Submitted to Physical Review Letters Photons splitting in strong magnetic fields asymptotic

a rXiv:h ep-ph/9212266v116Dec1992SLAC–PUB–6017WIS–92/99/Dec–PH December 1992T/E The Subleading Isgur-Wise Form Factor χ3(v ·v ′)to Order αs in QCD Sum Rules Matthias Neubert Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University,Stanford,California 94309Zoltan Ligeti and Yosef Nir Weizmann Institute of Science Physics Department,Rehovot 76100,Israel We calculate the contributions arising at order αs in the QCD sum rule for the spin-symmetry violating universal function χ3(v ·v ′),which appears at order 1/m Q in the heavy quark expansion of meson form factors.In particular,we derive the two-loop perturbative contribution to the sum rule.Over the kinematic range accessible in B →D (∗)ℓνdecays,we find that χ3(v ·v ′)does not exceed the level of ∼1%,indicating that power corrections induced by the chromo-magnetic operator in the heavy quark expansion are small.(submitted to Physical Review D)I.INTRODUCTIONIn the heavy quark effective theory(HQET),the hadronic matrix elements describing the semileptonic decays M(v)→M′(v′)ℓν,where M and M′are pseudoscalar or vector mesons containing a heavy quark,can be systematically expanded in inverse powers of the heavy quark masses[1–5].The coefficients in this expansion are m Q-independent,universal functions of the kinematic variable y=v·v′.These so-called Isgur-Wise form factors characterize the properties of the cloud of light quarks and gluons surrounding the heavy quarks,which act as static color sources.At leading order,a single functionξ(y)suffices to parameterize all matrix elements[6].This is expressed in the compact trace formula[5,7] M′(v′)|J(0)|M(v) =−ξ(y)tr{(2)m M P+ −γ5;pseudoscalar meson/ǫ;vector mesonis a spin wave function that describes correctly the transformation properties(under boosts and heavy quark spin rotations)of the meson states in the effective theory.P+=1g s2m Q O mag,O mag=M′(v′)ΓP+iσαβM(v) .(4)The mass parameter¯Λsets the canonical scale for power corrections in HQET.In the m Q→∞limit,it measures thefinite mass difference between a heavy meson and the heavy quark that it contains[11].By factoring out this parameter,χαβ(v,v′)becomes dimensionless.The most general decomposition of this form factor involves two real,scalar functionsχ2(y)andχ3(y)defined by[10]χαβ(v,v′)=(v′αγβ−v′βγα)χ2(y)−2iσαβχ3(y).(5)Irrespective of the structure of the current J ,the form factor χ3(y )appears always in the following combination with ξ(y ):ξ(y )+2Z ¯Λ d M m Q ′ χ3(y ),(6)where d P =3for a pseudoscalar and d V =−1for a vector meson.It thus effectively renormalizes the leading Isgur-Wise function,preserving its normalization at y =1since χ3(1)=0according to Luke’s theorem [10].Eq.(6)shows that knowledge of χ3(y )is needed if one wants to relate processes which are connected by the spin symmetry,such as B →D ℓνand B →D ∗ℓν.Being hadronic form factors,the universal functions in HQET can only be investigated using nonperturbative methods.QCD sum rules have become very popular for this purpose.They have been reformulated in the context of the effective theory and have been applied to the study of meson decay constants and the Isgur-Wise functions both in leading and next-to-leading order in the 1/m Q expansion [12–21].In particular,it has been shown that very simple predictions for the spin-symmetry violating form factors are obtained when terms of order αs are neglected,namely [17]χ2(y )=0,χ3(y )∝ ¯q g s σαβG αβq [1−ξ(y )].(7)In this approach χ3(y )is proportional to the mixed quark-gluon condensate,and it was estimated that χ3(y )∼1%for large recoil (y ∼1.5).In a recent work we have refined the prediction for χ2(y )by including contributions of order αs in the sum rule analysis [20].We found that these are as important as the contribution of the mixed condensate in (7).It is,therefore,worthwhile to include such effects also in the analysis of χ3(y ).This is the purpose of this article.II.DERIV ATION OF THE SUM RULEThe QCD sum rule analysis of the functions χ2(y )and χ3(y )is very similar.We shall,therefore,only briefly sketch the general procedure and refer for details to Refs.[17,20].Our starting point is the correlatord x d x ′d ze i (k ′·x ′−k ·x ) 0|T[¯q ΓM ′P ′+ΓP +iσαβP +ΓM+Ξ3(ω,ω′,y )tr 2σαβ2(1+/v ′),and we omit the velocity labels in h and h ′for simplicity.The heavy-light currents interpolate pseudoscalar or vector mesons,depending on the choice ΓM =−γ5or ΓM =γµ−v µ,respectively.The external momenta k and k ′in (8)are the “residual”off-shell momenta of the heavy quarks.Due to the phase redefinition of the effective heavy quark fields in HQET,they are related to the total momenta P and P ′by k =P −m Q v and k ′=P ′−m Q ′v ′[3].The coefficient functions Ξi are analytic in ω=2v ·k and ω′=2v ′·k ′,with discontinuities for positive values of these variables.They can be saturated by intermediate states which couple to the heavy-light currents.In particular,there is a double-pole contribution from the ground-state mesons M and M ′.To leading order in the 1/m Q expansion the pole position is at ω=ω′=2¯Λ.In the case of Ξ2,the residue of the pole is proportional to the universal function χ2(y ).For Ξ3the situation is more complicated,however,since insertions of the chromo-magnetic operator not only renormalize the leading Isgur-Wise function,but also the coupling of the heavy mesons to the interpolating heavy-light currents (i.e.,the meson decay constants)and the physical meson masses,which define the position of the pole.1The correct expression for the pole contribution to Ξ3is [17]Ξpole 3(ω,ω′,y )=F 2(ω−2¯Λ+iǫ) .(9)Here F is the analog of the meson decay constant in the effective theory (F ∼f M√m QδΛ2+... , 0|j (0)|M (v ) =iF2G 2tr 2σαβΓP +σαβM (v ) ,where the ellipses represent spin-symmetry conserving or higher order power corrections,and j =¯q Γh (v ).In terms of the vector–pseudoscalar mass splitting,the parameter δΛ2isgiven by m 2V −m 2P =−8¯ΛδΛ2.For not too small,negative values of ωand ω′,the coefficient function Ξ3can be approx-imated as a perturbative series in αs ,supplemented by the leading power corrections in 1/ωand 1/ω′,which are proportional to vacuum expectation values of local quark-gluon opera-tors,the so-called condensates [22].This is how nonperturbative corrections are incorporated in this approach.The idea of QCD sum rules is to match this theoretical representation of Ξ3to the phenomenological pole contribution given in (9).To this end,one first writes the theoretical expression in terms of a double dispersion integral,Ξth 3(ω,ω′,y )= d νd ν′ρth 3(ν,ν′,y )1Thereare no such additional terms for Ξ2because of the peculiar trace structure associated with this coefficient function.possible subtraction terms.Because of theflavor symmetry it is natural to set the Borel parameters associated withωandω′equal:τ=τ′=2T.One then introduces new variables ω±=12T ξ(y) F2e−2¯Λ/T=ω0dω+e−ω+/T ρth3(ω+,y)≡K(T,ω0,y).(12)The effective spectral density ρth3arises after integration of the double spectral density over ω−.Note that for each contribution to it the dependence onω+is known on dimensionalgrounds.It thus suffices to calculate directly the Borel transform of the individual con-tributions toΞth3,corresponding to the limitω0→∞in(12).Theω0-dependence can be recovered at the end of the calculation.When terms of orderαs are neglected,contributions to the sum rule forΞ3can only be proportional to condensates involving the gluonfield,since there is no way to contract the gluon contained in O mag.The leading power correction of this type is represented by the diagram shown in Fig.1(d).It is proportional to the mixed quark-gluon condensate and,as shown in Ref.[17],leads to(7).Here we are interested in the additional contributions arising at orderαs.They are shown in Fig.1(a)-(c).Besides a two-loop perturbative contribution, one encounters further nonperturbative corrections proportional to the quark and the gluon condensate.Let usfirst present the result for the nonperturbative power corrections.WefindK cond(T,ω0,y)=αs ¯q q TT + αs GG y+1− ¯q g sσαβGαβq√y2−1),δn(x)=1(4π)D×1dλλ1−D∞λd u1∞1/λd u2(u1u2−1)D/2−2where C F=(N2c−1)/2N c,and D is the dimension of space-time.For D=4,the integrand diverges asλ→0.To regulate the integral,we assume D<2and use a triple integration by parts inλto obtain an expression which can be analytically continued to the vicinity of D=4.Next we set D=4+2ǫ,expand inǫ,write the result as an integral overω+,and introduce back the continuum threshold.This givesK pert(T,ω0,y)=−αsy+1 2ω0dω+ω3+e−ω+/T(16)× 12−23∂µ+3αs9π¯Λ,(17)which shows that divergences arise at orderαs.At this order,the renormalization of the sum rule is thus accomplished by a renormalization of the“bare”parameter G2in(12).In the9π¯Λ 1µ2 +O(g3s).(18)Hence a counterterm proportional to¯Λξ(y)has to be added to the bracket on the left-hand side of the sum rule(12).To evaluate its effect on the right-hand side,we note that in D dimensions[17]¯Λξ(y)F2e−2¯Λ/T=3y+1 2ω0dω+ω3+e−ω+/T(19)× 1+ǫ γE−ln4π+2lnω+−ln y+12T ξ(y) F2e−2¯Λ/T=αsy+1 2ω0dω+ω3+e−ω+/T 2lnµ6+ y r(y)−1+ln y+1According to Luke’stheorem,theuniversalfunction χ3(y )vanishes at zero recoil [10].Evaluating (20)for y =1,we thus obtain a sum rule for G 2(µ)and δΛ2.It reads G 2(µ)−¯ΛδΛ224π3ω00d ω+ω3+e −ω+/T ln µ12 +K cond (T,ω0,1),(21)where we have used that r (1)=1.Precisely this sum rule has been derived previously,starting from a two-current correlator,in Ref.[16].This provides a nontrivial check of our ing the fact that ξ(y )=[2/(y +1)]2+O (g s )according to (19),we find that the µ-dependent terms cancel out when we eliminate G 2(µ)and δΛ2from the sum rule for χ3(y ).Before we present our final result,there is one more effect which has to be taken into account,namely a spin-symmetry violating correction to the continuum threshold ω0.Since the chromo-magnetic interaction changes the masses of the ground-state mesons [cf.(10)],it also changes the masses of higher resonance states.Expanding the physical threshold asωphys =ω0 1+d M8π3 22 δ3 ω032π2ω30e −ω0/T 26π2−r (y )−ξ(y ) δ0 ω096π 248T 1−ξ(y ).It explicitly exhibits the fact that χ3(1)=0.III.NUMERICAL ANALYSISLet us now turn to the evaluation of the sum rule (23).For the QCD parameters we take the standard values¯q q =−(0.23GeV)3,αs GG =0.04GeV4,¯q g sσαβGαβq =m20 ¯q q ,m20=0.8GeV2.(24) Furthermore,we useδω2=−0.1GeV from above,andαs/π=0.1corresponding to the scale µ=2¯Λ≃1GeV,which is appropriate for evaluating radiative corrections in the effective theory[15].The sensitivity of our results to changes in these parameters will be discussed below.The dependence of the left-hand side of(23)on¯Λand F can be eliminated by using a QCD sum rule for these parameters,too.It reads[16]¯ΛF2e−2¯Λ/T=9T4T − ¯q g sσαβGαβq4π2 2T − ¯q q +(2y+1)4T2.(26) Combining(23),(25)and(26),we obtainχ3(y)as a function ofω0and T.These parameters can be determined from the analysis of a QCD sum rule for the correlator of two heavy-light currents in the effective theory[16,18].Onefinds good stability forω0=2.0±0.3GeV,and the consistency of the theoretical calculation requires that the Borel parameter be in the range0.6<T<1.0GeV.It supports the self-consistency of the approach that,as shown in Fig.2,wefind stability of the sum rule(23)in the same region of parameter space.Note that it is in fact theδω2-term that stabilizes the sum rule.Without it there were no plateau.Over the kinematic range accessible in semileptonic B→D(∗)ℓνdecays,we show in Fig.3(a)the range of predictions forχ3(y)obtained for1.7<ω0<2.3GeV and0.7<T< 1.2GeV.From this we estimate a relative uncertainty of∼±25%,which is mainly due to the uncertainty in the continuum threshold.It is apparent that the form factor is small,not exceeding the level of1%.2Finally,we show in Fig.3(b)the contributions of the individual terms in the sum rule (23).Due to the large negative contribution proportional to the quark condensate,the terms of orderαs,which we have calculated in this paper,cancel each other to a large extent.As a consequence,ourfinal result forχ3(y)is not very different from that obtained neglecting these terms[17].This is,however,an accident.For instance,the order-αs corrections would enhance the sum rule prediction by a factor of two if the ¯q q -term had the opposite sign. From thisfigure one can also deduce how changes in the values of the vacuum condensates would affect the numerical results.As long as one stays within the standard limits,the sensitivity to such changes is in fact rather small.For instance,working with the larger value ¯q q =−(0.26GeV)3,or varying m20between0.6and1.0GeV2,changesχ3(y)by no more than±0.15%.In conclusion,we have presented the complete order-αs QCD sum rule analysis of the subleading Isgur-Wise functionχ3(y),including in particular the two-loop perturbative con-tribution.Wefind that over the kinematic region accessible in semileptonic B decays this form factor is small,typically of the order of1%.When combined with our previous analysis [20],which predicted similarly small values for the universal functionχ2(y),these results strongly indicate that power corrections in the heavy quark expansion which are induced by the chromo-magnetic interaction between the gluonfield and the heavy quark spin are small.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIt is a pleasure to thank Michael Peskin for helpful discussions.M.N.gratefully acknowl-edgesfinancial support from the BASF Aktiengesellschaft and from the German National Scholarship Foundation.Y.N.is an incumbent of the Ruth E.Recu Career Development chair,and is supported in part by the Israel Commission for Basic Research and by the Minerva Foundation.This work was also supported by the Department of Energy,contract DE-AC03-76SF00515.REFERENCES[1]E.Eichten and B.Hill,Phys.Lett.B234,511(1990);243,427(1990).[2]B.Grinstein,Nucl.Phys.B339,253(1990).[3]H.Georgi,Phys.Lett.B240,447(1990).[4]T.Mannel,W.Roberts and Z.Ryzak,Nucl.Phys.B368,204(1992).[5]A.F.Falk,H.Georgi,B.Grinstein,and M.B.Wise,Nucl.Phys.B343,1(1990).[6]N.Isgur and M.B.Wise,Phys.Lett.B232,113(1989);237,527(1990).[7]J.D.Bjorken,Proceedings of the18th SLAC Summer Institute on Particle Physics,pp.167,Stanford,California,July1990,edited by J.F.Hawthorne(SLAC,Stanford,1991).[8]M.B.Voloshin and M.A.Shifman,Yad.Fiz.45,463(1987)[Sov.J.Nucl.Phys.45,292(1987)];47,801(1988)[47,511(1988)].[9]A.F.Falk,B.Grinstein,and M.E.Luke,Nucl.Phys.B357,185(1991).[10]M.E.Luke,Phys.Lett.B252,447(1990).[11]A.F.Falk,M.Neubert,and M.E.Luke,SLAC preprint SLAC–PUB–5771(1992),toappear in Nucl.Phys.B.[12]M.Neubert,V.Rieckert,B.Stech,and Q.P.Xu,in Heavy Flavours,edited by A.J.Buras and M.Lindner,Advanced Series on Directions in High Energy Physics(World Scientific,Singapore,1992).[13]A.V.Radyushkin,Phys.Lett.B271,218(1991).[14]D.J.Broadhurst and A.G.Grozin,Phys.Lett.B274,421(1992).[15]M.Neubert,Phys.Rev.D45,2451(1992).[16]M.Neubert,Phys.Rev.D46,1076(1992).[17]M.Neubert,Phys.Rev.D46,3914(1992).[18]E.Bagan,P.Ball,V.M.Braun,and H.G.Dosch,Phys.Lett.B278,457(1992);E.Bagan,P.Ball,and P.Gosdzinsky,Heidelberg preprint HD–THEP–92–40(1992).[19]B.Blok and M.Shifman,Santa Barbara preprint NSF–ITP–92–100(1992).[20]M.Neubert,Z.Ligeti,and Y.Nir,SLAC preprint SLAC–PUB–5915(1992).[21]M.Neubert,SLAC preprint SLAC–PUB–5992(1992).[22]M.A.Shifman,A.I.Vainshtein,and V.I.Zakharov,Nucl.Phys.B147,385(1979);B147,448(1979).FIGURESFIG.1.Diagrams contributing to the sum rule for the universal form factorχ3(v·v′):two-loop perturbative contribution(a),and nonperturbative contributions proportional to the quark con-densate(b),the gluon condensate(c),and the mixed condensate(d).Heavy quark propagators are drawn as double lines.The square represents the chromo-magnetic operator.FIG.2.Analysis of the stability region for the sum rule(23):The form factorχ3(y)is shown for y=1.5as a function of the Borel parameter.From top to bottom,the solid curves refer toω0=1.7,2.0,and2.3GeV.The dashes lines are obtained by neglecting the contribution proportional toδω2.FIG.3.(a)Prediction for the form factorχ3(v·v′)in the stability region1.7<ω0<2.3 GeV and0.7<T<1.2GeV.(b)Individual contributions toχ3(v·v′)for T=0.8GeV and ω0=2.0GeV:total(solid),mixed condensate(dashed-dotted),gluon condensate(wide dots), quark condensate(dashes).The perturbative contribution and theδω2-term are indistinguishable in thisfigure and are both represented by the narrow dots.11。

Physical Review E 论文审稿的详细过程（1）散步我有一个习惯：散步。

边走边想问题，既锻炼身体，又能解决一些问题。

2008年3月份，我在强攻一个密度泛函中的难题。

原来的理论只适用于线性简单高聚物链。

有没有一种可能，将其推广为适用于复杂链？这是很难的问题，涉及的计算似乎不可能简化。

想得累了，就习惯性的去走走。

边走边想。

思维和步伐是一致的。

想得越跳跃，走得也会越快。

突然图论中的有向图的概念，进入我的思维。

似乎有可能通过有向图解决这个难题。

我不由自主地加快步伐。

继续想这个问题。

等到有了成熟想法的时候，我差不多已经快小跑起来了。

然后我立刻反转回学校，连夜推导自己的想法。

发现完全可行。

那一晚，我兴奋未眠。

（2）Physical Review周二跟曹老师汇报自己的东西。

他虽不甚理解我的想法，却表示完全支持，鼓励我整理出来，投Physical Review Letters。

（PRL）这里有必要介绍下PR系列。

Physical Review 是公认的物理学界的顶级期刊。

n多诺贝尔获奖论文来自PR系列。

无数科研人，梦寐以求的就是在PR，尤其是PRL上搞一篇论文。

其审稿之严格，完全可以作为现代论文评审制度的一个典范。

PR后来分为PRL，PRA,PRB,PRC，PRD。

20世纪90年代，又分出了PRE。

其中以PRL 最为权威。

它只接收最前沿，最原创，最重要的论文。

看一个学校的科研能力，只要看它每年登载在PRL上的论文数量即可。

中科院每年约15篇，北大每年约2篇。

而我们学校，至今为止，没有一篇。

（3）PRL 审稿论文是2008年6月投到PRL的。

一周后顺利送审。

曹老师和我异常高兴，因为我已经创造了一个记录了。

这是分子模拟组第一篇投PRL并顺利送审的论文。

2个月后等来审稿意见：完全不适合在PRL 上发表。

两个Refree赞同我的论文，但指出了一个致命的缺点－－－没有原创的物理概念或性质，只是纯数值的算法。

这一点，我是早预感到了的。

DESY02-096ISSN0418-9833 July2002Search for Excited Electrons at HERAH1CollaborationAbstractA search for excited electron(e∗)production is described in which the electroweak decayse∗→eγ,e∗→eZ and e∗→νW are considered.The data used correspond to anintegrated luminosity of120pb−1taken in e±p collisions from1994to2000with the H1detector at HERA at centre-of-mass energies of300and318GeV.No evidence for a signalis found.Mass dependent exclusion limits are derived for the ratio of the couplings to thecompositeness scale,f/Λ.These limits extend the excluded region to higher masses thanhas been possible in previous direct searches for excited electrons.To be submitted toPhysics Letters BC.Adloff33,V.Andreev24,B.Andrieu27,T.Anthonis4,A.Astvatsatourov35,A.Babaev23,J.B¨a hr35,P.Baranov24,E.Barrelet28,W.Bartel10,S.Baumgartner36,J.Becker37,M.Beckingham21,A.Beglarian34,O.Behnke13,A.Belousov24,Ch.Berger1,T.Berndt14,ot26,J.B¨o hme10,V.Boudry27,W.Braunschweig1,V.Brisson26,H.-B.Br¨o ker2,D.P.Brown10,D.Bruncko16,F.W.B¨u sser11,A.Bunyatyan12,34,A.Burrage18,G.Buschhorn25, L.Bystritskaya23,A.J.Campbell10,S.Caron1,F.Cassol-Brunner22,D.Clarke5,C.Collard4, J.G.Contreras7,41,Y.R.Coppens3,J.A.Coughlan5,M.-C.Cousinou22,B.E.Cox21,G.Cozzika9,J.Cvach29,J.B.Dainton18,W.D.Dau15,K.Daum33,39,M.Davidsson20,B.Delcourt26,N.Delerue22,R.Demirchyan34,A.De Roeck10,43,E.A.De Wolf4,C.Diaconu22,J.Dingfelder13,P.Dixon19,V.Dodonov12,J.D.Dowell3,A.Droutskoi23,A.Dubak25,C.Duprel2,G.Eckerlin10,D.Eckstein35,V.Efremenko23,S.Egli32,R.Eichler32, F.Eisele13,E.Eisenhandler19,M.Ellerbrock13,E.Elsen10,M.Erdmann10,40,e,W.Erdmann36, P.J.W.Faulkner3,L.Favart4,A.Fedotov23,R.Felst10,J.Ferencei10,S.Ferron27,M.Fleischer10,P.Fleischmann10,Y.H.Fleming3,G.Fl¨u gge2,A.Fomenko24,I.Foresti37,J.Form´a nek30,G.Franke10,G.Frising1,E.Gabathuler18,K.Gabathuler32,J.Garvey3,J.Gassner32,J.Gayler10,R.Gerhards10,C.Gerlich13,S.Ghazaryan4,34,L.Goerlich6,N.Gogitidze24,C.Grab36,V.Grabski34,H.Gr¨a ssler2,T.Greenshaw18,G.Grindhammer25, T.Hadig13,D.Haidt10,L.Hajduk6,J.Haller13,B.Heinemann18,G.Heinzelmann11,R.C.W.Henderson17,S.Hengstmann37,H.Henschel35,R.Heremans4,G.Herrera7,44,I.Herynek29,M.Hildebrandt37,M.Hilgers36,K.H.Hiller35,J.Hladk´y29,P.H¨o ting2,D.Hoffmann22,R.Horisberger32,A.Hovhannisyan34,S.Hurling10,M.Ibbotson21,C¸.˙Is¸sever7, M.Jacquet26,M.Jaffre26,L.Janauschek25,X.Janssen4,V.Jemanov11,L.J¨o nsson20,C.Johnson3,D.P.Johnson4,M.A.S.Jones18,H.Jung20,10,D.Kant19,M.Kapichine8,M.Karlsson20,O.Karschnick11,J.Katzy10,F.Keil14,N.Keller37,J.Kennedy18,I.R.Kenyon3, C.Kiesling25,P.Kjellberg20,M.Klein35,C.Kleinwort10,T.Kluge1,G.Knies10,B.Koblitz25, S.D.Kolya21,V.Korbel10,P.Kostka35,S.K.Kotelnikov24,R.Koutouev12,A.Koutov8,J.Kroseberg37,K.Kr¨u ger10,T.Kuhr11,mb3,ndon19,nge35,ˇs toviˇc ka35,30,ycock18,E.Lebailly26,A.Lebedev24,B.Leißner1,R.Lemrani10,V.Lendermann10,S.Levonian10,B.List36,E.Lobodzinska10,6,B.Lobodzinski6,10,A.Loginov23,N.Loktionova24,V.Lubimov23,S.L¨u ders37,D.L¨u ke7,10,L.Lytkin12,N.Malden21,E.Malinovski24,S.Mangano36,R.Maraˇc ek25,P.Marage4,J.Marks13,R.Marshall21,H.-U.Martyn1,J.Martyniak6,S.J.Maxfield18,D.Meer36,A.Mehta18,K.Meier14,A.B.Meyer11,H.Meyer33,J.Meyer10,S.Michine24,S.Mikocki6,stead18, S.Mohrdieck11,M.N.Mondragon7,F.Moreau27,A.Morozov8,J.V.Morris5,K.M¨u ller37, P.Mur´ın16,42,V.Nagovizin23,B.Naroska11,J.Naumann7,Th.Naumann35,P.R.Newman3, F.Niebergall11,C.Niebuhr10,O.Nix14,G.Nowak6,M.Nozicka30,B.Olivier10,J.E.Olsson10, D.Ozerov23,V.Panassik8,C.Pascaud26,G.D.Patel18,M.Peez22,E.Perez9,A.Petrukhin35, J.P.Phillips18,D.Pitzl10,R.P¨o schl26,I.Potachnikova12,B.Povh12,J.Rauschenberger11,P.Reimer29,B.Reisert25,C.Risler25,E.Rizvi3,P.Robmann37,R.Roosen4,A.Rostovtsev23, S.Rusakov24,K.Rybicki6,D.P.C.Sankey5,S.Sch¨a tzel13,J.Scheins10,F.-P.Schilling10,P.Schleper10,D.Schmidt33,D.Schmidt10,S.Schmidt25,S.Schmitt10,M.Schneider22,L.Schoeffel9,A.Sch¨o ning36,T.Sch¨o rner25,V.Schr¨o der10,H.-C.Schultz-Coulon7,C.Schwanenberger10,K.Sedl´a k29,F.Sefkow37,V.Shekelyan25,I.Sheviakov24,1L.N.Shtarkov24,Y.Sirois27,T.Sloan17,P.Smirnov24,Y.Soloviev24,D.South21,V.Spaskov8, A.Specka27,H.Spitzer11,R.Stamen7,B.Stella31,J.Stiewe14,I.Strauch10,U.Straumann37, S.Tchetchelnitski23,G.Thompson19,P.D.Thompson3,F.Tomasz14,D.Traynor19,P.Tru¨o l37, G.Tsipolitis10,38,I.Tsurin35,J.Turnau6,J.E.Turney19,E.Tzamariudaki25,A.Uraev23,M.Urban37,ik24,S.Valk´a r30,A.Valk´a rov´a30,C.Vall´e e22,P.Van Mechelen4,A.Vargas Trevino7,S.Vassiliev8,Y.Vazdik24,C.Veelken18,A.Vest1,A.Vichnevski8,K.Wacker7,J.Wagner10,R.Wallny37,B.Waugh21,G.Weber11,D.Wegener7,C.Werner13,N.Werner37, M.Wessels1,G.White17,S.Wiesand33,T.Wilksen10,M.Winde35,G.-G.Winter10,Ch.Wissing7,M.Wobisch10,E.-E.Woehrling3,E.W¨u nsch10,A.C.Wyatt21,J.ˇZ´aˇc ek30,J.Z´a leˇs´a k30,Z.Zhang26,A.Zhokin23,F.Zomer26,and M.zur Nedden251I.Physikalisches Institut der RWTH,Aachen,Germany a2III.Physikalisches Institut der RWTH,Aachen,Germany a3School of Physics and Space Research,University of Birmingham,Birmingham,UK b4Inter-University Institute for High Energies ULB-VUB,Brussels;Universiteit Antwerpen (UIA),Antwerpen;Belgium c5Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,Chilton,Didcot,UK b6Institute for Nuclear Physics,Cracow,Poland d7Institut f¨u r Physik,Universit¨a t Dortmund,Dortmund,Germany a8Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,Dubna,Russia9CEA,DSM/DAPNIA,CE-Saclay,Gif-sur-Yvette,France10DESY,Hamburg,Germany11Institut f¨u r Experimentalphysik,Universit¨a t Hamburg,Hamburg,Germany a12Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Kernphysik,Heidelberg,Germany13Physikalisches Institut,Universit¨a t Heidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany a14Kirchhoff-Institut f¨u r Physik,Universit¨a t Heidelberg,Heidelberg,Germany a15Institut f¨u r experimentelle und Angewandte Physik,Universit¨a t Kiel,Kiel,Germany16Institute of Experimental Physics,Slovak Academy of Sciences,Koˇs ice,Slovak Republic e,f 17School of Physics and Chemistry,University of Lancaster,Lancaster,UK b18Department of Physics,University of Liverpool,Liverpool,UK b19Queen Mary and Westfield College,London,UK b20Physics Department,University of Lund,Lund,Sweden g21Physics Department,University of Manchester,Manchester,UK b22CPPM,CNRS/IN2P3-Univ Mediterranee,Marseille-France23Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics,Moscow,Russia l24Lebedev Physical Institute,Moscow,Russia e25Max-Planck-Institut f¨u r Physik,M¨u nchen,Germany26LAL,Universit´e de Paris-Sud,IN2P3-CNRS,Orsay,France27LPNHE,Ecole Polytechnique,IN2P3-CNRS,Palaiseau,France28LPNHE,Universit´e s Paris VI and VII,IN2P3-CNRS,Paris,France29Institute of Physics,Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,Praha,Czech Republic e,i 30Faculty of Mathematics and Physics,Charles University,Praha,Czech Republic e,i31Dipartimento di Fisica Universit`a di Roma Tre and INFN Roma3,Roma,Italy232Paul Scherrer Institut,Villigen,Switzerland33Fachbereich Physik,Bergische Universit¨a t Gesamthochschule Wuppertal,Wuppertal, Germany34Yerevan Physics Institute,Yerevan,Armenia35DESY,Zeuthen,Germany36Institut f¨u r Teilchenphysik,ETH,Z¨u rich,Switzerland j37Physik-Institut der Universit¨a t Z¨u rich,Z¨u rich,Switzerland j38Also at Physics Department,National Technical University,Zografou Campus,GR-15773 Athens,Greece39Also at Rechenzentrum,Bergische Universit¨a t Gesamthochschule Wuppertal,Germany40Also at Institut f¨u r Experimentelle Kernphysik,Universit¨a t Karlsruhe,Karlsruhe,Germany 41Also at Dept.Fis.Ap.CINVESTAV,M´e rida,Yucat´a n,M´e xico k42Also at University of P.J.ˇSaf´a rik,Koˇs ice,Slovak Republic43Also at CERN,Geneva,Switzerland44Also at Dept.Fis.CINVESTAV,M´e xico City,M´e xico ka Supported by the Bundesministerium f¨u r Bildung und Forschung,FRG,under contract numbers05H11GUA/1,05H11PAA/1,05H11PAB/9,05H11PEA/6,05H11VHA/7and 05H11VHB/5b Supported by the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council,and formerly by the UK Science and Engineering Research Councilc Supported by FNRS-FWO-Vlaanderen,IISN-IIKW and IWTd Partially Supported by the Polish State Committee for Scientific Research,grant no.2P0310318and SPUB/DESY/P03/DZ-1/99and by the German Bundesministerium f¨u r Bildung und Forschunge Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaftf Supported by VEGA SR grant no.2/1169/2001g Supported by the Swedish Natural Science Research Councili Supported by the Ministry of Education of the Czech Republic under the projectsINGO-LA116/2000and LN00A006,by GAUK grant no173/2000j Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundationk Supported by CONACyTl Partially Supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research,grant no.00-15-965843Among the unexplained features of the Standard Model(SM)of particle physics is the exis-tence of three distinct generations of fermions and the hierarchy of their masses.One possible explanation for this is fermion substructure,with the constituents of the known fermions being strongly bound together by a new,as yet undiscovered force[1,2].A natural consequence of these models would be the existence of excited states of the known leptons and quarks.Assum-ing a compositeness scale in the TeV region,one would naively expect that the excited fermions have masses in the same energy region.However,the dynamics of the constituent level are un-known,so the lowest excited states could have masses of the order of only a few hundred GeV. Electron1-proton interactions at very high energies provide an excellent environment in which to search for excited fermions of thefirst generation.These excited electrons(e∗)could be singly produced through t-channelγand Z boson exchange.Their production cross-section and par-tial decay widths have been calculated using an effective Lagrangian[3,4]which depends on a compositeness mass scaleΛand on weight factors f and f′describing the relative coupling strengths of the excited lepton to the SU(2)L and U(1)Y gauge bosons,respectively.In this model the excited electron can decay to an electron or a neutrino via the radiation of a gauge boson(γ,W,Z)with branching ratios determined by the e∗mass and the coupling parameters f and f′.In most analyses[5–7]the assumption is made that these coupling parameters are of comparable strength and only the relationships f=+f′or f=−f′are considered.If a relationship between f and f′is assumed,the production cross-section and partial decay widths depend on two parameters only,namely the e∗mass and the ratio f/Λ.In this paper excited electrons are searched for in three samples of data taken by the H1 experiment from1994to2000with a total integrated luminosity of120pb−1.Thefirst sample consists of e+p data accumulated from1994to1997at positron and proton beam energies of27.5GeV and820GeV respectively,and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of37pb−1.A search for excited electrons using this sample of data has been previously published[8].The strategy for the selection of events has been modified from the procedures described in[8]to optimize the sensitivity to higher e∗masses.The two other samples were taken from1998 to2000with an electron or positron beam energy of27.5GeV and a proton beam energy of 920GeV.The integrated luminosities of the e−p and e+p samples are15pb−1and68pb−1, pared to previous H1results[8]the analysis presented here benefits from an increase in luminosity by a factor of more than three and an increase of the centre-of-mass energy from300GeV to318GeV.We search for all electroweak decays e∗→eγ,e∗→eZ and e∗→νW,considering the subsequent Z and W hadronic decay modes only.This leads tofinal states containing an electron and a photon,an electron and jets or jets with missing transverse energy induced by the neutrinos escaping from the detector.The Standard Model backgrounds which could mimic such signatures are neutral current Deep Inelastic Scattering(NC DIS),charged current Deep Inelastic Scattering(CC DIS),QED Compton scattering(or Wide Angle Bremsstrahlung W AB),photoproduction processes(γp)and lepton pair production via the two photon fusion process(γγ).The determination of the contribution of NC DIS processes is performed using two MonteCarlo samples which employ different models of QCD radiation.Thefirst was produced withthe DJANGO[9]event generator which includes QEDfirst order radiative corrections based onHERACLES[10].QCD radiation is implemented using ARIADNE[11]based on the ColourDipole Model[12].This sample,with an integrated luminosity of more than10times the exper-imental luminosity,is chosen to estimate the NC DIS contribution in the e∗→eγanalysis.The second sample was generated with the program RAPGAP[13],in which QEDfirst order radia-tive corrections are implemented as described above.RAPGAP includes the leading order QCDmatrix element and higher order radiative corrections are modelled by leading-log parton show-ers.This sample is used to determine potential NC DIS background in the e∗→νW֒→q¯q and e∗→eZ֒→q¯q searches,as RAPGAP describes better this particular phase space domain[8]. For both samples the parton densities in the proton are taken from the MRST[14]parametriza-tion which includes constraints from DIS measurements at HERA up to squared momentum transfers Q2=5000GeV2[15–18].Hadronisation is performed in the Lund string fragmenta-tion scheme using JETSET[19].The modelling of the CC DIS process is performed using the DJANGO program with MRST structure functions.While inelastic W AB is treated using the DJANGO generator,elastic and quasi-elastic W AB is simulated with the W ABGEN[20]event generator.Direct and resolvedγp processes including prompt photon production are generated with the PYTHIA[21]event generator.Finally theγγprocess is produced using the LPAIR generator[22].For the calculation of the e∗production cross-section and to determine the efficiencies,events have been generated with the COMPOS[23]generator based on the cross-section for-mulae given in reference[3]and the partial decay widths stated in reference[4].Initial stateradiation of a photon from the incoming electron is included.This generator uses the narrowwidth approximation(NW A)for the calculation of the production cross section and takes intoaccount the natural width for the e∗decay.For all values of f/Λrelevant to this analysis thisassumption is valid even at high e∗masses where the natural width of the e∗is of the order ofthe experimental resolution.To give an example,for M e∗=250GeV this resolution is equal to7GeV,10GeV,and12GeV for the eγ,eZ andνW decay modes,respectively.All Monte Carlo samples are subjected to a detailed simulation of the response of the H1detector.The detector components of the H1experiment[24]most relevant for this analysis arebriefly described in the following.Surrounding the interaction region is a system of drift andproportional chambers which covers the polar angle2range7◦<θ<176◦.The tracking sys-tem is surrounded by afinely segmented liquid argon(LAr)calorimeter covering the polar angle√range4◦<θ<154◦[25]with energy resolutions ofσE/E≃12%/E⊕2%for hadrons,obtained in test beam measurements[26,27].The tracking system and calorimeters are surrounded by a superconducting solenoid and an iron yoke instrumented with streamer tubes.Backgrounds not related to e+p or e−p collisions are rejected by requiring that a primary interaction vertex be reconstructed within±35cm of the nominal vertex position,by usingfilters based on the event topology and by requiring an event time which is consistent with the interaction time.Electromagnetic clusters are required to havemore than95%of their energy in the electromagnetic part of the calorimeter and to be isolated from other particles[28].They are further differentiated into electron and photon candidates using the tracking chambers.Jets with a minimum transverse momentum of5GeV are recon-structed from the hadronicfinal state using a cone algorithm adapted from the LUCELL schemein the JETSET package[19].Missing transverse energy(E misst )is reconstructed using the vec-tor sum of energy depositions in the calorimeter cells.The analysis presented in this paper is described extensively in[29].The e∗→eγchannel is characterized by two electromagnetic clusters in thefinal state. The main sources of background are the W AB process,NC DIS with photon radiation or a high energyπ0in a jet and the production of electron pairs viaγγfusion.Candidate events are selected with two electromagnetic clusters in the LAr calorimeter of transverse energy greater than20GeV and15GeV,respectively,and with a polar angle between0.1and2.2radians. The sum of the energies of the two clusters has to be greater than100GeV.If this sum is below 200GeV,the background is further suppressed by rejecting events with a total transverse energy of the two electromagnetic clusters lower than75GeV or with more than two tracks spatially associated to one of the clusters.The numbers of events passing the analysis cuts for the SM background processes and for the data in each of the three samples are given in Table1.About half of the background originates from NC DIS events with most of the remainder being due to W AB events.The efficiency for selecting the signal varies from85%for an e∗mass of150GeV to72%for an e∗mass of250GeV.As in all other channels the efficiencies are derived using samples of1000e∗events generated at different e∗masses.The various sources of systematic error are discussed later.Distributions of the invariant mass of the candidate electron-photon pairs of the three data samples together and for the SM expectation are shown in Fig.1a.Sample e−p920GeVChannel SM background SM background SM background e∗→eγ7.2±1.0±0.1 4.0±0.7±0.215.6±1.7±0.4 e∗→eZ֒→q¯q7.1±2.1±2.8 5.6±0.4±1.225.3±1.9±5.5 e∗→νW֒→q¯q 2.4±0.2±0.7 3.9±0.2±0.7 6.1±0.4±1.5 Table1:Number of candidate events observed in the three decay channels with the correspond-ing SM expectation and the uncertainties on the expectation(statistical and systematic error).The e∗→eZ֒→q¯q channel is characterized by an electromagnetic cluster with an associated track and two high transverse energy jets.The analysis for this channel uses a sample of events with at least two jets with a transverse energy above17GeV and16GeV,respectively,and an electron candidate with a transverse energy E e t>20GeV.These two jets and the electron must have polar angles smaller than2.2radians.Furthermore,to avoid possible double counting of events from the e∗→eγchannel,events with two electromagnetic clusters with transverse energies above10GeV and a total energy of the two clusters greater than100GeV are removed. The main SM contribution is NC DIS as photoproduction events do not yield a significant rate of electron candidates with large E e t.For20GeV<E e t<65GeV,a cut is made on the602468101214161820invariant mass (GeV)e v e n t s0510152025invariant mass (GeV)e v e n t s 012345678910invariant mass (GeV)e v e n t s Figure 1:Invariant mass spectra of candidate (a)eγpairs for the e ∗→eγanalysis,(b)elec-tron and two jets for the e ∗→eZ analysis and (c)neutrino and two jets for the e ∗→νW anal-ysis.Solid points correspond to the data and the histogram to the total expectation from different SM processes.electron polar angle.This ranges from θe <1.35for E e t =20GeV to θe <2.2radians for E e t =65GeV and depends linearly on E e t .The dijet invariant mass has to be in the range −15<M jj −M Z <7GeV .If there are more than two jets,the pair with invariant mass closest to the nominal Z boson mass is chosen as the Z candidate.The two jets chosen are ordered such that E jet 1t >E jet 2t .In many SM events the direction of jet 2is close to the proton direction.To ensure that this jet is well measured,an additional cut on its polar angle,θjet 2>0.2radians,7is applied if its transverse momentum is lower than30GeV.For an electron transverse energy 65GeV<E e t<85GeV two jets with an invariant mass M jj>M Z−30GeV are required. At very high transverse energy,E e t>85GeV,the contribution from NC DIS is very low and no further cuts on M jj are needed.The number of events which remain in the data after these cuts are summarized in Table1and compared with the expected SM contribution(mostly NC DIS events).The efficiency for selecting the signal varies from44%for an e∗mass of150GeV to 62%for an e∗mass of250GeV.Distributions of the invariant mass of the electron and the two jets are shown in Fig.1b for data and for the SM expectation.The e∗→νW֒→q¯q channel is characterized by two jets and missing transverse energy E miss t. The main background originates from CC DIS events with a moderate contribution from photo-production,whereas the NC DIS contribution is suppressed for large E misst .The analysis startsfrom a sample of events with at least two jets with transverse energies above17GeV and16GeV,missing transverse energy E misst >20GeV and no isolated electromagnetic cluster withtransverse energy above10GeV.The jets must have a polar angle below2.2radians.Jets in which the most energetic track enters the boundary region between two calorimeter modules and central jets(θ>0.5radians)are required to contain more than two tracks.This cut re-moves NC DIS events in which the scattered electron is misidentified as a jet.Only events with S=V apevents in a mass interval that varies with the width of the expected signal.At M e ∗=150GeV ,a width of the mass interval of 30GeV is chosen for the e ∗→eγdecay mode and 60GeV is chosen for the decay channels with two jets.Systematic uncertainties are taken into account as in [8].The limits on the product of the e ∗production cross-section and the decay branching ratio are shown in Fig.2.As stated in the introduction,most experiments give f/Λlimits under the assumptions f =+f ′and f =−f ′.The H1limits for each decay channel and after combi-nation of all decay channels are given as a function of the e ∗mass in Fig.3a,for the assumption f =+f ′.With this hypothesis the main contribution comes from the e ∗→eγchannel.The values of the limits for f/Λvary between 5×10−4and 10−2GeV −1for an e ∗mass ranging from 130GeV to 275GeV .These results improve significantly the previously published H1limits for e +p [8]collisions.The LEP experiments [5,6]and the ZEUS collaboration [7]have also reported on excited electron searches.Their limits are shown in Fig.3b.The LEP 2experiments have shown results in two mass domains.In direct searches for excited electrons limits up to a mass of about 200GeV are given.Above 200GeV their results are derived from indirect searches only.The H1limit extends the excluded region to higher masses than reached in previous direct searches.Figure 2:Upper limits at 95%confi-dence level on the product of the pro-duction cross-section σand the decaybranching ratio BR for excited elec-trons e ∗in the various electroweakdecay channels,e ∗→eγ(dashed line),e ∗→eZ ֒→q ¯q (dotted-dashedline)and e ∗→νW ֒→q ¯q (dotted line)as a function of the excited electronmass.The signal efficiencies used tocompute these limits have been deter-mined with events generated under theassumption f =+f ′.1010110e * mass (GeV)σ*B R (p b )More generally,limits on f/Λas a function of f ′/f are shown in Fig.4for three e ∗masses (150,200and 250GeV ).It is worth noting that excited electrons have vanishing electromag-netic coupling for f =−f ′.In this case the e ∗is produced through pure Z boson exchange.As a consequence the production cross-section for excited electrons at HERA is much smaller in the f =−f ′case than in the f =+f ′case.For e ∗masses between 150and 250GeV the ratio910101010e* mass (GeV)f /Λ (G e V -1)10101010e* mass (GeV)f /Λ (G e V -1)Figure 3:Exclusion limits on the coupling f/Λat 95%confidence level as a function of the mass of excited electrons with the assumption f =+f ′.(a)Limit for each decay channele ∗→eγ(dashed line),e ∗→eZ ֒→q ¯q (thick dotted-dashed line),e ∗→νW ֒→q ¯q (dotted line)and for the combination of the three channels (full line).It must be noted that a part of the data included in the present result were used to obtain the previous H1limit [8].(b)Comparison of this analysis with ZEUS results [7](dashed line)and LEP 2results on direct searches [5](dotted-dashed line)and on indirect searches [6](dotted line).of the cross-sections for f =+f ′and f =−f ′varies between 170and 900.For high e ∗masses and some values of the couplings,no limits are given because the natural width of the e ∗would become extremely large.In summary,a search for excited electron production was performed using all the e +p and e −p data accumulated by H1between 1994and 2000.No indication of a signal was found.New limits have been established as a function of the couplings and the excited electron mass for the conventional relationship between the couplings f =+f ′.The dependence of the f/Λlimit on the ratio f ′/f has been shown for the first time at HERA.The data presented here restrict excited electrons to higher mass values than has been possible previously in direct searches.We are grateful to the HERA machine group whose outstanding efforts have made and continue to make this experiment possible.We thank the engineers and technicians for their work in constructing and now maintaining the H1detector,our funding agencies for financial support,the DESY technical staff for continual assistance and the DESY directorate for the hospitality which they extend to the non-DESY members of the collaboration.10Figure 4:Exclusion lim-its on the coupling f/Λat 95%confidence level as a function of the ratio f ′/f for three different masses of the e ∗:150GeV (full line),200GeV (dotted line)and 250GeV (dashed line).10101010f //ff / Λ (G e V -1)References[1]H.Harari,Phys.Rep.104(1984)159.[2]F.Boudjema,A.Djouadi and J.L.Kneur,Z.Phys.C 57(1993)425.[3]K.Hagiwara,D.Zeppenfeld and S.Komamiya,Z.Phys.C 29(1985)115.[4]U.Baur,M.Spira and P.M.Zerwas,Phys.Rev.D 42(1990)815.[5]G.Abbiendi et al.[OPAL Collaboration],CERN-EP/2002-043,arXiv:hep-ex/0206061.Submitted to Phys.Lett.B [6]P.Abreu et al.[DELPHI Collaboration],Eur.Phys.J.C 8(1999)41[hep-ex/9811005].[7]S.Chekanov et al.[ZEUS Collaboration],DESY-01-132arXiv:hep-ex/0109018.[8]C.Adloff et al.,[H1Collaboration],Eur.Phys.J.C 17(2000)567[hep-ex/0007035].[9]G.A.Schuler and H.Spiesberger,in:Proceedings of Physics at HERA ,Hamburg 1991,V ol.3,pp.1419-1432.[10]A.Kwiatkowski,H.Spiesberger and H.J.M¨o hring,mun.69(1992)155.11[11]L.L¨o nnblad,mun.71(1992)15.[12]B.Andersson,G.Gustafson,L.L¨o nnblad and U.Pettersson,Z.Phys.C43(1989)625.[13]H.Jung,mun.86(1995)147.[14]A.D.Martin,R.G.Roberts,W.J.Stirling and R.S.Thorne,Eur.Phys.J.C4(1998)463.[hep-ph/9803445].[15]S.Aid et al.,[H1Collaboration],Nucl.Phys.B470(1996)3[hep-ex/9603004].[16]C.Adloff et al.,[H1Collaboration],Nucl.Phys.B497(1997)3[hep-ex/9703012].[17]M.Derrick et al.,[ZEUS Collaboration],Z.Phys.C69(1996)607[hep-ex/9510009].[18]M.Derrick et al.,[ZEUS Collaboration],Z.Phys.C72(1996)399[hep-ex/9607002].[19]T.Sj¨o strand,hep-ph/9508391,LU-TP-95-20,CERN-TH-7112-93-REV,August1995.[20]C.Berger and P.Kandel,Proceedings of the Workshop Monte Carlo generators for HERAPhysics,Hamburg1998-1999,pp.596-600,[hep-ph/9906541].[21]T.Sj¨o strand,mun.82(1994)74.[22]S.P.Baranov,O.D¨u nger,H.Shooshtari and J.A.Vermaseren,Proceedings of Physics atHERA,Hamburg1991,vol.3,pp.1478-1482.[23]T.K¨o hler,Proceedings of Physics at HERA,Hamburg1991,vol.3,pp.1526-1541.[24]I.Abt et al.,[H1Collaboration],Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A386(1997)310;ibid.348.[25]B.Andrieu et al.,[H1Calorimeter Group],Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A336(1993)460.[26]B.Andrieu et al.,[H1Calorimeter Group],Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A350(1994)57.[27]B.Andrieu et al.[H1Calorimeter Group],Nucl.Instrum.Meth.A336(1993)499.[28]A.Sch¨o ning,Untersuchung von Prozessen mit virtuellen und reellen W±-Bosonen amH1-Detektor bei HERA,Ph.D.Thesis,University of Hamburg,1996.https://www-h1.desy.de/publications/theseslist.html[30]T.Carli,Proceedings of the Workshop Monte Carlo generators for HERA Physics1998-1999,pp.185-194,[hep-ph/9906541].[31]P.Bate,High Transverse Momentum2-jet and3-jet Cross-section Measurements in Pho-toproduction,Ph.D.Thesis,University of Manchester,1999.12。

physical review letters模板Physical Review Letters (PRL) TemplatePhysical Review Letters (PRL) is a prestigious scientific journal that publishes cutting-edge research in all areas of physics. As a platform for rapid communication, PRL allows physicists to share their groundbreaking discoveries and advancements with the scientific community. In order to maintain the high standard and consistency of the articles published in PRL, authors are required to follow a specific template when submitting their work.Title and Authors:The article should begin with a concise and informative title that accurately reflects the content of the research study. The names and affiliations of all authors should be clearly stated below the title. It is important that the order of the authors reflects their individual contributions to the study.Abstract:The abstract is a brief summary of the research study, providing an overview of the problem addressed, the methodology used, the main results obtained, and their significance. It should be concise, informative, and self-contained, allowing readers to understand the essence of the study without having to read the entire article. The abstract should not exceed a few hundred words.Introduction:The introduction serves to provide the necessary background and context for the research study. It should clearly state the motivation behind the study, identify the gaps in the existing knowledge, and present the research question or objective. The introduction should be written in a manner that makes it accessible to a broad audience of physicists, avoiding excessive jargon or technical terms.Methods:The methods section should outline the experimental or theoretical techniques employed in the study. Experimentalists should describe the setup, equipment, and protocols used, while theorists should provide a clear explanation of the mathematical or computational methods utilized. This section should be detailed enough to allow other researchers to replicate or adapt the study if desired.Results:The results section presents the key findings of the research study. It should be organized in a logical and coherent manner, using figures, tables, and equations where appropriate. The results should be presented objectively, with statistical analyses and uncertainties reported when applicable. The significance of the results should also be discussed, highlighting their contribution to the field.Discussion:In the discussion section, the authors have the opportunity to interpret and analyze their results in the context of existing knowledge and theories. They should discuss the implications and potential applications of their findings, while also acknowledging any limitations or areas for further investigation. The discussion should demonstrate a deep understanding of the subject matter and showcase the authors' expertise in the field.Conclusion:The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study and restates their significance. It should also provide a brief outlook on future directions or potential research avenues that could build upon the present study. The conclusion should be concise and avoid introducing any new information that has not been previously discussed.References:The references section is a crucial component of the article as it allows readers to verify the information presented and further explore related works. All sources cited in the article should be listed in a consistent format, typically following a specific citationstyle, such as APA or Chicago. It is essential to ensure that all citations are accurate and complete.In conclusion, adhering to the Physical Review Letters (PRL) template is essential for authors aiming to publish their research in this esteemed journal. By structuring the article in a clear and organized manner, authors can effectively communicate their findings to the scientific community. The template ensures that each article published in PRL meets the journal's high standards, contributing to the advancement of physics knowledge.。

1. Submitted to Journal当上传结束后，显示的状态是Submitted to Journal，这个状态是自然形成的无需处理。

2. With editor如果在投稿的时候没有要求选择编辑，就先到主编那，主编会分派给别的编辑。

这当中就会有另两个状态：3. Editor assigned4. Editor Declined Invitation如果编辑接手处理了就会邀请审稿人了。

5. Reviewer(s) invited如果审稿人接受那就会是以下状态：6. Under review这应该是一个漫长的等待。

当然前面各步骤也可能很慢的，要看编辑的处理情况。

如果被邀请审稿人不想审，就会decline，编辑会重新邀请别的审稿人。

7. required review completed审稿结束，等编辑处理。

8. Decision in Process到了这一步就快要有结果了，编辑开始考虑是给修改还是直接拒，当然也有可能直接接受的，但可能性很小，呵呵。

9. Minor revision/Major revision这个时候可以稍微庆祝一下了，问题不大了，因为有修改就有可能。

具体怎么改就不多说了，谦虚谨慎是不可少的。

10. Revision Submitted to Journal又开始了一个循环。

11. Accepted如果不要再审，只是小修改，编辑看后会马上显示这个状态，但如果要再审也会有上面的部分状态。

一步会比较快，但也有慢的。

看杂志的。

还有个状态是Rejected。

希望不要出现。

其他库的状态，基本是大同小异，供参考：In the Rapid Review&reg; system, your manuscript has a different status assigned to it at various stages in the process. Below is a list of the status descriptions used with brief explanations.Incomplete Submission... you have begun the submission process. The submission has been assigned a temporary (TMP) manuscript number. You must complete the submission process.Finish My Submission... by viewing and approving the MS PDF. Once this is done, the submission will be assigned a permanent manuscript number.MS at Check-In... the manuscript is pending a quality check by the staff or editor. This involves verifying that the MS PDF contains a complete manuscript (text, tables, figures, etc.) and is suitable for review purposes.Conversion to PDF in Process... If the manuscript was submitted digitally, the MS PDF did not pass the QC process and is not suitable for review purposes. The staff may be in the process of converting the digital files to a new MS PDF or staff may have requested that the author send new file(s). The Journal Office is waiting for the file(s) to upload for conversion purposes.MS Being Pre-screened... if you submitted a manuscript to a journal whose reviewprocess includes pre-screening, this status indicates that the manuscript (or the abstract) is currently being pre-screened to determine its appropriateness for the journal.MS In Review...the manuscript has been assigned to an editor and may be awaiting reviewer selections, or the awaiting reviews.Decision Pending... the manuscript has been reviewed and the editor is in the process of making a decision.MS in Revision (Optional)... a decision to accept the paper with optional revisions (as suggested in the reviewer or editor comments) has been made by the editor, and a letter requesting these revisions has been sent to the author. Resubmission is anticipated.MS in Revision (Minor)... a decision to accept the paper with minor revisions (as suggested in the reviewer or editor comments) has been made by the editor, and a letter requesting these revisions has been sent to the author. Resubmission is anticipated.MS in Revision (Major)... a decision to reconsider the paper after major revisions (as suggested in the reviewer or editor comments) has been made by the editor, and a letter requesting these revisions has been sent to the author. Resubmission is permitted.MS Rejected...a decision to decline publication has been made by the editor, and a rejection letter has been sent to the author.MS Accepted... a decision to accept the paper has been made by the editor, and an acceptance letter has been sent to the author.MS Withdrawn... the manuscript has been withdrawn at the author's request. No resubmission is permitted. Any further version must be considered as a brand new submission.MS Deactivated... the manuscript has been deactivated due to the author's non-response in resubmitting a revised version or, in some instances, to the editor's invitation to submit a solicited paper.MS Published... the review process is complete and the manuscript is awaiting publication or it has already been published.Invitation/Submit Invited Paper... the editor has extended to you an invitation to submit a paper on a proposed topic. You are asked to reply by using the "Reply to Invitation" button. If you and the editor are in agreement, you can submit the invited paper by using the "Submit Invited MS" button.。

Sample manuscript for Applied Physics LettersA. Author,1,2,a)B. Author,2,b,c) andC. Author3,c)1Department, University, City, Postal code, Country2Corporation or Laboratory, Street address, Postal code, City, Country33Department, University, City, State (spell out full name), Zip code, USAThis is an abstract. It gives the reader an overview of the manuscript. Abstracts are required for all manuscripts. The Abstract should be self-contained (contain no footnotes or citations to references). It should be adequate as an index (giving all subjects, major and minor, about which new information is given), and as a summary (giving the conclusions and all results of general interest in the article). It should be approximately 250 words. The abstract should be written as one paragraph and should not contain displayed mathematical equations or tabular material. In this sample article we provide instructions on how to prepare and submit your paper to Applied Physic Letters, a journal published by AIP Publishing LLC. The AIP Publishing staff appreciates your effort to follow our style when preparing your manuscript.NB: Contrary to the structure of this sample, headings are not permitted in APL. They are used in this sample to assist the reader in locating information.THE MANUSCRIPTPlease use this “sample manuscript” as a guide for preparing your article. This will ensure that your submission will be in the required format for Peer Review. Please read all of the following manuscript preparation instructions carefully and in their entirety. The manuscript must be in good scientific American English; this is the author's responsibility. All files will be submitted through our online electronic submission system at .Manuscript preparationArticles can be prepared as either a Microsoft Word .doc/.docx file or a REVTeX/LaTeX file. The entire manuscript, should be set up for 21.6 × 28 cm (8-1/2 × 11 in. or A4) pages with 2.54 cm (1 in.) margins all the way around. The font and_____________________________Note: This is an example of a footnote to the title if the paper was part of a conference: Contributed paper, published as part of the Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Physics, Anytown, State, May 2010.a)This is an example of a footnote to an author’s name: Authortowhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed.Electronicmail:********************.b) This research was performed while B. Author was at Anywhere National Laboratory, City, State, Postal code, Country.c) B. Author and C. Author contributed equally to this work.the point size will be reset according to the journal’s specs, but authors most commonly use the Times Roman font and point size 12. The manuscript begins with a title, names of all authors and their affiliations, and an abstract, followed by the body of the paper, tables and figures, if any, included, and the reference section. Consecutively number all tables (I, II, III, etc.) and figures (1, 2, 3, etc.), including those in an Appendix. Figures, with figure captions, may be embedded within the manuscript to assist the reviewers. Number all pages consecutively, beginning with 1.Manuscript submissionAll files will be submitted through the online system: /. Each version of the manuscript (the original and subsequent revisions) should be submitted with its own complete set of files: a cover letter (indicating the title, authors, and contact information), a complete article file, and separate figure files (see Sec. I X―FIGURES). When uploading a revised manuscript, also include a response/rebuttal letter (indicating the changes made to address the Editor’s and Reviewers’ comments).MANUSCRIPT LENGTHManuscripts should not exceed 3500 words.TeX usersAuthors are advised to use the REVTeX 4.1 file. If the double-column version of the manuscript obtained using the "reprint" option fits on four pages, the length is acceptable.Word usersPlease note that the abstract, title, author list, references, and acknowledgments are all excluded from the 3500-word limit. Figures, tables, and equations, however, are included and must be accounted for by calculating a word count equivalent to the space they occupy.Highlight the manuscript text, excluding abstract, author list, acknowledgements and references, and note the word count at the bottom of the screen. Add to that the word-count-equivalents for figures, tables and equations as follows: •Figures: 200 words for an average figure.•Tables: 13 words per line, plus 26 words.•Equations: 13 words per line.If the total number of words (text + figures + tables + equations) is 3500 or less, the length is acceptable.TITLEThe title of a paper should be as concise as possible but informative enough to facilitate information retrieval. Acronyms are not allowed in the title; they must be spelled out (exception to this rule is DNA). Chemical compounds are allowed in the title.AUTHORS’ NAMES AND ADDRESSESAuthors’ names should preferably be written in a standard form for all publications to facilitate indexing and to avoid ambiguities. Include the names and postal addresses of all institutions, followed by city, state, zip code, and USA if in the United States or by postal code, city, and country if not in the U.S. Please provide the complete address for each author. See the byline of this sample article for examples.Authors with Chinese, Japanese, or Korean names may choose to have their names published in their own language alongside the English versions of their names in the author list of their publications. For Chinese, authors may use either Simplified or Traditional characters. Chinese, Japanese, or Korean characters must be included within the author list of the manuscript when submitting or resubmitting. The manuscript must be prepared using Microsoft Word or using the CJK LaTeX package. Specific guidelines are given here.FOOTNOTESFootnotes are generally unacceptable in Applied Physics Letters, with the exception of footnotes to the title and the author’s names. Footnotes to the title should be set as a Note above the byline footnotes. All other footnotes should be converted to text or should be included in the reference section. Use a), b), c), etc., for footnotes to authors. The following list shows some examples:Note: Contributed paper, published as part of the Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Physics, Anytown, State, January 2011.a)A. Author and B. Author contributed equally to this work.b)This research was performed while C. Author was at Anywhere National Laboratory, City, State, Postal code, Country.c)This is an example of a footnote to an author’s name: Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail:********************.HEADINGSHeadings are not permitted in Applied Physics Letters.EQUATIONSEquations need to be editable so we recommend that you create them with the built-in Microsoft® Equation Editor included with your version of Word. If you wish to use Mathtype, check for compatibility at /lzny753.o Users of the Windows version of Word: Please embed all fonts.o Users of Macintosh Word: Please save all files in DOCX format, as the use of DOC is not supported.Additionally, because font embedding is not possible, Mac Word users should limit their font selection tothose available from the basic installation.()i N B N 2sin 2n n θ+2Φ ()⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Tk E T c dBexp .(4)Equation numberingEquations are numbered consecutively through the entire paper as simply (1), (2), (3).... In appendixes, the numbering starts over as (A1), (A2), (A3). If there is more than one appendix, use (A1), (A2), etc. for equations in Appendix A; (B1), (B2), etc., for equations in Appendix B.When a numbered equation has more than one part and that (those) part(s) consecutively follow, then they are indicated as follows:(21) (22a) (22b) (22c)If, however, they do not follow consecutively, primes are used: (21) (22a) (22b) (21') (21'')presentation. Choose CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) for any figure that will appear in color in the print version.submitted at 600 dpi for the best presentation. Choose RGB (red, green, blue) for any figure that will appear in color only online.FIG. 3. This is a good example of information that was presented clearly. When this figure appeared in the printed journal it was in black and white print, but the reader was able to discern the “red” triangles, the closed “green” circles, and the open “black” cir cles. A description as well as the col or is needed. If the caption had simply discussed “the red and green symbols,” the reader of the print version would notunderstand because he/she would be seeing the figure without the color.FIG. 4. This is an example of line art. Figures should be created at 600 dpi and submitted at 600 dpi for the best presentation. Save line art as black/white bitmap, not grayscale..FIG. 5. This is an example of a halftone. Figures should be created at 265 dpi and submitted at 265 dpi for the best presentation.the best presentation.TABLE I.This table provides instructions on how to prepare figures.(a) General guidelines for preparing illustrations•Number figures in the order in which they appear in the text.•Label all figure parts with (a), (b), etc. Each figure file should contain all parts of the figure. For example, if Fig.1 contains three parts [(a), (b), and (c)], then all parts should be combined in a single file for Fig. 1.•Avoid any large disparity in size of lettering and labels used within one illustration.•Prepare illustrations in the final published size, not oversized. The maximum published width for a one-column illustration is 8.5 cm (3-3/8 in.). The maximum width for a two-column figure is 17 cm (7.0 in.).•In cases where reduction is required, avoid small open symbols that tend to fill in and avoid small lettering; ensure that, in the final published illustration, there is a minimum of 8-point type size (2.8 mm high; 1/8 in. high) for lettering and 0.5-point width for lines.•Ensure that lettering and lines are dark enough, and thick enough, to reproduce clearly. Remember that fine lines tend to disappear upon reduction.•It is preferred that authors embed figures and captions in the manuscript file. Embed the figures in the approximate position and size you think is appropriate.• In addition, separate figure files must be provided (see below for accepted file formats) along with the manuscript.(b) Guidelines for preparation of electronic graphics files•Acceptable formats for figures: Portable Document Files (PDF), Encapsulated PostScript Files (EPS), PostScript, or Tagged Image File (TIF), and JPEG (.jpg) Microsoft Word files are not acceptable.•More detailed information is given about figure preparation on the website in the Preparing Graphics instructions.•Settings: Set the graphic for 600 dpi resolution for line art, 265 dpi for halftones, and 600 dpi for combinations (line art + halftone).•Save line art as black/white bitmap, not grayscale.•Save halftones and combinations as grayscale, not black/white bitmap.•Click the link to “Publication Charges & Open Access Fees” on the About tab for publication charge information.•Submit color files at 300 dpi in one of the accepted file formats: PDF, EPS, PS, or TIF. No other type of color illustration is acceptable. When selecting a file mode, for print choose CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) and for color online choose RGB (red, green, blue).•PDF files should be vector files.•In the PDF illustration, resolution of any shaded or photographic images must be 600 pixels per inch (PPI). •Within the PDF illustration, resolution of line art with no shading should be 1200 pixels per inch (PPI).•All fonts must be embedded in the PDF.•Select "High Quality Print" when creating a PDF through the application’s print command.•If usable color graphics files are received in time for the production process, authors will see color versions of those illustrations when viewing their author proofs. (The Corresponding Author will receive e-mail notification from AIP Publishing when the proof, as a PDF file, is available for downloading.)•The author is responsible for obtaining permissions to reuse previously published material. Full credit lines are needed for figures that are used with permission. An example of the recommended format for crediting material from a journal article is: “Repr inted with permission from [FULL CITATION]. Copyright [PUBLICATION YEAR], AIP Publishing.” Full citation format is as follows: Author names, journal title, Vol. #, Issue #, Page # (or CID#), Year of publication. For example, the credit line would appear as: “Reprinted with permission from J. Chem.TABLESSeparate tables (numbered with Roman numerals in the order of their appearance in the text) should be used for all tabular material. Tables must be embedded in the article file, not uploaded like figure files. The structure should be clear. Use simple column headings and include units of measure. Table captions are positioned above the table and should be styled as “TABLE I. This is a table caption.” A caption should make its table intelligible without reference to the text. Capital ize the first word in the table headings and subheadings. References within tables are designated by lowercase Roman letter superscripts and given at the end of the table. Unaltered computer output and notation should be uploaded as supplementary files. See Table II for an example of correct table styling.TABLE II. Bond distances for alkene molecules (atomic units).No. C a RI,I+1b SRI,I+1c RI−1,I+RI,I+1SRI−1,I+RI,I+12 2.5255 ………4 2.6175 0.123 5.306 …6 2.6314 0.0999 5.3025 0.01128 2.6368 0.0876 5.3009 0.011110 2.6396 0.0795 5.2999 0.010614 2.6424 0.0689 5.2989 0.009618 2.6437 0.0623 5.2982 0.008822 2.6443 0.0573 5.2973 0.00826 2.6448 0.0536 5.2968 0.0074C is the number of carbon atoms.b RI,I+1 is the distance between two neighboring carbon atoms, while ‹RI,I+1› is the averageof RI,I+1 for a given molecule.c SRI,I+1 is the standard deviation of RI,I+1 within the given molecule.MULTIMEDIA SUBMISSIONSMultimedia files can be included in the online version of published papers. All such files are peer reviewed. When published, these files can be viewed by clicking on a link from the figure caption, provided that the reader has a video player installed, such as Windows Media PlayerTM, Quick Time PlayerTM, or RealOne PlayerTM. Please click on Supporting Data in our Author Resource Center. Please note the following important information when preparing your manuscript:•When incorporating multimedia, note that the paper should be written so that the printed version can be understood on its own.•Submit all multimedia files initially with the manuscript.•Treat all multimedia files as figures numbered in sequence as they are referred to in text.•For each multimedia file, provide a figure, which is a static representation of the multimedia file. Also provide an accompanying caption. At the end of the caption, include the phrase, "(multimedia view)."Video and other enhanced files should be in a format that the majority of readers can view without too much difficulty. Please click on Supporting Data in our Author Resource Center for specific submission requirements.CONCLUSION: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALText material that may not be of interest to all readers, long data tables, multimedia, and computer programs may be deposited as supplementary materials.An article can have only one reference citing the supplementary material within the article. All citations of the supplementary material in the text must link to that reference. Information about depositing supplementary material may be found in Supporting Data in our Author Resource Center.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSTypically, standard acknowledgments include financial support and technical assistance, and may include dedications, memorials, and awards. Check with the Editorial Office for suitability of an acknowledgment if there is any question. To indicate the author, use initials. For example, “B.A. wishes to thank A. Loudon for technical assistance. C.A. wishes to thank Anytown University for use of their equipment.”Note: the Acknowledgment section should be set as your last paragraph of text before the references.APPENDIXAppendixes are not permitted in Applied Physics Letters.REFERENCESReferences may be styled as numerical, bibliographic, or numerical bibliographic.Duplicate references are not permitted.Note that numerical references should be numbered consecutively in order of first appearance in the text and should be given in a separate double-spaced list at the end of the text material. A numerical reference may be cited within other references; however, it must also be cited at least once in the main body of the paper.See Table III for acceptable reference formats.TABLE III.This table provides instructions on how to prepare references.to books and journal articles, listed at the end of the paper, should appear in one of these formats:(1) Numerical: By number, in the order of first appearance, giving the names of the authors, the journal name, volume, year, and first page number only, as in:53V. Bargmann, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 38, 961 (1952).This paper will be listed as the 53rd in the list of references and cited as 53.(2) Bibliographic: In alphabetical order according to the first author's last name, giving, in addition to the name, volume, year, and first and last page, also the title of the paper cited, as in:Bargmann, V., "On the number of bound states in a central field of force,"' Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 38, 961–966 (1952).Within the body of the paper, this reference will be cited as "Bargmann (1952)." If there are several articles by the same author(s) and the same year, they should be distinguished by letters, as in (1952a).(3) Numerical Bibliographic: Alphabetically listed references (with full titles and page ranges) may be numbered according to their alphabetical order and cited by their number.1Berger, A., "Instabilities and waves on a columnar vortex in a strongly stratified and rotating fluid,"' Phys. Fluids 25, 961–966 (2013).•Articles “submitted to” or “accepted for publication” (but not yet published) in a journal must include article title: When possible, these references should be updated inthe galley proof.Samples of Numerical References:Books: List authors and editors. Must include publisher, city and year of publication, and the page numbers (unless the entire book is being cited).2R. J. Hunter, Zeta Potential in Colloid Science (Academic, New York, 1981) p.120.AIAA Papers:AIAA Papers: The usual format is: {Author’s names}, {Paper Title}, AIAA Pap. {usual formats are 99-1111 or 2004-2222}, {year -- corresponds to numbers on left side of paper number}..3M.S. Narayan and A. Banaszuk, “Experimental study of a novel active separation control approach,” AIAA Paper No. 2003-0060, 2003.Conference proceedings: Include the list of authors, the title of the proceedings, the city and year of the conference, the name of the publisher (cannot be a laboratory or institution), city and year of publication (or the words “to be published”), and the page numbers. Include the full list of editors, if they are given.4R. K. Ahrenkiel, in Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds 1993: Proceedings of the20th International Symposium on Gallium Arsenide and Related Compounds, Freiburg, Germany, 29 August–2 September 1993, edited by H. S. Rupprecht and G. Weimann (Institute of Physics, London, 1994), pp. 685–690.Government publications:Format as for a book citation. Each must include the author(s), title of the publication, name of the publisher, city and year of publication, and page numbers (unless the entire publication is being cited).5D. Nunes, The Brillouin Effect (U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 1992).Journal citations: Include authors (see author rule above), volume number, beginning page number, and publication year:6J. D. Kiely and J. E. Houston, Phys. Rev. B 57, 12588 (1998).Laboratory report: May only be used if first deposited with a national depository such as the National Technical Information Service. (Check with the NTIS librarian at 703-605-6000.) Materials or reports in electronic form—codes, data tables,etc.—may be uploaded as supplementary material files (see Sec. XIII). If the paper is on deposit with NTIS, use the following format:7See National Technical Information Service Document No. DE132450 L. (R. Newchuck, SESAME Tables, LANL Rep. 23453, 1983). Copies may be ordered from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161.MOLPRO:8H.-J. Werner, P. J. Knowles, R. Lindh, F. R. Manby, M. Schütz, et al., Molpro, version 2006.1, a package of ab initio programs, 2006, see Multiple citations are acceptable:8D.-Y. Choi, S. Madden, A. Rode, R. Wang, and B. Luther-Davies, J. Non-Cryst. Solids354, 3179 (2008); J. Appl. Phys. 104, 113305 (2008).(same authors, different journals)or9J.Scaroni and T. Mckee, Solid State Technol. 40, 245 (1997); M. G. Lawrence, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 86, 225 (2005).(two completely different references)or10Y. de Carlan, A. Alamo, M. H. Mathon, G. Geoffroy, and A. Castaing, J. Nucl. Mater.283–287, 762 (2000); M. H. Mathon, Y. de Carlan, G. Geoffroy, X. Averty, A. Alamo, and C. H. de Novion, ibid.312, 236 (2003).(different authors, same journal)Patents: Titles are allowed.47K. Inoue, U.S. patent 3,508,029 (22 March 1970).48 W. L. Tolin and A. M. Laud, U.S. patent pending (5 October 1996).49 J. R. Smith, U.S. patent application 037/123,456 (18 May 2010).Preprints and electronic postings:Preprints or eprints that have not been submitted to a journal for publication (i.e., are only posted on a preprint server) cannot be used as references.Private communication:May not be one of the authors of the article. Must include the year in which the communication took place.11A. Einstein (private communication, 1954).Software manuals: If published, use the book format; if not published, give the entire address for the software maker.Thesis/dissertation: Include the author, school, and year, but not the title.12S. L. Goldschmidt, Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1985.Web sites:References containing URLs are permitted but should have additional explanatory text, as well as the date the website was last accessed.1See /hummingbird for more information about hummingbirds; accessed 28 July 2012.2See / for “Nanometer Pattern Generation Systems for Scanning Electron Microscopes” (last accessed April 15, 2013).。

英文报告格式要求摘自PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS，(Revised July 2007) /info/infoL.html∙Submission/Resubmission∙Prior disclosure∙Limitations on use of fax∙Notice of acceptance; proofs∙General∙Length∙Title, abstract, bylines∙Mathematics∙Acknowledgments∙References and footnotes∙Tables and figuresThis journal, and more detailed information about it, can be found on the World Wide Web at the URL /. Prospective authors are particularly advised to consult the information accessible via the Authors and Manuscript Submission subpages. Those looking for a specific known file may find it more convenient to consult the alphabetical listing available at the Author Forms subpage at /author.html.Manuscripts may be submitted by a variety of electronic modes (including viae-print servers, direct Web upload, and email), or by conventional mail, but not by fax. Web or e-print submission is strongly preferred. Interactive submission forms are an integral part of the submission process for the e-print and Web modes. These forms aid authors in supplying all the information needed in a structured format which furthers efficient processing; they also provide a locatio n for additional “free form” information.Please specify the author to whom correspondence should be addressed, and give all available communications information for this individual (postal and email addresses, phone and fax numbers), since in various circumstances they may all be useful. Please specify journal and section to which the paper is submitted, and give PACS (Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme®) index categories for the work. The scheme is available at /PACS/.A copyright-transfer form should be sent as part of your submission. While the transfer of copyright takes effect only upon acceptance of the paper for publication in an APS journal, supplying the form initially can prevent unnecessary delays.Authors submitting via the Web may fill out and submit the form electronically as part of the submission process. Authors submitting via email or conventional mail should download the form, available via /, and send a signed hard copy to the Editorial Office (we cannot accept forms sent via email). Be sure to use the current version, available via the above URL.Papers should be written in scientific English, in a style consistent with that of the journal. The total length of a Letter should not exceed 4 journal pages; a Comment, 1 page. (Guidelines for estimating the length of manuscripts are available on the Author Forms subpage at /author.html and at the end of some issues of the journal.) Submission is a representation that the work is not now being considered for publication elsewhere. Proper text reference must be made to portions previously publishedor scheduled for publication, including conference proceedings. See "Prior Disclosure," Phys. Rev. Lett. 52, 2101 (1984).Properly prepared electronic submissions that can be used directly in the APS electronic editorial process are eligible for a publication-charge discount. Those submissions that follow closely the APS REVTeX and Word formatting guidelines may qualify for the compuscript production program, under which author-supplied files are converted directly to production format and markup, rather than being rekeyed. For detailed information about electronic submissions, please see/ESUB.Manuscripts sent by conventional mail should be submitted to the Editors, Physical Review Letters, 1 Research Road, Ridge, NY 11961-2701. The manuscript must be printed (double spaced) on one side of the paper only.Manuscripts and figures are not routinely returned to authors. Authors should indicate (preferably on initial submittal) if they want the manuscript and/or figures returned when correspondence is sent during the editorial process, and/or after a final decision has been made.When a manuscript is resubmitted, please include a summary of changes made and a brief response to all recommendations and criticisms. The interactive resubmission forms available on our Web server may be used for electronic-mail, Web-upload, and hard-copy transmission of modified manuscripts and figures. These forms should also be used when a manuscript previously submitted to one APS journal is resubmitted to another. When resubmitting electronically, send the complete file for the text if there have been any changes. Please refer to the online documentation for more detailed instructions. If the resubmission is by conventional mail, send four copies of the revised manuscript (with figures) and include theresubmission form or equivalent information. For any resubmission, please state whether or not the figures have been modified, and supply newPostScript-formatted figures or scanner-reproducible figures if there have been such changes. It is only necessary to resend the “original” figures if the previous versions are no longer valid. Please update any other information (e.g., address and communication information) that has changed or will change since initial submission.Fax transmission of a message to the editor, summary of changes made to the paper, or response to reviewer comments is sometimes usable by the editorial office. Nevertheless, because of the unreliable quality of faxed copy and our limited facilities for handling such correspondence we prefer that conventional, overnight, or electronic mail be used instead.Material for publication (manuscripts, replacement pages, figures) that is sent by fax is generally unusable for review or production purposes. If you have minimal changes to your paper, we might be able to accommodate them by copying them to the good copy in the editorial office. If the changes are involved or numerous, this will not be possible. You can send pages for substitution but be sure to mark the changes so we can judge what is required if we are to consider transcribing them. In any case, send good copy by conventional or overnight mail as soon as possible. We may not be able to proceed until it arrives.Authors are notified by electronic mail or fax of the editorial acceptance of their article. When a revised manuscript or electronic file is received after that, corrections are made by our production vendor to their SGML file already in existence. If the revisions are not separately and explicitly described, the author may be requested by the editorial office to provide such a description. When technical or styling questions arise during the production process, we attempt to contact the author by phone, electronic mail, or fax. Authors are given the opportunity to examine proofs, normally via the Web.The following are general guidelines for preparation of a conventional manuscript or a compuscript. In addition, memos regarding production requirements appear at the end of some issues of the journal. For general format and style consult recent issues of this journal and the Physical Review Style and Notation Guide at/STYLE/. Additional style guidelines can be found in the Fourth Edition of the AIP Style Manual, available at/pubservs/style.html.A manuscript, comprising all material which is to be set in type, must be typewritten (except possibly for mathematical expressions and Greek letters; seebelow), double spaced (3 lines per inch, at least 6 mm of white space between lines) in type size such that there are 90 characters/6 in., on one side only of goodquality, white, approximately 8.5 x 11-in. (or A4) paper, with margins of at least 1 in. along four edges. A clear, sharp, nonerasable, black-on-white reproduction on hard-surfaced paper is acceptable as the "original." Number all pages (including the title page). Include copies of any figures at the end of the manuscript.Mathematical expressions should be typed, or neatly written in ink. The prime requisite is that the copy shall be clear to the production keyboarder, who is neithera physicist nor a mathematician. Unusual or ambiguous symbols (see table on page21 of the Style Manual) should be identified by marginal notes at first appearance and subsequently when confusion might arise; for nonalphabetic symbols, give the number found on pages 44 and 45 of the Style Manual. Mark superscripts with an inverted caret below, and subscripts with a caret above, if necessary. Three-vectors and dyadics are set in boldface type (mark with a black-pencil, wiggly underline).Editorial marking by authors, except for the resolution of ambiguities as discussed above, is rarely of sufficient value to warrant the effort.The author must carefully proofread the paper to eliminate grammatical errors, misspellings, and omission of symbols. The text should be directed at a general readership, not specialists. Avoid acronyms and jargon, even if they seem of common usage. If unavoidable, define them in the text. Notation should be unambiguous, concise, and consistent with standard usage. Introduce new terminology or notation only when clearly needed. Indent all paragraphs. Use the solidus (slash) only to denote division of mathematical quantities, to denote (optionally) an interface between materials [e.g., Ag/Cu(001)], and in "and/or." Its meaning when used between words is usually imprecise; use the proper conjunction or punctuation.The length of the paper is crucial. Avoid excess white space in figures; unneeded numbering of displayed equations may add length; references which are incomplete may lead to an underestimate of the length; and note that right-adjusted text or text with very nonuniform line length is subject to greater error in its estimated length. Also note that equations in text (undisplayed) must be simple; some equations which are presented in text may need to be displayed in the journal and thus add to the length.Ideally, figures are planned for reduction to final journal size on the basis of their content and detail. The size of lettering should be chosen with this in mind. If the lettering is drafted too small, full reduction will not be possible; the length will have been underestimated. At final reduction, the size of the smallest capital letters and numerals is to be at least 2 mm.Ultimately it is the responsibility of the author to provide a paper of the proper length. The Editorial Office attempts to provide some guidance. A quick-count formula is applied to each new paper. The staff makes a more careful estimate of the publication length of those whose quick count exceeds a limit value, and reports the calculation to the author. In a case of excessive length, the paper must be shortened prior to review. In a case of the estimated length being close to the final limit, the author is advised to make the next version shorter. The length restriction applies to all versions of a paper. Upon acceptance of a paper for publication, length is again considered by the staff; the author may be requested to supply the shortened version before production can proceed. The composition of the paper into journal pages is the final criterion. If the length is still excessive, publication is delayed until satisfactory cuts are obtained.The title should be concise, but informative enough to instruct the nonexpert reader and to facilitate information retrieval. Do not introduce new terminology in titles. There must be an abstract (double spaced) of no more than 600 characters, including spaces, which should be self-contained (no footnotes) for use in abstracting journals and databases. Comments and Replies should not include an abstract.The names of authors may be listed in any order in the byline between the title and abstract. If the number of authors exceeds 40, the authors will be listed in the Table of Contents as, e.g., A. Jones et al. The author who submits the paper should ensure that all persons listed as authors approve the inclusion of their names, and check that the form of each name is the one normally used by that author.Byline addresses are set directly under the author names. They are intended to indicate the institution where the research was done. These addresses usually consist of department or division, institution, city, state or country. Street addresses, post office boxes, etc., may be included; zip and postal codes are proper.A limited number of byline formats are allowed: Authors may be grouped together by institution(s), with the name and location of their institution(s) following each group. It is permissible to have two groups from a single institution (different departments). A more concise presentation is a single list of authors followed by the list of institutions. A variant of this form, to show specific affiliations, is to use a key to link each author to his or her institution(s) unambiguously. The key consists of a superscript numeral, and is placed, in order, at the beginning of each institution listing; each author's name then carries the appropriate key(s). It is also permitted to give a group (collaboration) name in addition to the single full list of authors' names. The group name is put in parentheses, between the end of the list of authorsand the beginning of the list of institutions. If the number of authors exceeds 40 the group name will appear in the Table of Contents.Byline Endnotes to an author's name or address are intended to facilitate locating or communicating with an author. In many cases, it can be helpful to identify an author as "spokesperson" or "author to whom correspondence should be addressed." Endnotes giving email addresses of one or more corresponding authors are strongly encouraged. All information concerning research support should appear in the acknowledgments. Endnotes which describe an author's position or title are not acceptable. Endnotes are labeled with superscript *, †, ‡, etc., or a, b, c, etc. and lead the list of footnotes.Punctuate mathematical expressions and displayed equations as part of the sentence. In general, use single-letter symbols for mathematical quantities in equations and expressions, possibly with subscript or superscript indices or labels and with argument(s) in parentheses. There are a few well established multiletter exceptions, such as the trigonometric functions. Avoid complicated superscripts and subscripts. Avoid frequent repetition of a complicated mathematical expression; represent it by some convenient symbol. Use the form exp (·) in cases of long or complicated arguments. Except for the square root of a simple quantity without superscripts, use fractional exponents instead of the radical sign. Avoid the use of bars over extended expressions. Avoid the use of diacritical marks (tildes, etc.) over groups of symbols, as well as the use of double oversymbols (e.g., a caret over a tilde). Use the solidus (/) or negative exponents for fractions in running text, and in displayed equations when this does not reduce clarity. When the extent of a denominator is ambiguous, use appropriate bracketing to ensure clarity. Give the base of logarithms (e.g., ln, log10, log2). "Dangling" decimal points should be preceded or followed by zeros or deleted, as appropriate. Displayed equations should be punctuated and aligned to bring out their structure. Put equation numbers in parentheses at the right-hand margin.Three-vectors and dyadics are commonly set in boldface type. Four-vectors are set in italic type for Latin letters, and in ordinary type for Greek letters. Vectors in more than four dimensions may be set in either boldface or lightface (italic for Latin letters) type. More general quantities, such as matrices, operators, etc., should generally not be distinguished from scalars typographically unless essential to avoid confusion; in that case, either boldface or some sort of "decoration," such as a caret, is satisfactory. Do not use the center dot to indicate multiplication of scalars.A final acknowledgments paragraph may be used to recognize named individuals who contributed scientifically to the specific research of the paper, to cite the funding agencies that provided financial support for the work, and to note theaffiliation of institutions in the byline with a larger system. The statement of thanks for help should be simple and may not be a dedication or memorial. References to memberships, positions, titles, and awards are inappropriate, as are dates associated with funding. It is unnecessary to give the exact form, e.g., fellowship, scholarship, program name, in which funding was granted.Footnotes, both references and remarks, must be numbered consecutively in order of citation, and be given in a double-spaced list at the end of the main text. The journal does not use bottom-of-page footnotes. Order a reference cited in a figure or table caption as if cited when the figure or table is first mentioned in the text. Cite footnotes in text, captions, or other footnotes in the form "Smith, Doe, and Jones [2]," "recent experiments [1,4-6]," or "(see Ref. [8])." The names of all authors of cited papers should normally be given in the references except when the number of authors is very large (say, more than 10). If the length limit is a problem, the name of the first author followed by et al. (no comma before et) may be used for cited papers with four or more authors. References to papers published in peer-reviewed journals are considered primary references. References to e-print archives should not be used in place of primary references. The reference should cite: journal name, volume number, page, and year (in the case of translation journals, give information for original and translation); conference name (or topic), place, year, editor(s), publisher, and year of publication; book title, editor(s), publisher, and year of publication; report issuing institution in full and identification number of the report (give title if number not available). Some examples of proper form follow (also consult recent issues of the journal).J. M. Smith, R. Brown, and C. Green, Phys. Rev. B 26, 1 (1982); Nucl. Phys. A195, 1 (1982).J. M. Smith, Phys. Rev. D (to be published); R. Brown, Phys. Rev. B 26, 706(E) (1982).J. M. Smith, Molecular Dynamics (Academic, New York, 1980), Vol. 20, p. 20.R. Brown, in Charge Density Waves in Solids, edited by C. Green, Modern Problems in Condensed Matter Sciences Vol. 25 (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1989).C. Green, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Report No. MAD/PH/650, 1991.J. M. Smith et al., in Proceedings of the Topical Meeting on CP Violation, Calcutta, June 1990 (unpublished).It is important to confirm the accuracy of bibliographic information in references. This has become more important now that the journal is online. Hyperlinks will be programmed to enable readers to "click" on references and jump directly to thematerial cited. If your reference citations are incorrect or incomplete (e.g., missing author name, or an incorrect volume number or page), the associated hyperlinks may fail, and the usefulness of your paper in the online environment may be diminished. Since at the present time such links work only from the reference section, work cited anywhere in the paper, including in figure and table captions and in “Note(s) added,” should be included in the reference section.Separate tables, numbered in the order in which they are referred to in text, should be used for all but the simplest tabular material. Include them after the reference and footnotes. Each table must have a caption (double spaced) that makes the table intelligible without reference to the text. Column headings should be simple and contain all units; symbols should be explained in the caption. Use a single horizontal rule to separate headings and entries. Use horizontally running space to distinguish broad groups among entries, and extra vertically running space for columnar groups. Vertical rules should not be used. Denote footnotes in a table by superscriptlower-case roman letters, and list at the end of the table.Figures should be planned for the column width (8.6 cm or 3 3/8 in.) of the journal. If the detail shown requires it, 1.5 or 2 columns may be used. A note should be left on or with such figures. Final-journal-size originals or prints are preferable to oversized originals. Authors are encouraged to submit all figures electronically, even if the text of the manuscript is not submitted electronically; refer to the online instructions for more details. Figures submitted on paper should be of high quality and suitable for digital scanning, which is done at 600 or 1200 dpi depending on the level of detail; original ink drawings or glossy prints are acceptable. Be advised that the scanner reproduces all imperfections (e.g., correction fluid, tape, smudges, writing on the back of the figure, etc.). All figures must be prepared so that the details can be seen after reproduction. They must have a clear background and unbroken lines with as much black- white contrast as possible. The symbol width and lettering height on the journal page should be at least 2 mm. Avoid small open symbols that tend to fill in, small dots and decimal points, and shading orcross-hatching that is not coarse enough to withstand reproduction. Curves should be smooth; curves and lines should have consistent line widths of sufficient weight [final weight of at least 0.18 mm (0.5 point)]. The resolution of the drawing software and output device should be set as high as possible (preferably 600 dpi or higher).Figures should be numbered in the order in which they are referred to in the text, the name of the first author, and the journal. An indication, e.g., “TOP,” of the intended orientation of a figure is helpful, especially in ambiguous cases. Each figure must have a caption that makes the figure intelligible without reference to the text; list captions on a separate sheet. Text should be placed in the caption, not on thefigure. Groups of figures that share a (single) caption must be labeled “(a), (b),” etc. The figure itself should have properly labeled axes with correctly abbreviated units enclosed in parentheses. Use consistent lettering and style as in the body of the text (correct capitalization, unslashed zeros, proper exponential notation, superscripts and subscripts, decimal points instead of commas, etc.). Use the form R (10³Omega), not R × 10³ Omega. Use half spacing within compound units, not hyphens or periods. Avoid ambiguous usage of the solidus (“/”), e.g., (mb/MeV sr), not (mb/MeV/sr). When possible, integer numbers should be used on the axis scales of figures, e.g., 1, 2, 3, or 0, 5, 10, not 1.58, 3.16, 4.75. Decimal points must be on the line (not above it); do not use commas instead. Use the same number of digits to the right of the decimal point for all numbers on the axis scales. A number must be both before and after the decimal point, e.g., 0.2, not .2. For complete instructions see the Physical Review Style and Notation Guide or the AIP Style Manual.Avoid submitting prescreened prints of photographic material or laser-printed renditions of continuous-tone data; reproduction of such figures is seldom satisfactory and there is a risk of moiré patterns appearing in the final product. If PostScript files are not available, supply glossy or matte-finish photographs or laser prints at the highest resolution possible and in the final published size.In preparing figures, care should be taken to present the scientific results accurately. If images used in any of the figures have been manipulated, except for adjustments that affect the picture as a whole (e.g., overall brightness), the modification should be described clearly in the caption or text.Some figures might be more effective in color. The cost of printing illustrations in color, which may be significant, must be borne in full by the respective authors and their institutions.If color is desired in the print version of the journal as well as in the online version, the author must clearly indicate which figures are intended to be printed in color as part of the submission process. Information about our pricing and payment policy for color figures in the print journal may be found at:/tips.html.In order to reproduce figures, tables, etc., from another journal, authors must show that they have complied with the requirements of the publisher of the other journal, possibly including written agreement of both publisher and author of the originally published work. (If the original journal is published by APS, only the written agreement of the original author is required to reproduce a few figures or tables.)。

今天收到邮件，我的一篇Journal of Applied Physics 论文已被接收，心情当时还是有点激动。

虽然这个杂志的影响因子不是很高，大概2.2左右吧，这也不是我的第一篇SCI论文，但回想这一年发文章的坎坎坷坷，以及亲身经历的四川大地震，心里还是有很多的感触。

这篇论文是我在2008年二月份完成的最初稿，于二月九号投到Physics Letters A上，在经历了Technical check，with editor，under review后，于三月二十号收到编辑的决定信，当时就傻了－拒稿！受打击了。

下面是编辑的信以及审稿意见，我想把它贴出来与虫友们分享，一方面我认为，通过看审稿人的意见，可以帮助大家更好地写作，提高自己的科研水平和能力，另一方面也是答谢小木虫上很多无私的虫友们，是他们将自己的投稿经历贴在网上，与大家分享，我想我没有理由不拿出来哈！同时，也希望小木虫的虫子们能继续发扬这种精神，大家同舟共济，共同提高！好了，废话说了一大堆，不说了，下面是Physics Letters A 的审稿意见：Ms. Ref. No.: ××××××Title: ×××××Physics Letters ADear professor ××,Reviewers' comments on your work have now been received. You will see that they are advising against publication of your work. Therefore I must reject it.For your guidance, I append the reviewers' comments below.Thank you for giving us the opportunity to consider your work.Yours sincerely,×××（编辑名）EditorPhysics Letters AReviewers' comments:Reviewer #2: ManuscriptThe authors present results of the 3D electron potential ofa gated quantum point contact in a AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure.In contrast to earlier studies, it is now possible to derive thepotential landshape without any adjustable parameter. The resultsstill agree with earlier investigations using simpler phenomenologicalmodels. Since the used nextnano3 program is available since acouple of years, I wonder why this has not been done earlier.The authors emphasize an application of their results. Havingthe complete potential landshape might help, in the future,to better understand the quantized acoustoelectric current inSETSAW devices and to improve their performance.However, the authors do not show or even discuss how this canbe achieved. Therefore I believe that in the present form the paperis not suitable for publication.The authors should consider the following suggestions, questions,and remarks.1) Page 1, first paragraph'... due to the negatively applied gate voltage ...'. It is the SAWthat drives the electrons through the contact, not the gate voltage.Maybe replace this sentence by '..., depending on the applied gatevoltage'.2) Page 3, paragraph starting with 'Generally, the quantized ...''... with fixed x = 1050 nm and ...'. Skip the '.0'. One could addthat this is exactly at the center of the device.3) At the end of the same paragraph is '... once the bias is below ...'Should this not be the gate instead of the bias voltage?4) Page 4, paragraph starting with 'As we know, in the ...''... To be different from previous calculations ...' replace by'... In contrast to previous calculations ...'.5) The strongly different behaviour above and below the pinch-offvoltage is not obvious for the non-experts. All curves look moreor less the same. One could, for example, add another figure, orinsert, to show the potential height versus gate voltage.6) How do these theoretical results of potential height versus gatevoltage compare with experiments? There exists at least onereport to determine the potential height of quantum-point contactsbelow pinch-off as function of gate voltage (Gloos et al., Phys.Rev. B 73, 125326 (2006)). Possibly, one could also compare thepresent data with 3D simulations of quantum dots (Vasileska et al., Semicond. Sci. Technol. 13, A37 (1998)).7) Figure 1，It would be better to mark the distance between the two metal gatesas the relevant parameter, and not the size of one gate.8) Figure 3The numbering of the two density axes looks rather odd. Could it notbe done with integers, like 3 instead of 3.2 or 3.0?9) Figure 5 (b)Should there not be an anomaly or kink in the potential near the Fermilevel?在仔细读了审稿人的意见后，我觉得审稿人提出的5）和6)意见非常好，后来自己想想，决定把文章来个彻底的修改。