科技英语构词法和单词
- 格式:ppt
- 大小:244.00 KB
- 文档页数:76
专业词汇的构成1.词汇的分类专业英语文献中的专业词汇(或科技词汇)一般分为三类:技术词、半技术词和非技术词(或普通词)。
技术词(technical word)指科技术语,用以记录和表达科学技术专门领域的现象、过程、特性、关系、状态、数量等,意义单纯,只有一种专业含义,如bandwidth, flip-flop, microprocessor, rectification。
半技术词(semi-technical words)是指跨学科出现的频率很高的词,在不同的专业领域含有不同的精确含义,如power, carrier等。
非技术词是指在非专业英语中很少使用,却严格属于非专业英语性质的词汇,如application, implementation, to yield 等。
非技术词和普通词(尤其是其中的功能词,如限定词、介词、连词等)词频最高,半技术词出现得最多,词汇覆盖面最大,而技术词词频最低,出现率最小。
2.词汇的构成科技英语词汇中有很大一部分符合构词法。
科技英语构词法主要包括:派生、复合、转化、拼缀、缩略等,下面分别予以介绍。
(1) 派生(derivation)法是通过在原有词或词根的基础上加前缀或(和)后缀而构成新词。
前缀通常用以修饰或改变词意,后缀显示词性。
科技英语中以这一方法构成的新词最多,可以说俯拾皆是,如antiparticle (反粒子),antineutron (反中子),antibody (抗体);autocorrelation (自相关)等。
需要指出的是以V+er/or 构成的词,有许多是指某一仪器而不指人,如semicorrelator (自相关器),conductor (导体),holder (支架/托)等,这一点译者应留意。
表2.1-2.4分别列出电子与通信专业常用的前后缀及词根。
表2.1 常用前缀表2.2 表示数量关系的常用前缀表2.3 常用后缀表 2.4 常用词根(2) 复合(composition)法是由两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列,以构成新词,其词性可以是形容词、名词、代词、动词、副词等。
第二讲机电专业英语词法基础Part one: words:1、current loop flux piece gain pigdog cat cock horse fish snakebird coat fox shoe brush capbed bench cup disk desk houseeye ear table nose hand foothead finger body hair neck monkey tooth2、transmission power phase resistancePart one: 构词法1、派生词(1)前缀①multi- ②hyper-,super ③inter- ④micro- ⑤tele-10dis-⑥by- ⑦centi- ⑧co- ⑨counter- ○○11en- ○12ex- ○13in- ○14kilo- ○15milli- 16mis- ○17a- ○18anti- ○19auto- ○20bi-○21semi,hemi ○22non- ○23mono- ○24over- ○25poly- ○26post- ○27pre- ○28re-○(2)后缀1)常见的构成名词的后缀○1-age ○2-ance ○3-ant, -ent ○4-er ○5-ese…○6-ess ○7-graph ○8-ing ○9-ism ○10-ist○11-ivity ○12-ment ○13-meter ○14-ness ○15-scope16-or ○17-ship ○18-th ○19-tion ○20-ty○21-ure ○22-ware ○23-y○2)常见的构成形容词的后缀○1-able ○2-al ○3-ant ○4-ar ○5-ary○6-ed ○7-en ○8-ent ○9-ful ○10-ible○11-ic ○12-ive ○13-less ○14-ly ○15-ous16-some ○17-y○3)常见构成动词的后缀:○1-ate ○2-en ○3-fy ○4-ize4)常见的构成副词的后缀:○1-ly ○2-wards ○3-wise2、合成词1)合成名词○1名词+名词○2名词+动名词○3动名词+名词○4形容词+名词○5动词+名词○6副词+动词○7动词+副词2)合成形容词○1名词+现在分词○2名词+过去分词○3形容词+现在分词○4形容词+过去分词○5形容词+名词○6形容词+名词+ed○7形容词+形容词○8数词+名词○9数词+名词+ed10副词+现在分词○11副词+过去分词○12介词或副词+名词○3)合成动词:○1名词+动词○2形容词+动词○3副词或介词+动词3、转化法1)名词转化为动词2)动词转化为名词3)形容词转化为名词4、缩略词1)节略词(clipped words):maths, ad, dir, lab2)首字母(Initials):CAD, CAM, CAE, VM, QIS, DB, ES, CPU, DBMS,CGA,ROM, RAM3)缩写词(Abbreviation):e.g., Ltd., sq.5、拼缀法:programmatic,telecamera,comsat,forexPart three: Drills:1 There is no physical contact between tool and work piece.2 Public opinion is demanding more and more urgently that something must be done about noise.3 There is a wide area of performance duplication between numerical control and automatics.4 High-speed grinding does not know this disadvantage.5 You found that, in two experiments, hardness and greenness in apple went together with sourness.6 Gasses differ from solids in that the former has greater compressibility than the latter.7 The instrument is characterized by its compactness, and portability.8 The cutting tools must be strong, tough, hard and wear resistant.9 Dynamics is divided in to statics and kinetics, the former treating of force in equilibrium, the latter of the relation of force to motion.10 The image must be dimensionally correct11 The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.12 In any machine input work equals output work plus work done against friction.13 Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.14 Open the valve to let air in.15 It is a fact that no structural material is perfectly elastic.16 They said that such knowledge is needed before they develop a successful early warning system for earthquakes.17 A continuous increase in the temperature of the gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure with in the gas.18 it is our great pleasure to note that China will sooner join the WTO.19 Like charges repel, while unlike charges attract.Things like air, water or metals are matter.Like knows like.I hope I can use the computer like you do.Do you like this color TV set?20 The instrument is very light.The cover of the meter is light blue.。
科技英语单词《科技英语单词》一、解答在科技领域有众多的英语单词,以下是一些常见的:“technology(技术)”、“science(科学)”、“innovation(创新)”、“experiment(实验)”、“research(研究)”等。
二、中文翻译并英语解释1. technology- 中文翻译:技术;工艺;科技。
- 英语解释:The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.(为了实际目的,特别是在工业中的科学知识的应用。
)2. science- 中文翻译:科学;理科;学科。
- 英语解释:The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.(通过观察和实验对物理和自然世界的结构和行为进行系统研究的智力和实践活动。
)3. innovation- 中文翻译:创新;革新;新事物。
- 英语解释:The introduction of new things, ideas, or ways of doing something.(新事物、新思想或做事新方法的引入。
)4. experiment- 中文翻译:实验;试验;尝试。
- 英语解释:A scientific procedure carried out to test a hypothesis, make a discovery, or demonstrate a known fact.(为检验假设、做出发现或证明已知事实而进行的科学程序。