会计英语翻译chapter1
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第一章会计总论学习目标:1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求,介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式:资产=负债+所有者权益,并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素,举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时,本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统,会计计量经济活动,将信息编制成财务报表,并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括:确认经济事项,进行计量、记录、汇总,并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1-1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录,只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述,以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
图表1-1 会计信息流转会计信息使用者主要是投资者和债权人,政府,工会,普通公众也会使用会计信息。
1.2组织形式企业有三种组织形式:个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体,但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任,这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体;公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同,各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同,所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准:用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
第一章会计总论学习目标:1.了解会计信息系统2.应用公认会计准则3.了解财务报表4.运用会计要素5.运用会计等式6.了解会计及其环境本章讨论不同的使用者对会计信息的需求,介绍不同实体对会计职业的影响、会计职业道德及职业行为准则。
本章也将对公认会计准则以及一些相关概念和原则进行解释。
本章将介绍会计等式:资产=负债+所有者权益,并逐一定义会计等式中的每个要素,举例分析不同业务对会计等式的影响。
同时,本章还将简单介绍财务报表。
1.1会计是一个信息系统我们通常把会计描述为一个信息系统。
作为一个信息系统,会计计量经济活动,将信息编制成财务报表,并将财务报表传达给决策者。
会计的范围包括:确认经济事项,进行计量、记录、汇总,并把信息报告给使用者。
会计所涵盖的范围要大于簿记。
图表1-1是信息在会计系统内的流转图。
簿记是对交易和事件的记录,只是会计的一部分。
会计还包括对会计信息的分析和阐述,以帮助财务报表的外部和内部的使用者制定各项经济决策。
个人独资企业是指由一个自然人投资拥有的企业组织。
个人独资企业是一个会计实体,但并不是法律实体个人独资企业的所有者对企业的债务承担无限责任,这也是个人独资企业的一个主要缺点。
合伙企业与个人独资企业的区别只在于它有两个或两个以上的所有者。
合伙企业的所有者被称为合伙人。
现实商业活动中有许多不同类型的合伙企业。
公司是依据当地法律注册成立的单独实体;公司的所有者被称为股东。
股东不对公司的债务负责。
有限责任是公司这种组织形式的一个显著优点。
公司的所有权被分为股份。
股份可以在所有者之间转让。
1.3编报财务报表的框架由于各个国家的法律和经济环境不同,各国有不同的会计模式。
在一个国家可行的会计实务在另一个国家并不一定可行。
由于各国的会计模式不同,所以我们需要制定一个互相协调的会计标准:用全球通用的会计语言来传达相关的且可靠的会计信息。
为满足上述需求,国际会计准则委员会(IASC)于1973年成立,并致力于国际公认的会计准则的制定。
chapter用法"Chapter" 是一个英语词汇,通常翻译成中文为"章节" 或"篇章"。
在不同的语境中,"chapter" 有不同的用法:1. 书籍和文学作品:在书籍和文学作品中,"chapter" 表示书或文学作品中的一个主要部分,通常用来划分书籍的内容。
每个"chapter" 可能包含一个特定的主题、情节或思想。
例如:• "Chapter 1: The Beginning"• "第一章:开始"2. 生活中的经历或事件:有时人们也用 "chapter" 来形容生活中的经历或事件,表示人生的不同阶段或经历的特定时期。
例如:• "This was a difficult chapter in my life."• "这是我生活中的一个艰难时期。
"3. 会议和讨论:在会议或讨论中,"chapter" 可能表示会议的不同议程或讨论的主要部分。
例如:• "Let's move on to the next chapter of our discussion."• "让我们继续进行我们讨论的下一个议程。
"总体而言,"chapter" 是一个多义词,其具体含义取决于上下文。
在文学和书籍中,它通常指代书籍的一个主要部分;在生活中,它可以用来描述人生的时期或经历;在会议和讨论中,它可能表示讨论的主要部分或议程。
1/ 1。
会计英语术语解释第一章Account payable 应付账款Account receivable 应收账款Accounting 会计Accounting equation 会计等式Asset 资产Audit 审计Balance sheet 平衡表(资产负债表)Capital 资本Certified management accountant (CMA) 注册管理会计Certified public accountant (CPA) 注册会计师Corporation 公司Entity 主体Expense 费用Financial accounting 财务会计Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 财务会计准则委员会Financial statements 财务报告Generally accepted accounting principles(GAAP)公认接受会计准则Income statement 收入表(利润损益表)Liability 负债Management accounting 管理会计Net earnings 净收益Net income 净收入Net loss 净损失Net profit 净利润Note payable 应付票据Note receivable 应收票据Owner's equity 所有者权益Owner withdrawals 实收资本Partnership 合伙制Proprietorship 个体制Revenue 收入Shareholder 股东Statement of cash flows 现金流量表Statement of earnings 净盈余报表Statement of financial position 财务状况报表Statement of operations 运营表Statement of owner's equity 所有者权益报表Stockholder 股东Transaction 交易第二章Account 账簿、账户Chart of accounts会计科目表把……记入贷方CreditDebit把……记入借方Journal日记账Ledger总账、分类账Normal balance 正常余额、平衡Posting登帐、过账Trial balance 试算平衡第三章Accrual accounting 权责发生制book value(of a plant asset) 账面价值plant asset 固定资产Accrued expense 应计费用cash-basis accounting 收付实现制prepaid expense 预付费用Accrued revenue 应计收入contra account 抵消账户revenue principle 收入确认准则Accumulated depreciation累计折旧deferred revenue 递延收入time-period concept会计期间Adjusted trial balance 调整试算平衡depreciation折旧unearned revenue递延收入Adjusting entry 调整分录matching principle 配比原则第四章Accounting cycle 会计循环fixed asset固定资产plant asset 固定资产Closing the accounts 结账income summary 损益汇总账户postclosing trial balance 试算平衡Closing entries 结账分录liquidity 流动性reversing entries 转回分录Current asset 流动资产long-term asset 长期资产temporary accounts 临时性账户Current liability 流动负债long-term liability 长期负债work sheet 工作表Current ratio 流动比率operating cycle 营业周期Debt ratio 资产负债率永久性账户permanent accounts第五章Cost of goods sold 销售成本sales 销货成本of Costmargin边际收入Grosspencentage毛利润率margin Gross毛利润Gross profit 毛利率profit pencentageGross运营收入Income from operations 存货inventory 存货周转inventory turnover发票,收据,单证Invoice多步式利润表Multi-step income statement 净销售Net purchases 净销售收入Net sales revenue 运营成本Operatingexpenses 运营收入income Operating其他费用expenseOther其他收入revenueOther定期盘存制system Periodic inventorysystem永续盘存制inventory Perpetualsales销售Sales discount销售折扣allowances销售返还补贴Sales returns and销售收入revenue Salessingle-step income statement单步式利润表第六章平均成本法Average-cost method谨慎性原则Conservatism 持续经营principle Consistency充分性披露(原则)Disclosure principle先进先出法Firsr-in first-out(FIFO) inventory costing method 加权平均法inventory costing methodWeighted average毛利润法method Gross profitlast-in first-out(FIFO) inventory costing method后进先出法Lower-of -cost-or-market(LCM)rule成本与市价孰低法Materiality concept重要性原则个别确认法indentifiction methodSpecific 个别成本法Specific -unit-cost method 第七章system会计信息系统information accounting processing 分批加工、成批处理batch journal disbursements cash现金支出日记账支票登记簿journal payment cashcash receipts journal 现金收入日记账check register 支票登记簿control account 统驭账户credit memorandum or credit memo 贷方备忘录data warehouse 数据仓库database 数据库debit memorandum or debit memo 借方备忘录、借记卡备忘录Enterprise Resource Planning 企业文化、企业资源规划general journal 普通日记账general ledger 总账hardware 硬件menu 菜单module 模板network 网络online processing 在线处理、联机处理purchases journal 购货日记账sales journal 销售日记账server 服务器software 软件special journal 特种日记账、专用日记账spreadsheet 试算表subsidiary ledger 明细分类账、辅助分类账第八章audit 审计、审核bank collection 银行托收bank reconciliation 银行往来对账单、银行存款余额调节表bank statement 银行对账单、银行结算清单check 支票computer virus 计算机病毒controller 财务主管deposit in transit 在途存款electronic funds transfer 电子资金调拨系统encryption 加密firewalls 防火墙imprest system 定额备用金制度internal control 内部控制nonsufficient funds(NSF)check 空头支票outstanding check 在途支票、未兑付支票petty cash 零用现金、零用金、小额现款Trojan horse 木马、特洛伊木马voucher 付款凭证、传票、凭单第九章Acid-test ratio酸性测试比率账龄分析法Aging-of-accounts method Allowance of Doubtful Accounts坏账准备Allowance for uncollectible accounts坏账准备Allowance method备抵法Bad-debt expense坏账损失Balance-sheet approach决算表平衡法Collection period收账日期Creditor债权人Day's sales in receivables应收账款周转天数Debtor债务人Default on a note不履行付款义务Direct write-off method直接注销法Discounting a note receivable应收票据折价Dishonor of a note 没有追索权Doubtful-account expense呆账费用Due date到期日Income-statement approach损益表方法Interest利息Interest period计息期Interest rate利率Maker of a note出票人Maturity date到期日Maturity value到期价值Note term票据条款Payee of a note持票人(收款票据)Percent-of-sales method销货百分比法Principal本金Principal amount本金金额Promissory note本票Quick ratio速动比率Receivables应收账款Time时间Uncollectible-account expense坏账损失第十章Accelerated depreciation method快速折旧法Amortization摊销Brand names商标名Capital expenditure资本支出Copyright版权Depletion expense折耗费Depreciable cost折旧成本Double-declining-balance(DDB)depreciation method双倍余额递减法Estimated residual value估计残值Estimated useful life估计使用年限非常维修Extraordinary repairFranchises特许权Goodwill商誉Intangibles无形资产Licenses授权Ordinary repair普通修理Patent专利Plant assets固定资产Salvage value残值Straight-line (SL)depreciation method直线法折旧Trademark商标Trade name商标名Units-of-production (UOP)depreciation method单位产量法第十一章accrued expense 应计费用、预提费用accrued liability 应计负债current portion of long-term debt 长期负债中一年内到期的部分current maturity 本期或一年内到期employee compensation 雇员薪酬FICA tax 联邦保险捐助税gross pay 工资的毛收入net pay 净支出payroll 工薪、工资short-term note payable 短期应付票据Social Security tax 社会保险税unemployment compensation tax 事业补偿税withheld income tax 预扣收入税第十三章additional paid-in capital 股本溢价authorization of stock 授权股票board of directors 董事book value 账面价值bylaws 规章、章程chairperson 主席charter 特许权、授权common stock 普通股contributed capital 已投股本cumulative preferred stock 累计优先股deficit 赤字、亏空dividends 股利double taxation 双重税收legal capital 法定资本limited liability 有限责任market value 市场价值发行在外股票outstanding stockpaid-in capital 实收资本par value 票面价值、面值preferred stock 优先股president 总裁、董事长rate of return on common stockholders'equity普通股收益率rate of return on total assets 资产回报率retained earnings 留存收益return on assets 资产回报return on equity 所有者权益回报shareholder 股东stated value设定价值、宣称价值、无票面值股票stock 股票stockholder 股东、股票持有者stockholders' equity 所有者权益第十四章Appropriation of retained earnings 分类盈余Comprehensive income 毛利润,综合收入Earnings per share (EPS)每股收益Extraordinary gains and losses 营业外收入/支出Extraordinary item 异常项目Prior-period adjustment 先期调整Segment of the business 经营部门Statement of stockholders' equity 所有者权益状况变动表Stock dividend 股票股利Stock split 股票分割(折分)Treasury stock 库藏股第十五章Bond discount 债券折价Bond premium 债券溢价Bonds payable 应付债券Callable bonds 可回购债券Capital lease 融资租赁Convertible bonds 可转换债券Debentures 信用债券(无担保债券)Discount(on a bond)折价Effective interest rate 有效利(息)率Lease 租赁Lessee 承租人Lessor 出租人Leverage 杠杆Market interest rate 投资者实际回报率Mortgage 抵押Operating lease 经营性租赁溢价PremiumPresent value 现值Serial bonds 系列债券Stated interest rate 票面利息率Term bonds 定期债券第十六章available-for-sale investments 可供出售投资(不以控制为目的)consolidated statements 合并会计报表controlling interest 主权益equity method 权益法foreign-currency exchange rate 汇率hedging 套期保值held-to-maturity investments 持有至到期投资long-term investment 长期投资majority interest 主权益marketable security 短期投资market-value method 市场法。
Unit 4 AccountingPART I Fundamentals to Accounting第一部分会计基本原理1.accounting [ə'kaʊntɪŋ]n. 会计2.double-entry system复式记账法2-1 Dr.(Debit) 借记2-2 Cr.(Credit) 贷记3.accounting basic assumption会计基本假设4.accounting entity会计主体5.going concern持续经营6.accounting periods会计分期7.monetary measurement货币计量8.accounting basis会计基础9.accrual [ə'krʊəl] basis权责发生制【讲解】accrual n. 自然增长,权责发生制原则,应计项目accrual concept 应计概念accrue [ə'kruː] v. 积累,自然增长或利益增加,产生10.accounting policies会计政策11.substance over form实质重于形式12.accounting elements会计要素13.recognition [rekəg'nɪʃ(ə)n] n. 确认13-1 initial recognition [rekəg'nɪʃ(ə)n] 初始确认【讲解】recognize ['rɛkəg'naɪz] v. 确认14.measurement ['meʒəm(ə)nt] n. 计量14-1 subsequent ['sʌbsɪkw(ə)nt] measurement 后续计量15.asset ['æset] n. 资产16.liability [laɪə'bɪlɪtɪ] n. 负债17.owners’ equity所有者权益18.shareholder’s equity股东权益19.expense [ɪk'spens; ek-] n. 费用20.profit ['prɒfɪt] n. 利润21.residual [rɪ'zɪdjʊəl] equity剩余权益22.residual claim剩余索取权23.capital ['kæpɪt(ə)l] n. 资本24.gains [ɡeinz] n. 利得25.loss [lɒs] n. 损失26.Retained earnings留存收益27.Share premium股本溢价28.historical cost历史成本【讲解】historical [hɪ'stɒrɪk(ə)l] adj. 历史的,历史上的historic [hɪ'stɒrɪk] adj. 有历史意义的,历史上著名的28-1 replacement [rɪ'pleɪsm(ə)nt] cost 重置成本29.Balance Sheet/Statement of Financial Position资产负债表29-1 Income Statement 利润表29-2 Cash Flow Statement 现金流量表29-3 Statement of changes in owners’equity (or shareholders’equity) 所有者权益(股东权益)变动表29-4 notes [nəʊts] n. 附注PART II Financial Assets*第二部分金融资产*30.financial assets金融资产e.g. A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one enterprise and a financial liability or equity instrument of another enterprise. 【讲解】give rise to 引起,导致31.cash on hand 库存现金32.bank deposits [dɪ'pɒzɪt] 银行存款33.A/R, account receivable应收账款34.notes receivable应收票据35.others receivable其他应收款项36.equity investment股权投资37.bond investment债券投资38.derivative financial instrument衍生金融工具39.active market活跃市场40.quotation [kwə(ʊ)'teɪʃ(ə)n]n. 报价41.financial assets at fair value through profit or loss以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产41-1 those designated as at fair value through profit or loss 指定为以公允价值计量且其变动计入当期损益的金融资产41-2 financial assets held for trading 交易性金融资产42.financial liability金融负债43.transaction costs交易费用43-1 incremental external cost 新增的外部费用【讲解】incremental [ɪnkrə'məntl] adj. 增量的,增值的44.cash dividend declared but not distributed 已宣告但尚未发放的现金股利投资收益45.profit and loss arising from fair value changes公允价值变动损益46.Held-to-maturity investments持有至到期投资47.amortized cost摊余成本【讲解】amortized [ə'mɔ:taizd]adj. 分期偿还的,已摊销的48.effective interest rate实际利率49.loan [ləʊn] n. 贷款50.receivables [ri'si:vəblz] n. 应收账款51.available-for-sale financial assets可供出售金融资产52.impairment of financial assets金融资产减值52-1 impairment loss of financial assets 金融资产减值损失53.transfer of financial assets金融资产转移53-1 transfer of the financial asset in its entirety 金融资产整体转移53-2 transfer of a part of the financial asset 金融资产部分转移54.derecognition [diː'rekəg'nɪʃən] n. 终止确认,撤销承认54-1 derecognize [diː'rekəgnaɪz] v. 撤销承认e.g. An enterprise shall derecognize a financial liability (or part of it) only when the underlying present obligation (or part of it) is discharged/cancelled.【译】金融负债的现时义务全部或部分已经解除的,才能终止确认该金融负债或其一部分。
会计英语第一章Exercises1-1The following selected transactions were completed by Castle Delivery Service during November:(1)Received cash from owner as investment ,$2,000.(2)Paid advertising expense ,$500.(3)Purchased supplies of gas and oil for cash , $750.(4)Received cash from cash customers $2,500.(5)Paid creditors on account $480.(6)Paid cash to owner for personal use ,$600.Indicate the effect of each transactions on the accounting equation by a check mark listing theTranslation:1-1下列交易事项挑选自Castle Delivery Service公司十一月份的交易:(1)收到投资者现在投资2000美元(2)支付广告费500美元(3)现在购买汽和油,750美元(4)从购买者收到现金收入2500美元(5)偿还债权人借款480美元(6)支付现金给所有者作为个人用途600美元1-2Foreman Corporation, engaged in a service business , completed the following selected transactions during the period:1)Added additional investment, receiving cash2)Purchased supplies on account3)Returned defective supplies purchased on account and not yet paid for4)Received cash as a refund from the erroneous overpayment of an expense5)Charged customers for services sold on account6)Paid salary expense7)Paid a creditor on account8)Received cash on account from charge customer9)Paid cash for the owner’s personal use10)Determined the amount of supplies used during the monthTranslation :Foreman是一家从事服务行业的公司,以下是该公司在一段时间内的交易事项。
Chapter one Introduction to Accounting 1.1 Bookkeeping and AccountingAccounting is an information system that identifies,measures,records and communicates relevant,reliable,consistent,and comparable information about an organization’s economic activity. Its objective is to help people make better decisions.An understanding of the principles of bookkeeping and accounting is essential for anyone who is interested in a successful career in business. The purpose of bookkeeping and accounting is to provide information concerning the financial affairs of a business. Owners, managers, creditors, and governmental agencies need this information.An individual who earns living by recording the financial activities of business is known as a bookkeeper, while the process of classifying and summarizing business transactions and interpreting their effects is accomplished by an accountant. Accountant is the individual who understands the accounting principles, theoretical and practical application, and can manage, analyze, and interpret the accounting records. The bookkeeper is concerned with techniques involving the recording of transactions, and the accountant’s objective is the use of data for interpretation.第一章['tʃæptə]会计导论[.intrə'dʌkʃən]1.1 簿记与会计会计是一个信息系统,[ai'dentəfai]辨别、['meʒəz]测量、记录和交流相关的['reləvənt]、可靠的[ri'laiəbl]、持续的[kən'sistənt]和可比的['kɔmpərəbl]一个组织经济活动的信息。
会计英语怎么说会计是以货币为主要计量单位,以凭证为主要依据,借助于专门的技术方法,对一定单位的资金运动进行全面、综合、连续、系统的核算与监督,向有关方面提供会计信息、参与经营管理、旨在提高经济效益的一种经济管理活动。
那么,你知道会计的英语怎么说吗?会计的英文释义:accountingaccountanttreasureraccounting and satisicsbursaraccount会计的英文例句:那个会计向营业部的职员介绍了自己的工作情况。
The accountant described his work to the sales staff.雇会计划得来。
It would pay (you) to use an accountant.他已由仓库调到会计室任职。
He has transferredfrom the warehouse to the accounts office.会计拐走了俱乐部的资金。
The treasurer has run off with the club's funds.会计科已完全计算机化了。
The accounts section has been completely computerized.我们的经理精通会计制度。
Our manager is conversant with account system.通过分析虚假会计报告的成因,提出了治理会计报告中虚假会计信息的对策。
The ctmse of the mendacious financial report is analyzed in this paper.会计信息资源是通过会计核算建造的人造资源;It is manmade resources by the wag of accounting.会计学就是一部会计伦理学。
Accounting science is accounting ethics.会计及时卡住了这笔不必要的开支。
会计的英文翻译是什么及例句会计的英文翻译是什么及例句会计是众多职业中的一种,那么会计的英文翻译是什么你了解吗?那么现在来学习关于会计的英语知识及一些相关例句吧,希望能够帮到大家!会计的英文翻译会计[kuài jì]accounting:会计;会计学;记账。
accountant:会计人员,会计师。
accountancy:会计学;会计工作,会计职业。
bookkeeper:(商人的)记账人,(政府机关等的)簿记员,会计。
bursar:(大学等的)财务主管;奖学金获得者。
会计的网络解释1、Accountant:[问题] 有税务代开的做路劳务发票(Invoice)入账的`.盼高人指点 [以下内容仅供参考] 如果金...[问题] 我们是小公司 1.职工李四用自己的现金(cash)为公司垫付给b公司账款5000,b公司发票(Invoice)没到2.收到b公司开来发票(Invoice)5000 , 3.偿还李四现金(cash)5000 会计(accountant)分录怎么做谢谢。
2、accountancy:2006年3月,ICAEW的会刊《会计》(Accountancy)公布了一份由独立机构所作的问卷调查、该问卷以反对合并的ICAEW 会员为对象,了解他们反对的理由、问卷显示,64%是担心合并会稀释C.A.在市场上的含金量,这事关会员的身份与地位.3、treasurer:办公室由会长(President)、副会长(Vice President)、秘书、会计(Treasurer)及其他所需人员组成、会长是业主协会的法人代表、会长和副会长必须是理事会理事,会长人选必须具有1年以上理事工作经验、会长的任期为1年,只可以连任1届.会计的双语例句1、据世界著名会计师事务所德勤评估,巨人网络员工平均收入水平位于行业高端。
The average salary of Giant's employees tops others'in the same industry, according to Deloitte, one of the world's leading accounting firms.2、公司内部组织机构健全,内部管理规范有序,公司主要管理制度有:公司管理手册、人事管理手册、行政后勤管理手册,工程招标代理管理手册,财务会计管理手册,公司员工业绩考评管理手册等。
Chapter one Introduction to Accounting 1.1 Bookkeeping and AccountingAccounting is an information system that identifies,measures,records and communicates relevant,reliable,consistent,and comparable information about an organization’s economic activity. Its objective is to help people make better decisions.An understanding of the principles of bookkeeping and accounting is essential for anyone who is interested in a successful career in business. The purpose of bookkeeping and accounting is to provide information concerning the financial affairs of a business. Owners, managers, creditors, and governmental agencies need this information.An individual who earns living by recording the financial activities of business is known as a bookkeeper, while the process of classifying and summarizing business transactions and interpreting their effects is accomplished by an accountant. Accountant is the individual who understands the accounting principles, theoretical and practical application, and can manage, analyze, and interpret the accounting records. The bookkeeper is concerned with techniques involving the recording of transactions, and the accountant’s objective is the use of data for interpretation.第一章['tʃæptə]会计导论[.intrə'dʌkʃən]1.1 簿记与会计会计是一个信息系统,[ai'dentəfai]辨别、['meʒəz]测量、记录和交流相关的['reləvənt]、可靠的[ri'laiəbl]、持续的[kən'sistənt]和可比的['kɔmpərəbl]一个组织经济活动的信息。
它的目标是帮助人们做出更好的决定。
对在商业事业取得成功感兴趣的人,对账簿和会计的原理['prinsəpl]的理解是必要的[i'senʃəl]。
账簿和会计的目的['pə:pəs]是提供消息关于[kən'sə:niŋ]一个企业的财务事务。
业主,经理,债权人['kreditə],和政府的代理['eidʒənsi]需要这些消息。
一个个体[.indi'vidjuəl]通过记录企业的财务信息赚取生计(earn living)是簿记员;分类['klæsifai]与汇总企业交易[træn'zækʃənz]和解释[in'tə:pritiŋ]它们影响[i'fekt]的过程是被会计完成[ə'kɔmpliʃt]的。
会计师是知道会计准则、理论[θiə'retikəl,]与实际['præktikəl]应用[.æpli'keiʃən],能够管理、分析和解释会计记录的人。
簿记员涉及(is concerned with)一些技术[tek'ni:k]包括记录交易,会计师的目的是使用数据作解释[in.tə:pri'teiʃən]。
1.2 The Field of Professional AccountingThere are three fields of professional accounting.Public accounting is an area of accounting where accountants perform their services for the general public rather than for a single organization. The basic services provided by a public accountant are auditing and preparing tax reports, assisting in various tax problems, and making recommendations for business decisions.Most of the people in the public accounting are licensed as certified public accountants(CPAs).Almost all countries in the world have laws for the CPAs. In USA, the certification examinations are prepared and administrated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountant (AICPA).The equivalent of a CPA in UK is called a chartered accountant. Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA) is responsible for administrating Chinese CPAs.Private accounting is an area of accounting where accountants perform their services for a single organization. The private accountant maintains the accounting records and provides management with financial data needed for business decisions.Accountants provide services to all types of business entities. It is important, therefore, that you are familiar with the characteristics of the different forms of business organization. The three forms of business ownership are clearly presented in the text and are summarized as follows. 1.2 专业会计领域专业会计包含三个方面。
公共会计是会计的一个领域,会计师提供他们的服务给公众(general public)而不是一个单一的组织。
公共会计师提供的基础服务是审计['ɔ:ditiŋ]和准备税务报告,辅助各种税务问题,为商务决策提供建议[.rekəmen'deiʃən]。
从事公共会计的大多数人都是得到领有执照的['laisənst]注册会计师['sə:ti.faid]。
世界上几乎所有的国家都有关于CPA的法规。
在美国,认证考试(certification examinations)是由美国会计师协会['institju:t]准备与实施[əd'ministreit]的。
CPA相当于[i'kwivələnt]英国的特许['tʃɑ:təd]会计师.中国注册会计师协会对中国注册会计师负责。
私用['praivit]会计是会计的一个领域,会计师提供他们的服务给单一的企业。
私用会计维护[mein'tein]会计信息,为管理部门提供企业决策所需要的财务数据。
会计师提供服务于所有类型的商务实体。
它是重要的,因为,你必须熟悉(be familiar with)商务组织不同形态的特点。
企业所有权(business ownership)的三种形式在文章中被清楚地阐述,概述['sʌməraiz]如下。
A single or sole proprietorship is a business that is owned by one individual but is not established as a separate entity under the law.A partnership differs from a single proprietorship only in that it has more than one owner. The owner or owners of proprietorships and partnerships are personally liable for the debts of the business.A corporation is established under the law as a separate entity,hence, its owners (shareholders) are not liable for the debts of the corporation.The chief accounting officer in a medium-sized or large business is usually called the controller, who manages the work of the accounting staff. The work of accountant in a private business mainly includes the design of accounting system, cost accounting, internal control and auditing.Government and nonprofit accounting is an area of accounting where accountant perform their service for local, state,and federal governmental agencies, as well as for nonprofit organizations. The government accountant performs all the functions of private or public accountant. Nonprofit organizations include universities, hospitals, churches, symphony orchestras, charitable organization and so on. Nonprofit accounting follows a pattern of accounting that is similar to governmental accounting.个人独资企业[prə'praiətə.ʃip]是在法律下个人独有的[.indi'vidjuəl]而不是被作为单独实体(separate entity)被确立[is'tæbliʃt]的企业。