欧洲文化名词解释集锦2

第三章1、the Middle ages名词解释In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2、The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)， from the 5th century to 15th century.3、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages， between ancient times and modern times.4、The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the 17th century， between the middle ages and modern times.5、In 476 A.D. a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 西罗马476灭，东罗马1653年灭6、Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

The word “feudalism” was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”，a grant (许可的) of land.7、fiefs(次划分)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs.8、vassals (占有fiefs的人)名词解释In Feudalism， the ruler of the government redivided the large lands intosmall pieces to be given to chancellors (有功的大臣) or soldiers as a reward (奖赏) for their service. The subdivisions were called fiefs. The owners of the fiefs was call vassals.9、code of chivalry (骑士制度)名词解释As a knight， he were pledged to protect the weak， to fight for the church，to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.10、dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式)名词解释After a knight was successful in his trained and tournaments， there was always a special ceremony (选择) to award him with a title， knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.11、knight trained for war by fighting each other in mock battles called tournaments.(模拟战场)12、The crusades ended up with the victory of Moslems.(穆斯林)13、The Manor (领地所有制)名词解释The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords (农场主)。

欧洲⽂化⼊门讲义⼆第九章1、RealismIn art and literature the term realism is used to identify (区分) a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th century. But the practice of realism is very old and can be traced back to ancient times. This is fundamentally the difference between romanticism and realism.In Europe，the Realist movement arose in the 50s of the 19th century and had its origin in France. It centred in the novel (侧重于⼩说的创作) and lay emphasis on fidelity (准确的)to actual experience. (⽤现实主义创作现实)2、Realism is a literary movement In Europe. (错) and also in United States3、The spirit of realism lies in (在于) the literary area.4、The realist literary focus on (侧重于) novel writing.5、The character realistic Stendhal (司汤达) of the method used by the realists.6、―A novel is a mirror walking along the road‖said Stendhal.(司汤达) ⼩说是映射现实的镜⼦7、By the 1850s the term realism was applied to the art of Gustave Courbet. (哥斯塔王)8、现实主义与浪漫主义的区别Ralism can be track back to the ancient times，but romanticism can not.And the realist…s language was usually simple，clear and direct.9、The European Communist movement，armed (武装) with Marxist thought in realism.10、Germany and Italy，achieved their unification (完成统⼀) in realism.11、Stendhal —→ ArmanceFrench —→ The Red and the Black—→ The Charterhouse of Parma (帕尔玛⼤教堂)12、Balzac —→ The Human Comedy (⼈间喜剧)—→ Divine comedy (神曲) 受但丁神曲影响—→ Eugenie Grandet (葛朗台)—→ Le Père Goriot (⾼⽼头)—→ La Cousine Bette (贝蒂姨妈)13、The novels contented in the Human Comedy mark the beginnings of French realism. (标志着法国现实主义的开端)14、Balzac has been called ―the French Dickens‖ as Dickens has been called ―the English Balzac‖15、Flaubert —→ Madame Bovary (包法利夫⼈)⊙写作特点：the right word or phrase (⽤词恰如其分)⊙Flaubert is called ―the first French realist‖ (法国现实主义第⼀⼈)16、Zola —→ Les Rougen-Macquarts (罗根。

1、爱琴文明爱琴文明是指公元前20世纪至公元前12世纪间的爱琴海域的上古文明。

它是指公元前20世纪～前12世纪存在于地中海东部的爱琴海岛、希腊半岛及小亚细亚西部的欧洲青铜时代的文明，因围绕爱琴海域而得名，它在希腊文明之前，是最早的欧洲文明，是西方文明的源泉，它主要包括米诺斯文明和迈锡尼文明两大阶段，前后相继。

爱琴文明时代，有兴旺的农业和海上贸易，发达的宫室建筑及绘画艺术，是世界古代文明的一个重要代表。

2、希伯来文明希伯来精神则追求公正、要求道德完善、坚持需求人们的行动准则。

希伯来（犹太）人，一个历史上经历极其特殊的民族，发源于两河流域的乌尔地区，在迦南（巴勒斯坦）曾建立过统一的希伯来王国。

身为一个弱小民族，曾历遭周围强邻——埃及、亚述、新巴比伦、波斯、亚力山大、罗马等国家的奴役。

在反抗罗马的大起义失败后，就彻底失去了民族家园，流落到世界各地近2000年，备受歧视与迫害，驱逐与屠杀，直至1948年以色列复国。

然而这个民族集中东文明之大成，千锤百炼，在丧失国土的情况下，凭着坚定的信念，以犹太教为纽带，以散布世界各地的犹太会堂代行被毁的耶路撒冷圣殿，以重视教育来传承、弘扬自己的民族文化，“越是受压抑，越要寻求精神上的奋扬和超越”。

因而犹太民族不仅没有被同化和灭亡，反而还向世界奉献了举世瞩目的希伯来文明。

这一文明源远而流长，对世界文明影响巨大而深远。

它以世界上最早的一神教——犹太教孕育了基督教和伊斯兰教，并与希腊文化一起构成了西方文明之源。

在中世纪推动着伊斯兰文化的发展，为14、15世纪欧洲的文艺复兴起了重要的中介作用。

到了近代，又为资本主义，尤其是现代金融业的发展做出了重要贡献。

在我们当今的文化中，如每周有固定休息日的做法，义务教育的观念，以公正为宗旨的社会福利制度等无不是受希伯来文明影响的产物。

犹太文明尤其以思想文化上的成就为世界文明增添了辉煌的篇章，在文学、哲学、心理学、音乐、美术、建筑、医学、工艺、科技、经济等领域，都可以看到犹太人卓越不凡的身影，其中当首推改变了当代世界的马克思、爱因斯坦、弗洛伊德这三位思想巨匠。

西方文化的部分名词解释名词解释1、表现主义：表现主义这一概念最初运用在绘画评论，后来用于文学艺术各领域，表现主义是一种反传统的现代主义流派，在各种艺术形式中均有表现，其特征为思想上不满社会现实，创作上不满足于对客观事物的摹写，要求进而表现实物的内在实质，在表现手法上，强调主观想象，强调幻象在文学想象力中的作用。

2、营造幻象：是卡夫卡小说创作的方法与特点，在总体上呈现出一个超现实的世界，一个想象的梦幻的世界，一个并不存在的荒诞的世界，这个幻象的世界看似不合逻辑但却并非虚妄，揭示了人类自下而上更本真的图景。

3、虚拟现实：也是卡夫卡小说创作的方法和特点，他的小说擅长营造一种在生活中完全不可能存在但又有逻辑上的存在可能性的现实情景，是未必发生却可能发生的情境。

4、意识流：包含的意思可以指一个现代主义的流派，指一种小说文体，指表现人物心理和意识活动的一种技巧。

5、意识流小说：意识流小说是20世纪初期在欧美文坛上出现的一个文学流派，它的哲学基础是法国现代哲学家亨利*柏格森的直觉主义和心理时间观，它的心理学基础是奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德的精神分析说。

6、心理时间：是法国哲学家柏格森提出的理论，他的哲学中的“时间”不是通常理解的体现在钟表刻度上的物理时间，而是一种心理意义上的时间。

7、内心独白：内心独白是意识流小说中表现人物心理和意识活动的一种最常用也最重要的技巧，是人物内心无声无息的的语言意识的表达。

8、自由联想：自由联想指在小说中，人物的意识流程往往不具有任何规律和秩序。

“蒙太奇”。

蒙太奇是电影的基本手法，通常指电影镜头的组合、叠加。

而意识流小说中蒙太奇的运用指的则是作者把不同时间和空间中的事件和场景组合拼凑在一起，从而超越了时间和空间的限制，表现了人的意识跨越时空的跳跃性与无序性。

意识流小说中的蒙太奇进一步分为时间蒙太奇与空间蒙太奇两种。

9、存在主义：存在主义文学出现在第二次世界大战前夕的法国，战后形成了高峰，存在主义文学作品表现的是存在主义的哲学思想，“自由选择”及“荒诞体验”是其重要的观念和基本主题，存在主义文学的显著特征是哲理化。

Division Three The Middle Ages1．the Middle ages（中世纪）: 1) In European history, the thousand-year period from the 5th century to 15th century following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.2)The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. 3) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.4) Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2．Feudalism（封建主义）：1）Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding — a system of holding land in exchange for military service. 2）The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3．Fiefs（封地，采邑）：1）In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2）The subdivisions were called fiefs.4. vassals（诸侯）: 1)In Feudalism, the ruler of the government redivided the large lands into small pieces to be given to chancellors or soldiers as a reward for their service. 2)The subdivisions were called fiefs.3) The owners of the fiefs w call vassals.5. Code of Chivalry (骑士制度): 1) In the Middle Ages of western Europe, as a knight, he were pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. 2) These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.6. dubbing (骑士头衔加冕仪式) : After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was always a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This special ceremony is called dubbing.7. The Manor (庄园)：1）The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. 2）Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. 3）By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.8．The Catholic Church(天主教):1) In the medieval “ age of faith”, almost all Europeans belonged to the Cathol ic Church. 2) The word “catholic” meant “universal” 3) The Catholic Church was highly centralized and disciplined international organization and the Pope was the head of the Church. He not only ruled Rome and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe. Those who opposed the Pope lost their membership and their political right. 4) The Church even set up a church court-the Inquisition to stamp out so-called heresy. 5) Latin was the accepted official language in the Roman CatholicChurch. 6) This Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking.9．Monasticism (修道院制度): 1）Heeding the spiritual message of Christianity, between 300 and 500 A.D., many men withdrew from worldly contacts to deserts and lonely places. 2) This movement developed into the establishment of monasteries（修道院）and convents (女修道院) for monks and nuns. 3）Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox.. 4) Three representatives were St. Jerome, Augustine of Hippo and St. Benedict.10.Benedictine Rule(本尼迪克特教团)：1) It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A. D. 2) The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. 3) wore simple clothes and ate only certain simple foods. 4) They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. 5) They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight.6) In addition, they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.11. holy communion（圣餐）: 1) It is one of most important sacraments. 2) It helps to remind people that Christ has died to redeem man.12．The Crusades（十字军东征1) In 1071 Palestine fell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christian pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. 2) News of this kink roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. 3) The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years. 4) All the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. 5) There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. 6) Aothough the Crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.13. Carolingian Renaissance（加洛林复兴）：1）In early medieval period, the Emperor of the Romans, Charlemagne, encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools, giving support to scholars and setting scribes to work copying various ancient books. Because the scribes performed their tasks well, few of the ancient works that had survived until that time were ever lost. 3) The result of Charle magne’s efforts is usually called the “Carolingian Renaissance”. 4)The term is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. 5) The most interesting side of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture. 14. Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大王）1) As the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, he contributed greatly to the medieval European culture. 2) Heworried about the disappearance of learning and made Wessex the Anglo-Saxon cultural centre by introducing teachers and scholars, founding new monasteries, and promoting translations into the vernacular from Latin works. 3)He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo Saxon Chronicles.15．National Epic(民族史诗)：1）The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form. in ancient literature.2）“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. 3）Literary works were no longer all written in Latin.4）It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics.16．Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）：1) It is an Anglo-Saxon epic in 8th century. 2) It originates from the collective efforts of oral literature. 3) The story is set in Denmark or Sweden and tells how the hero, Veowulf, defeats the monster Grendel and Grendel’s mother, a sea monster, but eventually receives his own death in fighting with a fire dragon. 4) It marks the beginning of English literature.17. Song of Roland（《罗兰之歌》）：1）It is the most well-known of a group of French epics known as La Chanson de Gestes. 2) It tells how Roland, one of Charlemagne’s warriors, fights in Spain and dies defending a pass in the Pyrenees.18. The Divine Comedy（《神曲》）：1）It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. 2) It is one of the landmarks of world literature. 3) The poem itself is the greatest Christian poem with a profound vision of the medieval Christian world, and expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance. 4) It was written in Italian rather than in Latin, which influenced decisively the evolution of European literature away from it origins in Latin culture to a new varied expression.19. The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）：1) The Canterbury Tales was written by English poet Chaucer. 2) The book contains twenty-four tales bold by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. 3) Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovation by introducing French and Italy writing into the English native alliterative verse(头韵). 4)The Canterbury Tales is the best representative of the middle English, paving the way to Modern English.20. Gothic（哥特式建筑）名词解释 1）The Gothic style. started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe. 2) It flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. 3) More churches were built in this manner tan in any other style. in history. 4) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, but it reflected a much more ordered feudal society with full confidence. 5) Gothic cathedrals soared high, their windows, arches and towers reachingheavenward, flinging their passion against the sky. The were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows and sculptures.。

欧洲文化入门名词解释题欧洲文化是一个广泛而丰富的主题，包含了许多名词和概念。

以下是一些常见的欧洲文化名词解释：1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance），指15世纪至17世纪期间在欧洲兴起的一场文化运动，标志着中世纪晚期的结束和现代时代的开始。

它在文学、艺术、科学和哲学等领域产生了重要影响。

2. 巴洛克（Baroque），巴洛克是17世纪至18世纪初期的一种艺术和建筑风格，以其复杂、夸张和华丽的特点而闻名。

它在欧洲各地留下了许多宏伟的教堂和宫殿。

3. 文艺复兴人文主义（Renaissance Humanism），文艺复兴时期的一种思想运动，强调人的价值和尊严，以人类中心主义为核心。

人文主义者关注人类的教育、人文科学和个人成就。

4. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment），18世纪欧洲的一场思想运动，强调理性、科学和个人自由。

启蒙运动的哲学家们反对封建主义和宗教教条，主张人民的权利和平等。

5. 文化多样性（Cultural Diversity），欧洲是一个多民族、多语言和多文化的大陆。

文化多样性指的是不同民族和文化群体之间的差异和共存。

欧洲的文化多样性是其独特之处。

6. 民主（Democracy），民主是一种政治制度，强调人民的参与和决策权。

欧洲有许多国家采用民主制度，并且民主原则被认为是现代欧洲社会的基石。

7. 宗教改革（Protestant Reformation），16世纪欧洲发生的一场宗教运动，由马丁·路德等人领导。

它对天主教教会的权威提出了质疑，并导致了新教派别的兴起。

8. 工业革命（Industrial Revolution），18世纪末至19世纪初期，在英国开始的一场经济和技术变革。

工业革命引发了工业化和城市化进程，对欧洲社会和经济产生了深远影响。

9. 现代主义（Modernism），20世纪初期的一种文化和艺术运动，强调创新、个人表达和对传统的反叛。

现代主义在绘画、音乐、文学和建筑等领域都有显著影响。

西方文化概论课的名词解释引言：西方文化概论课是许多大学教授的一门重要课程，旨在帮助学生了解和理解西方文化的基本概念和核心价值观。

这门课程涉及了许多重要的名词和概念，本文将对其中一些关键词进行简要解释，以帮助读者对课程内容有更深入的理解。

一、文化（Culture）文化是一种包括信仰、价值观、行为模式、艺术表达和社会组织形式在内的综合性概念。

它是人类社会发展过程中所创造和积累的一系列思维方式、行为规范和艺术传统的总和。

文化是人们根据自己的生活经验和环境创造的一种模式，有助于交流、互动和理解。

二、多元文化主义（Multiculturalism）多元文化主义是一种社会和政治观念，强调不同文化之间的平等和相互尊重。

它主张在一个社会中接受和欢迎不同文化和民族的存在。

多元文化主义认为每个文化都有其独特的贡献，而且不同文化之间的相互影响和交流能够促进社会的进步和发展。

三、启蒙时代（Enlightenment）启蒙时代是17世纪末到18世纪末欧洲发生的一场思想变革运动。

这一时期的欧洲哲学家和思想家提倡理性、自由和人权，反对封建主义和迷信。

启蒙运动对于西方文化的发展产生了重要的影响，推动了科学和人文学科的发展，并为后来的法治社会和民主体制奠定了基础。

四、自由主义（Liberalism）自由主义是一种政治和哲学观点，强调个人自由、政治权利和私有产权的重要性。

自由主义认为个人在自己的兴趣和目标上应该具有自由选择的权利，政府的主要职责是保护人们的权利和自由。

自由主义对于西方社会和政治制度的形成和发展起到了重要的推动作用。

五、工业革命（Industrial Revolution）工业革命是发生在18世纪末到19世纪初的一场跨国范围的经济和技术变革。

它标志着从传统手工业到机械工业的转变，通过使用机器替代人力和利用化石燃料来推动生产力的发展。

工业革命对于现代工业社会和城市化的形成起到了决定性的作用，也对西方世界的经济、社会和环境产生了深远的影响。

Unit one Greek Culture and Roman Culture1. Herodotus: He was one of the great Greek historians. He was called”father of history”. He wrote wars between Greeks and Persians.2. Socrates: he was one of the great philosophers of ancient Greece. His philosophy took the aim to reach the conclusion of oneself. He thought that virtues was knowledge. His thought was recorded in Dialogue by Plato. He devised the dialectical method.3.Aristotle: he was one of the great philosophers of ancient Greece, pupil of Plato. He thought that theory should follow fact. His major works are Ethics, Politics, Poetics and Rhetoric.4. Plato: he was one of the great philosophers of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. He built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. His philosophy is called idealism. Among his Dialogues, the most famous books are the Apology, the Republic and Symposium.5. Dialectical method: It was devised by ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. It is a method of argument, by questions and answers.6. Diogenes: He was one of the Cynic’s leaders in ancient Greece. He decided to live like a dog. The word “cynic”means ”dog” in Greek. He rejected all conventions, advocate self-sufficiency and extreme simplicity in life.7. Stoics: It was one of four ancient Greek schools of philosophers. To them, the most important thing in life was “duty”. It developed into the theory that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage. The chief Stoic was Zeno.8. Doric style: It is one of three ancient Greek architecture styles. It is also called the masculine style. It is sturdy, powerful, severe-looking and showing a good sense of proportions and numbers.9. Homer: Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics. He probably lived around 700 BC. His major works are Iliad and Odyssey.Unit two The Bible and Christianity1. The Bible: The Bible is a collection of religious writings, comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The former is about God and the laws of God; the latter is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.2. The Old Testament: The Bible was divided into two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about the God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament’ means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.3. The New Testament: The Bible was divided into two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament’ means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.4. Pentateuch: The first five books in the Old Testament are called Pentateuch. The five books are Genesis, Leviticus, Exodus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.5. Genesis: Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch in the Old Testament. It tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man.6. Commandment: After the Hebrews formed into a great nation, they left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai. Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.7. Noah’s Ark: People on earth became more and more corrupt, so the God decided to destroy them in a great flood, except Noah who kept faith in God. Noah followed God’s instructions to build an ark to protect him and his kin. 40 days later, only those sheltered in the ark survived.8. The fall of man: God created Adam and Eve, who lived in happiness in the Garden of Eden. One day, at the temptation of the Serpent, Eve and Adam ate fruits from the forbidden tree. Then, they were driven out of Eden. Thus man’s story of misfortune and hardships began.9. The prophets: For more than a thousand years in the Middle East there had been a class of people known as “prophets” or the spokesmen of God. The prophets can be grouped into the Major Prophets and Minor Prophets.10. The four accounts in the New Testament: The four accounts are the first four books in the New Testament. They were written by four of Jesus’ early followers. They tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus.11. King James’ version of Bible: It is the most influential English Bible. It is also called the “Authorized ” version. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James, and published in 1611.Unit three the Middle Ages1.The Middle Ages: It refers to the period between the 5th century and 15th century. During this times, there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization united Europe was the Christian church. Thus, the Middle Ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2.Feudalism:In Europe, it was mainly a system of land holding---a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. Code of Chivalry: In the Middle Ages, as a night, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry.4. Dubbing: After a knight was successful in his trails and tournaments, there was a special ceremony to award him with a title, knight. This ceremony is called dubbing.5. The Catholic Church: In the Middle Ages, almost all Europeans belonged to the Catholic Church. Pope was the head of the Church. The Church had great influence on people’s daily life and the western thinking.6. The Crusades: In 1071,Turkish Moslems attacked the Christian pilgrims in Palestine, killing many of them. This news roused great indignation among Christians in western Europe. The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades.7. Aflred the Great: He was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon of Wessex. He contributed greatly to the medieval European culture.8. National epic: It refers to the epic written in vernacular languages. The languages of various national states came into being in the Middle Ages.9. The Divine Comedy: It was written by the greatest poet of Italy, Dante. It is one of the landmarks of the world literature. It is a Christian poem and expresses the idea of humanism.10. Gothic:It started in France and spread through western Europe. It flourished and lasted from the 12th century to 15th century. It was an outgrowth of the Romanesque. The Gothic cathedrals soared high. They were decorated with beautiful stained glass windows.11. Dante: He was the greatest poet of Italy. His masterpiece, the Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of the world literature.Unit four Renaissance and Reformation1. Renaissance: It refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century. “Renaissance” means revival, specifically, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. In this period, Humanists tried to introduce new ideas that expressed the interest of the rising bourgeoisie.2. Humanism:It is the essence of Renaissance. Humanists believed that human beings had rights to pursue wealth and pleasure and they admired the beauty of human body. This belief shifted man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from heaven to earth, from the beauty of God to beauty of human.3.Leonard da Vinci: he was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer and scientist. He was a Renaissance man in the true sense of the word. He had great influence on the painters of his own generation, and generations to follow. His major works are Last Super and Mona Lisa.4. Michelangelo: He was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet. He was a towering figure of the Renaissance. His major works are David, Moses and Sistine Chapel.5. Raphael: He was one of the major painters of the Renaissance. He was best known for his Madonna. Because of his Madonnas with sweet expression, he came to be known as the elegant Raphael.6. Boccaccio: He was a close friend of Petrarch. He devoted himself to reintroduce Greek works. His greatest work was the Decameron.7. Petrarch: He was a great figure in Italian literature and a great humanist. He was a courtier and a diplomat. He was good at not only in lyric poetry but also at prose. He was best known for Canzoniers.8. Reformation: It was a religious movement as well as a socio-political movement in the 16th century. It was led by Martin Luther and swept the whole Europe. It gave a fatal blow to the Roman Catholic Church, and paved the way for capitalism.9. Martin Luther: He was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church. His held that Bible was the supreme authority, all believers were priests, and all occupations were holy.10. John Calvin: He was a French man, one of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation. His thoughts was called as Calvinism. His made a great influence in England, Scotland and the Netherlands.11. Calvinism: It was established by Calvin. It held the absolute authority of the God’s will. It believed that only those elected by God are saved, and any form of sinfulness was a sigh of damnation, whereas hard word could be a sign of salvation.12. Couter-Reformation: During the Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over many places in Europe. The Church introduced reforms to bring back its life. Those improvements did work and the Roman Catholic Church did re-establish itself to some degree. 13. Copernicus: He was a Polish astronomer. He believed that the earth and other planets orbit about the sun and earth is not at the center of the universe. He was known as “father of modern astronomy”. His famous book was14. William Shakespeare: He is the greatest poet and dramatist in English literature. He was a man of the late Renaissance. His works including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth exerted great influence on the world literature.15. Columbus: He was a Italian navigator. Under the patronage of the royal family of Spain, he sailed west to reach the orient. He left Palos in 3 August,1492 with three ships and reached the Bahamas on 12 October 1492.16. Machiavelli: He was an author and a statesman. He was called “father of political science” in the west. By his famous books, Prince and Discourses, he expressed his ideas of liberty and democracy.Unit five The Seventeenth Century1. Galilei: He was a great Italian physicist of the 17th century. He was the first person to apply the telescope to the study of the skies. His discoveries were recorded in his famous book, the Starry Messenger.2. Bacon: He was an English philosopher, essayist and statesman. The famous sentence“knowledge is power”comes from him.His major works are the Advancement of Learning, the New Atlantis, the New Method and Essays.3. Thomas Hobbes: He was an English author. He was best known for Leviathan, one of the most famous political treatises. During the English Revolution, because of his royalist convictions, he took refuge in France.4. John Locke: He was a great English political philosopher. He inherited and developed the materialist views from Bacon and Hobbes. His famous books are Essays Concerning Human Understanding and Treatises of Civil Government.（2007年名词解释)5. Hobbes’ Materialist Views: He held that our knowledge comes from experience, and only material things are perceptible and knowable to us.6. Hobbes’s political thought: He held that men are enemies and at war with each other. In order to get men out of the war, there should be a common power backed by force and able to punish. He preferred monarchy.7. Lock’s Materialist Views: He held that all our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation or from reflection, and all our knowledge comes from experience.8. Lock’s Political Philosophy:treatises of Civil Government, he rejected the theory of divine right of kings, he set forth the true origin of government, he firmly believed in natural rights.9.10. The English Revolution: with the growth of capitalism,in 1642, the Civil War broke out between the king the Parliament. Led by Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory. Charles I was captured and beheaded in 1649 and a republic was born.11. The Glorious Revolution: Charles II was planing to turn England into a Catholic country. In 1688, the representatives of the Parliament negotiated with the Dutch king William and Mary, who was a member of the English royal family and a Protestant. Thus the English throne was offered to William and Mary and the restoration ended.12. The Bill of Rights: It was enacted by the English Parliament in 1689. It established the supremacy of the Parliament and put an end to divine monarchy. It limited the Sovereign’s power in some directions.13. Descartes: He was a French philosopher, physicist and mathematician. It is believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and with Descartes in France. His major works are Discourse on Method and Rules for the Direction of the Mind.14. Baroque Art: It flourished in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France, Flander and the Netherlands. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. The representatives are Bernini, Borromini and Peter Paul Rubens. Unit six The Age of Enlightenment1. Enlightenment: It was an intellectual movement originating in France and then spread though the Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century. It is sometimes called the Age of Reason, because the writers used critical reason to free minds.2. The First Industrial Revolution: It took place in England between 1760 and 1840. It began with the invention of the steam engine. It rapidly changed the face of the world and ushered in a completely new age.3. French Revolution:In 1789, the people in Paris seized the Bastille. This event marked the end of the French monarchy. The guiding document of the revolution called Declaration of the Rights of Man. It established bourgeois democracy.4. Montesquieu: He was a French philosopher in 18th century. He was a great French man of letters associated with the Enlightenment. His famous works are Persian Letters and The Spirit of the Laws.5. The Spirit of the Laws: It was written by French philosopher Montesquieu in 18th century. It believed that the legislative, executive and judicial powers must be confided to different individuals or bodies,acting independently. The book has a great influence in the Western world even to this day.6. Voltaire: He was a French poet, dramatist and philosopher. He was noted for his characteristic wit, satire and critical capacity. His famous works are Letters Anglaise and Candide.7. Rousseau: He was a philosopher, and one of the greatest figures of the French Enlightenment. He glorified human nature and attacked social inequality. He was best known for his works including Emile, The Confessions, and The Social Contract.8. Rousseau’s The Social Contrat: It held that a society able to cultivate the individuals’moral stature without injuring his freedom. He believed that a social contract is established when each individual gave his rights to a general will. The book ended with a claim for social democracy.9. Henry Fielding: He was an English novelist, dramatist and essayist. He was called by Walter Scott the “father of the English novel”. His masterpiece was Tom Jones.10. Diderot: He was a French philosopher of the 18th century and man of letters. His famous works are Encyclopedia, Philosophical Thoughts, Letters on the Blind.11. Rococo Art: It is usually associated with architecture and interior decoration. It is characterized by elaborate ornamentation imitating shellwork. It has a curing and elastic pattern. The representatives are Watteau and Boucher.12. Kant: He was a German philosopher. He was the key figure of the German classical philosophy, and he is sometimes called the “waterhead of modern philosophy”. His famous works are Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgment.13. The Viennese School: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.Unit seven Romanticism1. Romanticism: It was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art. It developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th century. It emphasized individual values and aspirations. It gave impetus to the national liberation movement in 19th century Europe.2. The lakers: English Romantic poets Wordsworth and Coleridge were best known as Lakers. The reason why they were called as Lakes is that they lived in the Lake District.Unit eight Marxism and DarwinismHegel: He was a German philosopher. He held that universe is subject to a constant progress of change and that activity is basic; progress is rational and logic is the basic of world progress. Such thoughts were recorded in his book Phenomenology.Darwinism: It refers to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the essence of which is natural selection. This idea had been touched upon by several scientists. Darwinism had great influence on biology, theology and social science.Marxism: It was born in the 19th century from European culture. It was developed from the German classical philosophy, utopia socialism as well as english and french political economy. It can be divided into 3 sections: Marxist philosophy, Marxist political economy and Marxist socialism.Unit night Realism1. Realism: it is a literary movement in Europe and the US in the last half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. It language was usually simple, clear and direct, while the tone was often comic, frequently satiric.2. Balzac: He was a french realist. He has been called “the French Dickens”. He grew up under the regime of Napoleon. The three best-known of his 90 novels in the Human Comedy are Eugenie Grandet, La Cousine Bette and Le Pere Goriot.3. Flaubert: he is one of the great literary artist of the 19th century. Though less fertile and wide-ranging than Balzac, he is much more of a conscious artist whose work constitutes an epoch in the history of the art of fiction. His work is Madame Bovary.4. Zola: He was a french author. He was the founder of the naturalist school. He believed almost blindly scientific determinism. His theory of naturalism was recorded in Les Rougen-Macquarts.5. Tolstoy: He was a Russian realistic novelist. He made the Russian realistic novelist a literary genre that ranks in importance with classical Greek tragedy and Elizabethan drama. His famous works are War and Peace, Anna Karenina, Resurrection.6. Van Gogh: He was a Dutch impressionist painter, who stresses the expression of his subject emotions in his paintings. His famous works are Starry Night, Sunflower, The Night Cafe.Unit ten Modernism1.Modernism: It was a international movement in all the creative arts, originating about the end of the 19th century. It was made up of manyfacets, such as symbolism. surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, ect.2. Freud: He was an Austrian physician and neurologist. He was “the father of psychoanalysis”. He emphasized the unconscious, Id, Ego and Superego. His books -------has a profound influence on the modernist movement.3. The Lost Generation: It refers to a group of young intellectuals who came back from WWI, were injured both physically and mentally. The best representatives of the lost generation was Ernest Hemingway.4. Hemingway: He was an American novelist short story writer of the 20th century. He was awarded the Noble Prize in 1954. His famous works includes The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.5. The Beat Generation: The Beat Generation in America refers to a group of American youngsters who refused to accept “respectability” and conventional social behaviors and who cultivated a rootless manner of living. The representatives are Ginsberg and Keroual.6. Angry Young Men: It was a term referring to a group of English writers who found themselves to be social misfits. It was represented by John Osborne’s play Look Back in Anger and Amis’s novel Lucky Jim.7. The Theatre of the absurd: It is a term referring to the works of some European playwrights of the 1950s and 60s. Their language is often dislocated. The Theatre of the Absurd is represented by Beckett’s Waiting for Godot.8. Black Humor: It is a term derived from Black Comedy. It refers to some Western, especially American Post-World War II writers. Black humor is kind of desperate humor. It was represented by Joseph Heller’s Catch-22.。

欧洲文化入门名词解释1．P ax Romana 罗马帝国统治下的和平In the Roman history ，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions，it was known as Pax Romana2．T he New Testament 新约The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”，the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch 摩西五经The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis (创世记)，Exodus (出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers (逃亡记)，Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。

4．Genesis 起源Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man，the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books 史书was divided into seven sections：①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah.6．the Middle ages 中世纪In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)，from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages，between ancient times and modern times.7. Feudalism 封建主义Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。

欧洲文化入门名词解释：1.Pax Romana：in the year 27BC,Octavius took the supreme power as emperor with the title of Augusts. Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its greatest extent. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army-the famous roman legions-and an efficient bureaucracy to exert their rule. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in history is known as the “Pax Romana.”2.the Middle ages:In European history，the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. It is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. During the medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unit the Europe was the Christian church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law and art learning for hundreds of years. It shaped people’s lives. That is why the Middle Ages is also called the “age of faith”.3.Renaissance: Generally speaking，Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴)，specifically in this period of history，revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance，in essence (从实质上讲)，was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conservatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级)，to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信)Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture (雕塑) and architecture.塑家)。