C]violently [D]furiously35 [A] curious [B] conscious[C] ambitious [D] ambiguousPart III. Reading Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. You should decide on the best choice. (20%, 1 point each)Passage OneFAO’s favorite myth used to be that the (fictitious虚构的) protein gap was being rapidly closed by the new fisheries. While fish production has indeed tripled since 1945, an appalling 45 percent of the current catch goes to the rich nations as oil or meal for industry or farm animals. Of the world fishery catch which is eaten, only a quarter goes to the developing nations.Today the oceans are up for grabs and as more nations invest in distant-water fleets, the depressing history of stocks fished out of existence seems likely to be repeated many times. While a world catch of double the present level would probably be sustainable (mainly by exploiting squid and fish not eaten at present) the likelihood is that catches will in fact triple over the next decade, and fall disastrously after that. The world community’s failure to regulate whalin g, in spite of the 1972 Stockholm environment conference’s call for a ten-year moratorium, is a depressing omen.36 In 1945, the world production of fish ____.[A] was 45% of what it is today[B] was half its present level[C] went mostly as oil or meal for industry or farm animals[D] was only one-third of the present level37 The international fishery situation today is that ____.[A] there is a keen struggle to exploit the riches of the oceans[B] squid and some other species of fish have become extinct[C] many fish not previously eaten are now being caught[D] whaling is irregular38 At the 1972 Stockholm conference ____.[A] nations were called upon to stop catching whales for ten years, but this call was disregarded[B] the decision to protect whales was put off for ten years[C] a plan was put forward to help increase the catch of whales[D] solutions were found for the depressing problems of the whaling industry39 The author gives the impression that he is ____.[A] indifferent[B] optimistic[C] subjective[D] concerned40 Which of the following titles best sums up the idea of thepassage?[A] The Fish Myth.[B] The Fish Crisis.[C] Wasting Protein on Animals.[D] Fishing on the High Seas.Passage TwoFrom the top of the famous Hyatt Regency Hotel in Atlanta, you will see a dramatic view of this beautiful city—toward south, the South Expressway leading to Hartsfield—Atlanta International Airport, the second busiest airport in the country; in the foreground, Peachtree Street, a canyon of modern skyscrapers glass and steel. The tallest building in the skyline, the First National Bank Building is surrounded by other giants—the New Trust Company Building, the Equitable Life Building, and the Peachtree Center, a complex that contains the largest merchandise mart in the South.Just beyond the business district, you will see the shining dome of the State Capitol Building, made of twenty-four-karat gold. To the right of the Capitol are rows of whit marble office buildings; further south is the Atlanta Stadium; and not quite out of sight is the Farmer’s Market, the largest wholesale fresh fruit and vegetable center in the South.41 The dome of the State Capitol is made of ____.[A] glass[B] steel[C] gold[D] marble42 Which building is the tallest? ____.[A] The Hyatt Regency Hotel[B] The First National Bank Building[C] The Peachtree Center[D] The State Capitol43 Where is the largest merchandise mart in the South? ____.[A] At the International Airport[B] At the Farmer’s Market[C] At the Peachtree Center[D] At the Hyatt Regency HotelPassage ThreeThe word horsepower was first used two hundred years ago. James Watt had made the w orld’s first widely used steam engine. He had no way of telling people exactly how powerful it was, for at that time there were no units for measuring power.Watt decided to find out how much work one strong horse could do in one minute. He called that unit one horsepower. With this unit he could measure the work his steam engine could do.He discovered that a horse could lift a 3300-pound weight 10 feet into the air in one minute. His engine could lift a 3300-pound weight 100 feet in one minute.Because his engine did ten times as much work as the horse, Watt called it a ten horsepower engine.44 The selection says that Watt made the first____.[A] engine[B] steam engine[C] widely used steam engine[D] useful engine45 Watt wanted to find a way to ____.[A] measure the work his engine could do[B] tell people how powerful his engine was[C] lift a 3300-pound weight[D] Both A and B46 He made up a unit of measurement based on the strength of ____.[A] a man[B] ten horses[C] his engine[D] a horse47 The best title for this selection is ____.[A] Watt’s Engine[B] The Origin of the Term Horsepower[C] Units of Measurement[D] It happened 200 years agoPassage FourThe modern sailing ship was developed by a man who never went to sea. He was Prince Henry of Portugal, the younger son of the Portuguese king and an English princess.Prince Henry lived in the 15th century. As a boy he became devoted to the sea, and he dedicated himself to improving the design of ships and the methods of sailing them. In 1416, when he was 22, Henry founded a school for mariners, to which he invited everyone who could help him –Jewish astronomers, Italian and Spanish sailors, and Arab mathematicians and map makers who knew how to use the crude compass of the day and could improve it.Henry’s goal was to design and equip vessels that would be capable of making long ocean voyages without having to keep close to the shore. The caravel, which he helped design, carried more sails and was longer and slimmer than any ship them made, yet was tough enough to stand up against gales at sea. He also developed the carrack, which was a slower ship, but one that was capable of carrying more cargo.The world owes credit to Prince Henry for the development of craft that made oceanic exploration possible. He lives in history as Henry the Navigator.48 Prince Henry started his school for the purpose of ____.[A] helping mariners[B] improving ship design and sailing methods[C] studying astronomy and mathematics[D] improving his own skill as a sailor49 The teachers in Prince Henry’s school seem to have been ____.[A] members of the royal family[B] astronomers, sailors and map makers[C] shipbuilders[D] All of the above50 Prince Henry’s principal achievement was that of ____.[A] making oceanic exploration possible[B] improving the compass[C] founding a school for mariners[D] building ocean-going vessels51 Compared with his caravel, Henry’s carrack was ____.[A] longer and slimmer[B] able to carry more sails[C] able to carry more cargo[D] shorterPassage FiveA Career in Banking?Salary $2,400 rising to $ 4,8000 after 7 years. In service training. Special 1 month course in New York after 1 year’s service. Low interest loans for house purchasers with no minimum service requirement. Satisfactory experience in all departments leads to automatic consideration for deputy manager’s post. Free medical insurance after 3 months’ service.52 According to this advertisement, the average pay raised each year will be about ____.[A] $310[B] $320[C] $330[D] $34053 If the applicant is accepted, he will have the opportunity to ___.[A] attend a full-time course in New York first[B] study while working[C] apply to the deputy manager for in-service training[D] take a special one-month course after 3 months’ service54 Which of the following statements is true? ____.[A] From the first day one works for the bank, one is entitled to enjoy a free medical insurance[B] The medical treatment provided by the bank is generally satisfactory[C] One would have to pay for one’s medical treatment until one has worked in the b ank for three months.[D] The new employee will be granted for free medical insurance from the very beginning of his employment55 If a new employee of the bank wants to apply for low interest loans for their house purchase, he or she ____.[A] has to work for the bank at least for 3 months[B] has to pass the in-service training[C] has to get the post of deputy manager[D] can have it without special requirementSection BDirections: Complete the summary of the following passage. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from this passage for each answer. (10%, 1 point each)Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit(因纽特人)families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws(融雪) .There are also reports of igloos (冰屋)losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost （冻土）melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects–if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock–on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly eager to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming—a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the world.For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outsider experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are trying hard to guard their hard-won autonomy in t he country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is challenge in itself.The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeles s polar desert that’s covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this area and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers few pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to deal with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs,pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today’s Inuit people.Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometers of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2.500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic(游牧的) wa ys and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around bang￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.The following is the summary that You need complete:The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic is being reported as it has (56) _________ in the life of the Inuit. If you visit the Canadian Arctic, you immediately appreciate the problem faced by people for whom this is home, and know that it is rather (57) _________. It would clearly be impossible for the people to engage in (58) _________ as a means of supporting themselves. For thousands of years they have had to rely on catching (59) _________ and (60) _________ as a means of sustenance. The harsh surroundings saw many who tried to settle there pushed to their limits, although some were successful. The (61) ________ people were an example of the latter and for them the environment did not prove unmanageable. For the present inhabitants, life continues to be a struggle. The territory of Nunavut consists of little more than ice, rock and a few (62) ________. In recent years, many of them have been obliged to give up their (63) _________ lifestyle, but they continue to depend mainly on (64) _________ for their food and clothes. (65) ________ produce is particularly expensive.Part V. Translation (35%)Section A (15%)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.It’s nicer when you actually earn it. Lottery winners, trust-fund babies and others who get their money without working for it do not get as much satisfaction from their cash as those who earn it, a study of the pleasure center in people’s b rains suggests.Emory University researchers measured brain activity in the striatum--- the part of the brain associated with reward processing and pleasure--- in two groups of volunteers. One group had to work to receive money by playing a simple computer game; the other group was rewarded without having to earn it.The results showed the brains of those who had to work for their money were more stimulated. “When you have to do things for your reward, it’s clearly more important to the brain,” said Gr egory Berns, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral science. “The subjects were more aroused when they had to do something to get the money relative to when they passively received the money.”Section B (20%)Directions: Put the underlined parts in the following passage into English.经贸关系是中美两国关系的经济基础。