金融 5-Functions of retail banks

/英国大学金融专业课程详解、定位、就业国内大学关于金融专业的设置，更偏重宏观方向，以货币银行、国际金融等专业为主。

这和我国的历史情况有关，在过去的二十年里投资行为还没有大幅度兴起，因此银行作为主要的金融机构，自然成为研究的主要对象。

同时随时中国开放程度的加深，国际贸易得到了很大发展，因此国际金融的研究也很有必要。

国外关于金融专业的设置，是两方面都有。

一、以微观为主，也就是研究与公司个体有关的投资、融资等行为。

另一方面就是和国内类似的宏观金融的研究。

因此我们大部分的学生想要在金融这个领域走的更宽或更远，去英国留学选择金融专业绝对是明智的选择，但是金融专业覆盖范围非常广，分类极细，很多学子也经常在金融各细分专业中因为了解程度的原因，最后不能做出最适合自己的选择，以下为对英国大学金融专业的详细剖析，内容较多，请耐心看。

一、专业细分英国大学的金融专业按细分不同通常设置在商学院、经济学院或数学学院。

在参考专业排名时需要考虑会计与金融、经济、商学三个方向。

金融专业细分可分为：金融学、公司金融、金融与投资、国际金融、银行与金融、金融与管理、会计与金融、风险管理、房地产金融与投资、金融与经济、金融工程。

●细分1-----金融学：对金融各个细分领域的综合介绍。

下面以曼彻斯特大学为例来看下金融学专业的课程设置：第一学期必修课：/ IntroductoryResearchMethodsforAccountingandFinance;会计与金融学方法导论EssentialsofFinance;金融学精要DerivativeSecurities衍生证券选修一门：PortfolioInvestment证券投资InternationalMacroeconomicsandGlobalCapitalMarkets国际宏观经济学与全球资本市场FoundationsofFinanceTheory金融学基础第二学期FinancialEconometrics金融计量经济学AdvancedEmpiricalFinance高级实证金融学CorporateFinance;公司金融选修一门InternationalFinance国际金融FinancialStatementAnalysis财务报表分析RealOptionsinCorporateFinance公司金融中的实物期权MergersandAcquisitions:EconomicandFinancialAspects关于企业并购的经济金融思考Dissertation毕业论文●细分2-----公司金融：解决以公司财务、公司融资、公司治理为核心的公司治理结构方面的问题，综合运用各种形式的金融工具与方法，进行风险管理和财富创造。

金融学专业词汇（中英文对照）目录1. 货币与货币制度 (3)2. 国际货币体系与汇率制度 (4)3. 信用、利息与信用形成 (5)4. 金融范畴的形成与发展 (7)5. 金融中介体系 (7)6. 存款货币银行 (9)7. 中央银行 (10)8. 金融市场 (10)9. 资本市场 (13)10. 金融体系结构 (14)11. 金融基础设施 (14)12. 利率的决定作用 (15)13. 货币需求 (16)14. 现代货币的创造机制 (17)15. 货币供给 (17)16. 货币均衡 (18)17. 开放经济的均衡 (18)18. 通货膨胀和通货紧缩 (19)19. 货币政策 (20)20. 货币政策与财政政策的配合 (21)21. 开放条件下的政策搭配与协调 (22)22. 利率的风险结构与期限结构 (22)23. 资产组合与资产定价 (23)24. 商业银行业务与管理 (25)25. 货币经济与实际经济 (26)26. 金融发展与经济增长 (26)27. 金融脆弱性与金融危机 (27)28. 金融监管 (27)1.货币与货币制度货币:(currency)外汇:(foreign exchange)铸币:(coin)银行券:(banknote)纸币:(paper currency)存款货币:(deposit money)价值尺度:(measure of values)货币单位:(currency unit)货币购买力:(purchasing power of money)购买力平价:(purchasing power parity,PPP)流通手段:(means of circulation)购买手段:(means of purchasing)交易的媒介:(media of exchange)支付手段:(means of payment)货币需求:(demand for money)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)保存价值:(store of value)汇率:(exchange rate)一般等价物:(universal equivalent)流动性:(liquidity)通货:(currency)准货币:(quasi money)货币制度:(monetary system)本位制:(standard)金本位:(gold standard)造币:(coinage)铸币税:(seigniorage)本位币:(standard money)辅币:(fractional money)货币法偿能力:(legal tender powers)复本位制:(bimetallic standard)金汇兑本位:(gold exchange standard)金平价:(gold parity)金块本位制:(gold bullion standard)2.国际货币体系与汇率制度浮动汇率制:(floating exchange rate regime)货币局制度:(currency board arrangement)联系汇率制度:(linked exchange rate system)美元化:(dollarization)最优通货区理论:(theory of optimum currency area)货币消亡:(money disappearance)外汇:(foreign currency)外汇管理:(exchange regulation)外汇管制:(exchange control)可兑换:(convertibility)不可兑换:(inconvertibility)经常项目:(current account)资本项目:(capital account)汇率:(exchange rate)牌价:(posted price)直接标价法:(direct quotation)间接标价法:(indirect quotation)单一汇率:(unitary exchange rate)多重汇率:(multiple exchange rate)市场汇率:(market exchange rate)官方汇率:(official exchange rate)黑市:(black market)固定汇率:(fixed exchange rate)浮动汇率:(floating exchange rate)管理浮动:(managed float)盯住汇率制度:(pegged exchange rate regime)固定钉住:(fixed peg)在水平带内的盯住:(pegged within horizontal bands)爬行钉住:(crawling peg)外汇指定银行:(designated foreign exchange bank)货币的对外价值:(external value of exchange)货币的对内价值:(internal value of exchange)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)实际汇率:(real exchange rate)铸币平价:(mint parity)金平价:(gold parity)黄金输送点:(gold transport point)国际借贷说:(theory of international indebtedness)流动债权:(current claim)流动负债:(current liablity)国际收支说:(theory of balance payment)汇兑心理说:(psychology theory of exchange rate)货币分析说:(monetary approach)金融资产说:(portfolio theory of exchange rate determination)利率平价理论:(theory of interest rate parity)外汇风险:(exchange risk)中国的外汇调剂:(foreign exchange swap)3.信用、利息与信用形成信用:(credit)利息:(interest)收益:(yield)资本化:(capitalization of interest)高利贷:(usury)利率:(interest rate)债权:(claim)债务:(debt obligation)借入:(borrowing)贷出:(lending)盈余:(surplus)赤字:(deficit)跨时预算约束:(intertemporal budget constraint)资金流量:(flow of funds)部门:(sector)借贷资本:(loan capital)实体:(real)商业信用:(commercial credit)银行信用:(bank credit)本票:(promissory note)汇票:(bill of exchange)商业本票:(commercial paper)商业汇票:(commercial bill)承兑:(acceptance)背书:(endorsement)直接融资:(direct finance)间接融资:(indirect finance)短期国库卷:(treasury bill)中期国库卷:(treasury note)长期国库卷:(treasury bond)国债:(national debt)公债:(public debt)资本输出:(export of capital)国际资本流动:(international capital flow)国外商业性借贷:(foreign direct investment,FDI)国际游资:(hot money)4.金融范畴的形成与发展财政:(public finance)公司理财:(corporate finance)投资:(investment)保险:(insurance)财产保险:(property insurance)人身保险:(mutual life insurance)相互人寿保险:(mutual life insurance)信托:(trust)租赁:(leasing)5.金融中介体系金融中介:(financial intermediary)金融机构:(financial institution)借者:(borrower)贷者:(lender)货币中介:(monetary intermediation)权益资本:(equity capital)中央银行:(central bank)货币当局:(monetary authority)存款货币银行:(deposit money bank)商业银行:(commercial bank)投资银行:(investment bank)商人银行:(merchant bank)财务公司:(financial companies)储蓄银行:(saving bank)抵押银行:(mortgage bank)信用合作社:(credit cooperative)保险业:(insurance industry)跨国银行:(multinational bank)代表处:(representative office)经理处:(agency)分行:(branch)子银行:(subsidiary)联营银行:(affiliate)国际财团银行:(consortium bank)中国人民银行:(People’s Bank of China)政策性银行:(policy banks)国有商业银行:(state-owned commercial banks)资产管理公司:(assets management company)证券公司:(securities company)券商:(securities dealer)农村信用合作社:(rural credit cooperatives)城市信用合作社:(urban credit cooperatives)信托投资公司:(trust and investment companies)信托:(trust)金融租赁:(financial leasing)邮政储蓄:(postal savings)财产保险:(property insurance)商业保险:(commercial insurance)社会保险:(social insurance)保险深度:(insurance intensity)保险密度:(insurance density)投资基金:(investment funds)证券投资基金:(security funds)封闭式基金:(closed-end investment funds)开放式基金:(open-end investment funds)私募基金:(private placement)风险投资基金:(venture funds)特别提款权:(special drawing right,SDR)国有化:(nationalization)6.存款货币银行货币兑换商:(money dealer)银行业:(banking)贴现率:(discount rate)职能分工型商业银行:(functional division commercial bank)全能型商业银行:(multi-function commercial bank)综合性商业银行:(comprehensive commercial bank)单元银行制度:(unit banking system)总分行制度:(branch banking system)代理行制度:(correspondent banking system)银行控股公司制度:(share holding banking system)连锁银行制度:(chains banking system)金融创新:(financial innovation)自动转账制度:(automatic transfer services,ATS)可转让支付命令账户:(negotiable order of withdrawal account,NOW)货币市场互助基金:(money market mutual fund,MMMF)货币市场存款账户:(money market deposit account,MMDA)不良债权:(bad claim)坏账:(bad loan)不良贷款:(non-performing loans,NPL)存款保险制度:(deposit insurance system)金融资本:(financial capital)7.中央银行中央银行:(central bank)一元式中央银行制度:(unit central bank system)二元式中央银行制度:(dual central bank system)复合中央银行制度:(compound central bank system)跨国中央银行制度:(multinational central bank system)发行的银行:(bank of issue)银行的银行:(bank of bank)最后贷款人:(lender of last resort)再贴现:(rediscount)在抵押:(recollateralize)国家的银行:(the state bank)8.金融市场金融市场:(financial market)证券化:(securitization)金融资产:(financial assets)金融工具:(financial instruments)金融产品:(financial products)衍生金融产品:(derivative financial products)原生金融产品:(underlying financial products)流动性:(liquidity)变现:(encashment)买卖差价:(bid-ask spread)做市商:(market marker)到期日:(due date)信用风险:(credit risk)市场风险:(market risk)名义收益率:(nominal yield)现时收益率:(current yield)平均收益率:(average yield)内在价值:(intrinsic value)直接融资:(direct finance)间接融资:(indirect finance)货币市场:(money market)资本市场:(capital market)现货市场:(spot market)期货市场:(futures market)机构投资人:(institutional investor)资信度:(credit standing)融通票据:(financial paper)银行承兑票据:(bank acceptance)贴现:(discount)大额存单:(certificates of desposit,CDs)回购:(counterpurchase)回购协议:(repurchase agreement)隔夜:(overnight)银行同业间拆借市场:(interbank market)合约:(contract)远期:(forward)期货:(futures)期权:(options)看涨期权:(call option)看跌期权:(put option)期权费:(option premium)互换:(swap)投资基金:(investment funds)契约型基金:(contractual type investment fund)单位型基金:(unit funds)基金型基金:(funding funds)公司型基金:(corporate type investment fund)投资管理公司:(investment management company)共同基金:(mutual fund)对冲基金:(hedge fund)风投基金:(venture fund)权益投资:(equity investment)收益基金:(income funds)增长基金:(growth funds)长期增长基金:(long-term growth funds)高增长基金:(go-go groeth funds)货币市场基金:(money market funds)养老基金:(pension fund)外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)风险资本:(venture capital)权益资本:(equity capital)私人权益资本市场:(private equity market)有限合伙制:(limited partnership)交易发起:(deal origination)筛选投资机会:(screening)评价:(evaluation)交易设计:(deal structure)投资后管理:(post-investment activities)创业板市场:(growth enterprise market,GEM)二板市场:(secondary board market)金融创新:(financial innovation)金融自由化:(financial liberalization)全球化:(globalization)离岸金融市场:(off-shore financial center)9.资本市场权益:(equity)剩余索取权:(residual claims)证券交易所:(stock exchange)交割:(delivery)过户:(transfer ownership)场外交易市场:(over the counter,OTC)金融债券:(financial bond)抵押债券:(mortgage bond)担保信托债券:(collateral trust bonds)信用债券:(trust bonds)次等信用债券:(subordinated debenture)担保债券:(guaranteed bonds)初级市场:(primary market)二级市场:(secondary market)公募:(public offering)私募:(private offering)有价证券:(security)面值:(face value)市值:(market value)股票价格指数:(share price index)有效市场假说:(effective market hypothesis)弱有效市场:(weak efficient market)中度有效市场:(semi-efficient market)强有效市场:(strong efficient market)股份公司:(stock certificate)股票:(stock certificate)股东:(stock holder)所有权:(ownership)经营权:(right of management)10.金融体系结构功能主义金融观:(perspective of financial function)金融体系格局:(pattern of financial system)激励:(incentive)公司治理:(corporate governance)路径依赖:(path dependency)市场主导型:(market-oriented type)银行主导型:(banking-oriented type)参与成本:(participative cost)影子银行体系:(the shadow banking system)11.金融基础设施金融基础设施:(financial infrastructures)支付清算系统:(payment and clearing system)跨境支付系统:(cross-border inter-bank payment system,CIPS)全额实时结算:(real time gross system)净额批量清算:(bulk transfer net system)大额资金转账系统:(whole sale funds transfer system)小额定时结算系统:(fixed time retail system)票据交换所:(clearing house)金融市场基础设施:(financial market infrastructures)中央交易对手:(central counterparties,CCPs)双边清算体系:(bilateral clearing system)系统重要性支付体系核心原则:(the core principles for systemically important payment system)证券清算体系建议:(the recommendations for central counterparties)中央交易对手建议:(the recommendations for central counterparties)金融业标准:(financial standards)盯市:(mark-to-market)公允价值:(fair value)金融部门评估规划:(financial sector assessment program)12.利率的决定作用可贷资金论:(loanable funds theory of interest)储蓄的利率弹性:(interest elasticity of saving)投资的利率弹性:(interest elasticity of investment)本金:(principal)回报率:(returns)基准利率:(benchmark interest rate)无风险利率:(risk-free interest rate)补偿:(compensation)风险溢价:(risk premium)实际利率:(real interest rate)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)固定利率:(fixed interest rate)浮动利率:(floating rate)官定利率:(official interest rate)行业利率:(trade-regulated rate)一般利率:(general interest rate)优惠利率:(preferential interest rate)贴息贷款:(loan of interest subsidy)年利率:(annual interest rate)月利率:(monthly interest rate)日利率:(daily interest rate)拆息:(call money interest)13.货币需求货币需求:(demand for money)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)货币必要量:(volume of money needed)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)交易方程式:(equation of exchange)剑桥方程式:(equation of Cambridge)现金交易说:(cash transaction approach)现金余额说:(cash balance theory)货币需求动机:(motive of the demand for money)交易动机:(transaction motive)预防动机:(precautionary motive)投机动机:(speculative motive)流动性偏好:(liquidity preference)流动性陷阱:(liquidity trap)平方根法则:(square-root rule)货币主义:(monetarism)恒久性收入:(permanent income)机会成本变量:(opportunity cost variable)名义货币需求:(nominal demand for money)实际货币需求:(real demand for money)客户保证金:(customer’s security marign)金融资产选择:(portfolio selection)14.现代货币的创造机制纯流通费用:(pure circulation cost)原始存款:(primary deposit)派生存款:(derivative deposit)派生乘数:(withdrawal multiplier)现金损露:(loss of cashes)提现率:(withdrawal rate)创造乘数:(creation multiplier)现金:(currency)基础货币:(base money)高能货币:(high-power money)货币乘数:(money multiplier)铸币收入:(seigniorage revenue)15.货币供给货币供给:(money supply)准货币:(quasi money)名义货币供给:(nominal money supply)实际货币供给:(real money supply)股民保证金:(shareholder’s security margin)货币存量:(money stock)公开市场操作:(open-market operation)贴现政策:(discount policy)再贴现率:(rediscount rate)法定准备金率:(legal reserve ratio)财富效应:(wealth effect)预期报酬率变动效应:(effect of expected yields change)现金持有量:(currency holdings)超额准备金:(excess reserves)外生变量:(exogenous variable)内生变量:(endogenous variable)16.货币均衡均衡:(equilibrium)投资饥渴:(huger for investment)软预算约束:(soft budget constraint)总需求:(aggregate demand)总供给:(aggregate supply)面纱论:(money veil theory)流:(flow)余额:(stock)17.开放经济的均衡国际收支:(balance of payments)居民:(resident)非居民:(nonresident)国际收支平衡表:(statement for balance of payments)经常项目:(current account)资本和金融项目:(capital and financial account)储备资产:(reserve assets)净误差与遗漏:(net errors and missions)自主性交易:(autonomous transaction)调节性交易:(accommodating transaction)偿债率:(debt service ratio)顺差:(surplus)逆差:(deficit)最后清偿率:(last liquidation ratio)资本流动:(capital movements)项目融资:(project finance)外债:(external debt)资本外逃:(capital flight)冲销性操作:(sterilized operation)非冲销性操作:(unsterilized operation)债务率:(debt ratio)负债率:(liability ratio)差额:(balance)18.通货膨胀和通货紧缩通货膨胀:(inflation)恶性通货膨胀:(rampant inflation)爬行通货膨胀:(creeping inflation)温和通货膨胀:(moderate inflation)公开性通货膨胀:(open inflation)显性通货膨胀:(evident inflation)隐蔽性通货膨胀:(hidden inflation)输入型通货膨胀:(import of inflation)结构性通货膨胀:(structural inflation)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)居民消费物价指数:(CPI)零售物价指数:(RPI)批发物价指数:(WPI)冲减指数:(deflator)需求拉上型通货膨胀:(demand-pull inflation)成本推动型通货膨胀:(cost-push inflation)工资-价格螺旋上升:(wage-price spiral)强制储蓄:(forced saving)收入分配效应:(distributional effect of income)财富分配效应:(distributional effect of wealth)滞胀:(stagflation)工资膨胀率:(wage inflation)紧缩性货币政策:(tight monetary policy)紧缩银根:(tight money)紧缩信贷:(tight squeeze)指数化:(indexation)通货紧缩:(deflation)19.货币政策货币政策:(monetary policy)金融政策:(financial policy)货币政策目标:(goal of monetary policy)通货膨胀目标制:(inflation targeting)逆风向原则:(principle of leaning against the wind)反周期货币政策:(counter cycle monetary policy)相机抉择:(discretionary)单一规则:(single rule)告示效应:(bulletin effects)直接信用控制:(direct credit)信用配额:(credit allocation)流动性比率:(liquidity ratio)间接信用控制:(indirect credit control)道义劝告:(moral suasion)窗口指导:(window guidence)信用贷款:(lending)传导机制:(conduction mechanism)中介指标:(intermediate target)信贷配给:(credit rationing)资产负债表渠道:(balance sheet channel)时滞:(time lag)预期:(expectation)透明度:(transparency)信任:(credibility)软着陆:(soft landing)20.货币政策与财政政策的配合赤字:(deficit)经常性收入:(current revenue)税:(tax)费:(fee)经常性支出:(current expenditure)资本性收入:(capital revenue)补助:(grant)资本性支出:(capital expenditure)账面赤字:(book deficit)隐蔽赤字:(hidden deficit)预算外:(off-budget)透支:(overdraft)净举债:(net fiancing)未清偿债券:(outstanding debt)或有债务:(contingent liability)准备货币:(reserve money)国债依存度:(public debt dependency)国债负担率:(public debt-to-GDP ratio)国债偿债率:(government debt-service ratio)财政政策:(fiscal policy)补偿性财政货币政策:(compensatory fiscal and monetary policy) 21.开放条件下的政策搭配与协调米德冲突:(Meade’s conflict)国际政策协调:(international policy coordination)信息交换:(information exchange)危机管理:(crisis management)避免共享目标变量的冲突:(avoiding conflicts over shared targets)合作确定中介目标:(cooperation intermediate targeting)部分协调:(full coordination)汇率目标区:(target zone of exchange rate)马歇尔-勒纳条件:(Marshall-Lerner condition)J曲线效应:(J curve effect)22.利率的风险结构与期限结构单利:(simple interest)复利:(compound interest)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)竞价拍卖:(open-outcry auction)贴现值:(present discount value)利率管制:(interest rate control)利率管理体制:(interest rate regulation system)存贷利差:(interest rate regulation system)利率风险结构:(risk structure of interest rates)违约风险:(default risk)利率期限结构:(term structure of interest rates)即期利率:(spot rate of interest)远期利率:(forward rate of interest)到期收益率:(yield to maturity)现金流:(cash floe)预期理论:(expectation theory)流动性理论:(liquidity theory)偏好理论:(preferred habitat theory)市场隔断理论:(market segmentation theory) 23.资产组合与资产定价市场风险:(market risk)信用风险:(credit risk)流动性风险:(liquidity risk)操作风险:(operational risk)法律风险:(legal risk)政策风险:(policy risk)道德风险:(moral hazard)主权风险:(sovereign risk)市场流动性风险:(product liquidity)现金流风险:(cash flow)执行风险:(execution risk)欺诈风险:(fraud risk)遵守与监管风险:(compliance and regulatory risk)资产组合理论:(portfolio theory)系统性风险:(systematic risk)非系统性风险:(nonsystematic risk)效益边界:(efficient frontier)价值评估:(evaluation)市盈率:(price-earning ratio)资产定价模型:(asset pricing model)资本资产定价模型:(capital asset pricing model,CAPM)无风险资产:(risk-free assets)市场组合:(market portfolio)多要素模型:(multifactorCAPM)套利定价理论:(arbitrage pricing theory,APT)期权加价:(option premium)内在价值:(intrinsic value)时间价值:(time value)执行价格:(strike price)看涨期权:(call option)看跌期权:(put option)对冲型的资产组合:(hedge portfolios)套利:(arbitrage)无套利均衡:(no-arbitrage equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)多头:(long position)空头:(short position)动态复制:(dynamic replication)头寸:(position)风险偏好:(risk preference)风险中性:(risk neutral)风险厌恶:(risk averse)风险中性定价:(risk-netural pricing)24.商业银行业务与管理银行负责业务:(liability business)存款:(deposit)活期存款:(demand deposit)支票存款:(check deposit)透支:(overdraft)定期存款:(time deposit)再贴现:(rediscount)金融债券:(financial bond)抵押贷款:(mortgage loan)信用贷款:(credit loan)通知贷款:(demand loan)真实票据论:(real bill doctrine)商业贷款理论:(commercial loan theory)证券投资:(portfolio investment)中间业务:(middleman business)表外业务:(off-balance sheet business)无风险业务:(risk-free business)汇款:(remittance)信用证:(letter of credit)商品信用证:(commercial letter of credit)代收业务:(business of collection)代客买卖业务:(business of commission)承兑网络银行:(internet bank)虚拟银行:(virtual bank)企业对个人:(B2C)企业对企业:(B2B)挤兑:(bank runs)资产管理:(assets management)自偿性:(self-liquidation)可转换性理论:(convertibility theory)预期收入理论:(anticipated income theory)负债管理:(liability management)资产负债综合管理:(comprehensive management of assets and liability)风险管理:(risk management)在险价值:(value at risk,VAR)25.货币经济与实际经济两分法:(dichotomy)实际经济:(real economy)货币经济:(monetary economy)虚拟资本:(monetary capital)泡沫经济:(bubble economy)虚拟经济:(virtual economy)货币中性:(neutrality of money)相对价格:(relative price)货币面纱:(monetary veil)瓦尔拉斯均衡:(Walras equilibrium)一般均衡理论:(theory of general equilibrium)超中性:(super-neutrality)26.金融发展与经济增长金融发展:(financial development)金融自由化:(financial liberalization)金融深化:(financial deepening)金融压抑:(financial repression)金融机构化:(financial institutionalization)分层比率:(gradation ratio)金融相关率:(financial interrelation ratio,FIR)货币化率:(monetarization ratio)脱媒:(distintermediation)导管效应:(tube effect)27.金融脆弱性与金融危机金融脆弱性:(financial fragility)金融风险:(financial risk)长周期:(long cycles)安全边界:(margins of safety)汇率超调理论:(theory of exchange rate over shooting)金融危机:(financial crises)资产管理公司:(asset management corporation,AMC)金融恐慌:(financial panic)优先/次级抵押贷款债券:(senior/subordinate structure) 28.金融监管金融监管:(financial regulation)公共选择:(public choice)最低资本要求:(minimum capital requirements)监管当局的监管:(supervisory review process)市场纪律:(market discipline)宏观审慎框架:(macro-prudential framework)分行:(branch)子行:(subsidiary)并表监管:(consolidated supervision)。

“高职高专商务英语专业规划教材”Unit 1 Financial Market Research练习参考答案I.Read through the text and answer the following questions.1.A financial market is a mechanism that allows people to easily buy andsell (trade) financial securities (such as stocks and bonds), commodities (such as precious metals or agricultural goods), and other fungible items of value at low transaction costs and at prices that reflect the efficient-market hypothesis.2.The raising of capital ;the transfer of risk and international trade3.Capital markets,commodity markets,money markets, derivative markets,insurance markets and foreign exchange markets .4.Financial markets fit in the relationship between lenders andborrowers.5.Individuals, companies, governments, municipalities and publiccorporations.II. Paraphrase the following expressions or abbreviations and translate them into ChineseCheck the answers from the Special Term Lists.III. Fill in the blanks with the proper wordsThe global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been bought out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems.On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren’t so vocal, influential and inconsiderate of others’ viewpoints and concerns.IV.Translation.1.金融市场包括很多方面，包括资本市场，华尔街，甚至是市场本身。

妄自菲薄的英国投行作者：时间：2012年10月09 来源：Eco中文论坛已阅读42次【导读】昔日堪与美国同行一较高下的英国投行，在金融危机的大潮下未能屹立不倒。

几经沉浮，英国的银行业是否真正找到了自己在世界金融市场上的一席之地？Investment banking英国的投资银行Too small for their boots妄自菲薄的英国投行British investment banks have lost their swagger. That is bad news for the country英国的投资银行已无往日那般趾高气昂，真是家国不幸。

NOT so long ago New Yorkers were fretful about London’s sudden rise as an international financial centre. Michael Bloomberg, the city’s mayor, released a hand-wringing study in 2007 which argued that Europe’s capital markets were overtaking America’s. Three of the five biggest investment banks were American, with foreigners growing fast. These days panic has given way to pity. “I used to have two se rious competitors in Europe: Deutsche Bank and Barclays,” says a senior executive of a large American firm. “Now I have one and a half.”就在不久之前，纽约人还在为伦敦一崛成为国际金融中心而烦躁不安。

常熟理工学院2012〜2013学年第二学期20XX 级后续课《金融英语》考查试卷（I 卷）试题总分：Part I Listening Comprehension©' 25=50')Section A Short ConversationsListe n carefully and choose the best an swer to the questi on after each conv ersatio n.1. Which of the following is NOT among the four major commercial banks of China?A. Ba nk of China.B. China Co nstruction Ba nk.C. I ndustrial and Commercial Ba nk of Chi na.D. The People's Bank of Chi na.2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the dialog?A. China Mercha nts Ban k.B. I ndustrial Ba nk Co., Ltd.C. China Citic Bank.D. Chi na Min she ng Banking Corp. Ltd. 3. What is the man accord ing to the dialog?A. A bank man ager.B. A clerk of a foreig n bank.C. A uni versity stude nt.D. A teacher from a college.4. Which of the followi ng has the right to decide the preside nt of BOC?A. The shareholders.B. The shareholders' meet ing.C. The Board of Directors.D. The Preside nt Office.5. A. The man lost his checkbooks.B. The man lost his passport.C. The man lost his password.D. The man lost his passbook. 6. A. Hous ing loa n.B. Foreig n curre ncy loa n.C. Dollar loa n.D. Credit loa n. 7. A. Jan uary 24. B. February 31. C. Jan uary 25. D. February 26.8. A. Payme nt by dema nd drafts. B. Payme nt by collectio n.C. Payme nt by letters of credit.D. Payme nt by remitta nee. 9. A. To avoid problems aris ing from in flatio n.B. To preve nt possible fraud.C. To avoid problems aris ing from fluctuati ons of excha nge rate.D. To preve nt overdraw ing. 10. A. In spect ion certificate. B. Certificate of origi n. C. In sura nee policy. D. Bill of ladi ng.Section B Long ConversationListe n to the conv ersati on carefully and choose the best an swer to each of the questio ns below.11. Which of the following statements was mentioned in the magazine The Banker?A. BOC ranked the 9th amo ng the world's top 1,000 banks in 2007.B. BOC is one of the four big commercial banks of China.C. The developme nt of BOC is un believable.D. The top man ageme nt of BOC is young and effective. 12. What are the main sect ions un der the top man ageme nt of BOC?A. Corporate banking sect ion and retail banking sect ion.B. Security sect ion and supervisory sect ion.C. Operati onal sect ion and supervisory sect ion.D. Audit ing sect ion and in spect ion secti on. 13. Which do you think is NOT the duty of the supervisory section?A. Audit ing the ban k's acco un ts.B. Han dli ng gen eral affairs.C. Being resp on sible for the security of the ban k..D. Oversee ing the banking operati on. 14. What is the bus in ess scope of the operati onal secti on?A. Banking bus in ess.B. Gen eral bus in ess.C. Support ing bus in ess.D. All items men ti oned above.15. Which of the followi ng is NOT men ti oned among the bus in esses offered by BOC?A. Retail banking.B. Docume ntary letter of credit.C. On li ne banking or e-ba nking.D. Finan cial advisory service. Section C PassagesDirecti ons: In this sect ion, you will hear three short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questi ons. The passages and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. The n mark the corresp onding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a si ngle line through the cen ter.Passage One16. A. 1992 B. 1993 C. 1994 D. 199517. A. The People's Bank of China. B. China Foreig n Excha nge Tradi ng Cen ter.C. I nter-ba nk Foreig n Excha nge Market.D. The State Admi nistratio n of Foreig n Excha nge.18. A. 1%0.3% C. 0.5% Passage Two19. A. High risk. B. A type of credit product. 20. A. Collateral loan. B. Educati on loa n.21. A.1952 B.1958 D. 0.4% C. High in terest. D . A ki nd of revolvi ng loa n C. Mortgage loa n. D . Commercial loa n. C.1962 D . 1968C. Public con fide nce in the in surers rema ined low.D. A rise in Tokyo stock helped improve the bala nce sheets of life in surers.Part II. Reading Comprehension (30 ')Section A (1 '*10=10 ')Directions: Each of the following sentences is provided with four choices. Choose the one that best completes the sentence.26. Although the compa ny showed a profit, the bala nce sheet looks in creas in gly .A. brightB. dimC. shallowD. fragile 27. _ money refers to curre ncy issued on the basis of ban k's credit in stead of gold reserve. A. Fair B. Fiduciary C. FixedD. Deposit 28. In creased flows of world capital inten sify finan cial competiti on among n ati ons. This trend places pressures on n ati onal gover nment to their domestic markets and liberalize intern ati onal capital moveme nts.A. removeB. settleC. deregulateD. con trol 29. Many finan cial tran sacti ons are _ sheet items such as in terest rate swaps and are not clearly ide ntified through the usual report ingcha nn els.A. zeroB. capitalC. off-bala nceD. major30. The ban kers _ the steel compa ny's new shares, which means the share issue will be sold to the ban kers in stead of the public directly. A. un derwrite B. un dercharge C. un dertakeD. un derestimate 31. With no in terest rate _ on deposits or restrict ions on maturities, banks can offer any deposit product customers dema nd. A. cutB. ceili ngsC. dema ndD. con tract 32. From ban k's perspective, liabilities have become more in terest elastic, so that small rate cha nges can produce large fluctuati ons in bala nces.A. outsta ndingB. outreach ingC. rema iningD. dema nding33. Checks are attractive because they are readily accepted and provide formal _______________ of payment. A. credit B. verificati onC. clarityD. collectio n 34. Normally, ____ capital loans are secured by accounts receivable or by pledges of inventory and carry a floating interest rate on theamounts actually borrowed aga inst the approved credit line.A. curre ntB. stockC. work ingD. Ion g-term35. Dealers in gover nment and private securities n eed short-term financing to purchase new securities and carry their exist ing portfolios ofsecurities un til those securities are sold to customers or reach ________ .A. bus in essB. marketsC. maturityD. objectiveSection B (2*10=20 * Directi ons: Read the passages and choose the right an swer for each questio n.Passage 1Text ?36. How many types of banks or banking in stitutio ns are men ti oned in the lecture?A. 5.B. 4.C. 52.D. 183.37. Which of the follow ing is NOT a join t-equity commercial bank? A. China Min she ng Ba nki ng Corp. Ltd. B. Bank of East Asia.C. China Citic Bank.D. Bank of Commun icati ons.38. How many bran ches and sub-bra nches have foreig n banks set up in China accord ing to the speaker?A. 264.B. 177.C. 183.D. 235. 39. Which of the follow ing was once ran ked amon gst the top three stron gest banks in Chin a's mainland?A. Chi na In dustrial Ba nk.B. Ba nk of East Asia.C. China Mercha nts Ba nk.D. Sha nghai Pudo ng Developme nt Ban k.40. Which of the following is a wholly foreign-owned bank?A. Chi na Min she ng Ba nki ng Corp., Ltd.B. Chi na Citic Bank.C. Hong Kong & Shan ghai Banking Corporati on Limited.D. China Export & Import Bank.Passage 2Liabilities are "outsider claims ” , whiche economic obligations, debts payable to outsiders. These outside parties are called creditors.Financial statement users such as creditors are interested in the due dates of an entity's liabilities. The sooner a liability must be paid, the more curre nt it is. Liabilities that must be paid on the earliest future date create the greatest stra in on cash. Therefore, the bala nce sheet lists liabilities in the order in which they are due. Knowing how many of a bus in ess's liabilities are curre nt and how many are Ion g-term helps creditors assess the likelihood of collecting from the entity. Balance sheets usually have at least two liability classifications: current liabilities and Iong-term liabilities.Current liabilities are debts that are due to be paid with in one year or with the en tity's operati ng cycle. Notes payable due with in one year, salary 22. A. It is a ki nd of short-term loa n.C. It is supposed to pay back at one time.Passage Three23. A. A rise in Tokyo stock.B. It is also called bridge loa n. D. Its maturity exceeds five years.C. Negative spread.24. A. Rise. B. Fall. 25. A. The value of outsta nding policies went dow n. B. Japa n's life in sura nee firms. D. Japa nese life in surers' difficult situati on.C. Rema in un cha nged.D. Not sure. B. Life in surers' n egative spreads ten ded to grow small.payable, unearned reve nue, and in terest payable owed on no tes payable are curre nt liabilities.Long-term liabilities are those liabilities other than current ones.41. The liabilities are classified as current or Iong-term liabilities according to _ .A. the liquidity of the liabilityB. the future date when the liability must be paidC. the operati ng cycleD. one year42. Liabilities are __ .A. money borrowed from banksB. money received from creditorsC. "outsider claims ” which are economic obligations, debts payable to outsidersD. notes receivable43. Which of the followi ng is current liability?A. cashB. inventoryC. salary payableD. money from the bank44. Which of the following is Iong-term liability?A. debt payable due with 10 yearsB. inven toryC. unearned revenueD. note payable due withi n 6 mon ths45. For a note payable to be paid in in stallme nts with in 5 years, which of the follow ing stateme nts is correct?A. The first installment due within one year is a current liability.B. The first installment due within one year is a Iong-term liability.C. All the in stallme nts due are Ion g-term liabilities.D. All the in stallme nts due are curre nt liabilities.Part ill. Translation (2‘ *=10')Part IV. Writing (10 ')Directions: You are asked to write a report on Bank of China with 120 words to make the brief introduction of BOC s orga ni zati ons and developme nt.。

SECION 2Bank notes银行券A banknote (often known as a bill, paper money or simply a note) is a kind of negotiable instrument, a promissory note made by a bank payable to the bearer on demand, used as money, and in many jurisdictions is legal tender. Along with coins, banknotes make up the cash or bearer forms of all modern fiat money.With the exception of non-circulating high-value or precious metal commemorative issues, coins are used for lower valued monetary units, while banknotes are used for higher values. However some coins may have a significant value depending on the condition and worth.Barter 以物易物,物物交换exchange goods（property and etc.）for other goods （property and etc.）barter wheat for oil 用小麦交换原油barter with sb. forsth. 向某人交换某物barter away one’s rights (honor, freedom) 为某人的利益出卖自己的权利(名誉、自由)barter agreement 易货协定barter system 易货贸易制barter arrangement 易货安排barter transaction 易货交易barter trade 易货贸易barter exchange 易货交易barter business 易货业务Certain goods with a ready market随时可以卖出的商品A ready market should be a market situation in which certain goods are well sold. In other words it is notdifficult to sell the goods any time in any volume.When some goods have a ready market they are in possession of a general acceptability. That means all people believe that the goods could be traded whenever with whatever goods.Usually such goods with a ready market were used as the medium of exchanges in the early time.Commodity money商品货币Commodity money is the earliest form of money which has an intrinsic value, meaning it is worth something in its own right rather than simply being a token of financial value such as a banknote.Examples of commodities that have been used as mediums of exchange include corn, cattle, gold, silver, shells, salt, and any other particular commodity with a ready market in different nations and different historical periods.The best known form of commodity money is gold or silver coins, though any commodity can fulfill this role.Double coincidence of wants双边一致的交易需求The double coincidence, also known as dual coincidence of wants, is the situation where the supplier of good A wants good B and the supplier of good B wants good A. This situation will rarely happen under barter system since there may be many people wanting, and many possessing those things wanted. The first difficulty in barter is to find two persons whose disposable possessions mutually suit each other's wants. The point is that the institution of money gives us a more flexible approach to trade than barter, which has the double coincidence of wants problem..Exchange Rate交换比率Under barter system it referred to units of one good exchange for given amount of another good. In the modern monetary economics the term means rate at which one currency may be converted into another,also called rate of exchange or foreign exchange rate or currency exchange rate.fiat money不可兑现的货币The term fiat money is used to mean: any money declared by a government to be legal tender or state-issued money which is neither legally convertible to any other thing, nor fixed in value in terms of any objective standard.The term derives from the Latin fiat, meaning "let it be done". Where fiat money is used as currency, the term fiat currency is used. Today, most national currencies are fiat currencies, including the US dollar, the euro, and all other reverse currencies.Fiduciary Money信用货币Money that depends for its value on confidence that it is an accepted medium of exchange. It originated as a paper certificate that was a promise to pay a certain amount of gold or silver to the bearer. From the Latin fiducia meaning confidence or trust.By the late 18th and early 19th centuries paper money and banknotes had widely used even spread to other parts of the world. The bulk of the money in use came to consist not of actual gold or silver but of fiduciary money—promises to pay specified amounts of gold and silver. These promises were initially issued by individuals or companies as banknotes or as the transferable book entries.Fractional-reserve banking银行部分准备金制度A banking system in which only a fraction of the total deposits managed by a bank must be kept in reserve. The amount of the deposits equals the amount of the reserves times the deposit multiplier. In the U.S., this system is maintained by the Federal Reserve Board.Functions of money货币的功能Money is often defined in terms of the three functions or services that it provides. Money serves as a medium of exchange, as a store of wealth, and as a standard of value.Money's most important function is as a medium of exchange to facilitate transactions. Without money, all transactions would have to be conducted by barter, which involves direct exchange of one good or service for another. The difficulty with a barter system is that in order to obtain a particular good or service from a supplier, one has to possess a good or service of equal value, which the supplier also desires. In other words, in a barter system, exchange can take place only if there is a double coincidence of wants between two transacting parties. The likelihood of a double coincidence of wants, however, is small and makes the exchange of goods and services rather difficult. Money effectively eliminates the double coincidence of wants problem by serving as a medium of exchange that is accepted in all transactions, by all parties, regardless of whether they desire each others' goods and services.Idle cash闲置资金Economically, idle is a situation in which production has shut down or is simply not working, or one in which cash is inactive (not invested).More generally, this term can apply to any asset that is not being put to productive use. Being idle is usually an undesirable situation, since there is an opportunity cost of not earning returns on the idle asset. Consequently investors must try to find investment channels for their idle cash.legal tender法定货币Legal tender or forced tender is an offered payment that, by law, cannot be refused in settlement of a debt, and have the debt remain in force. In other words it stands for a country's currency that must be accepted as payment for a debt.Currency is the most common form of legal tender. Legal tender is variously defined in different jurisdictions. Formally, it is anything which when offered in payment extinguishes the debt. Coins and notes are usuallydefined as legal tender.Some jurisdictions may forbid or restrict payment made other than by legal tender. For example, such a law might outlaw the use of foreign coins and bank notes, or require a license to perform financial transactions in a foreign currencyMedium of exchange交易媒介Any item that is widely accepted in exchange for the goods and services offered to consumers in a given market. One example of a medium of exchange is currency.Money creation货币创造Money creation is the process by which new money is produced or issued through fractional reserve banking system and lending by the banking system.Banks can extend loans to borrowers not by providing them real money but by issuing checks. When borrowers open accounts with banks by depositing the borrowed checks (which contain the promise of the issuers to redeem then into real money) with banks they acquire the right to write their own checks to make payment.In this way money has been created through fractional reserve banking system.Mutual beneficial trade (exchange) 互利贸易In a normal situation of commodity exchanges the traders must be mutually benefited, both in terms of acquiring the other sorts of consumer goods or in terms of labor saving since each of them could acquire what his trade partner produced by giving up his own products in which less labor is embodied than he attempts to produce the goods himself because of the effects of specialization.Actually mutually beneficial must be the cardinal principle of trade and exchanges in time when the ideas of “zero-or-sum game” are abolished.Price Index价格指数Measure of change in a set of prices, consisting of a series of numbers arranged so that a comparison of the values for any two periods or places will show the change in prices between periods or the difference in prices between places. Price indexes were first developed to measure changes in the cost of living in order to determine the wage increases necessary to maintain a constant standard of living. The two most familiar indexes are the consumer price index (CPI) and the producer price index (PPI). The CPI measures changes in retail prices in such component parts as food, clothing, and shelter. The PPI (formerly called the wholesale price index) measures changes in the prices charged by manufacturers and wholesalers.purchasing power购买力The value of money, as measured by the quantity and quality of products and services it can buy, also called buying power. Thus purchasing power can be described as the number of goods/services that can be purchased with a unit of currency. For example, if you had taken one dollar to a store in the 1950s, you would have been able to buy a greater number of items than you would today, indicating that you would have had a greater purchasing power in the 1950s.Redeem / redemption赎回Financially, redeem o r redemption refers to the return of an investor’s principal in a security, such as a bond, or mutual fund shares, at or prior to maturity.In the years when fiduciary money was used redemption of it into the precious metals, gold or silver, directly influenced the public confidence money and its issuers.Reserve ratio准备金率In operation of banking system it is important to maintain safety for deposits. Basically under the fractionalreserve banking system the public confidence to a bank depends greatly upon the bank’s promise to allow the customers to withdraw their deposits, especially demand deposits, on demand. For this purpose it is necessary for a bank to hold some amount of reserves at any time. But banks are very reluctant to do that since it means the losses of banks’ economic return. That is why a country’s gover nmental authority, usually the central banks, would make a compulsory regulation, the legal reserve requirement.In the United States reserve ratio refers to an amount of money and liquid assets that Federal Reserve System member banks must hold in cash or on deposit with the Federal Reserve System, usually a specified percentage of their demand deposits and time deposits.Self-sufficiency自给自足Self-sufficiency refers to the state of not requiring any outside aid, support, or interaction, for survival; it is therefore a type of personal or collective autonomy in which people consume all they have produced. On a large scale, a totally self-sufficient economy that does not trade with the outside world is called an autarky. The term self-sufficiency is usually applied to varieties of sustainable living in which nothing is consumed outside of what is produced by the self-sufficient individuals.Specialization in the division of labor劳动分工专业化Specialization in the production process. Complex jobs can usually be less expensively completed by a large number of people each performing a small number of specialized tasks than by one person attempting to complete the entire job.Division of labor or economic specialization is the specialization of cooperative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles. Historically, the human being was firstly divided into different groups, hunting and farming, and then a special group, named merchants, had been separated from the social members because of the increase in social productivity. Specialization in the division of labor resulted in mutual exchanges of commodities a typical activity of a commodity economy.The idea that specialization reduces costs, and thereby the price the consumer pays, is embedded in the principle of comparative advantages.An increasingly complex division of labor is closely associated with the growth of total output and trade, the rise of capitalism, and of the complexity of industrialization processes. Division of labor is the basic principle underlying the assembly line in mass production systems.SECTION 3Adjustment costs调整成本Adjustment costs are the costs of making changes in the economic variables one controls. Any economic agent, whether an individual, a firm, or a government, has a utility function which determines what the optimal levels of the variables they control would be, if they were free to make a fresh start in setting them. When actual levels differ from these optimal levels, adjustment costs must be considered. High adjustment costs will result in a low rate of change in response to changing conditions (as in the case, for example, of capital investment in response to changes in demand). Low costs will have the opposite effect. In either case, adjustment costs are central to attempts to measure optimizing behavior by economic agents (optimization of profits, cost, or utility) and to explain lags in the process of adjustment.Allocation of wealth财富配置The accumulated wealth or the wealth of the whole society should be allocated in such a way in which it would bring the owners a possibly largest economic return. Thus individuals and economic entities are inclined to make decisions how to deal with their wealth. Practically, the wealth would be allocated in different types of physical and financial assets domestically and globally.Asset portfolio资产组合In banking business assets of a commercial bank consist of loans extended. The word portfolio here means combination or structure. A commercial bank’s asset portfolio manifests its structure of loans it has made to different borrowers. A bank prefers to lend funds to those borrowers belonging to the advantaged sectors. In some cases, however, the disadvantaged sectors should be offered priority lending. There fore, it is necessary for a government monetary authority to implement some policies to regulate commercial banks’ asset portfolio.Conglomerate联合企业集团A conglomerate is a combination of two or more corporations engaged in entirely different businesses together into one corporate structure, including a leading bank usually a large or super-large bank and a group of industrial enterprises. Sometimes the giant MNEs are also termed as conglomerates involving a parent company and several (or many) subsidiaries. Two paths taken by industrial and financial enterprises to become a conglomerate, for an industrial power to extend its business in banking and for a bank to permeate into industry. Rockefeller and Morgan are the two typical examples, respectively.Economic mechanism经济机制Literally, the word mechanism means the agency or means by which an effect is produced or a purpose is accomplished. It is usually used to explain how a feature is created and what is a reaction pathway. It also stands for a theory that all natural phenomena can be explained by physical causes and a set of rules designed to bring about a certain outcome. Economic mechanism refers to specific relations between different economic variable. That is the influence of one variable which might or must be exercises on the other variable.Equilibrium interest rate均衡利率In economics, equilibrium is simply a state of the world where economic forces are balanced and in the absence of external influences. The equilibrium values of economic variables will not change. In the figure showed it is the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal. In this sense, equilibrium rate of interest is an interest rate in money market at which the demand for money and supply of money are equal.Financial repression金融压抑Financial repression refers to the notion that a set of government regulations, laws, and other non-market restrictions prevent the interest rate of an economy from reaching its equilibrium point in the case there is a strong demand for credit funds from financial institutions. In other word this policy prevents financial intermediaries from functioning at their full capacity thus the policy obviously prevents the efficient allocation of capital and thereby impairs economic growth. Historically, many countries, including developed ones but especially developing ones, have restricted competition in the financial sector with government interventions and regulations. Economists believe that a repressed financial sector discourages both saving and investment because the rates of return are lower than what could be obtained in a competitive market.Inflation and Inflation Rate通货膨胀和通货膨胀率In economics, inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation is also an erosion in the purchasing power of money – a loss of real value in a given amount ofcurrency in serving the function as medium of exchange in an economy. Inflation rate is a measure of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (for example, a consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in price level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal.Inflation hedges通货膨胀保值物Inflation hedges are those investments designed to protect against inflation risk. Value of such investments will typically increase with inflation. Examples are gold, silver, diamonds and some other valuable articles or different types of real estates, for instance housing and land or some high quality bonds and stocks issued by those industrial enterprises possessed huge business potential.Institutional environment体制环境Institutional environment, also termed as institutional framework, refers to the systems of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mould, and restrain socio-economic activity and behavior.Interest rate利息率Interest rates refer to the ratios of the amount of interests to deposits or credits (principal of deposits or credits) in a given period of time.Nominal interest rate名义利率A nominal variable, such as a nominal interest rate, is one where the effects of inflation have not been accounted for. In finance and economics nominal interest rate or nominal rate of interest refers to the rate of interest before adjustment for inflation.Real interest rate实际利率Real interest rate is an interest rate that has been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation to reflect the real cost of funds to the borrower, and the real yield to the lender. It is approximately the nominal interest rate minus the inflation. Since the inflation rate over the course of a loan is not known initially, volatility in inflation represents a risk to both the lender and the borrower.Monopoly and monopsony 卖方和买方独占垄断的市场结构Monopoly is the market situation in which one person or a group has such a control of the supply of a commodity as to be able to regulate its price.Monopsony is the market situation in which there is only one buyer for particular commodity.Oligopoly and oligopsony 少数卖主对市场控制/少数买主对市场控制Oligopoly is the market situation in which there are a great number of buyers while more than two but a few sellers of particular commodity.Oligopsony is the market situation in which there are a great number of sellers while more than two but a few of buyers of particular commodity.oligarch 寡头financial oligarch 金融寡头Second Best Argument次优决策Second best argument, also termed as the theory of second best, refers to what is the optimal policy when the true optimum (the first best) is unavailable due to constraints on policy choice. The theory concerns what happens when one or more optimality conditions cannot be satisfied in an economic model. That means if one optimality condition in an economic model cannot be satisfied, it is possible that the next-best solution involves changing other variables away from the ones that are usually assumed to be optimal.For instance in an economy with some unavoidable market failure in one sector, there can actually be a decrease in efficiency due to a move toward greater market perfection in another sector. In theory, at least, it may be better to let two market imperfections cancel each other out rather than making an effort to fix either one. Thus, it may be optimal for the government to intervene in a way that is contrary to laissez faire policy.Legal reserve requirements法定准备金率Legal reserve requirements are the sum of money that a bank or an insurance company is required by law to set aside as security. They are in terms of a portion of demand deposit and time deposit account balances, plus cash in a bank's vault.In practice, commercial banks are required by the law to hold a percentage of their deposits as reserves. Such legal reserve requirements were introduced in the nineteenth century to reduce the risk of banks overextending themselves and suffering from bank runs, as this could lead to knock-on effects on other banks. As the early 20th century gold standard and late 20th century dollar hegemony evolved, and as banks proliferated and engaged in more complex transactions and were able to profit from dealings globally on a moment's notice, these practices became mandatory, if only to ensure that there was some limit on the ballooning of money supply.Market oriented economy市场经济A market oriented economy, also termed as a market economy, is an economy based on the power of division of labor in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system set by supply and demand and economic decisions are separately made by individual people and enterprises.In the real world, market oriented economies do not exist in pure form, as societies and governments regulate them to varying degrees rather than allow self-regulation by market forces. The term free-market economy is sometimes used synonymously with market oriented economy. Economists also point out that amarket oriented economy is still a market economy even if the government intervenes in pricing.This term market oriented economy is not identical to capitalism where a corporation hires workers as a labor commodity to produce material wealth and boost shareholder profits. Market mechanisms have been utilized in a handful of socialist states, such as China, Vietnam even Cuba to some limited extent.Planned economy计划经济Planned economy (or directed economy) is an economic system in which the state or workers’ councils manage the economy. It is an economic system in which the central government makes all decisions on the production and consumption of goods and services. Its most extensive form is referred to as a command economy, centrally planned economy, or command and control economy. In such economies, central economic planning by the state or government controls all major sectors of the economy and formulates all decisions about the use of resources and the distribution of output. Planners decide what should be produced and direct lower-level enterprises to produce those goods in accordance with national and social objectives.Rediscount facilities再贴现便利The word rediscount means resale or resell. It is used in the context of selling a security such as a bill of exchange or treasury note which has already been discounted (ie, sold for less than face value). The central bank of a country offers rediscount facilities in treasury note which holders can use to generate cash by selling (rediscounting) the note to the central bank. In the USA, THE Federal Reserve Bank offers such facility to its member banks.Interest利息Interest stands for price of capital, which, theoretically speaking, depends upon (is determined by) demand-supply relations just like market prices of general commodities.Central bank discount rate中央银行贴现率The central bank discount rate refers tothe rate of interest paid by commercialbanks when they rediscount their financial instruments in central banks. It is expressed in terms of a certain repurchase rate of face value of the notes on rediscount.equilibrium rate均衡利率Because of free competition, market mechanism will lead to the balance between demand for and supply of credit funds. Market interest rate in such case could be termed as the "equilibrium rate".Bond interest rate债券利率Bond interest rate is the rate paid by government, banks and corporations when they raise funds in domestic or international financial market by issuing bonds.SECTION 4Automatic transfer services自动转账业务An automatic transfer service account is a deposit account that allows the transfer of funds from a savings account to a checking account in order to cover a check written or to maintain a minimum balance. With this facility in which deposited funds can be automatically transferred, the customers would enjoy a higherdegree of convenience without any worry about overdrawing. Simultaneously commercial banks can expand their business.Check-clearing支票清算Movement of a check from the bank in which it was deposited to the bank on which it was drawn, and the movement of its face amount in the opposite direction. This process (called clearing cycle) normally results in a credit to the account at the bank of deposit, and an equivalent debit to the account at the bank on which it was drawn. Also called clearing.Checking account支票账户It is a deposit account held at a bank or other financial institution which allows the holder to write checks against deposited funds. It is also termed as a transactional account or current account. To hold a checking account is for the purpose of securely and quickly providing frequent access to funds on demand, through a variety of different channels. Because money is available on demand these accounts are also referred to as demand accounts or demand deposit accounts. A checking account is meant neither for the purpose of earning interest nor for the purpose of savings, but for convenience of the business or personal client; hence they tend not to bear interest. Instead, a customer can deposit or withdraw any amount of money any number of times, subject to availability of funds.Correspondent balance往来账户余额In financial business the term balance stands for the amount of money in an account, equal to the net of credits and debits at that point in time for that account. also called account balance.Correspondent balance refers to the net credits and debits for the correspondent accounts which areopened by the relevant correspondent banks.With this balance, on which some amount of money can be debited or credited, banks can provide their customers financial facilities.Curb exchanges场外交易The word curb means a concrete border or row of joined stones forming part of a gutter along the edge of a street.Curb exchanges is an early name for what is now the American Stock Exchange. The term derived from the market’s beginnings on a street in downtown New York.Now curb exchanges are trades of stocks and bonds outside the formal stock exchanges.Demand Deposit活期存款A term used in the USA standing for deposits on current account，that is withdrawable on demand by check with out the advanced notice to banks. In the USA the law prohibits commercial banks from paying explicit interests on demand deposit.活期存款，或称以支票提款的往来账户存款，存入后可随意提取，无需事先通知银行。