华师2013美国文学在线课后复习

美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。

美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。

Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。

美国⽂学期末复习题2013-2014-1 美国⽂学史及选读期末复习材料ⅠMultiple choices1. Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. The American CrisisC. The Rights of ManD. The Autobiography2. “These are the times that try men’s souls”, these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A.Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington3. At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ______.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movement4. In American literature, the Enlighteners were favorable to______.A. the colonial orderB. religious obscurantismC. the Puritan traditionD. the secular literature5. The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted ______ in 1776.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. the Sugar ActC. the Stamp ActD. the Mayflower Compact6. ______ usually was regarded as the first American writer.A. William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetC. Emily DickinsonD. Captain John Smith7. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “______” who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse8. Who was considered as the “poet of American Revolution”?A. Anne BradstreetB. Edward TaylorC. Michael WigglesworthD. Philip Freneau9. In 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet ______ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allen Poe10. The finest example of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s symbolism is the recreation of Puritan Boston in ______.A. The Scarlet LetterB. Young Goodman BrownC. The Marble FaunD. The Ambitious Guest11. “The universe is composed of Nature and the soul… Spirit is present everywhere”. This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England ______.A. RomanticismB. TranscendentalismC. NaturalismD. Symbolism12. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. NatureB. WaldenC. On BeautyD. Self-Reliance13. Mark Twain created, in _________, a masterpiece of American realism that is also one of the great books of world literature.A. The Adventure of Huckleberry FinnB. The Adventure of Tom SawyerC. The Man That Corrupted HadleyburgD. The Gilded Age14. _________ marks the climax of Mark Twain’s literary creativity.A . The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn B. The Gilded AgeC. Life on the MississippiD. The Adventure of Tom Sawyer15. Choose the novel which is not written by Henry James.A. The AmbassadorsB. The Wings of the DoveC. The BostoniansD. The Mysterious Stranger16. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be _________.A. transcendentalistsB. idealistsC. pessimistsD. impressionists17. Ezra Pound’s long poem _________ contained more than one hundred poems loosely connected.A. The Waste LandB. The CantosC. Don JuanD. Queen Mab18. T. S. Eliot’s first major poem _________(1917), has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English.A. The Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockB. The Waste LandC. Four QuartetsD. Preludes19. Ernest Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel _________.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. For Whom the Bell TollsC. The Sun Also RisesD. A Farewell to Arms20. In William Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, he used a technique called _________, in which the whole story was told through the thoughts of one character.A. stream of consciousnessB. imagismC. symbolismD. naturalism21. Led by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson and ______, there arose a kind of teachings of transcendentalism in the early nineteenth century.A.Herman MelvilleB. Henry David ThoreauC. Mark TwainD. Theodore Dreiser22. A New ______ had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the nineteenth century.A. realismB. critical realismC. romanticismD. naturalism23. From Henry David Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, ______ which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. Common Sense24. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his _________.A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism25. Herman Melville’s ______ is an encyclopedia of everything: history, philosophy religion, etc. in addition to a detailed account of the operations of the whaling industry.A. The Old Man and the SeaB. Moby DickC. White Jacket C. Billy Budd26. The ship “______” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Pequod27. From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous ______, an annual collection of proverbs.A. The AutobiographyB. Poor Richard’s AlmanacC. Common SenseD. The General Magazine28. In American literature, the eighteen-century was the age of the Enlightenment. ______ was the dominant spirit.A. HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution29. ______ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.A. Henry David ThoreauB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman30. Edgar Allen Poe’s first collection of short stories is ______.A. Tales of a TravelerB. Leatherstocking TalesC. Canterbury TalesD. Tales of the Grotesque of Arabesque31. ______ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville’s stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.A. Moby DickB. TypeeC. OmooD. Billy Budd32. Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?A.The American ScholarB. English TraitsC. The Conduct of LifeD. Representative Men33. The three dominant figures of the realistic period in American literature are _________.A. Theodore Dreiser, Emily Dickinson and William Dean HowellsB. Mark Twain, Henry James and William Dean HowellsC. Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser and William Dean HowellsD. Mark Twain, Emily Dickinson and William Dean Howells34. American literature produced only one female poet during the nineteenth century. This was _________.A. Anne BradstreetB. Jane AustenC. Emily DickinsonD. Harriet Beecher35. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named_________.A. The Son of the WolfB. The Sea WolfC. The Law of LifeD. White Fang36. In Henry James’Daisy Miler, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of _________.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich37. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.” This is the shortest poem written by_________.A. T.S. EliotB. Robert FrostC. Ezra PoundD.E.E.Cumings38. The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _________.A. The Roaring TwentiesB. The Jazz AgeC. The Dollar DecadeD. all of the above39. In 1954, _________ was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”.A. T.S EliotB. Ernest HemingwayC. John SteinbeckD. William Faukner40. William Faukner’s novel _________ describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order, told from four different points of view.A. The Sound and the FuryB. StartorisC. The UnvanquishedD. The Town41. “The Lure of the Spirit: The Flesh in Pursuit” i s the title of one chapter in Dreiser’s novel _________.A. An American DreamB. Sister CarrieC. Dreiser Looks at RussiaD. Jannie Gerhardt42. The main theme of _________ The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel.A. Henry James’B. William Dean Howells’C. Mark Twain’sD. O. Henry’s43. With William Dean Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the scene, _________became the major trend in the seventies and eighties of the nineteenth century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism44. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel _________.A. The Call of the WildB. The Sea WolfC. Martin EdenD. The Iron Heel45_________ is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The AmericanB. The EuropeansC. Daisy MillerD. The Portait of a LadyAnswers: 1-5 DBCDA 6-10 DBDCA 11-15 BAAAD 16-20 CBADA21-25 BCCCB 26-30 CBBBD 31-35 BABCA 36-40 BCDBA 41-45 BACCCⅡFilling the following blanks with proper answers1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer.2.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people.3.The first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England.”4.Anne Bradstreet published The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, and she was nicknamed the tenth Muse.5.Poor Richard’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.6.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.7.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.8.Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction, best illustrated in such nature lyrics as “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.9.Philip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.10.In Washington Irving’s Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.11.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leatherstocking tales.12.“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok.13.“Thanatopsis”, William Cullen Bryant’s best-known poem, consists of four stanzas in iambic tetrameter abab. The title means “view of death”.14.Edgar Allan Poe is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.15.Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.16.In Walden, Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one day a week and rest six, and the rest of the time could be devoted to thought.17.Hawthorne’s stories touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.18.Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.19.After his death, Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.20.Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, had become an American institution and the most famous literary woman in the world.21.William Dean Howells found his subject matter in the experiences of the American middle class.22.William Dean Howells called for the treatment of the “smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American.”23.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.24.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.25.O·Henry’s stories are usually short and interesting; Famous for their surprising end.26.Henry James is famous for his international theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life.27.Jack London believed in the inevitable triumph of the strongest individuals.28.Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, An American Tragedy, is about a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth—through marriage if necessary.29.Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.30.Wallace Stevens’ work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order”.31.With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation.”Ⅲ Decide whether the statements are true or false (T/F).1. John Winthrop’s reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been regarded as the first distinct American literature written in English.2. In 1612, William Bradford published in England a book called A Map of Virginia; With a description of the country.3. Philip Freneau was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit.4. Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he always applied the term “Transcendentalist” to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.5. To Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.6. Walt Whitman was attacked in his lifetime for his offensive subject matter of sexuality and for his conventional style.7. Tom Sawyer walked out of Twain’s pages directly from his fresh memory of his boyhood in the west.8. Hurstwood is a character in Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.9. In the decade of the 1910s, American literature achieved a new diversity and reached its greatest heights.10. Edwin Arlington Robinson began his career as a novalist in bleakness and poverty.11.The greatest of America’s realists, such as Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America.12.Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Mark Twain or William Dean Howells.13.Sister Carrie is generally regarded as Theodore Dreiser’s masterpiece.14.Generally speaking, Jack London was much more interested in ideas than Stephen Crane and less sentimental than Frank Norris.15.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.16. American literature is the oldest of all national literature.17. Georgia, Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, New York, New England, all were named after French monarchs and lands.18. Benjamin Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassic ideals of clarity, restraint, simplicity and balance.19. The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe’s poems.20. The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.21. Walt Whitman was so great that he won respect and love during his lifetime for his Leaves of Grass.22. Many of O. Henry’s stories contain a lot of slang and colloquial expressions, just like his own speech.23. Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Mark Twain or William Dean Howells.24. Robert Frost rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, and chose “the old-fashioned way to be new” instead.25. John Steinbeck’s theme was usually that simple human virtues such as kindness and fair treatment were far superior to official hard-heartedness, or the dehumanizing cruelty of exploiters for their own commercial advantage.26. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.27. Washington Irving was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.28. James Fennimore Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga.29. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.30. “Young Goodman Brown” seems to prove everyone possesses some evil secrets1-5 FFTFT 6-10FTTFF 11-15 TFFTT 16-20 FFTFT 21-25FFFTT 26-30 TTTTTⅣAnswer the following questions briefly.1. These are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly—This dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods.Questions:(1)Which book is this passage taken from?(2)Who is the author of this book?(3)Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?(4)What do you think of the language?Answers:(1) The American Crisis.(2) Thomas Paine(3) Paine is praising those who stand “it”, it referring to “the service of their country”. In the meantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis.(4) The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand and to fit the powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.2.It was not very long after speaking the Goney that another homeward-bound whaleman, the Town-Ho, was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians. In the short gam that ensued she gave us strong news of Moby Dick. To some the general interest in the White Whale was now widly heightened by circumstance of the Town-Ho’s story, which seemed obscurely to involve with the whale a certain wondrous, inverted visitation of one of those so called judgments of God which at times are said to overtake some men. This latter circumstance, with its own particular accompaniments, forming what may be called the secret part of the tragedy about to be narrated, never reached the ears of Captain Ahab or his mates…Nevertheless, so potent and influence did this thing have on those seamen in the Pequod who came to the full knowledge of it, and by such a strange delicacy, to call it so, were they governed in this matter, that they kept the secret among themselves so that it never transpiredabaft the Pequod’s main-mast. Interweaving in its proper place this darker thread with the story as publicly narrated on the ship, the whole of this strange affair I now proceed to put on lasting record.Questions:(1)From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2) What is the name of the novelist?(3) Who is Ahab?(4) What is Pequod?(5) What is the theme of the novel?Answers:(1) Moby Dick(2) Herman Melville(3) The captain of the whaling ship(4) The name of the whaling ship(5) The rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome sometimes merciless forces.3. When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human temper. There are large forces which allure with all the soulfulness of expression possible in the most cultured human. The gleam of a thousand lights is often as effective as the persuasive light in a wooing and fascinating eye. Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A blare of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appeal to the astonished senses in equivocal terms. Without a counselor at hand to whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoods may not these things breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognized for what they are, their beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then weakens then perverts the simpler human perceptions.Questions:(1) From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) How do you understand “the cosmopolitan standard of virtue”?(4) Is there any naturalist tendency in this passage?Answers:(1)Sister Carrie(2) Theodore Dreiser(3) “The cosmopolitan standard of virtue” is something that makes a person become low in virtue and become worse.(4) Yes.4. Briefly discuss the novel The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby, a novel written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is one of the greatest novels in American literature. It fully explores the disillusionment and despair of the lost generation through the personal tragedy of a young man whose “incorruptib le Dream”is easily smashed into pieces by the crude reality. The protagonist, Gatsby, is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies American itself. His failure magnifies the end of the American Dream. The style of the story is explicit and chilly. Fitzgerald’s accurate dialogues, his careful observation of mannerism and the colorful images provide the reader with a vivid and profound scene of the reality.5. What are the three main principles that Ezra Pound endorsed?(1)Directly treat poetic subjects.(2)Eliminate merely ornamental or superfluous words.(3)Rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of metronome.6.Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman(1)Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2)Emily Dickinson is “regional”, while Walt Whitman is “national” in his outlook.(3)Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.ⅤEssay Writing (这个部分给⼤家的答案只是罗列了回答的要点，要将其连缀成⽂，如果简单按复习题给的答案罗列，只得⼀半分数)1. Write a short essay about the novel The Grapes of WrathWriter: John Steinbeck----won Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962; spoke for the oppressed and suffered Background information: (1) Oklahoma used to be a major agricultural state. In the 1930s, a draught ruined this place. People had to leave here to seek a way out. Many of them went to California in hope of finding jobs there to support their family. (2)The Great Depression.Meaning of title: (1) Hope to despair; (2) Wrath of people; (3) Indications of revolution.Theme: (1) Embodying the mass misery of farmers; (2) Praising the spirit of love and unity; (3) Advocating fight and struggle for better life.Structure: (1) Its structure is dictated by the bible; (2) There are two blocks of material: a. the westward trek of the Joads; b. the depressed Oklahomans, and the general picture of the Great Depression.Symbols: (1) dust---evil forces; (2) grapes---hope→rage2. Write a short essay about the novel A Farewell to ArmsWriter: Hemingway---- (1) in 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize; (2) Main works: The Sun also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The old Man and the Sea. (3) His major contribution: a. Code hero---grace under pressure; b. Iceberg Theory---economy of expression; (4) the lost generationBackground information: World War ⅡTheme: shows the filth, meaningless, calamity of war; the death, the nothingness of life; the disillusionment with future, hope and love, happiness. The universe is indifferent. There is no God to watch over man.Characters: Henry--- initially detached from life----though well-disciplined and friendly, he feels as if he has nothing to do with the war. After falling in love with Catherine he became a code hero in some way. Catherine---code hero: unfaltering devotion to Henry, brave, considerate, optimisticSymbols: rain---sadness, desperation, depression. It is raining outside almost every time something bad occurs. mud---nature's hostility to man.3. Write a short essay about the novel The Adventures of Tom SawyerAuthor: Mark Twain—the first truly American writer, a local colorist; he used short, concrete and colloquial language; his sentences are simple, and even ungrammatical; good at writing children’s adventures; masterpieces including: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Tom SawyerAbout the novel: The first famous novel about growing up and show ing the contradictions between adults’ world and teenagers’ world, a story of his seeking for freedom, fame, fortune, love, manhood; reveals the American values such as hero complex and American dream; records the rising Age of American Bourgeois system; bearsthe irony and satire toward the religion and rigid, didactic children education, which curbed the imagination of children and their innate nature for freedom and adventures and molded them into a stereotype of lifeless man.4. Comment briefly on Theodore Dreiser’s theme and writing style?Theme: Dreiser’s works are mainly concerned with the tragic nature of the human condition by depicting the coarse, vulgar, cruel, and terrible aspects of life like sex and crime.Style: In terms of style, Dreiser has sometimes been censured for his clumsy syntax, deficient characterization, and inept and dull prose. Yet his accumulated detail, carefully selected and faithfully recorded, is a technique of power. Like the other naturalists, he refused to judge—to consider people as good or evil. He clothes his concepts symbolically in the details of reality. It is his journalistic method that has made him one of America’s foremost novelists.。

美国文学课后题17世纪文学复习题1.Protestants refers to all the religious sects except ________.a.Church of Englandb. Puritanismc. Calvinismd. Catholicism2. In 1649, ______ was beheaded. English became a commonwealth.a.James Ib. James IIc. Charles Id. Charles II3. The Revolution of 1688 meant three of the following things:_______, _______,________.a. the supremacy of Parliamentb. the beginning of modern Englandc. the triumph of the principle of political libertyd. the Restoration of monarchy4.The following belong to the characteristics of “metaphysical poetry” represented by John Donne except ___.A. ConceitsB. Actual imagery and simple dictionC. Argumentative formD. Elegant style5. Donne’s poetry is full of metaphors, ori ginal images, wit and______, except ingenuity, dexterous use of colloquial speech, considerable flexibility of rhythm and meter, complex themes and caustic humor.a. conceitsb. Petrarchen imagesc. rhetoricsd. Brevity6. ____ poems can be divided into two categories: the youthful love lyrics and the later sacred verses.A. John MiltonB. John BunyanC. John DonneD. John Dryden7. The theme of the sonnet Death Be Not Proud is that ________.a. death is predestinedb. death is the most dreadful thingc. death you are nothing to be fearedd. death is gentle towards me8. The main literary form of seventeenth century was poetry. Among the poets, _______was the greatest.a. Miltonb. Bunyanc. the Metaphysical poetsd. the Cavalier poets9. Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from____.A. Greek MythologyB. Roman legendC. The Old TestamentD. The New Testament10. Paradise Lost is ___’s masterpiece, which is an epic in 12 books, written in blank verse, about the heroic revolt of Satan against God’s authority.A. John DonneB. Christopher MarloweC. John MiltonD. Edmund Spenser11.In Paradise Lost the author eulogizes the spirit of ______ that is though lost, but the ______cannot be conquered, and the pursuit of revenge, immortal hate towards god will never be overcome.a. pessimism, knowledgeb. optimism, idealc. rebellion, willd. cynicism, concept12. The following description fit into Milton except_____.A. a great revolutionary poet of the 17th centuryB. an outstanding political pamphleteerC. a great stylist and master of blank verseD. a kind of elegant and refine style.13. _____is not written by John Milton.A. Samson AgonistesB. Paradise LostC. Paradise regainedD. Tamburlaine14. In “Paradise Lost”, Satan says “We may with more successful hope resolve/ To wage by force or guile eternal war, / Irreconcilable to our gr and Foe” What does the “Eternal war” mean?A. To remove God from his throneB. To burn the Heaven DownC. To corrupt God’s creation of ma n and woman-----Adam and EveD. To beguile into a snake to threaten man’s life15. Paradise Lost is a (n)________.a. lyrical poemb. hymnc. epicd. narrative poem16. ______is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.A. Genesis AB. The Holy WarC. The Pilgrim’s progressD. Exodus17. Milton wrote a number of pamphlets defending the English People. Choose them from the following.a. Defense of the English Peopleb. Second Defense of the English Peoplec. L’Allegrod. II Penseroso18._________ , as a declaration of people’s freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democraticrevolutionary struggles.A. On the Morning of Christ’s NativityB. ComusC. Of Reformation in EnglandD. Areopagitica19.The main literary achievements of the 17th century lies in the poetry of John Milton, in the prose writing of John Bunyan, and in the plays and literary criticism of ______.A. John DonneB. Christopher MarloweC. John DrydenD. Edmund Spenser20.______gives a vivid and satirical picture of Vanity Fair which is the symbol of London at the time of Restoration.A.Paradise LostB. The Pilgrim’s progressB.C. All for Love D.The Life and Death of Mr. BadmanPassage I“… All is no lost: the unconquerable will,And study of revenge, immortal hate,And courage never to submit or yield:And what is else not to be overcome?……Irreconcilable to our grand Foe”1) Please identify the poem and the poet.2) Interpret“all is not lost”.3) What does the whole passage mean?Passage IIDeath, be not proud, thou some have called theeMighty and dreadful, for thou art not so:For those whom thou think’st thou dost overthrowDie not, poor Death, nor yet canst thou kill me.From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,Much pleasure; then from thee much must flow,And soonest our best men with thee do go,Rest of their bones, and soul’s delivery.Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,And dost with poison, war and sickness dwell,And poppy or charms can make us sleep as wellAnd better by thy stroke; why swell’st thou then?One short sleep past, we wake eternallyAnd death shall be no more; Death; thou shall die.Questions:1. This poem is a _________.2. Is the rhyme scheme the same with a Shakespearean sonnet?3. Who is poet of the poem? What is his attitude towards death in this poem?Passage IIIAlmost five thousand years ago, .there were pilgrims walking to the celestial City, as these two honest persons are; and Beelzebub, Apollyon, and Legion, with their companions, perceiving, by the path that the pilgrims made, that their way to the city lay through this town of Vanity, they contrived here to set up a fair; a fair wherein should be sold all sorts of vanity, and that it should last all the year long. Therefore at this fair are all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honors, preferment, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures and delights of all sorts, as whores, bawds, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, peals, precious stones, and what not.Questions:1. This passage is taken from the famous book _______ written by _________.2. The setting here described is about the best-known episode ________ in the book.3. How do you understand the passage?Questions1.Please comment on the character of Satan in Paradise Lost.2. Analyze the main idea and artistic features of Paradise Lost.浪漫主义时期复习题Multiple Choice1. Romanticism is a period of British literature roughly dated from _________.A.1660-----1798B.1798----1832C.1483-----1546D.1836-----19012. Romanticism fights against the ideas of ______.A. realismB. RenaissanceC. EnlightenmentD. feudalism3. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less______ attitude toward the existing social and political conditions.A. positiveB. negativeC. neutralD. Indifferent4. The publication of ______ marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement in England.A. “Tintern Abbey”B. Lyrical BalladsC. Frost a t NightD. “The Daffodils”5. The two major novelists of the English Romantic Period are _____and Walter Scott.A. Washington IrvingB. Jane AustenC. Herman MelvilleD. Charles Dickens6. _____defines the poet as "man speaking to men," andpoetry as "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquility."A. William BlakeB. William WordsworthC. Samuel Taylor ColeridgeD. John Keats7. For the Romantics, ____is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.A. loveB. manC. natureD. Death8. In the Romantic period, ____is the most prosperous literary form.A. proseB. poetryC. fictionD. Play9. _____is regarded as a "worship of nature".A. John KeatsB. William BlakeC. William WordsworthD. Jane Austen10. ____ has a another name called “The Daffodils”.A. “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”B. “Tintern Abbey”C. “Revolution”D. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”11. _____ is considered Wordsworth’s masterpiece.A. The PreludeB. EndymionC. Don JuanD. Biographia Literaria12. Which of the following writings is not created by William Wordsworth?A. “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”B. “Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802”C. “The Solitary Reaper”D. “The Chimney Sweeper”13. Wordsworth’s short poems can be class ified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about________.A. loveB. human lifeC. freedomD. social activities14. Because of _______, Shelley was expelled from the Oxford University.A. The Masque of AnarchyB. A Defence of PoetryC. The Necessity of AtheismD. The Triumph of Life15. Byron, Shelley and Keats belong to Romantic poets of ___ generation.A. the firstB. the secondC. the thirdD. the forth16. "Wild Spirit, which art moving everywhere; / Destroy and Preserver; hear, O hear!" The two lines are found in_____.A. Young Goodman Brown by HawthorneB. Ode to the West Wind by ShellyC. Leaves of Grass by Walt WhitmanD. Ulysses by James Joyce17. The author of "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is __________.A. WordsworthB. AustenC. ByronD. Keats18. Keats’ first poem is ____.A. O SolitudeB. On First Looking into Chapman’s HomerC. PoemsD. Endymion19. Keats’ best ode is ____.A. “On a Grecian Urn”B. “To Autumn”C. “To Psyche”D. “To a Nightingale”20. Jane Au sten’s first novel is __________.A. Pride and PrejudiceB. Sense and SensibilityC. EmmaD. Plan of a Novel21. The best works of William Hazlitt is ____.A. The Spirit of the AgeB. Table TalkC. The Characters of Shakespeare’s PlaysD. On the English Poets22. The prose writers in the English Romantic Age developeda kind of _______.A. models of classicismB. familiar essayC. rules of neo-romanticismD. ways of modernism23. The best essayist in the English Romantic Age is _____.A. KeatsB. Walter ScottC. Charles LambD. William Hazlitt24. _____ is considered the father of historical novelist in the English Romantic Age.A. Jane AustenB. Charles LambC. William HazlittD. Waler Scott25. Which of the following is the Gothic novel?A. Shelly’s Prometheus UnboundB. Keats’ LamiaC. Mary Shelly’s FrankensteinD. Jane Austen’s Pride and PrejudicePassage I"For oft, when on my couch I lieIn vacant or in pensive mood,They flash upon that inward eyeWhich is the bliss of solitude;And then my heart with pleasure fills,And dance with the daffodils."(1) What is the "bliss of the solitude"?(2) Interpret the passage.(3) Why did the poet write the poem, what did he want to express?Passage II"As thus with thee in prayer in my sore need.Oh! Lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowedOne too like thee: tameless, and swift and proud."(1)Explain "I fall upon the thorns of life, I bleed" .(2)Can you comprehend the deep emotion contained in the poem? W hat’s that?(3)The poet was called the "the heart of all hearts", he trumpeted the radical prophecy of hope and rebirth. Please write out his classic words.Passage III"Wild spirit, which art moving everywhere;Destroyer and Preserver; hear, O hear!"(1)What does the "wild spirit "refer to?(2)Why called it "Destroyer and Preserver" at the same time?(3)Identify the poet and the poem.Passage IVFade far away, dissolve, and quite forgetWhat thou among the leaves hast never known,The weariness, the fever, and the fretHere, where men sit and hear each other groan;Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,Where youth grows pale, and specter-thin, and dies;Where but to think is to be full of sorrowAnd leaden-eyed despairs,Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,Or new Love pine at them beyond tomorrow.(1)Identify the poet and the poem.(2) What 's the main idea of this stanza?What the poem wants to convey in this stanza?(3) Comment on the artistic features of the poet’s works.。

华南师范大学《美国文学》考试题库（2）及满分答案内容摘要：As a literary movement, American Realism came in the latter half of the nineteeth century, as a reaction against the lie of romanticism.答案:正...As a literary movement, American Realism came in the latter half of t he nineteeth century, as a reaction against the lie of romanticism.答案:正确The first American poet to be translated into Chinese is Walt Whitman. 答案:错误A Shakespearean Sonnet is a short poem with fourteen iambic pentameter lines rhymed ababcdcdefefgg.答案:正确thoreau was an active transcendentalist who was an escapist ｏr a rec luse detached ｆrom the life of his day.答案:错误The Great Gatsby was a novel written by Fitzgerald partially based on his own life experience.答案:正确american naturalism, like romanticism, had come ｆrom germany.答案:错误“The Purloined Letter” is a detective story.答案:正确Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticea ble.答案:正确Henry David Thoreau once built a cabin beside the lake of Walden on t he land of his neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson.答案:正确Poe was a predecessor of the later British detective writer Conan Doy le.答案:正确The most important Southern writer is Robert Penn Warren who was the author of the poem “All the King’s Men”.答案:错误Leatherstocking Tales is a novel of the series The Last of Mohicans w ritten by James Fenimore Cooper.答案:错误John Stwinbeck didn't win a Nobel Prize because he was sympathetic wi th the working class people.答案:错误Cooper’s claim to greatness in American literature lies in the fact that he created a myth about the formative period of the American nat ion.答案:正确The short story writer O.Henry was once put into prison because he wa s a Nazi.答案:错误Though Emily Dickinson married twice in her life, love had never been a major theme in her poetry.答案:错误"Declaration of Independence" was drafted by Benjamin Franklin alone. 答案:错误The poet Robert Frost wrote in traditional rhyme schemes, but his the mes are very modern.答案:正确An Italian Sonnet is a short poem with fourteen iambic pentameter lines rhymed abbaabbacdecde.答案:正确The Second World War led the American intellectuals to a bitter disil lusionment, breeding what is called modernism.答案:错误“The Premature Burial” is a detective story written by Poe.答案:错误The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists.答案:正确Ralph Waldo Emerson was a representative figure of the American Trans cendentalism.答案:正确The Puritan style of writing is characterized by simplicity, which le ft an indelible imprint on American writings.答案:正确Stream of Consciousness is a minor technique that William Faulkner em ployed in his novels.答案:错误Hawthorne, who seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin ａnd veil, ne ver showed a positive part of the life.答案:错误As a novelist, Nathaniel Hawthorne was deeply influenced by Puritanis m.答案:正确Emerson’s prose style was sometimes as highly individualistic as his dramas.答案:错误The famous philosopher Williams James was the novelist Henry James' brother.答案:正确Besides Moby Dick, Melville also wrote some other sea novels.答案:正确life ａnd death is a major theme in emily dickinson’s poems.答案:正确Henry James’s greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed.答案:正确Jack London was usually considered as a romanticist for his portrayal of superman heroes.答案:错误Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls was about the Spanish Civil War.答案:正确benjamin franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the rom antic ideals of clarity, restraint, simplicity ａnd balance.答案:错误The 19th century female poet Emily Dickinson was a forerunner of the modern Imagist poetry.答案:正确The detective created by Poe was named Dubin.答案:正确Longfellow’s poems belong to the darker aspect of the Romantic Movem ent.答案:错误emerson always applied the term transcendentalist to himself ｏr to h is beliefs, fｏr he was the acknowledged leader of the movement.答案:错误The House of the Seven Gables is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthor ne based on his experience in the Brook Farm.答案:错误"In a Station of the Metro" is a short poem written by Ezra Pound. 答案:正确"Tell me not, in mournful numbers" is a line in Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life".答案:正确"A Rose for Emily" is a Gothic short story written by William Faulkne r.答案:正确Immediately after their arrival in america, the american puritans bec ame more preoccupied with business ａnd profits, as they had to be in the grim struggle for survival.答案:正确Many of Poe’s Gothic tales bear the theme of claustrophobia.答案:正确"Tell me not, in mournful numbers" is a line in Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life".答案:正确By the end of the nineteenth century, the realists rejected the portr ayal of idealized characters ａnd events.答案:正确。

美国文学一期末复习资料I. Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. For Melville, as well as for the reader and _________, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. AhabB. IshmaelC. StubbD. Starbuck8. Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by____________.A. short, clear sentencesB. abundance of local imagesC. ordinary American speechD. highly refined language9. One of the characteristics that have made Mark Twain a major literary figure in the 19th century America is his use of____________ .A. vernacularB. interior monologueC. point of viewD. photographic description10. It is on his____________ that Washington Irving’s fame mainly rested.A. childhood recollectionsB. sketches about his European toursC. early poetryD. tales about America11. At the middle of 19th century, America witnessed a cultural flowering which is called “____________________”.A. the English RenaissanceB. the Second RenaissanceC. the American RenaissanceD. the Salem Renaissance12. As a philosophical and literary movement, the main issues involved in the debate of Transcendentalism are generally concerning ____________________.A. nature, man and the universeB. the relationship between man and womanC. the development of Romanticism in American literatureD. the cold, rigid rationalism of Unitarianism13. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is NOT right?A. It’s very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin.B. It’s a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism.C. It’s mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sinupon the main characters and the people in general.D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel.14. The great sea adventure story Moby-Dick is usually considered____________.A. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe.B. an adventurous exploration into man’s relationship with natureC. a simple whaling tale or sea adventureD. a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the artistic truth and beauty15. In his poems, Walt Whitman is innovative in the terms of the form of his poetry, which is called “____________________.”A. free verseB. blank verseC. alliterationD. end rhyming16. After the Civil War America was transformed from ______ to _________.A. an agrarian community …an industrialized and commercialized societyB. an agrarian community … a society of freedom and equalityC. a poor and backward society …an industrialized and commercialized societyD. an industrialized and commercialized society …a highly developed society18. Which of the following is not right about Mark Twain’s style of language?A. His sentence structures are long, ungrammatical and difficult to read.B. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect.C. His humor is remarkable and characterized by puns, straight-facedexaggeration，repetition and anti-climax.D. His style of language had exerted rather deep influence on the contemporary writers.20. Which of the following is not written by Henry James?A. The Portrait of A Lady and The Europeans.B. The Wings of the Dove and The Ambassadors.C. What Maisie Knows and The Bostonians.D.The Genius and The Gilded Age.21. More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which hergeneral Skepticism about the relationship between ______ is well-expressed.A. man and manB. men and womenC. man and natureD. men and God22. Which of the following is right about Emily Dickinson’s poems about nature?A. In them, she expressed her general affirmation about the relationship betweenman and nature.B. Some of them showed her disbelief that there existed a mythical bondbetween man and nature.C. Her poems reflected her feeling that nature is restorative to human beings.D. Many of them showed her feeling of nature’s inscrutability and indifference tothe life and interests of human beings.23. As a great innovator in American literature, Walt Whitman wrote his poetry in anunconventional style which is now called free verse, that is _________.A. lyrical poetry with chanting refrainsB. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme schemeC. poetry without rhymes at the end of the lines but with a fixed beatD. poetry in an irregular metric form and expressing noble feelings37. Which of the following is not a work of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s?A. The House of the Seven Gables.B. The Blithedale Romance.C. The Marble Faun.D.White Jacket.38. In Hawthorne’s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as ______________.A. commentatorsB. observersC. villainsD. saviors39. Besides sketches, tales and essays, Washington Irving also published a book on ______, which is also considered an important part of his creative writing.A. poetic theoryB. French artC. history of New YorkD. life of George Washington41. In American literature, escaping from the society and returning to nature is a common subject. The following titles are all related, in one way or another, to the subject except _________.A. Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Hu ckleberry FinnB. Dreiser’s Sister CarrieC. Copper’s Leather-Stocking TalesD. Thoreau’s Walden43. Emily Dickinson wrote many short poems on various aspects of life. Which of the following is not a usual subject of her poetic expression?A. Religion.B. Life and death.C. Love and marriage.D. War and peace.44. In 1837, Ralph Waldo Emerson made a speech entitled _______ at Harvard, which was hailed by Oliver Wendell Holmes as "Our intellectual Declaration of Independence."A. "Nature"B. "Self-Reliance"C. "Divinity School Address"D. "The American Scholar"46. In American literature the first important writer who earned an international fameon both sides of the Atlantic Ocean is_______________.A. Washington IrvingB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Nathaniel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman47. The American novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne is known for his“black vision．”TheTerm “black vision” refers to______________.A. Hawthorne's observation that every man faces a black WallB. Hawthorne's belief that all men are by nature evilC. that Hawthorne employed a dream vision to tell his storyD. that Puritans of Hawthorne's time usually wore black clothes52. Though Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson were romantic poets in theme andtechnique, they differ from each other in a variety of ways. For one thing, whereasWhitman likes to keep his eye on human Society at large, Dickinson oftenaddresses such issues as_______, immortality, religion, love and nature.A. progressB. freedomC. beautyD. death53. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues EXCEPT the_______in the American literary history．A. individual feelingB. survival of the fittestC. strong imaginationD. return to nature55. With Howells, James, and Mark Twain active on the literary scene, ______becamethe major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of the 19thcentury．A. SentimentalismB. RomanticismC. RealismD. Naturalism57. Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth and Pearl are most likely Characters in_______.A. The House of the Seven GablesB. The Scarlet LetterC. The Portrait of a LadyD. The pioneers58. In his realistic fiction, Henry James's primary concern is to present the_________.A. inner life of human beingsB. American Civil War and its effectsC. life on the Mississippi RiverD. Calvinistic view of original Sin60. Which of the following is NOT the virtue that Franklin enumerated in his The Autobiography?A. TemperanceB. Humanity (Humility)C. FrugalityD. Immoderation61. American Romanticism stretches from the end of the ________ century through the outbreak of ______.A. 18th, the Civil WarB. 18th, the War of IndependenceC. 19th, WWID. 19th, WWII62. _________ believes that the chief a im of literary creation is beauty, and “the death of a beautiful woman is, unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.”A. Walt Whitman B. Edgar Allen PoeC. Anne BradstreetD. Ralph Waldo Emerson63. In Emily Dickinson’s Because I Could Not Stop for Death, ______________.A. death is personified as a devilB. death is described as the tragic end of a person’s lifeC. death is a stage of life and it leads people to the Heaven of immortalityD. death is described as a beaut iful girl who couldn’t find her final destination64. Which is generally regarded as the manifesto and the Bible of American Transcendentalism?A. Thoreau’s WaldenB.Emerson’s NatureC. Poe’s Poetic PrincipleD. Tho reau’s Nature65. Henry David Thoreau’s work, ________, has always been regarded as amasterpiece of the New England Transcendental Movement.A. WaldenB. The PioneersC. NatureD. "Song of Myself"66. ‘Leaves of Grass’ commands great attention because of its uniquely poeticembodiment of________, which are written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War and the American Civil War.A. the democratic idealsB. the romantic idealsC. the self-reliance spiritsD. the religious ideals67. ________is the author of the work “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.A. Washington IrvingB. James JoyceC. Walt WhitmanD. William Butler Yeats68. After "The Adventure of Tom Sawyer", Twain gives a literary independence toTom’s buddy Huck in a book called_________, and the book from which "all modern American literature comes".A. Life on the Mississippi RiverB. The Gilded AgeC. Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. The Sun Also Rises69. The greatest work written by Theodore Dreiser is__________.A. Sister CarrieB. An American TragedyC. The FinancierD. The Titan70. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______________.A. conversational and crudeB. lyrical and well-structuredC. simple and rather crudeD. free-flowing72. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ____.A. international themeB. waste-land imageryC. local colorD. symbolism74. Most of Herman Melville’s novels are based on sea voyag es and sea adventures. Which of the following is not the case?A. Typee.B. Moby-Dick.C. Omoo.D. The Confidence-Man75. In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of _______________.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich77. The Transcendentalists believe that, first, nature is ennobling, and second, the individual is ____________.A. insignificantB. vicious by natureC. divineD. forward-looking78. The Publication of ______established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over-SoulExplain the following literary terms.2. American TranscendentalismNew England Transcendentalism was, in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil. It was a system of thought that originated from three sources. First William Ellery Channing (1780---1842) was an American Unitarian clergyman. His Unitarianism represented a thoughtful revolt against orthodox Puritanism. Unitarianism believed God as one being, rejecting the doctrine of trinity, stressing the tolerance of difference in religious opinion, and giving each congregation the free control of its own affairs and its independent authority. It laid the foundation for the central doctrines of transcendentalism. Secondly, the idealistic philosophy from France and Germany exerted enormous impact on American intellectuals. Thirdly, oriental mysticism asrevealed in Hindu and Chinese classics reached America in English translations. As a result, New England Transcendentalism blended native American tradition with foreign influences.3. American Realism Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner. This is the theory that authors try to use and guide them in their writing. It stresses truthful treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-sentimental, and without abstract interest in nature, death, etc. Mark Twain laughed at people who were caught up in the world of illusions, who were not mature enough to see real situations. This is one example of the truthful treatment of material.4. American RomanticismRomanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism. It was a movement of conscious rebellion against being too objective. The romantic spirit was one of subjectivity of inward feelings that one could trust one’s subjective responses. Romantics placed a high premium upon the creative function of imagination, and saw art as a formulation of intuitive and imaginative perceptions that tend to speak a nobler truth than that of fact.5. Multiple points of view The employment of several narrators or narrative points of views to tell a story, thus making the structure of the book somewhat radioactive. For example, The Sound and the Fury uses four different narrative voices to piece together the story and thus challenges the reader by presenting a fragmented plot told from multiple points of view.Answer briefly4. Please give a brief analysis of the major features of American romanticism.5. Give a brief analysis of the differences between the three realists：William D. Howells，Mark Twain and Henry James7. Whitman has made radical Changes in the form of poetry by Choosing free verse ashis medium of expression．What are the characteristics of Whitman's free verse?9. What are the major features of New England Transcendentalism?10. What are the similarities and differences between Whitman and Dickinson’s poetry?11. What are th e writing features of Mark Twain’s literary creation?12. Who is the first American poet to write free verse? What is his masterpiece? What are the symbolic meanings of the title of this work?Topic Discussion1. What makes Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn more than a child’s adventure story? Briefly discuss the question from THREE of the followingaspects: the setting, the language, the character(s), the theme and the style.2. Take Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as an example to illustratethe statement that Mark Twain was a unique writer in American literature．6. O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done,The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is wonThe port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;But O heart! heart! heart!Where on the deck my Captain lies,Fallen cold and dead.1) Who is the writer of this poem?2) Who is “Captain” the poet compares to, and what do the “fearful trip” and the “prize” respectively refer to?3) What are major rhetorical devices used in this stanza?2. Take examples to analyze the style and theme of Mark Twain.9. Reality reflected in realistic writings （现实主义的简要背景，现实主义文学的特点，举例说明）Realism came as a reaction against ‘the lie’ of romanticism and sentimentalism. The battle between ‘idealists’ and ‘realists’ provided the major issue of American literary history after the Civil war (1861-1865). Literature began to pay less attention to general ideas and more to the immediate facts of life. As a way of writing, realism has been applied in almost every literature throughout history. But as a literary movement, realism is a period concept and it refers to the approach of realist fiction occurred at the latter part of the 19th century.In part, the rise of realism came as a protest against the falseness and sentimentality seen in romantic literature. The realists were determined to create a new kind of literature that was completely and totally realistic.Major Features1Realism is the theory of writing in which familiar aspects of contemporary life and everyday scenes are represented in a straightforward or matter-of-fact manner.This is the theory that authors try to use in their writing. It stresses truthful treatment of material. It is anti-romantic, anti-sentimental, and without abstract interest in nature, death, etc.2In realist fiction characters from all social levels are examined in depth. The realist writers hold on to characters and keep examining how these people relateto each other.3Open ending is also a good example of the truthful treatment of material.4Realism focuses on commonness of the lives of the common people who are customarily ignored by the arts. Realists are interested in commonplace, the everyday, the average, the trivial, and the representative.5Realism emphasizes objectivity and offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. The realist writers are detached observers of life. They are like scientists, making an investigation.Realism presents moral visions. The author has a purpose for presenting an objective account of real life in order to express his moral sense. Realists are ethical writers, interested in the problems of the individual conscience in conflict with social institutions. Many of their works show the American businessman in the conflict over whether he should accept a bribe, give a bribe, participate in unfair business practices, etc. Generally, these writers show how the individual conscience wins when he opposes social conventions and social practices and they are always interested in focusing on the dilemma. This indicates their disbelief in romantic individualism.6. The influence of Transcendentalism（定义1分，社会意义1分，文学意义2分，代表人物1分）Transcendentalism can be best understood as a late and localized manifestation of romantic movement in literature and philosophy. The triumph of intuition over five senses, the elevation of the individual over society, the critical attitude toward formalized religion, the rejection of any kind of restraint or bondage to custom, the new and thrilling delight in nature --- all these were characteristics of transcendentalism.As formulated by Emerson, transcendentalism became a loud and clear call to action, urging young people to cast off their enslavement to the past, to follow God within, and to live every moment of life with great effort, to regard nature as the great objective lesson proving God’s presence everywhere in His creation.Transcendentalism was also an ethical and moral guide to life for a young nation of America. It preached the positive life and appealed to the best side of human nature. Therefore, it stressed the tolerance of difference in religious opinion and the free control of its own affairs by each congregation, and called to throw off shackles of custom and tradition, and to go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.Transcendentalism is important to American literature at least for two reasons:1)It is represented by two major writers of the country, Emerson and Thoreau. Theybecame movers and shakers whose writings have had more and more impact with the passage of time.A new group of writers under the influence of Emerson and Thoreau began to apply transcendental ideas in their works. Hawthorne, Melville, Lowell, Dickinson, and Whitman were all exponents of transcendentalism in one way or another. They createdone of the most prolific periods in the history of American literature.Topic Discussion:50. Mark Twain presented the 19th century America in his own unique way. Discuss Twain’s art of fiction: the setting, the language, and the characters, etc., based on his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.Answers:A. Mark Twain uses the Mississippi alley as his fictional kingdom, writing about the landscape and people, the customs and the dialects of one particular region, and is therefore known as a local colorist.B. He creates life-like characters, especially the unconventional Huckleberry Finn, who runs away from civilization and stands opposite to conventional village morality.C. He uses a simple, direct vernacular language, totally different from any precious literary language. It is the kind of colloquial belonging to the lower class, the living local American English.D. He has created a special humor to satirize and the decayed convention.III. Terms (10 points, 2.5 points for each)1. Puritanism2. Blank Verse3. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow4. Moby DickIV. Comment. (30 points, 15 points for each)1. Comment on Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography.2. What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?3. Comment on Hawthorne’s "black" vision of life and human beings and its influence on his works.4. Comment on Whitman’s poetic style and language.5. What are the features of literature in Colonial America?6. What philosophical meaning is implied in Philip Freneau’s “The Wild Honey Suckle”?I. True or false questions: ( 20points, 1point for each)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write A for true ones and B for false ones on your answer sheet.( ) 1.The Calvinist doctrine of "original sin" exerted great influence up Hawthorne.( ) 2.To Hawthorne, sin will get punished,one way or another.( ) 3.Emily Dickinson didn't like using capital letters where small ones are needed.( ) 4.Walt Whitman used parallelism and refrain in his poems.( ) 5.Walt Whitman was regarded as the Zenith in American romantic poetry.( ) 6.Dickinson was original. She never imitated others.( )7.Allan Poe was regarded as the forerunner of American Imagism.( ) 8.Allan Poe defined poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty.( ) 9.O.Henry seldom wrote about poor people.( )10.According to Poe, art serves for pleasure.The chief aim of poetry is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.( )11.According to Dickinson,death means immortality.( )12.According to Henry James,the aim of the novel is to reflect life reality.( )13.James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society,and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life,whereas Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.( )14.Allan Poe advocated "pure" poetry.( )15.Mark Twain's contribution to the development of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theories of localism in American fiction, and partly through his themes.( )16.Henry James adopted a new point of view in one of his novels.( )17.Henry James discovered the trick of making his characters reveal themselves with minimal intervention of the author.( )18.N.Hawthorne was a symbolic writer in some sense.( )19.Whitman's poetry suggests rather than tells.( )20. President Lincoln praised Anne Bradstreet as “the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war.”Identification (16 points, 2point for each)Directions: Write the names of the novels or poems according to the given passage. ( ) 1. The carriage held but just OurselvesAnd Immortality( ) 3. " I will go home with you," said Mr. Dimmesdale ( ) 4. My Captain doesn't answer, his lips are pale and still.My father doesn't feel my arm, he has no pulse and will.( ) 5. Helen, thy beauty is to meLike those Nicean barks of yore( ) 6. I Loaf and invite my soulI Lean and loaf at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.( ) 7. But, on one side of the portal, and rooted almost at the threshold, was a wild rosebush, covered in this month of June, with its delicate gems, which might be imagined to offer their fragrance and frail beauty to the prisoner as he went in...( ) 8. Were I with theeWild Nights should be Our luxury!Appreciation (10points)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by several questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AI went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion. For most men, it appears to me, are in a strange uncertainty about it, whether it is of the devil or of God.Questions:1. This passage is taken from a famous work entitled _________ . (1 points )2. The author of the work is____________ . (1 points )3. List by yourself at least five reasons that the author gives for going to live in the woods. (4 points )Part BIt was many and many a year ago,In a kingdom by the sea,That a maiden there lived whom you may know.By the name of Annabel Lee; —And this maiden she lived with no other thoughtThan to love and be loved by me.Questions:1. The stanza is taken from the poem________________?(1 points )2. The author of the poem is____________ . (1 points )3. What is the most obvious rhetorical device the author uses for effect? (2 points )11。

外国文学一、名词解释1、心灵辩证法：托尔斯泰善于通过描写心理变化的过程展示人物的思想性格的演变；他最感兴趣的是这种心理过程本身，是这种过程的形态和规律；它能描述出一些感情和心理怎样转变成另外一些感情和心理，展示心理流动形态的多样性与内在联系。

这就是车尔尼雪夫斯基评价托尔斯泰心理描写技巧时所说的心灵辩证法。

2、哲理小说：哲理小说是18世纪启蒙运动法国启蒙作家创立的一种新型小说。

这种小说虽有人物、情节，但它不注意环境与人物的细致描写，它以人物活动为主线，穿插描写了多方面的内容，把叙事、议论、抒情、讽刺融为一体，表现作家关于政治、法律、道德、文学方面的启蒙观点，富于哲理性。

如：伏尔泰《老实人》、《天真汉》等3、湖畔派诗人：湖畔诗人（The Lake Poets），是指十九世纪英国浪漫主义运动中较早产生的一个流派。

他们的诗作中的词句赞美大自然的湖光山色、抒发缠绵的爱情、歌颂纯真的友谊，多带有清新自然、青春亮丽、富有哲理的特点。

代表诗人英国的华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞三位浪漫主义诗人4、多余人：“多余人”一词源自19世纪的俄罗斯文坛，是对当时一种文学典型的命名。

他们属于贵族知识分子，但既不满足于自己的上流社会，又不能跳出这种生活的小圈子与人民结合，所以在他人看来就成了社会上“多余”的人。

“多余人”具有一些共同的特征：多数出身于没落的名门望族，素受文化教养，不为官职钱财所利诱；也能看出现实生活中的某些弊病和缺陷，在反动专制和农奴制下深感窒息。

他们虽有变革现实的抱负，但缺少实践。

他们生活空虚，性格软弱，没有向贵族社会抗争的勇气，只是用忧郁、彷徨的态度对待生活，在社会上无所作为。

5、拜伦式英雄："拜伦式英雄"是指十九世纪英国浪漫主义诗人拜伦作品中的一类人物形象。

他们高傲倔强，既不满现实，要求奋起反抗，具有叛逆的性格；但同时又显得忧郁、孤独、悲观，脱离群众，我行我素，始终找不到正确的出路。

例如，抒情长诗《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》中贵公子哈洛尔德，《东方叙事诗》之一《海盗》中的主人公康拉德，哲理剧《曼弗雷德》中的主人公曼弗雷德。

美国文学习题美国文学习题1．In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of Enlightenment. _____________was the dominant spirit.A.HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution2. “God helps them that help themselves.”is found in ____________work.A. Paine?sB. Franklin?sC. Freneau?sD. Jefferson?s3. Which statement about Franklin is not true?A. He instructed his countrymen as a printer.B. He was a scientist.C. He was a master of diplomacy.D. He was a Puritan.4. Which of the following stirred the world and helped form the American republic?A. The American Crisis.B. The Federalist.C. Declaration of Independence.D. The Age of Reason.5. Which is connected with Thomas Paine?A. Common SenseB. American Crisis.C. The Right of ManD. The Autobiography.6. “These are the times that try men?s souls”, these words were once read to Washington?s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence. Who is the author of these words?A. Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington7. Which statement about Freneau is true?A. He was a scientistB. He was a pamphleteerC. He was a poetD. He was a bitter polemicist8. Which work is written by Freneau?A. The Right of ManB. The Wild honey SuckleC. Poor Richard?s AlmanacD. The Day of Doom9. Who was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”?A. Anne BradstreetB. Edward TaylorC. Michael WiggleworthD. Philip Freneau10. At the Reason and Revolution Period, American were influenced by the European movement called _____________.A. Chartist MovementB. Romanticist MovementC. Enlightenment MovementD. Modernist Movement11.Stetement ____________ is wrong in describing Nathaniel Hawthorne.A. Hawthorne is a realist writer.B. Hawthorne is also a great allegorist.C. Hawthorne is a master of symbolism.D. One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is over-reaching intellect.12. In Walt Whitman?s “There was a Child Went Forth”, the child refers to ___________.A. the poet himself as a childB. any American childC. the young AmericaD. one of the poet?s neighbor13. In Moby Dick, the voyage symbolizes ___________.A. the microcosm of human societyB. the search for truthC. the unknown worldD. nature14.Thoreau was often alone in the woods or by the pond, lost in spiritual communication with _________________.A. natureB. transcendentalist ideasC. human beingsD. celestial beings15. The Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and ____________-.A. Henry David ThoreauB. Washington IrvingC. Nathanel HawthorneD. Walt Whitman16. _____________tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a puritan community are involved in and affected by the sin of adultery in different ways.A. Twice-Told TalesB. The Scarlet LetterC. The House of the Seven GablesD. The Marble Faun17. ___________is regarded as the first American prose epic.A. NatureB. The Scarlet letterC. WaldenD. Moby Dick18. The Romantic Period of American literature started with the publication of Washington Irving?s ___________ and ended with Whitman?s Leaves of Grass.A. The Sketch BookB. Tales of a TravelerC. The AlhambraD. A History of New Y ork19. Washington Irving?s social conservation and literary for the past is revealed to some extent, in his famous story_____________.A. “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”B. Rip V an WinckleC. The Custom-HouseD. The Birthmark20. Which of the following comments on the writings by Herman Merville is not true?A. Bartleby, the Scrivener is a short story.B. Benito Cereno is a novella.C. The Confidence-Man has something to do with the sea and sailors.D. Moby Dick is regarded as the first American Prose epic.21. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all except______________.A. mystery of the universeB. sin of the whaleC. power of the Great NatureD. evil of the world22. The convention of the desire for an escape from society and a return to nature in American literature is particularly evident in ___________________.A. Cooper?s Leatherstocking TalesB. Hawthorne?s The Scarlet Letter.C. Whitman?s Leaves of Grass.D. Irving?s Rip V an Winkle.23. As a philosophical and literary movement, _________ flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War.A. modernismB. rationalismC. sentimentalismD. transcendentalism24. In Hawthorne?s The Scarlet Letter, “A”may stands for ______________.A. AdulteryB. AngelC. AmiableD. All the above25. ______is not the member of Transcendental Club.A. EmersonB. ThoreauC. WhitmanD. Fuller26. Poe?s first collection of short stories is _______________.A. Tales of a TravellerB. Leatherstocking TalesC. Canterbury TalesD. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque27. For Melville, as well as for the reader and ____________, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.A. StarbuckB. StubbC. IshmaelD. Arab28. Choose the characters which appear in the novel The Scarlet Letter?A. Hester PrynneB. Arthur DimmesdaleC. Roger ChillingworthD. Pearl29. __________was a romanticized account of Melville?s stay among thePolynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville become known as the “man who lived among cannibals”.A. Moby DickB. TypeeC. OmooD. Billy Budd30. The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as _________.A. The naturalist PeriodB. The Modern PeriodC. The Romantic PeriodD. the Realistic period31. All of the following are works by Nathaniel Hawthorne except_____________.A. The House of Seven GablesB. White JacketC. The Marble FaunD. The Blithdale Romance32. In the following works, which signs the beginning of the American literature?A. The Sketch BookB. Leaves of GrassC. Leatherstocking TAles..D. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn33. The main theme of Emily Dickinson is the following except_______________.A. religionB. love and marriageC. life and deathD. war and peace34. Emily Dickinson?s poetic idiom is noted for the following except_____________.A. brevityB. directnessC. plainestD. obscure35. “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent,perhaps, trough the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity.” Which of the f ollowing writings is the thought reflected in?A. Nathaniel Hawthorne?s Y oung Goodman Brown.B. Mark Twain?s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.C. Walt Whitman?s Leaves of Grass.D. Herman Melville?s Moby Dick.36. It is his _________that Washington Irving?s fame mainly rested.A. tales about AmericaB. early poetryC. childhood recollectionsD. sketches about his European tours37. ________is the most ambivalent writer in the American literary history.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Walt WhitmanC. Ralph Waldo EmersonD. Mark Twain38. In Hawthorne?s novels and short stories, intellectuals usually appear as __________________.A. saviorsB. villainsC. commentatorsD. observers39. Washington Irving?s Rip V an Winckle is famous for__________________.A. Rip?s escape into a mysterious placeB. The story?s German legendary source materialC. Rip?s seeking for happinessD. Rip?s 20-year sleep40. The publication of ____________established Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism.A. NatureB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Over Soul41. Which of the following is not a work of Emily Dickinson?s?A. This is my letter to the worldB. I heard a Fly buzz-when I diedC. The Road Not T akenD. I like to see it lap the Miles42. In the history of literature, Romanticism is regarded as _________.A. the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experienceB. the orientation that emphasizes those features which men have in commonC. the modes of thinkingD. the thought that designates man as a social animal43. Which three novels drew from Melville?s adventures among the people of the South Pacific island?A. TypeeB. OmooC. MardiD. Redburn44. In the poem “Song of Myself”, Whitman sets forth the principle beliefs of ______________.A. the theory of universalityB. singularity and equality of all beings in valueC. both A and BD. none above45. Most of the poems in Whitman?s leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the ___________as well.A. natureB. lifeC. selfD. self-reliance46. Emily Dickinson?s poems(441) “This is my letter to the World”expresses the poet?s _____________about her communication with the outside world.A. indignationB. joyC. anxietyD. indifference47. Which of the following features cannot characterize poems by Walt Whitman?A. lyrical and well-structured.B. free-flowing.C. simple and rather crudeD. conversational and casual48. Which of the following writings is not finished by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. NatureB. EssaysC. The Over-SoulD. Of Studies49. In “I heard a Fly buzz-when I died”, Emily Dickinson describes the moment of death______________.A. passionatelyB. pessimisticallyC. in despairD. peacefully50. Which book is not written by Emerson?A. Representative MenB. English Traits.C. NatureD. The Phodora.51.The Age of Realism in the literary history of the America refers to the period from ____to ___________.A. 1861-1914B. 1863-1918C. 1865-1914D. 1865-191852. ___________is not the representative writer in the Age of Realism in the literary history of the United States.A. Henry JamesB. Emily DickinsonC.William Dean HowellsD. Mark Twain53. ___________explores the scrupulous individualism in a world of fantastic speculation and unstable values, and gives its name to the get-rich-quick years of the post Civil War era.A. Innocents AbroadB. The Gilded AgeC. Roughing ItD. The Middle Y ears54. _________is considered to be Theodore Dreiser?s greatest work.A. An American TragedyB. Sister CarrieC. The FinancierD. The Titan55. ___________is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed” by the writer in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time.A. The AmericanB. The EuropeansC. Daisy MillerD. The Portrait of a Lady56. Stylistically, Henry James?s fiction is characterized by ___________--.A. highly refined languageB. ordinary American speechC. short, clear sentencesD. abundance of local images57. _________- is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience.”A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. JimD. Tony58. ___________-- is not a novel by Henry James dealing with the international theme.A. What Maisie KnowsB. The Wings of the DoveC. The AmbassadorsD. The Golden Bowl59. The setting of __________is America, where some Europeans, who are actually expatriated Americans, learn with difficulty to adapt themselves to the American life.A. MiddlemarchB. The EuropeansC. Daisy MillerD. The Portrait of a Lady60. Mark Twain?s ___________shows the disastrous effects of slavery on the victimizer and the victim alike.A. The Mysterious StrangerB. Tragedy of Puff?nhead WilsonC. The Gilded AgeD. Roughing It61. Who exerts the single most important influence on literary naturalism, of which Theodore Dreiser and Jack London are among the best representative writers?A. FreudB. DarwinC. W.D. Howells D. Emerson62. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19 th century American writers, is well known for his _________________.A. international themeB. wasteland imageryC. local colorD. symbolism63. In Henry James?s Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an ambodiment of __________.A. the force of conventionB. the free spirit of the New WorldC. the decline of aristocracyD. the corruption of the newly rich64. The literary characters of the American type in the early 19th century are generally characterized by all the following features except that they __________--.A. speak local dialectsB. are polite and elegant gentlemenC. are simple and crude farmersD. are noble savages (red and white) untainted by society65. With Howells, James and Mark Twain active on the literary scene,_________ became the major trend in American literature in the seventies and eighties of 19th century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism66. Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be _________________.A. transcendentalistsB. idealistsC. pessimistsD. impressionists67.Mark Twain wrote most of his literary works with a ___________language.A. grandB. pompousC. simpleD. vernacular68. Henry James experimented with many different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being___________.A. nothingnessB. disillusionmentC. international themeD. relationship between men and women69. Theodore Dreiser is generally regarded as one of America?s_____________.A. naturalistsB. realistsC. modernistsD. romanticists70. Dreiser?s Trilogy of /Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and __________________.A. The StoicB. The GiantC. The TycoonD. The Genius71. The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to __________.A. The Great GatsbyB. The Sun Also RisesC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. Moby Dick72. The impact of Darwin?s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism: American ___________-.A. modernismB. naturalismC. vernacularismD. local colorism73. Which of the following writings is by Hemingway described the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes”?A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. The Gilded AgeD. Life onthe Mississippi74. Mark Twain had led an active life in the very center of the American experience. He had been a ____________.A. printer, pilot, soldierB. silver-minor, gold washerC. lecturer, traveler, businessmanD. novelist, autobiographer75. While embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel________________.A.The Call of the WildB. The Sea WolfC. Martin EdenD. The Iron Heel76. In 1900, London published his first collection of short stories, named ____________-.A. The Son of the WolfB. The Sea WolfC. The Law of lifeD. White Fang77. The main theme of ___________ The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel.A. Henry James?B. William Dean Howells?C. Mark Twain?sD. Jack London?s78. Stephen Crane?s best stories include __________, _________ and _______________________, all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredity over-whelming man.A. Open BoatB. An ExperimentC. The Blue HotelD. The Red Badge of Courage79. Mark Twain stood on the side of China in its struggle against foreign invasions. His _______ and ________- are two notable examples of his vigorous attacks on the imperialist behaviour of the United States and other foreign countries in China.A. The Treaty with ChinaB. To the Person Sitting in DarknessC. Disgracefull Persecution of a BoyD. Golddsmith?s Friend Abroad Again80. Dreiser was left-oriented in his views. He visited Russia and wrote _______- and _____________to express his new faith, and shortly before his death, he joined the Communist Party.A. Dreiser Look at RussiaB. Tragic AmericaC. An American TragedyD. The Titan81.In which of the following works, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy?A. The Green Hills of AfricaB. The Snows of KilimanjaroC. To Have and Have NotD. Death in the Afternoon82. ___________-is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.A. Ernest HemingwayB. F.Scott FitzgeraldC. William /FaulknerD. Ezra Pound83. _________is Hemingway?s first true novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation”.A. The Sun Also RisesB. A Farewell to ArmsC. In Our TimeD.For Whom the Bell Tolls84.Fitzgerald?s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of __________________.A. the Jazz AgeB. the Romantic periodC. The Renaissance PeriodD. the Neoclassical Period85. Which of the following figures does not belong to “The Lost Generation”?A. Ezra PoundB. William Carlos WilliamsC. Robert FrostD. Theodore Dreiser86. In a tragic sense, _________is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible. A. For Whom the Bell Tolls B. In Our TimeC. The Farewell to ArmsD. The Old Man and the Sea87. Faulkner once said that __________is a story of “lost innocence,”which proves itself to be an intensification of the theme of imprisonment in the past.A. The Sound and the FuryB. Light in AugustC. Go Down, MosesD. Absalom, Absalom88. Robert Frost combined traditional verse form---the sonnet, rhymingcouplets, blank verse---with a clear American local speech rhyme, the speech of ____________farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax.A. southernB. westernC. New HampshireD. New England89. In which of the following poem by Ezra pound did you find the allusion to Vishang?A. In a Station of the Metro.B. The River-merchant?s Wife: A LetterC. A PactD. Hugh Selwyn Mauberley90. Who, one of the most important poets in his time, is a leading spokesman of the “Imagist Movement”?A. J.D. SalingerB. Ezra PoundC. Righard WrightD. Ralph Ellison91. Sinclair Lewis? Babbit presents a documentary picture of the narrow and limited ___________-.A. up-class mindB. middle-class mindC. proletarianD. ordinary people92. Y ank?s sense of belonging nowhere, hence homeless and rootless. The Hairy Ape is thus a play that concerns the problem of modern man?s ___________.A. loveB. homey relationsC. identityD. development93. In A Rose For Emily, Faulkner makes best use of ___________devices in narration.A. romanticB. realisticC. gothicD. modernist94. American diction in the 1960s and 1970s proves to be different fro itspredecessors. It is always referred to as “_____________”.A. ImagismB. black humourC. new fictionD. the beat Generation95. As an autobiographical play, O?Neill?s ______________(1915) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama.A. Long Day?s Journey Into NightB. The Hairy ApeC. Desire Under the ElmsD. The Iceman Cometh96. Tender is the Night is a _____________by Fitzgerald.A. short storyB. novellaC. poemD. novel97. The leading playwright of the modern period in American literature, if not the most successful in all his experiments, is _____________.A. Arthur MillerB. Tennessee WilliamC. Robert FrostD. Eugene O?Neill98. From Eugene O?Neill?s works, we can see he is _____________.A. a man of optimismB. a man of pessimismC. a man of apathyD. a man of inactivity99. ____________-is Hemingway?s first true novel, which portrays “The Lost Generation”.A. For Whom the Bell TollsB. The Old Man and the SeaC. The Sun Also /RisesD. A Farewell to Arms100. _______________is a dramatist who holds the central position in American drama the modernistic period.A. Sinclair LewisB. Eugene O?NeilleC. Arthur MillerD. Tennessee Williams101. ___________is said to be a “historical novel” by Faulkner.A. Go Down, MosesB. Light in AugustC. The Sound and the Fury D Absalom, Absalom102. _____________stems from the ambiguity of the speaker?s choice between safety and the unknown.A. Mending the WallB. Home …BurialC. The Road Not T akenD. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening103. Hemingway?s writing style, together with his theme and the hero, is greatly and permanently influenced by his experiences_________________-.A. in his childhoodB. in the warC. in AmericaD. in Africa104. The following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature except________________.A. William FaulknerB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. John SteinbeckD. Ernest Hemingway105. __________fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life---giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.A.Desire Under the ElmsB. the Emperor JonesC. Lazarus LaughedD. The Great God Brown。

美国⽂学-复习资料+答案1.The American Transcendentalists formed a club called _________ .the Transcendental Club2.______ was regarded as the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. WashingtonIrving3.At nineteen___________ published in his brother’s newspaper, his "Jonathan Oldstyle"satires of New York life.4.In Washington Irving’s work___________ appeared the first modern short stories and thefirst great American juvenile literature. The Sketch Book5.The first important American novelist was____________. James Fenimore Cooper6.James Fenimore Cooper’s novel ___________ was a rousing tale about espionage againstthe British during the Revolutionary War.The Spy7.The best of James Fenimore Cooper's sea romances was_____________.The Pilot8."To a Waterfowl" is perhaps the peak of_______________’s work; it has been called by aneminent English critic “the most perfect brief poem in the language.”William Cullen Bryant9.__________ was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet in the worldliterature.10.Edgar Allan Poe’s poem____________ is perhaps the best example of onomatopoeia in theEnglish language.The Bells11.Edgar Allan Poe's poem____________ was published in 1845 as the title poem of acollection. The Raven12.From Henry David Thoreau’s Concord jail experience, came his famous essay ______.Civil DisobedienceBy the 1830s Washington Irving was judged the nation' s greatest writer, a lofty position he later shared with James Fenimore Cooper and William Cullen Bryant.In the early nineteenth century, the attitude of American writers was shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe.As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists.At mid-19th century, a cultural reawakening brought a "flowering of New England". Romantic writers in the 19th century placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters.With a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, James Fenimore Cooper made the America conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.No other American poet ever surpassed Edgar Allan Poe’s ability in the use of English as a medium of pure musical and rhythmic beauty.The Fall of the House of Usher is one of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories.Ralph Waldo Emerson was recognized as the leader of transcendentalist movement, but he never applied the term "Transcendentalist" to himself or to his beliefs and ideas.In 1836, Ralph Waldo Emerson published his first book, Nature, which met with a mild reception.Ralph Waldo Emerson's prose style was sometimes as highly individual as his poetry.The harsh rhythms and striking images of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s writings belong to the milder aspects of the Romantic Movement.American romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American literature in general and in American poetry in particular.Henry David Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist. He was by no means an "escapist" or a recluse, but was intensely involved in the life of his day.The Scarlet Letter is set in the seventeenth century. It is an elaboration of a fact which the author took out of the life of the Puritan past.2. Transcendentalism took their ideas from___________ .A. the romantic literature in EuropeB. neo-PlatonismC. German idealistic philosophyD. the revelations of oriental mysticismABCD8. Transcendentalists recognized__________ as the "highest power of the soul.”A. intuition10. Transcendentalism appealed to those who disdained the harsh God of the Puritan ancestors, and it appealed to those who scorned the pale deity of New EnglandA. TranscendentalismB. HumanismC. NaturalismD. UnitarianismD13. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature, evident in _________ .A. James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking TalesB. Henry David Thoreau’s WaldenC. Mark Twain’s Huckleberry FinnD. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet LetterABC14. A preoccupation with the demonic and the mystery of evil marked the works of_________ , and a host of lesser writers.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Herman MelvilleD. Mark TwainABC16. In the nineteenth century America, Romantics often shared certain general characteristics. Choose such characteristics from the following.A. moral enthusiasmB. faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perceptionC. adoration for the natural worldD. presumption about the corrosive effect of human societyABCD17. Choose Washington Irving' s works from the following.A. The Sketch BookB. Bracebridge HallC. Tales of a TravellerD. A History of New YorkABCD18. In James Fenimore Cooper's novels, close after Natty Bumppo in romantic appeal , come the two noble red men. Choose them from the following.A. the Mohican Chief ChingachgookB. UncasC. Tom JonesD. Kubla KhanABIn 1817, the stately poem called Thanatopsis introduced the best poet___________ to appear in America up to that time.A. Edward TaylorB. Philip FreneauC. William Cullen BryantD. Edgar Allan PoeC To a Waterfowl Thanatopsis21. From the following, choose the poems written by Edgar Allan Poe.A. To HelenB. The RavenC. Annabel LeeD. The BellsABCD23. Edgar Allan Poe's first collection of short stories is___________ .D. Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque24. From the following, choose the characteristics of Ralph Waldo Emerson's poetry.A. being highly individualB. harsh rhythmsC. lack of form and polishD. striking imagesABCD25. Which book is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Representative MenB. English TraitsC. NatureD. The RhodoraD26. Which essay is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson?A. Of StudiesB. Self-RelianceC. The American ScholarD. The Divinity School AddressA30. Nathaniel Hawthorne's ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions also appears strongly in his short stories. Choose his short stories from the following.A. Young Goodman BrownB. The Great Stone FaceC. The Ambitious Guest ABCDD. Ethan BrandE. The Pearl32. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne_____________ in American literature.A. the largest brain with the largest heart34. __________ was a romanticized account of Herman Melville's stay among the Polynesians. The success of the book soon made Melville well known as the " man who lived among cannibals". Typee37. In the early nineteenth century American moral values were essentially Puritan. Nothing has left a deeper imprint on the character of the people as a whole than did__________ .A. Puritanism"The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere". This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England______ Transcendentalism43. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. Nature45. _________ is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne' s belief that "the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones" and that evil will come out of evil though it may take many generations to happen.A. The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC. The Blithedale RomanceD. Young Goodman BrownBOnce upon a midnight dreary, while i pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door."Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—Only this, and nothing more. "Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrowFrom my books surcease of sorrow-sorrow for the lost.Edgar Allan PoeThe RavenDescribe the mood of this poem: A sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem, the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Leno-re, his grief turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird. Work 3: Nuture1.As the leading New England Transcendentalist, Emerson effected a most articulatesynthesis of the Transcendentalist views. One major element of his philosophy if hisfirm belief in the transcendence of the "Oversoul". His emphasis on the spirit runsthrough virtually all his writings. " Philosophically considered," he states in Nature,which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism, "theuniverse is composed of Nature and the Soul. " He sees the world as phenomenal, and emphasizes the need for idealism, for idealism sees the world in God. "It beholds thewhole circle of persons and things, of actions and events, of country and religion, as one vast picture which God paints on the eternity for the contemplation of the soul. " Heregards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moral influence on man, andadvocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent God in nature. In thisconnection, Emerson' s emotional experiences are exemplary in more ways than one.Alone in the woods one day, for instance, he experienced a moment of "ecstasy" which he records thus in his Nature:2.Standing on the bare ground, my head bathed by the blithe air and uplifted into infinitespace, all mean egotism vanishes. I become a transparent eyeball; I am nothing; I see all; the currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or particle of God.3.Now this is a moment of "conversion" when one feels completely merged with theoutside world, when one has completely sunk into nature and become one with it, and when the soul has gone beyond the physical limits of the body to share the omniscienceof the Oversoul. In a word, the soul has completely transcended the limits ofindividuality and beome part of the Oversoul. Emerson sees spirit pervadingeverywhere, not only in the soul of man, but behind nature, throughout nature. Theworld proceeds, as he observes, from the same source as the body of man. "TheUniversal Being" is in point of fact the Oversoul that he never stopped talking about for the rest of his life. Emerson' s doctrine of the Oversoul is graphically illustrated in such famous statements; "Each mind lives in the Grand mind," "There in one mind common to all individual men," and "Man is conscious of a universal soul within or behind his individual life. " In his opinion, man is made in the image of God and is just a little less than Him. This is as much as to say that the spiritual and immanent God is operative in the soul of man, and that man is divine. The divinity of man became, incidentally, a favorite subject in his lectures and essays.4.This naturally led to another, equally significant, Transcendentalist thesis, that theindividual, not the crowd, is the most important of all. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself, and brings out the divine in himself, he can hop to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by the "infinitude of the privates man. " He tried to convince people that the possibilities for man to develop and improve himself are infinite. Men should and could be self-reliant. Each man should feel the world as his, and the world exists for him alone. He should determine his own existence. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself. " Know then that the world exists for you " he says. "Build therefore your own world. " "Trust thy self!" and "Make thyself!" Trust your owndiscretion and the world is yours. Thus, as Henry Nash Smith ventures to suggest,"Emerson' s message was eventually (to use a telegraphic abbreviation) self-reliance. "Emerson' s eye was on man as he could be or could become; he was in the mainoptimistic about human perfectibility. The regeneration of the individual leads to the regeneration of society. Hence his famous remark, "I ask for the individuals, not the nation. " Emerson ' s self-reliance was an expression, on a very high level, of thebuoyant spirit of his time, the hope that man can become the best person he could hope to be. Emerson ' s Transcendentalism, with its emphasis on the democraticindividualism, may have provided an ideal explanation for the conduct and activities of an expanding capitalist society. His essays such as "Power", "Wealth", and "Napoleon"(in his The Representative Men) reveal his ambivalence toward aggressiveness andself-seeking.5.To Emerson's Transcendentalist eyes, the physical world was vitalistic and evolutionary.Nature was, to him as to his Puritan forebears, emblematic of God. It mediates between man and God, and its voice leads to higher truth. " Nature is the vehicle of thought,"and " particular natural facts are symbols of particular spiritual facts. " Thus Emerson' s world was one of multiple significance; everything bears a second sense and an ulterior sense. In a word, " Nature is the symbol of spirit." That is probably why he called his first philosophical work Nature rather ihan anything else. The sensual man, Emerson feels, conforms thoughts to things, and man' s power to connect his thought with its proper symbol depends upon the simplicity and purity of his character; "The lover of nature is he who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood. " To him nature is a wholesome moral influence on man and his character. A natural implication of Emerson' s view on nature isthat the world around is symbolic. A lowing river indicates the ceaseless motion of the universe. The seasons correspond to the life span of man. The ant, the little drudge, with a small body and a mighty heart, is the sublime image of man himself.爱⼈者，⼈恒爱之；敬⼈者，⼈恒敬之；宽以济猛，猛以济宽，政是以和。

一Questions1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography?Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed?His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother.3.How did he arrive in Philadephia?First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf.4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection?5.It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的).二、Questions三、1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names?四、Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi五、2. What drink are the French most famous for?六、Wine七、3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure?八、His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge.九、4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians?十、Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine.十一、5.What was Fortunato's insult?十二、Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph十三、6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs?十四、"Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs.十五、7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection?十六、Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance.十七、8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato?十八、He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs.十九、He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 二十、9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal?二十一、The whole obsessive plot of vengeance.二十二、The fettering and entombment of Fortunato.二十三、Montresor's sick sense of humor.二十四、10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato?二十五、His obsession with alcohol.二十六、His drunkenness.二十七、His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar fashion).二十八、His manic laughter.Questions1.Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?Montresor.Fortunato,one of wine experts insulted him, so he wanted to murder him.2.What is the pretext he uses to lure Fortunato to his wine cellar?He baits Fortunato by telling him he has obtained what he believes to be a cask of Amontillado a rare and valuable sherry wine.Fortunato is anxious to determine whether or not it is truly Amontillado, so he goes to the vault with Montresor.3.What happens to Fortunato in the end?He was walled up alive behind bricks in a wine cellar.4.Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Montresor and Fortunato as contrasts?Poe uses color imagery to characterize them. Montresor face is covered in a black silk mask, In contrast, Fortunato dresses the motley-colored costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Montresor's masked motives.The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortunato's death sentence.Through the acts, words, and thoughts of Fortunato,we know He is greedy, he was lured into the dark and somber vaults just because a cask of Amontillado.This is also due to his bad habit of bibulosity(酗酒）. He lost himself on hearing the wine.At the same time, he was cheated by his enemy, which reflected his ignorance.When he heard the pretended compliment from Montresor, he became very boastful and arrogant.He was easily confused by the superficial phenomena and failed to watch out for others. He couldn’t tolerate that others were stronger than him.For example, Montresor always stimulated him with Luchresi who was good at connoisseur（鉴赏）in wine.Under the impulse of vanity, he fell into Montresor’s terrible trap.In fact, he was careless and foolish and didn’t find that the danger was approaching him.He looked down upon Montresor and others.He didn’t realize his foolishness until the death was coming.Talking from the appearance, Monstresor was a well-educated and “kind” businessman.He enjoyed the honor and respect in the city. But in fact, he was an evil and awful person.His inner feelings were so cruel that they even made people tremble.Under his rich appearance was the dirty soul and despicable character.We couldn’t see any glorious virtues in his mind. Instead, his heart was cold and dark.It was the revenge that threw Montresor into the deep evil valley.红字Questions :1.Why is the prison the setting of Chapter 1 ?No matter how optimistic the founders of new colonies may be, they are quick to establish a prison and a cemetery in their “Utopia,” for they know that misbeh avior, evil, and death are unavoidable.This belief fits into the larger Puritan doctrine, which puts heavy emphasis on the idea of original sin—the notion that all people are born sinners because of the initial transgressions of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden. he is therefore using the prison building to represent the crime and the punishment which are aspect of civilized lifeWhat is the implication of the description of the roses?The rosebush symbolizes the ability of nature to endure and outlast man's activities.The narrator suggests that roses offer a reminder of Nature's kindness to the condemned; for his tale, he says, it will provide either a “sweet moral blossom” or else some relief in the face of unrelenting sorrow and gloom.2.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitude of the people towards her.The second paragraph on page 30.The crowd in front of the jail is a mixture of men and women, all maintaining severe looks of disapproval.Several of the women begin to discuss Hester Prynne, and they soon vow that Hester would not have received such a light sentence for her crime if they had been the judges.One woman, the ugliest of the group, goes so far as to advocate death for Hester.3.What has happened to Hester?As a young woman, Hester married an elderly scholar, Chillingworth, who sent her ahead to America to live.While waiting for him, she had an affair with a Puritan minister named Dimmesdale, after which she gave birth to Pearl. The scarlet letter is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy.Why does she make the embroidery of the letter A so elaborate?It seems to declare that she is proud, rather than ashamed, of her sin.In reality, however, Hester simply accepts the “sin” and its symbol as part of herself, ju st as she accepts her child. And although she can hardly believe her present “realities,” she takes them as they are rather than resisting them or trying to atone for them.How does this tell us about her character?Throughout The Scarlet Letter Hester is portrayed as an intelligent, capable. It is the extraordinary circumstances shaping her that make her such an important figure.白鲸Questions1.What are the stories Ismael tells about Moby Dick?Ishmael compares the legend of Moby Dick to his experience of the whale.He notes that sperm whale attacks have increased recently and that superstitious sailors have come to regard these attacks as having an intelligent, even supernatural origin.In particular, wild rumors about Moby Dick circulate among whalemen, suggesting that he can be in more than one place at the same time and that he is immortal. Ishmael remarks that even the wildest of rumors usually contains some truth.Whales, for instance, have been known to travel with remarkable speed from the Atlantic to the Pacific; thus, it is possible for a whale to be caught in the Pacific with the harpoons of a Greenland ship in it.Moby Dick, who has defied capture numerous times, exhibits an “intelligent malignity”（狠毒）in his attacks on men2.Why does Ahab react so violently against the white whale?First, he lost one of his legs because of the white whale.Second,He considers Moby Dick the embodiment of evil in the world, and he pursues the White Whale，because he believes it his inescapable fate to destroy this evil.Ishmael suggests that Ahab is “crazy”and call him “a raving lunatic.” Do you agree with him? Why or why not? Ishmael describes Ahab as mad in his narration, and it does indeed seem mad to try to fight the forces of nature or God.3.What narrative features can you find in the selected chapter?In the selected charpter, Melville employed the technique of multiple view of his narrative to portray Moby Dick to achieve the effect of ambiguity and let readers judge the meaning.瓦尔登Questions1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level?He lived in a cabin on Walden Pond, which belonged to Emerson’s property.2.Had Thoreau ever bought a farm? Why did he enjoy the act of buying?No, he hadn’t.He avoided purchasing a farm because it would inevitably tie him down financially and complicate his life.Thoreau didn’t see the acquisition of wealth as the goal for human existence, he saw the goal of life to be an exploration of the mind and of the magnificent world around us.He regarded the places as an existence free of obligations and full of leisure.3.Is it significant that Thoreau mentioned the Fourth of July as the day on which he began to stay in the woods? Why? Yes, it is.Because The Fourth of July is known as Independence Day,the birthday ot the United States.Here Thoreau uses the day to express his beginning of regeneration at Walden.It also means a symbol of his conquest of being.4.How could you answer the question Thoreau asked at the end of this selection?。

美国文学名词解释复习1.Imagism（意象派）: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra P ound and Amy Lowell.2.Local colorism: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor3.Psychological Realism: James’s realism is characterized by his psychological a pproach to his subject matter. His fictional world is concerned more with the inner l ife of human beings than with overt human actions. His best and most mature wor ks will render the drama of individual consciousness and convey the moment-to-mo ment sense of human experience as bewilderment and discovery. And we observe people and events filtering through the individual consciousness and participate in h is experience. This emphasis on psychology and on the human consciousness prov es to be a big breakthrough in novel writing and has great influence on the comin g generations. James is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century " stream-of-consciousness" novels and the founder of psychological realism.4.International theme:Henry James’s fame generally rests on his novels and stories with the international theme. These novels are always set against a large international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.The treatment of the international theme is characterized by the richness of syntax and characterization and the originality in point of view, symbolism, metaphoric texture, and organizing rhyme. James is now more mature as an artist, more at home in the craft of fiction.5. Modernism：It was a complex and diverse （复杂多样的）international movement in all the creative arts （创造性艺术），originating about the end of the 19th century. It provided （出现）the greatest creative renaissance of the 20th century. It was made up of many facets （方面），such as symbolism，surrealism （超现实主义），cubism （立体主义），expressionism，futurism （未来主义），ect6. American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7.Surrealism(超现实主义):An anti-rational movement of imaginative liberation in European in art and literature in the 1920s and 1930s, which launched by Andre Breton after his break from the Dada group in 1922. Surrealism seeks to break downthe boundaries between rationality and irrationality, exploring the resources and revolutionary energies of dreams, hallucinations and sexual desire. Influenced both by the symbolists an d by Sigmund Freud’s theories of the unconscious, the surrealists experimented with automatic writing and with the free association of random images brought in surprising juxtaposition.8. Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.9. Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄): Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.2> barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code Hero10.Iceberg Theory :Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory”suggests that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things asstrongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement ofan iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action11.American Dream:American dream means the belief that everyone can succeed as long as he/she works hard enough. It usually implies a successful and satisfying life. It usually framed in terms of American capitalism（资本主义）, its associated purported meritocracy,（知识界精华）and the freedoms guaranteed by the U.S. Bill of Rights.12. Jazz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and world war II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is large ly credited wi th coining the term” Jazz Age”.（了解）13.Stream of consciousness（意识流）：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。

1．第1题Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by _______.A.short, clear sentencesB.abundance of local imagesC.ordinary American speechD.highly refined language您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.02．第2题When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.A.Henry JamesB.Scott FitzgeraldC.HemingwayD.William Faulkne您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.03．第3题After the success of ____, Herman Melville became known as a man who lived among cannibals.A.TypeeB.White JacketC.OmooD.Moby Dick您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.04．第4题___ wrote Rights of Man in 1792 to suggest the overthrow of the British monarchy.A.Thomas PaineB.Benjamin FranklinC.George WashingtonD.Jefferson您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.05．第5题_______ does not belong to the school of naturalism in history.A.Stephen CraneB.Frank NorrisC.Jack LondonD.Walt Whitman您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.06．第6题William Sidney Porter was the real name of ________.A.Mark TwainB.O’ HenryC.Jack LondonD.William Dean Howells您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.07．第7题There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ___ on the Puritan soil.A.RomanticismB.PuritanismC.mysticismD.Unitarianism您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.08．第8题____ made many translations, among which, Dante’s Divine Comedy was the best.A.William C. BryantB.Henry W. LongfellowC.EmersonD.Hawthorne您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.09．第9题____, first governor of Plymouth, left a wealth of letters after he died.A.William BradfordB.William WordsworthC.John WinthropD.John Eliot您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.010．第10题___ is not a name to refer to Natty Bumppo in Cooper’s frontier saga.A.deerslayerB.pathfinderC.hawkeyeD.Mohican您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.011．第11题______ is not a character in the novel The Scarlet Letter.A.Arthur DimmesdaleB.Roger ChillingworthC.Goodman BrownD.Pearl您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.012．第12题5. Puritan values do not include ____.A.hard workB.thriftC.sobrietyD.debauchery您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.013．第13题The first great American juvenile literature was _____.A.Sketch BookB.The Legend of Sleepy HollowC.WaldenD.Mardi您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.014．第14题1.牋牋？___ is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.A.Self-relianceB.NatureC.The American ScholarD.. The Bells您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.015．第15题______ translated the Bible into the Indian tongue.A.Benjamin FranklinB.Roger WilliamsC.. John EliotD.John Cotton您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.016．第16题The first writings that we may call American were the narratives and ___ of the early English settlements.A.. documentsB.journalsC.statementsD.files您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.017．第17题The Fall of the House of Usher was a horror story by ______.A.Nathaniel HawthorneB.Edgar Allan PoeC.MelvilleD.Longfellow您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.018．第18题The arbiter of nineteen-century literary realism in America was ______.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.O’HenryD.William Dean Howells您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.019．第19题Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of man and ____.A.natureB.self-relianceC.selfD.life您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.020．第20题As a Modernist poet, Pound is noted for his active involvement in the ______A.cubist school of modern paintingB.Imagist MovementC.stream-of-consciousness techniqueD.German Expressionism您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.021．第21题Most critics have agreed that __ is both an insider and an outsider of the Jazz Age with a double vision.A.FitzgeraldB.FrostC.CummingsD.Hemingway您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.022．第22题in 1952, Hemingway portrayed an old fisherman named ___ in The old Man and the Sea.A.Natty BumppoB.PocahontasC.SantiagoD.Henry您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.023．第23题Mrs. Stowe’s did not ever write _______.A.The Man That Was a ThingB.Uncle Tom’s CabinC.The StoicD.Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.024．第24题Where Mark Twain satirized European manners at times, ____ was an admirer.A.Harriet BeecherB.Jack LondonC.Henry JamesD.O’ Henry您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.025．第25题Eugene O’Neil did not write ______.A.The Emperor JonesB.Anna ChristieC.The Hairy ApeD.The Saloon您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.026．第26题With the precedent of Whitman, ___also undertook as a spokesman for the common pople. He was proud later to “favor simple poems for simple people.”A.Wallace StevensB.Edwin RobinsonC.Robert FrostD.Carl Sandburg您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.027．第27题The collections of his occasional lectures on poetry entitled ___ established Wallace Stevens as a major American poet.A.Ideas of OrderB.The Necessary AngelC.HarmoniumD.Parts of a World您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.028．第28题The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood” is ____.A.Young Goodman BrownB.MardiC.Daisy MillerD.The Tragic Muse您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.029．第29题1.Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,A.GermanyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Italy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.030．第30题Mark Twain’s first book is ________.A.Tom SawyerB.Huckleberry FinnC.The Gilded AgeD.Jumping Frog您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.031．第31题The novel which was described by a critic as “an outrage to American girlhood” is ____.A.Young Goodman BrownB.MardiC.Daisy MillerD.The Tragic Muse您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.032．第32题Franklin shaped his writings after the ____ of the English essayist Addison and Steel.A.Spectator papersB.WaldenC.. NatureD.The Sacred Wood您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.033．第33题“I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,/The black-clad cricket bear a second part” These lines written by ____________.A.Roger WilliamsB.John EliotC.Anne BradstreetD.Washington Irving您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.034．第34题1.Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,A.GermanyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Italy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.035．第35题“We hold these truths to be elf-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.” This sentence is taken from ___.mon SenseB.The Declaration of IndependenceC.The AutobiographyD.The American Crisis您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.036．第36题____ was considered to be the first American writer.A.Washington IrvingB.Benjamin FranklinC.John SmithD.Hoffman您的答案：C题目分数：2此题得分：2.037．第37题Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin?A.Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s CabinB.James’s The Portrait of a Lady.C.Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms ？D.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.038．第38题Perhaps Dickinson's greatest rendering of the moment of is to be found in I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I Died---a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.A.enthusiasmB.deathC.crisisD.fantasy您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.039．第39题1.牋牋？Franklin had never been _____.A.a printerB.a scientistC.a statesmanD.an atheist题目分数：2此题得分：2.040．第40题4. The most quoted among Franklin’s writings could be ___, an annual collection of proverbs.A.The AutobiographyB.Poor Richard’s AlmanacC.SpectatorD.. Nature您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.041．第41题The Declaration of Independence was the product of the joint efforts by ___,A.George WashingtonB.Thomas JeffersonC.Thomas AddisonD.Irving您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.042．第42题Mark Twain’s first book is ________.A.Tom SawyerB.Huckleberry FinnC.The Gilded AgeD.Jumping Frog您的答案：D题目分数：2此题得分：2.043．第43题Mark Twain had never been a _______.A.humoristB.ambassadorC.frontierD.lecturer.题目分数：2此题得分：2.044．第44题In all his novels Theodore Dreiser sets himself to project the ______ American values. For example, in Sister Carrie, there is not one character whose status is not determined economically.A.Puritan ？B.materialisticC.psychological ？D.religious您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.045．第45题___ might be considered as a great realist of human spirit.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.Jack LondonD.Theodore Dreiser您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.046．第46题My Lost Youth written by ____ is about his hometown of Portland, Maine.A.Henry W. LongfellowB.John CottonC.Carl SandburgD.Anne Bradstreet您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.047．第47题___’s A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country was a guide to the country and an invitation to the bold spirits needed to enlarge and strengthen the English plantation in the new land.A.John SmithB.William BradfordC.John WinthropD.John Cotton您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.048．第48题Puritans emphasized a ____God.A.mercifulB.wrathfulC.benevolentD.learned您的答案：B题目分数：2此题得分：2.049．第49题___ did not ever show his/her concern for the Indians.A.Anne BradstreetB.Philip FreneauC.Roger WilliamsD.John Eliot您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.050．第50题A Key into the Language of America was a significant work by____.A.Roger WilliamsB.John CottonC.John SmithD.Noah Webster您的答案：A题目分数：2此题得分：2.0。

（0097）《美国文学史》复习思考题I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (15)1. Poor Richard’s Almanac2. The Wasteland3. The Pioneers4. The Leaves of Grass5. Go Tell it on the Mountain6. For Whom the Bell Tolls?7. Catch 22 8. Of Mice and Men9. The Sound and the Fury 10.Huck Finn11. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 12. The Old Man and the Sea13. Mending Walls 14. Beloved15. Invisible Man 16. Beyond the Horizons17. Of Mice and Men 18. The Raven19. The Great Gatsby 20. The Streetcar Named Desire21. Rip van Winkle 22. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 23. The Scarlet Letter 24. Moby Dick25. Desire Under the Elms 26. The Gilded Age27. The Sound and Fury 28. The Road Not Taken29. The Death of a Salesman 30. The Pathfinder31. Walden 32. Daisy Miller33. Song of Myself 34. The Call of the Wild35. Martin Eden 36. Long Day’s Journey into NightII. Define the following literary terms. (20)1. Beat Generation2. Protagonist3. Biography4. Novel5. Anti-hero6. Free Verse7. Drama 8. Jazz Age9. Biography 10. Blank Verse11. Black Humor 12. Head Rhyme13. Surprise ending 14. Transcendentalism15. Imagery 16. Stream of Consciousness17. Lost Generation 18. Short storyIII. Give brief answers to the following questions. (15)1.Who is the father of American literature?2.Who is the father of American poetry?3.What is Poe’s theory concerning poetry?4.What is Poe’s theory concerning the short story?5.What are the major characteristics of Twain’s writing style?6.What are the major characteristics of Irving’s writing style?7.What is “black humor?8.What is the Harlem Renaissance?9.What is the New England Renaissance?10.What are the major characteristics of colonial American literature?11.What is the Lost Generation?12.What are Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to American culture?13.Why is colonial American literature neither American nor literary?14.What is the Jazz Age?15.What is American transcendentalism?16.What is imagism?17.What is O. Henry Ending?18.What is free verse?IV. Read the following poem and try to understand and explain it.(30)FogTHE FOG comesOn little cat feet.It sits lookingOver harbor and cityOn silent haunchesAnd then moves onIn a Station of the Metro(Ezra Pound)The Apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.(Consult your book)The Road Not Taken(By Robert Frost)TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, Though as for that, the passing thereHad worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference. (Consult your book)Dreams(by Langston Hughes)Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot fly.Hold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren fieldFrozen with snow.(Consult your book)（0097）《美国文学史》复习思考题答案I. Write out the authors’ names of the following works. (15)Benjamin Franklin T. S. EliotJames Cooper Walt WhitmanJames Baldwell Ernest HemingwayJoseph Heller John SteinbeckWilliam Faulkner Mark TwainWashington Irving Ernest HemingwayRobert Frost Toni MorrisonRalph Ellison Eugene O’NeillJohn Steinbeck Allan PoeF. Scott Fitzgerald Tennessee WilliamsWashington Irving Robert FrostNathaniel Hawthorne Herman MelvilleEugene O’Neill Mark TwainWilliam Faulkner Robert FrostArthur Miller James CooperH. D. Thoreau Henry JamesWhitman Jack LondonJack London O’NeillII. Define the following literary terms. (20)Beat generation:The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this group include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.”Protagonist: the principal character in a play or story; the central character who serves as a focus for the work’s themes and incidents and as the principal rationale for its development; and one who is opposed to the antagonist. In the beginning of ancient Greek drama, there were only a chorus and one actor—the leader of the chorus. Thespis invented the first actor. Then Aeschylus and Sophocles added the second and third actors to the tragedy respectively. The three actors were names Protagonist, Deuteragonist and Tritagonist. In discussions of modern literature, theprotagonist is sometimes referred to as the hero or anti-hero.Biography:an account of a person’s life written by somebody else, or biographical writing as a form of literature.Novel: Generally speaking, it is an imaginative prose narrative of extended length dealing with fictional characters and events. The constituent elements of a novel include plot, character, conflict, and setting. But there can be exceptions. Some novels are short. Some novels are not fictional. Some novels are in verse. And some novels do not even tell a story. There have been many debates over the appropriate length of a novel. No established length for a novel has been agreed upon. It is generally held, however, that a full-length novel is longer than a novella or short novel, and a short novel is longer than a shot story. A novel should be long enough so as to appear in print in an independent volume. The great length of a novel makes it possible for the characters and themes in it to be developed more fully and subtly.Antihero: a main character in a story, novel, play or film who behaves in a completely different way from what people expect a hero to do. A non-hero is without the qualities and features of a traditional or old-fashioned hero. He is doomed to fail. Antiheroes of early days were Don Quixote, Macbeth, Rip Van Winkle, and Tristram Shandy. Examples of antiheroes in modern literature include Leopold Bloom, Jim Dixon, Jimmy Porter, Herzog, and Yassarian.Free verse:a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure. It depends on natural speech for rhythm. Robert Frost compared it to “playing tennis with the net down.” Though much simpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blank vers e, free verse does no mean “formlessness.” T. S. Eliot once said that “no verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job.” Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson. It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse. Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression. According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity. Noting is better than simplicity.”Drama: a form of literature written for actors to perform. A drama is divided into acts. An act can be subdivided into scenes. The constituent elements of a drama include dialogue, plot, characters, setting, stage direction, and others. A drama can be as long as three parts called trilogy, or as short as one act only. Greek drama originated in religious ceremonial in honor of Dionysus. Medievaldrama developed out of rites celebrating the life events of Jesus Christ. Dramatists of great importance in literary history include Sophocles, Shakespeare, Ibsen, and Shaw. In America, the firs important dramatist was Eugene O’Neill who wrote the first serious plays. Before O’Neill, America had theatre. Starting from O’Neill, it began to h ave drama.Jazz age: Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues. It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation. The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones. Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W. C. Handy. The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement. According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.” F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age, like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Autobiography: a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences. It is narrated from the first-person point of view. The term was probably first used by Southey. But the first important autobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo. Other examples include Franklin’s Autobiography, Adams’s The Education of Henry Adams, John Stuart Mill’s Autobiography, Carlyle’s Reminiscences, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, and so on. Sometimes, an autobiography can be fictionalized. An example of this kind is Rousseau’s Confessions. Some novels and long poems are used for autobiography. Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Whitman’s “Song of Myself” and Wordsworth’s The Prelude fall in this category. Dickens’s David Copperfield, Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers and O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night have strong autobiographical elements in them.Blank verse: poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines. Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form. Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech. Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse. This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc. It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton. In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets. But Young and Thomson were ableto write in the tradition of blank verse. The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form. Masters of blank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant. The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S. Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Black humor:a term frequently used in modern literary criticism. It is sometimes called ‘black comedy’ or ‘tragic farce.’ It is h umor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence. Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas. Examples are Franz Kafka’s stories like “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle” and “The Trial”, Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22and Albee’s The Zoo Story. Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, V onnegut, Pynchon and so on.Head rhyme: the use in verse or prose of several words close together which all begin with the same letter. It is done for special musical effect comparable to the effects of end rhyme. In most cases, alliteration is the repetition of identical initial consonant sounds. Examples are Pope’s “For fools rush in where angels fear to tread,” Poe’s “The weary, wayworn wanderer bore,” and Coleridge’s “Five miles meandering with a mazy motion.” Alliteration of initial vowels is quite limited in number. An example of vowel alliteration is “It is impossible to enjoy idling thorough ly unless one has plenty of work to do.”Surprise Ending:Also called “O. Henry ending,” it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation of events at the conclusion of a story or play. An example is “The Necklace” by Guy de Maupassant. Another instance is O. Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi.”III. Give brief answers to the following questions. (15)19.Who is the father of American literature? (Consult your book)20.Who is the father of American poetry? (Consult your book)21.What is Poe’s theory concerning poetr y? (Consult your book)22.What is Poe’s theory concerning the short story? (Consult your book)23.What are the major characteristics of Twain’s writing style? (Consult your book)24.What are the major characteristics of Irving’s writing style? (Consult your book)25.W hat is “black humor? (Consult your book)26.What is the Harlem Renaissance? (Consult your book)27.What is the New England Renaissance? (Consult your book)28.What are the major characteristics of colonial American literature? (See your book)29.What is the Lost Generation? (Consult your book)30.What are Benjamin Franklin’s contributions to American culture? (See your book)31.Why is colonial American literature neither American nor literary? (See your book)32.What is the Jazz Age? (Consult your book)33.What is American transcendentalism? (Consult your book)34.What is imagism? (Consult your book)35.What is O. Henry Ending? (Consult your book)36.What is free verse? (Consult your book)IV. Read the following poem and try to understand and explain it.(30)FogTHE FOG comesOn little cat feet.It sits lookingOver harbor and cityOn silent haunchesAnd then moves on(An imagist poem by Carl Sandburg; depicting the fog and its movement; free verse written in the tradition of Whiman.)In a Station of the Metro(Ezra Pound)The Apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.( a poem of the Imagist school, written by Ezra Pound.)The Road Not Taken(By Robert Frost)TWO roads diverged in a yellow wood,And sorry I could not travel bothAnd be one traveler, long I stoodAnd looked down one as far as I couldTo where it bent in the undergrowth;Then took the other, as just as fair,Though as for that, the passing thereHad worn them really about the same,And both that morning equally layIn leaves no step had trodden black.Oh, I kept the first for another day!Yet knowing how way leads to way,I doubted if I should ever come back.I shall be telling this with a sighSomewhere ages and ages hence:Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.(A poem by Robert Frost. It is about the difficulty of making a choice.)Dreams(by Langston Hughes)Hold fast to dreamsFor if dreams dieLife is a broken-winged birdThat cannot fly.Hold fast to dreamsFor when dreams goLife is a barren field Frozen with snow. (Consult your book)。

What are the distinctive features of Southern and Northern English colonies in America?Northern(Massachussets) 1620 ,MayFlower ,William Bradford ,Plantation 大农场The first colonists were Separatist Puritans (Pilgrims).■They settled i n New England to gain religious freedom.■The religious freedom they sought was not readily granted to others outside their faith.■Most colonists grew their own food.■The soil was too thin and rocky and the climate too harsh for the colonists to grow cash crops. ■They turned to fishing, lumbering, fur trading, and metal working to nourish their economy.Southern 1607，John Smith , Virginia , seek for fortune ,”Mother of Presidents”■The first colonists were English and settled in Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.■Their goal was to find gold in order to obtain wealth as rapidly as possible.■Tobacco and grain became the major cash crops of the southern colonies.■These cash crops were grown on large plantations of land that needed large numbers of workers.■Indentured servants were first used. As their numbers dwindled, slaves were used.■A small number of people owned large amounts of land.■Religion and religious freedom were not large concerns for most southern colonists.2 distinctive types impressed on early American literature and left a cultural heritage that American writers have continued to draw on ever since. ( Puritan (idealistic),, Cavalier(practical)骑士)The puritans were Calvinists加尔文主义者Calvinism emphasizes original sin and man’s fall and sees man as an utterly corrupt being who can be regenerated only through God’s grace.If, today in USA there is a spirit of self-examination, a zeal to improve the country and uplift the character of its citizens, it is to a large extent inherited from Puritans.Unlike the Puritans, the Cavalier planters’ deepest interests were likely to be social, economic, and political rather than religious.By the middle of 18th century , a sense of national identity was beginning to emerge.Freedom and independence were focused.During this era, literature became the record of the mind rather that of the spirit, of minds which grappled with ideas and translated them into speeches, essays and great political testaments. The work of men in this era : Benjamin Franklin(leader writer of this period), Patrick Henry, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson and George Washington. (not the professional writers .)The works were sermons, histories, journals, speeches, pamphlets and political documents.In the 19th century , other writers---- Poe , Longfellow, Irving, Hawthorne would Write more specifically literary works: poems, short stories and novels. Most of the earlier, colonial, writers had no such awareness but their solid achievements formed the beginning of American literature which expressed national consciousnessThe southern colonists produced less writing than their New England counterparts .Before Civil War there was only an incipient初步的and comparatively fruitless不成功的，徒劳的literary activity in the South.The southern colonies did not rear poets and philosophers but statesmen. “Mother of presidents”.John Smith(1579-16311.Soldier of fortune. Establish the first British colony in America2.In 1608 he wrote A True Relation of Virginia, the first English book written in America3.Writing style: boasting ,exaggeration.Johnathan Edwards1.Theologian, believe in Calvinistic faith2.His powerful preaching helped spark a major religious revival called the Great Awakeningthat spread through New England in the 1730s and 1740s.3.The power of Edwards’s sermons is achieved largely through effective use of metaphor, ascan be seen in “ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.” 落在忿怒之上帝手中的罪人Anne Bradstreet 1612-16721.Female poet2.Her first volume appearing in London in 1650 was titled “The tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up inAmerica.”3.All her poems are in the strong Puritan faith.4.Many of her most interesting poems were written out of her everyday experience.Style : conventional and exaggerated mannerPhilip Freneau 1752-18321.He is the first people to write the Indian people in America2.His poetry is closely identified with the American Revolution.3.The Wild Honeysuckle 野金银花4. A poem about the episode entitled“The British Prison Ship.”Benjamin Franklin1706-17901.He claims for thrifty , frugality.2.Poor Richard’s Almanack穷查理的年鉴3.His autobiography . 富兰克林自传Thomas Paine 1737-18091.He published a pamphlet(brochure) entitled Common Sense, which advocated completepolitical independence of England .2.Thomas paine wrote the first number of an irregularly issued periodical , known as the Crisis.3.“ Where liberty is not, there is my home.”4.The Rights of Man,5.The Age of ReasonThomas Jefferson 1743-18261.“ the most extraordinary collection of talent, of human knowledge , that has ever beengathered together at the White House, with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone.”2.Jefferson was one of the Virginia representatives to the Second Continental Congress.3.Jefferson’s most illustrious literary achievement is the“ Declaration of Independence”(Wehold these truths to be self evident: that all men are created equal;人人生而平等that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights 权利不可分割, that among these are life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness.)Charles Brockden Brown 1771-18101.Charles Brockden Brown was the first professional man of letters in America.2.Style : gothic or romantic3.Working under English influence Brown gave to America his first great Gothic romances ofwhich Wieland is considered the strongest .American Literature of Romantic Era 1820-1865The war of 1812 strengthened the American sense of unity and of national identity→confidence→romanticism1820 Sydney Smith posed the question “ In the four quarters of the globe , who reads an American book?”1820 Washington Irving’s Sketch Book appeared and proved popular in USA and England.3 years later, William Cullen Bryant’s poem “Thanatopsis” had been published in the North American Review.1823 James Fenimore Cooper’s first novel about Natty Bumppo(an Indian character), The Pioneers,was published.4years later, Edgar Allan Poe issued his first collection of poems.(all these writers provided an answer to Smith’s question, for they produced literary works that were not only read by Americans but admired by educated Europeans.)Cooper and Poe made important contributions to Western literature and culture.Cooper’s idyllic (田园诗的) descriptions of life in the American forest and his creation of Natty Bumppo (an Indian set an ideal of life for the schoolboys of many countries.Poe’s cultivation of effects of terror and despair in his t ales and poems had a profound effect on the French poet and on modern European poetry.America remained under the cultural domination of Englandlong after it had won its political independence.The story of American literature in the early part of the nineteenth century is the story of American writers trying to work out their own cultural destiny , to create a distinctive literature separate from English literature , and to make this literature a significant part of the national life.The 18th century was a classical period in any music and literatureThe first part of the 19th century was dominated by RomanticismNear the end of the 18th century , the classicism shifted to Romanticism.Classicism : regularity of good sense; moderation ; the finite ; reason; the tradition; normal, universal ; clarity, balance and orderRomanticism: rage of incorrectness ; imagination ; the infinite ; emotion; original , strange , the deeply personal ; originality , emotional , sincerity.Romanticism: 1. An appeal to emotion rather than reason. 2. An interest in nature . 3. An interest in the picturesque and unusual. 4. A spirit of nationalism .One characteristic of the Romantic movement became more and more important: a belief in the innate goodness of the individual man. Man according to many romanticism, was born good.1837 Emerson delivered an address at Harvard which he called “The American Scholar”, which is regarded as one of the most important events in the intellectual life of American life.(he claimed that the beginning of a new age in which America would be the intellectual leader of the world would come.)New England was alive with the excitement of ideas, vitalized by the sense that its cultural and intellectual time had come. This period in American literature has been called by some scholars the “ American Renaissance”.Van Wyck Brooks :The Flowering of New England.Has described the contribution of the New England writers of this period.Although Concord, Massachusetts was a small town, the writers and thinkers who congregated there had a major influence on the intellectual life of America.Transcendental Club: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Carlyle and Goethe.One of the most influential magazines of the time The Dial, are edited by Emerson and MargaretFuller at different times.The philosophy of transcendentalism which members of the club advocated , had a vital effect on many writers of the time , including those who were skeptical or opposed it.Cambridge Group: Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes and James Russell Lowell.Nineteenth-century writing, both American and European was dominated by the spirit of Romanticism, a movement that flourished in Europe and had as its manifesto the Lyrical Ballads. Lyrical Ballads was written by British poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1798. The beginning of the English Romanticism.Classicism: the dominant philosophy of the Age of Reason, which stressed reason , clarity, balance and order as valued by the ancient Greeks and Romans.Romanticism: it championed imagination and the emotions. In the board sense, Romanticism was an attitude toward nature, humanity and society that supported freedom and individualism. Echoing the ideals of equality set forth in the declaration of independence, romanticism offered a parallel to the growing sense of nationalism.Many trends make up the romantic movement, particularly the following: 1. An emphasis on imagination as a key to revealing the innermost depths of the human spirit. 2. A great interest in the picturesque and exotic aspects of the past. 3 and enthusiasm for depicting national life and character. 4. The celebration of the beauty and mystery of nature. 5. A focus on the individual 6. A fascination with the supernatural and the gothic. 7. A sense of idealism.Romanticism characterized the works of America’s first group of great imaginative writers—Irving, Cooper, Bryant and Poe.Poe borrowed from European gothic romances---horror stories and investigations of the supernatural , the most famous of which is Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein 1818.Poe influenced the later writers such as Herman Melville and Nathaniel Hawthorne whose works explore the motives and actions of tormented souls.By the second half of the 19th century, Ameican Romanticism was yielding to the philosophy of Transcendentalism, which like the earlier movement , upheld the goodness of humanity , the glories of nature, and the importance of the individual.Transcendentalism: a philosophy popular in New England during the 1830s ,was an offshoot of the Rmantic Movement that preceded it. Both philosophies upheld the goodness of humanity , the glories of nature and the importance of free individual expression. In addition, transcendentalism maintained that an awareness of reality, or a sense of truth, is reached through intuition rather than through reasoning or logic.transcendentalism is the view that the basic truths of the universe lie beyond the knowledge we obtain from our senses, a knowledge that a transcendentalist regards as the mere appearance of things.Some beliefs about transcendentalism can be found in various movements: feminism, abolitionism, utopianism, communalism and the beginnings of labor unionism.In opposition to the rationalistic tendencies of the age, transcendentalism incorporated吸收elements from many philosophies and religions.When emerson proclaims the non-existence of evil in an ultimate form and Hawthorne rejects this conception as tragically blind , neither writer is proceeding on the assumption that the problem of evil itself is unreal or trivial.Washington Irving 1783-18591. A father of America – a literary patriarch 元老who was the first famous man of letters inthe new nation.2.Biography The Life of George Washington3.The Sketch Book (although most of the collection involved essays about the charm ofEnglish life and manners it is mainly remembered for two stories , “ the Legend of Sleep y Hollow” and “ Rip Van Winkle”.4.BracebridgeHall , Tales of a TravelerJames Fenimore Cooper1.novel Precaution, The Pilot,(use his knowledge of life at sea) , Leatherstocking Series ( 5books in this series: 1. The Pioneers, 2.The Last of the Mohicans 3. The Prairie 4. The Pathfinder .5 The Deerslayer)2.The Spy (the story of Harvey Birch’s adventures)3.His style was far from polished, not vivid. Putting into fiction Americanmountains forests , lakes ,streams and prairies.4.Cooper is widely regarded as the first great American novelist.William Cullen Bryant1.He is regarded as America’s first eminent poet., poet of nature2.Thanatopsis3.To a Waterfowl（english author Matthew Arnold called ‘the most perfect brief poem in thelanguage.’）4.North American Review5.He joined the staff of the New York Evening Post,6.Abolitionist MovementHenry Wadsworth LongfellowCambridge Group: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes and James Russell Lowell.1 Fireside Poets(a group of Romantics who entertained the American public with poems about patriotism, nature, and family): James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.2. he introduced foreign poetic forms into America . (Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha.)A Pslam of Life( a voice from my inmost heart at a time when I was rallying from depression” his own description for this poem)3. After his death , a bust of him was unveiled in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey . He was the first American poet to attain this honor.Edgar Allan Poe1.His 3 detective stories : 1 The murders in the Rue Morgue.莫格街谋杀案2. The Mysteryof Marie Roget. 3 The Purloined Letter.失窃的信--- inspired the creation of Sherlock Holmes and other brilliant deductive sleuths.2.Poe’s chief contribution to literature is his exploration of the dark side of human nature ,his creation of incidents and symbols that afford disturbing glimpses into a tumultuous world.3.His best gothic tales include :” The Fall of the House of Usher” “The Tell Tale Heart” “ TheCask of Amontillado “ and “ Wiliiam Wilson.4.His most famous essay is “ The Philosophy of Composition”, which was written as a criticalreflection on his poetic masterpiece “ The Raven”.“Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones.” in the philosophy of compositionRalph Waldo Emerson1.Emerson advocated self-reliance , self-trust , and individualism , qualities that formed thebasis of philosophy called Transcendentalism.2.He revolutionized American literary thoughtbine his ideas of self-reliance and free-thinking with Romantic Idealism4.His optimistic philosophy found in all of his essays, notably “ Nature” “ Self-Reliance” “ TheOver-Soul” and “ The American Scholar”5.“Trust thyself ; every heart vibrates to that iron string.Henry David ThoreauA mystic A transcendentalist and a natural philosopher .His disapproval of slavery and the Mexican WarCivil Protest “ Civil Disobedience”(still popular as a manifesto of the individual’s right to pro test immoral acts of government)Thoreau was a follower of Emerson’s idea.His First book “ A week on the concord and Merrimack Rivers.”“Walden” , this book would immortalize him“ I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately to front only th e essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what it had to teach and not when I came to die discover that I had not live.”Nathaniel Hawthorne1.“The Scarlet Letter”2. in 1837 he gathered a number of these published pieces, such as “ The Minister’s Black Veil” and “Wakefield “ into a volume titled Twice- Told Tales.3. “ Young Goodman Brown” “ The Birthmark” “Rappaccinal’s Daughter “ are among the stories published in 1846 in the collection called Mosses from an Old Manse.4. He never fully adopted the philosophy of transcendentalism . His strong sense of the active presence of evil in the world was more compatible一致，兼容的with America’s Puritan tradition.5.The House of the Seven Gables . The Blithedale Romance, The Marble Faun.Herman Melville1.Redburn2.Moby DICK3.Melville was finally rediscovered in the 1920s, and today Moby Dick is considered by manyto be the greatest American novel ever written.Louisa May Alcott1.Her most famous work Little Women2.An Old Fashioned Girl3.Little MenHarriet Beecher Stowe1.“so you are the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war!”Uncle Tom’sCabin was the most widely sold volume of the nineteenth century and it focused national attention on the immorality and cruelty of slavery. It is one of the most influential booksof social criticism ever written.Walt Whitman1.American first modern poet2.Style : democracy, free –verse ryhthms and realistic imagery.3.Leaves of Grass.4.Song of MyselfEmily Dickinson1.Narrow in terms of her scope and outlook2.If I read a book and it makes my body so cold no fire can ever warm me , I know that ispoetry . If I feel physically as if the top of my hear were taken off I know that is poetry.Part 3 American Realism 1865-1900After the Civil War (1861-1865), many accomplishments were adapted to industrial modernization on a massive scale. Transportation, industry , agriculture , electricity, new means of communication.With the spread of industrialism , thousands of men ,women and children flocked to the cities and modern metropolitan cities emerged and grew.The rapid economic growth and new urban industrial circumstances were accompanied by the development of a national literature of great abundance and variety.There were lots of people who came from all kinds of groups starting to write for publication.Many of the writers in this period got their start as newspaper journalists.Newspaper had been important to the political social and cultural life of America since colonial times.Many of the periodicals also played a part in the emergence toward the end of the 19th century of powerful works in sociology, philosophy and psychology, many of them impelled by the spirit of exposure and reform.Among the leading Ameican realists of the period were Mark Twain, Henry James, Edith Wharton, and William Dean Howells who together encompassed包围literary style from the comic vernacular through ordinary discourse to impressionist subjectivity.They recorded life on the vanishing frontier. They established the literary identity of distinctively American protagonists, especially the vernacular boy hero and the Ameican Girl and so on.They set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques, and styles of fiction we still call modern.Realism: Broadly speaking, realism is used to label a movement in English, European, and American literature that gathered force from the 1830s to the end of the century. It was an attempt to write a literature that recorded life . As defined by William Dean Howells , realism “is nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.” Realism seeks to create the illusion of everyday life being lived by ordinary people in familiar surroundings. (1)Regional writing is another expression of the realistic impulse , resulted from the desireboth to present distinctive ways of life before industrialization dispersed疏散or homogenized使类同them and to come to terms with 妥协the harsh realities.Regionalists depicted in meticulous 拘泥细节的details in time, place, and historical background in their fiction. They used the speech of the common people and avoided fantastic plotlines. Regional writing reflects the consciousness of regions and localities that still shapes literary creativity and criticism today.(2)Naturalism.it is commonly understood as an extension or intensification of realism.Naturalism aims at a detached分离的超然的, scientific objectivity in the treatment ofnatural man. In their works, naturalists generally ignored the highest level of society and focused on degradation堕落：poverty, alcoholism, prostitution, insanity ,and disease. The characeters are often from the fringe and lower depths of contemporary society, characters whose fates are product of degenerate heredity遗传, a sordid肮脏的environment, and a good deal of bad luck. The movement is an outgrowth of 19th century scientific thought, following in general the biological determinism of Darwin’s theory, or the economic determinism of Marx. The leading American naturalists are considered to include Crane, Norris, Herrick, Londn and later Dreiser, Dos Passoss and Farrell.Mark Twain(Samuel L. Clemens, 1835-1910)Realist, regionalist (local colorist) , unpretentious, colloquial , omission, local speech ,vernacular, humorous, sarcastic1.Keokuk Saturday Post , which established the pattern of peripatetic逍遥学派的journalism2.Roughing It3.Clements was once again writing for newspaper, first for the Territorial Enterprise , andthen for the Californian. The fashion of the time called for a pen name , and Clemens use “Mar Twain”, a term from his piloting days signifying “ 2 fathoms deep” or “ safe water”.4.1865, The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County5.Innocent Abroad 1869 ( funny, satire for the explosive economic growth, politicalconsolidation and imperialist帝国主义expansion)6.1883 Life on the Mississippi ( his past experience )7.1876 The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, ( making Twain as a popular writer of fiction8.Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1876 (unpretentious , colloquial, poetic style, wide-ranginghumor ) ( Twain’s use of realism and detail influenced many later writers of American fiction, including Ernest Hemingway, who stated that all modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn.)9. A Connecticu tYankee in King Arthur’s Court 188910.The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson 189411.After WWII, The Gilded Age 镀金时代12.The way in which Twain portrays the twinning of law and custom in sustaining the institutionof slavery indicates Twain’s despair over the prospects for true racial equality, a despair in the post-Reconstruction period.13.The Man That Coorupted Hadleyburg14.F enimore Copper’s Literary Offences (1895) shows his love of language for Cooper15.Howells: “ …..Twain was sole, incomparable , the Lincoln of our literature”William Dean Howells 1837-19201.The Campaign Life of Abraham Lincoln (1860), which helped Lincoln elected and won Howellsthe American Consulate领事in Venice.2.Howells was a critic , poet , playwright and a writer of 35 novels.3.Howells was considered the preeminent Ameican man of letters .4.Criticism and Fiction 18915. A Modern Instance 18826.The Rise of Silas Lapham 18857. A Hazard of New Fortunes 1898, the most panoramic全景的of all his work8.Howells never gravitated被吸引from realism to naturalism. In Criticism and Fiction “ournovelists concern themselves with the more smiling aspects of life, which are the more American.”Henry James 1843-19163 most important realism writers : Mark Twain, William Dean Howells , Henry James1.“ practice of wondering and dawdling and gaping”2. A writer of stream of consciousness ( Virginia Woolf, James Joyce and Henry James )3.The Portrait of a Lady 1881, ( international theme—the drama ,comic, and tragic of Ameicansin Europe and occasionally of Europeans in America.)4.The Jolly Corner 19085.The Wing of the Dove1902 , the Ambassador1903, The Golden Bowl 1904 ( internationaltheme)6.H e is firmly established as one of America’s major novelists and critics , as a subtlepsychological realist and as an unsurpassed literary stylist文体学家and craftsman.Kate Chopin 1851-1904(local colorist)1. Kate Chopin was the first female writer in USA to portray frankly the passions and discontents of women confined to traditional roles as wives and mothers .2. The Awakening 18993.the story of an Hour4. the Awakening is one of the most read novels in colleges and universities across the USA.5. Kate Chopin is celebrated as the lonely pioneer who dared to write realistic portraits of women trapped and stifled 扼杀by the social conventions of their time.Edith Wharton 1862-19371. Edith Wharton is best known for her novels depicting the intricate codes of conduct that ruled the lives of new York city’s aristocracy贵族at the end of 1800s3.Her first novel The Valley of Decision 19024.The House of Mirth 欢乐之家19055.Ethan Frome 19116.The Reef 19127.The Custom of the Country 19138.Summer 19179.The Age of Innocence , her best-known work , appeared in 1920, which made her becomethe first woman to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize for fiction.Stephen Crane 1871-1900A naturalist writer1.Maggie: A Girl of the Streets 18932.The Red Badge of Courage ( a novel of quest) 18943.Poem , The Black Riders and Other Lines 18954.Crane is known as a man who lived quickly and wrote fastJack London 1876-1916( naturalist writer )1.1893 Story of a Typhoon off the Coast of Japan ( his experience)2.He embraced both the utopian socialism of Marx and the darker views of Nietzsche andDarwinism3.The people of the Abyss 19034.War of the Classes 19055.The Iron Heel 19086.Revolution 19107.Most popular novels , The Call of the Wild 1903, The Sea-Wolf 19048.Autobiographical novel Martin Eden 19099.The most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive struggle of strong and weakindividuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the Arctic wastes.Part4 Modern American Literature 1900-1945Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It encompasses the global contexts of social change roughly between 1890 and 1939 in industry, commerce, technology, politics and aesthetics of American public sphere. Modernism, in general, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and even the sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. Modernism is global, it focuses on originality and innovation. The modernist style was a climate of thought , feeling and opinionModernists of all stripes shared 2 defining attributes: the lure of heresy异端that impelled驱动their actions as they confronted conventional sensibilities and a commitment to a principled self-scrutiny. A prominent feature of modernism is the phenomenon called the avant-garde前卫派, that is a small, self-conscious group of artists and authors who deliberately undertake in Ezra Pound’s phrase , to “make it new”. A prominent aim is to shock the sensibility of the conventional readers and to challenge the norms and pieties虔诚of the dominant bourgeois资产阶级的culture.。

“Two roads diverged in a yellow woods”is the first line in a poem written by Robert Frost entitled __________.A.The Road Not TakenB.Mending WallC.Two Yellow RoadsD.After Apple Picking答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.02．第2题among the following three american writers, only one has never been married in his ｏr her life. the person is ___.A. Edgar Ellan PoeB.Herman MelvilleC.Emily Dickinson答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.03．第3题Benjy is a central character in Faulkner's novel ---.A. As I Lay DyingB. A Rose For EmilyC.the sound ａnd the fury答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.04．第4题Among the following authors, there is one sometimes referred to as the American Goldsmith. HeA.James Fenimore CooperB.Washington IrvingC.Daniel Webster答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.05．第5题The most famous sea story written by Jack London is _______.A.Martin EdenB.The Iron HeelC.The Sea WolfD.The Call of the Wild答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.06．第6题"Two roads diverged in a yellow woods" is a line in a poem written by ---.A.T. S. EliotB.Wallace StevensC.Robert Frost答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.07．第7题Billy Budd was a short novel written by the American novelist ---.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB.Herman MelvilleC.Walt Whitman答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.08．第8题robert frost once said that a poem should begin with delight ａnd end in__________.A.pleasureB.uglinessC.deathD.wisdom答案:D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.09．第9题Which of the following works best illustrates the Calvinistic view of original sin?A.Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s CabinB.James’s The Portrait of a Lady.C.Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms ？D.Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter.答案:D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.010．第10题________ was the first writer of local color to achieve wide popularity.A.Mark TwainB.Harriet StoweC.Bret HarteD.Henry James答案:C您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：0.011．第11题Emily Grierson, the protagonist in Faulkner’s story A Rose for Emily, can be regarded as a symbol for all the following qualities except______.A.old valuesB.rigid ideas of social statusC.bigotry ａnd eccentricityD.harmony ａnd integrity答案:D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.012．第12题The School Room Poets did not include _____.A.LongfellowB.LowellC.HolmesD.Poe答案:D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.013．第20题the sound ａnd the fury is a novel written by __________.A.Stephen CraneB.Theodore DreiserC.MacbethD.William Faulkner答案:D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.014．第21题the lines “to the glory that was greece, ／ａnd the grａndeur that was rome”were quoted ｆrom poe’s poem __________.A.The RavenB.To HelenC.Annabel Lee答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.015．第28题The first American writer to win an international fame is ___.A. Henry JamesB.James Fenimore CooperC.Washington Irving答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.016．第29题A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court was written by _______.A.Henry JamesB.Mark TwainC.Jack LondonD.Theodore Dreiser答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.017．第30题Among the following novels, only one was not written by Herman Melville. It is _____________.A.The Confidence-ManB.The PIlotC.Moby Dick答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.018．第31题The Waste Land was dedicated to another poet who was __________.A.Ernest HemingwayB.Ezra PoundC.T. S. EliotD.William Carlos Williams答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.019．第32题Of Mice ａnd Men is a novel written by ---.A. John SteinbeckB.Sherwood AndersonC.Sinklair Lewis答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.020．第33题Among the following authors the one who received 4 pulitzer prizes was ---.A.Robert FrostB.Jack LondonC.Mark Twain答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.021．第34题Among the following novels, only one is not written by William Faulkner. It is _____________.A.Light in AugustsB.As I Lay DyingC.The Golden BowlD.Go Down, Moses答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.022．第35题Jack London did not write ______.A.The Sea WolfB.The Call of the WildC.The AmbassadorsD.White Fang答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.023．第36题____ was considered to be the first American writer.A.Washington IrvingB.Benjamin FranklinC.John SmithD.Hoffman答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.024．第37题"The American Scholar" is an essay written by the famous philosopher ---.A.Thomas CarlyleB.William JamesC. Ralph Waldo Emerson答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.025．第38题Twice-told Tales is a collection of stories written by ___.A.Nathaniel HowthorneB.Edgar Ellan PoeC.Washington Irving答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.026．第39题Among the following fictions written by John Steinbeck, only one is about the Second World War. It is ______________.A. “The Snake”B. The Grapes of WrathC. “The Moon Is Down”D.“The Pearl”答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.027．第40题In terms of subject matter, “The Turn of the Screw”is a ___.A.ghost storyB.science fictionC.romantic tale答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.028．第48题The first American writer who propounded that a piece of literary work should focus on the production of a single emotional effect is ___.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB.Herman MelvilleC.Edgar Ellan Poe答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.029．第49题"Lost Generation" is a term first coined by ---.A.Ernest HemingwayB.FitzgeraldC. Gertrude Stein答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.030．第50题The Iceberg style is most thoroughly reflected in the writings of the American novelist _____________.A.Jack LondonB.Ernest HemingwayC.Mark Twain答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.031．第51题The salesman whom Sister Carrie met with on her way to Chicago was named _____________.A.Charles DrouetB.HurstwoodC.Stephen CraneD.Frank Norris答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.032．第52题Among the following 3 poets the one who was once imprisoned for political reasons is ---.A.Carl SandburgB.Edwin Arlington RobinsonC.Ezra Pound答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.033．第53题In Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the central character Hester Prynne had a secret affair with _____________.A.ChillingworthB.PearlC.DimmesdaleD.Hester Prynne答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.034．第54题The arbiter of nineteen-century literary realism in America was ______.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.O’HenryD.William Dean Howells答案:D您的答案：D题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.035．第55题After the success of ____, Herman Melville became known as a man who lived among cannibals.A.TypeeB.White JacketC.OmooD.Moby Dick答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.036．第56题The most quoted among Franklin’s writings could be ___, an annual collection of proverbs.A.The AutobiographyB.Poor Richard’s AlmanacC.SpectatorD.. Nature答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.037．第57题The writer who once said that all american literature came ｆrom Mark Twain’s Huck Finn is ___.A.William FaulknerB.Stephen CraneC.Ernest HemingwayD.Chairman答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.038．第58题Pound’s poem “the river-merchant’s wife”was translated ｆrom a poem by the chinese poet __________.A.李白B.杜甫C.白居易D.王安石答案:A您的答案：A题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.039．第59题in 1836, a small book was published in the united states ａnd has hence been called the manifestoof the american transcendentalism. its author was ___.A. Henry David ThoreauB. Walt WhitmanC.Ralph Waldo Emerson答案:C您的答案：C题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.040．第60题The leader of the American Transcendentalism is _________.A.Henry David ThoreauB.Ralph Waldo EmersonC.Henry James答案:B您的答案：B题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.041．第13题Henry James’s greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. 答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.042．第14题Emerson’s prose style was sometimes as highly individualistic as his dramas.答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.043．第15题Hawthorne, who seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin ａnd veil, never showed a positive part of the life.答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.044．第16题Poe was a predecessor of the later British detective writer Conan Doyle.答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.045．第17题Stream of Consciousness is a minor technique that William Faulkner employed in his novels.答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.046．第18题Henry David Thoreau once built a cabin beside the lake of Walden on the land of his neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson.答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.047．第19题The detective created by Poe was named Dubin.答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.048．第22题The foundation of American national literature was laid by the early American romanticists. 答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.049．第23题Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.050．第24题"Tell me not, in mournful numbers" is a line in Longfellow's poem "A Psalm of Life".答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.051．第25题“The Premature Burial”is a detective story written by Poe.答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.052．第26题Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls was about the Spanish Civil War.答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.053．第27题The House of the Seven Gables is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne based on his experience in the Brook Farm.答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.054．第41题The Second World War led the American intellectuals to a bitter disillusionment, breeding what is called modernism.答案:错误您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：0.055．第42题thoreau was an active transcendentalist who was an escapist ｏr a recluse detached ｆrom the life of his day.答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.056．第43题"Declaration of Independence" was drafted by Benjamin Franklin alone. 答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.057．第44题Many of Poe’s Gothic tales bear the theme of claustrophobia.答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.058．第45题"A Rose for Emily" is a Gothic short story written by William Faulkner. 答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.059．第46题"In a Station of the Metro" is a short poem written by Ezra Pound.答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.060．第47题The first American poet to be translated into Chinese is Walt Whitman. 答案:错误您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.0作业总得分：97.0作业总批注：。

1.第2题Among the following novelists, the only one who had the working experience as a seal hunter is__________.A.Henry JamesB. Mark TwainC.FitzgeraldD.Jack London答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.02.第3题"Two roads diverged in a yellow woods" is a line in a poem written by ---.A.T. S. EliotB.Wallace StevensC.Robert Frost答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.03.第4题Among the following 3 poets the one who was once imprisoned for political reasons is ---.A.Carl SandburgB.Edwin Arlington RobinsonC.Ezra Pound答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.04.第5题“by nature’s self in white arrayed\ she bade thee shun the vulgar eye,\ a nd planted here the guarding shade,\ a nd sent soft waters murmuring by; \ thus quietly thy summer goes,\ thy daysdeclining to repose.”the rhyme schem e of the lines above is ______________.A.abababB.ababccC.aabbcc答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.05.第6题Perhaps Dickinson's greatest rendering of the moment of ___________ is to be found in I Heard a Fly Buzz--When I Died---a poem universally considered one of her masterpieces.A.enthusiasmB.deathC.crisisD.fantasy答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.06.第9题“Ishmale” is the name of the narrator in the novel ___.A. Moby DickB.The Scarlet LetterC.The Blithdale Romance答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.07.第10题Puritans emphasized a ____God.A.mercifulB.wrathfulC.benevolentD.learned答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.08.第11题1.?????Realism, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth”in the depiction of ordinary life, originated in ______ ,A.GermanyB.FranceC.EnglandD.Italy答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.09.第12题Where Mark Twain satirized European manners at times, ____ was an admirer.A.Harriet BeecherB.Jack LondonC.Henry JamesD.O’ Henry答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.010.第14题William Sidney Porter was the real name of ________.A.Mark TwainB.O’ HenryC.Jack LondonD.William Dean Howells答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.011.第15题The best of Cooper’s sea romances was ____.A.The prairieB.The PilotC.The PoineersD.the pathfinder答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.012.第16题. In 1881, Henry James published his novel____, which is generally considered as his masterpiece.A.Daisy MillerB.Watch and WardC.The Wings of the DoveD.The Portrait of a Lady答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.013.第17题The modern critic Van W. Brooks calls _____ a shredded Shakespeare play.A.The Scarlet LetterB.Moby DickC.Billy BuddD.Mardi答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.014.第18题Mark Twain had never been a _______.A.humoristB.ambassadorC.frontierD.lecturer.答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.015.第19题Robert Frost made his living by farming and teaching most of the time, which may contributed to his use of the plain speech of rural people of ____ in his poems.A.New EnglandB.EnglandC.South AmericaD.America’s West答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.016.第20题___ did not ever show his/her concern for the Indians.A.Anne BradstreetB.Philip FreneauC.Roger WilliamsD.John Eliot答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.017.第21题The famous lines “The apparition of these faces I nthe crowd; petals on a wet, black bough” are from ______A.A VirginalB.In a Station of the MetroC.A PactD.Salutation the Second答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.018.第37题The best-selling books in the first decades of the twentieth century were ___.A.news reportB.travel booksmercial booksD.historical romances答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.019.第38题_____ stands as the dividing line between the nineteen century and the contemporary America.A.The Boer WarB.World War IC.The charter movementD.World War II答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.020.第39题In Daisy Miller, Henry James reveals Daisy’s ______ by showing her relatively unreserved manners.A.hypocrisy ?B.cold and indifferenceC.grace??D.American-ness答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.021.第40题Jack London did not write ______.A.The Sea WolfB.The Call of the WildC.The AmbassadorsD.White Fang答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.022.第41题Robert Frost made his living by farming and teaching most of the time, which may contributed to his use of the plain speech of rural people of ____ in his poems.A.New EnglandB.EnglandC.South AmericaD.America’s West答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.023.第42题Ezra Pound’s ___, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World War I, is a masterpiece.A.Hugh Selwyn MauberleyB.Homage to Sextus PropertiusC.A VirginalD.Salutation the Second答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.024.第43题The best-selling books in the first decades of the twentieth century were ___.A.news reportB.travel booksmercial booksD.historical romances答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.025.第44题"The American Scholar" is an essay written by the famous philosopher ---.A.Thomas CarlyleB.William JamesC. Ralph Waldo Emerson答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.026.第45题The Iceberg style is most thoroughly reflected in the writings of the American novelist _____________.A.Jack LondonB.Ernest HemingwayC.Mark Twain答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.027.第46题Among the following authors the one who received 4 pulitzer prizes was ---.A.Robert FrostB.Jack LondonC.Mark Twain答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.028.第47题most critics have agreed that __ is both an insider a nd an outsider of the jazz age with a double vision.A.FitzgeraldB.FrostC.CummingsD.Hemingway答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.029.第48题The arbiter of nineteen-century literary realism in America was ______.A.Mark TwainB.Henry JamesC.O’HenryD.William Dean Howells答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.030.第49题“I am monarch of all I survey,/ My right there is none to dispute.” This line is from ____.A.NatureB.Civil DisobedienceC.WaldenD.Representative Men答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.031.第50题Besides symbolism, all the following qualities except ______are fused to make Melville’s Moby-Dick, a world classic.A.narrative power ?B.psychological analysisC.speculative agility ?D.optimistic view of life答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.032.第51题After the success of ____, Herman Melville became known as a man who lived among cannibals.A.TypeeB.White JacketC.OmooD.Moby Dick答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.033.第52题___ is not a name to refer to Natty Bumppo in Cooper’s fronti er saga.A.deerslayerB.pathfinderC.hawkeyeD.Mohican答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.034.第53题Among the following writers, only one does not belong to the naturalistic school. He is___.A.Henry JamesB.Stephen CraneC.Theodore Dreiser答案:A您的答案:A题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.035.第54题Billy Budd was a short novel written by the American novelist ---.A. Nathaniel HawthorneB.Herman MelvilleC.Walt Whitman答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.036.第55题When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.A.Henry JamesB.Scott FitzgeraldC.HemingwayD.William Faulkne答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.037.第56题“I hear d the merry grasshopper then sing,/The black-clad cricket bear a second part” These lines written by ____________.A.Roger WilliamsB.John EliotC.Anne BradstreetD.Washington Irving答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.038.第57题When we say that a poor young man from the West tried to make his fortune in the East but was disillusioned in the quest of an idealized dream, we are probably discussing about ______’s thematic concern in his fiction writing.A.Henry JamesB.Scott FitzgeraldC.HemingwayD.William Faulkne答案:B您的答案:B题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.039.第58题A burst of literary achievement in the 1920s by Negro playwrights was called ___.A.The Gilded AgeB.the Jazz AgeC.Harlem RenaissanceD.Resurrection答案:C您的答案:C题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.040.第60题1.牋牋?___ is not written by Ralph Waldo Emerson.A.Self-relianceB.NatureC.The American ScholarD.. The Bells答案:D您的答案:D题目分数:2.0此题得分:2.041.第1题The first American poet to be translated into Chinese is Walt Whitman.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.042.第7题"In a Station of the Metro" is a short poem written by Ezra Pound. 答案:正确您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.043.第8题The detective created by Poe was named Dubin.答案:正确您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.044.第13题“The Premature Burial” is a detective story written by Poe.答案:错误您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.045.第22题1.牋牋?Like Robert Frost, Robinson was also noted for his use of a dry and biting humor typical of people in the West of America.答案:错误您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.046.第23题1.牋牋?The Puritan style of writing is characterized by simplicity, which left an indelible imprint on American writings.答案:正确您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.047.第24题1.牋牋?American Enlightenment dealt a decisive blow upon the Puritan traditions and brought to life religious education and literature.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.048.第25题Emer son’s prose style was sometimes as highly individualistic as his dramas答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.049.第26题1.牋牋?Puritan influence over American Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.答案:正确您的答案:正确题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.050.第27题1.牋牋?Hawthorne, who seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and veil, never showed a positive part of the life.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.051.第28题The short story writer O.Henry was once put into prison because he was a Nazi.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.052.第29题Poe was a predecessor of the later British detective writer Conan Doyle.答案:正确您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:0.053.第30题John Stwinbeck didn't win a Nobel Prize because he was sympathetic with the working class people.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.054.第31题1.牋牋?Franklin was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the Romantic ideals of clarity, restraint, simplicity and balance.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.055.第32题1.牋牋?To Hawthorne and Poe, the telling of a tale was a way inquiring into the meaning of life.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数:1.0此题得分:1.056.第33题1.牋牋?Thoreau was an active Transcendentalist who was a escapist or a recluse detached from the life of his day.答案:错误您的答案:错误题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 57．第 34 题 1.牋牋？ Immediately after their arrival in America, the American Puritans became more preoccupied with business and profits, as they had to be in the grim struggle for survival. 答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 58．第 35 题 The famous philosopher Williams James was the novelist Henry James' brother. 答案:正确您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0 此题得分：1.0 59．第 36 题 Though Emily Dickinson married twice in her life, love had never been a major theme in her poetry. 答案:错误您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0 60．第 59 题 A Shakespearean Sonnet is a short poem with fourteen iambic pentameter lines rhymed ababcdcdefefgg. 答案:正确您的答案：错误题目分数：1.0 此题得分：0.0。

美国文学部分(American Literature)一．殖民时期文学（The Literature of the Colonial Period）1．本章考核知识点和考核要求：1) 早期殖民地时期的文学的特点2) 十八世纪美国文学的特点（重点是独立革命前后时期文学）3) 主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品4) 术语：the colonial period, American Puritanism, Puritans, Enlightenment in American, the Great A wakening2．主要作家作品John Smith第一个美国作家A True Relation of Virginia and General History of Virginia.Anne Bradstreet 殖民地时期女诗人The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650)Jonathan Edwards十八世纪上半叶大觉醒时代的代表人物“Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林，散文家、科学家、社会活动家，曾参与起草《独立宣言》。

十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人。

《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac（收录格言警句）《致富之道》The Way to Wealth《自传》The Autobiography （富兰克林原意为写给儿子的家书）Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩，散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。

《常识》Common Sense ( Paine 最知名的政论文：It was inspired by the first battle of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Lexington in Concord.)《美国危机》American Crisis《人的权利》Rights of Man《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism《理性时代》The Age of ReasonPhilip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺，著名的“革命诗人”。

作业1．第1题The foreign company has been ________ running this factory for decades.A.enormouslyB.effectivelyC.infinitelyD.extremely您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.02．第2题A dark suit is ________ to a light one for evening wear.A.favorableB.suitableC.properD.preferable您的答案：D题目分数：4此题得分：4.03．第3题Last Sunday she came to visit us out of the blue. The italicized phrasemeans_________.A.unexpectedlyB.unhappilyC.untidilyD.unofficially您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.04．第4题The company wants to enroll three ________ this year to meet the need of its development.A.employersB.employeesC.employingD.employed您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.05．第5题When appreciating Chinese poems, a wise reader should ________.A.read between the linesB.think throughC.fumble withD.make sense您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.06．第6题Betty broke the school rules repeatedly so the principal had no alternative but to her.A.exportB.expelC.deportD.eject您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.07．第7题As the sky looks ominous, it is obvious that a violent thunderstorm is .A.immediateB.instantaneousC.eminentD.imminent您的答案：D题目分数：4此题得分：4.08．第8题Since the question of her decision is not one to be considered lightly, the writer tried to the answer.A.deludeB.evadeC.pervadeD.elude您的答案：D题目分数：4此题得分：4.09．第9题If you ______ a nerve cell of your brain, it will never recover its function.A.ruinB.hurtC.impairD.damage您的答案：D题目分数：410．第10题Norman Bethune ________ his life to the emancipation of the Chinese people.A.dedicatedB.deducedC.derivedD.contributed您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.011．第11题Every student with a permission card in the college can have ________ to the computer rooms with fees.A.accessB.authorityC.alternativeD.attention您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.012．第12题In order to gain money, he ________ the plan to the newspapers.A.immuneB.devotedC.exposedD.superior您的答案：C题目分数：413．第13题In 1681 the gentleman persuaded the King of England to ______ him land for a Quaker colony in America, to be named Pennsylvania (meaning Penn's forest).A.grantB.awardC.presentD.donate您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.014．第14题We can rest that the talented young secretary has been able to confirm what he said in the original report.A.assuredB.ensuredC.insuredD.reassured您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.015．第15题To some people in the west, marriage is an institution.A.archaicB.obsoleteC.extantD.ancient您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.016．第16题______ for the job was very stiff. Only a few people were hired out of a hundredapplicants.petitionB.OppositionC.StrifeD.Debate您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.017．第17题The chief of the museum was most and let us examine the ancient tools.A.satisfyingB.pleasingC.obligingD.promising您的答案：C题目分数：4此题得分：4.018．第18题Squirrels often use their tails to their balance while they are leaping and climbing.A.holdB.keepC.haveD.maintain您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.019．第19题We can hurt people’s feelings if we are too.A.tactfulB.sensibleC.bluntD.subtle您的答案：C题目分数：4此题得分：4.020．第20题The Space Age commenced in October 1957 when the first ______ satellite was launched by the Soviet Union.A.beneficialB.artificialmercialD.financial您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.021．第21题Neil Postman did not wr ite the essay “Euphemism” on the of the moment.A.pointB.spurstD.present您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.022．第22题Since Emily saw the program about the knack for longevity, she has become with physical fitness.A.obsessedB.engrossedC.concentratedD.occupied您的答案：A题目分数：4此题得分：4.023．第23题The young prince power upon the death of the king.A.resumedB.consumedC.assumedD.presumed您的答案：C题目分数：4此题得分：4.024．第24题Owing to the economic recession, the factory had no choice but to ______ hundreds of laborers.y downy offy asidey away您的答案：B题目分数：4此题得分：4.025．第25题The rich merchants and landowners of the coast would never ______ their lawmaking power to uncivilized men unless they were forced to do so.A.turn downB.turn inC.turn overD.turn back您的答案：C题目分数：4此题得分：4.0作业总得分：100.0作业总批注：。