TEM4重点语法详解
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TEM 4重点语法详解
1. 集体名词作主语主谓一致
1) 通常作复数的集体名词
集体名词,如: police, people, cattle, militia, poultry 等,
通常作复数,用复数动词。如:
Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.
2) 通常作不可数名词的集体名词
有些集体名词,女口 foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise, 通常作不可数名词,
随后的动词用单数。例如: All the machi nery in the factory is made in Ch ina.
3) 既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词
集体名词,女口 audienee, committee, class, crew, family, public, government 等,既可作单数, 可作复数用。
The city council is meeti ng to set its age nda.
4) a committee, etc. of + 数纟
如果主语是由"a committee of /a panel of /a board of +复数名词”构成,随后的动词通常用单 数。例如: A committee of five men and three wome n is to con sider the matter.
2. 关于used to的意义和用法
used to (只有过去时形式, 没有现在时形式)表示过去习惯动作或状态,这种情况现已不复存
在。例如: He used to smoke a lot, but he has long give n up smok ing.
在否定陈述句或否定疑问句中,用 didn' t use to或usedn' t to均可:
He didn ' t use to smoke cigarettes.
He usedn' t to smoke cigarettes.
Didn ' t Maria use to be interested in the theatre?
Usedn' t Maria to be interested in the theatre?
在肯定疑问句中也可有两种形式:
Used you to go to the same school as Edward?
Did you use to go to the same school as Edward?
3. 关于dare的意义和用法
作为情态动词表示“胆敢” ,dare通常只用于否定陈述句和疑问句。例如:
I dare not go there.
How dare he say such rude things about me?
dare作为情态助动词没有过去式形式,其否定式为 daren' t,既可指现在时间,也可指过去
时间。例如: Tom wan ted to come, but he daren' t.
dare还可用主动词,随后的不定式可带 to,也可不带to。例如:
He does not dare (to) answer.
Does she dare (to) go there alone?
4. 定语从句中关系代词
that的用法
1) 在既指人又指事物的两个或两个以上的先行词后面。例如: They are talk ing about the people and coun tries that they had visited.
2) 在限制性定语从句中有形容词最高级的先行词后面。例如:
He is the best stude nt that I have ever met.
3) 在以“ It is...”,“It was...”等开头的强调句中,和相应的疑问句中。如:
What is it that he wan ts?
4) 在 only, all, little 的后面
This is all that I know.
5) 在no, every, some和any等词后面,也包括在它们的复合词在内。如:
There is no pers on that is always in the right.
Is there anything that I can do for you?
5. be+不定式结构
表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作。例如:
There' s to be an in vestigati on.
I am to have tea with Betty this after noon.
这一结构常见于报纸和广播,用以宣布官方的计划或决定。例如:
The Quee n is to visit Japa n next year.
二是表示命令、禁止或可能性等。例如:
You are to sta nd here. Do you un dersta nd?
Tell her she' s not to be back late.
一般现在时也可表达将来时间,常见于条件状语和时间状语从句。例如:
If she comes, I' ll tell her all about it.
Wait here till the meeti ng is over.
It won ' t be long before the rain stops.
6. 有关否定
1) 通常作复数的集体名词
1) 双重否定最常见的形式有:
no(not)...but...;殳仆 ... K ....
no(no t)...without...
no(no t)... uni ess『2 右 Hl不 ....
not...until首亍卜 .. 才 ... .
例如:There is no one but knows it.没有一个人不知道此事。
2) ca n not 与副词 too, eno ugh, sufficie ntly, over, too much 等词连用时,意为 "无
论怎样也不过分”,“越…越”。例如:
You cann ot be too careful.你越仔细越好。
We cann ot praise him too much.我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。
7. 形容词层迭修饰时的顺序
几个属于不同层次的形容词作修饰语时, 其词序一般按下列顺序排列:限定词T表示说话人
评价的形容词T表示大小、形状、新旧的形容词T表示颜色的形容词T表示国别、 来源、材
料的形容词T表示用途或目的的形容词T名词中心词。例如:
the town' s charming old English church
a well-k nown Germa n medical school
the man' s first two interesting little red French oil paintings
8. It is the first time +that 分句 在“ It is/was/will be the first time + that 分‘叮‘了仃楼丨‘牛主"!上R 诃対 is/will be 时,that 分
句动词一律用现在完成体,引导词 that可以省略。例如:
It is the first time I ' ve been here.
Don' t forget, it ' ll be the first time I ' ve spoken in public.
当主句动词为 was时,that
It was the first time she ' d been at a summer school and she thoroughly enjoyed it.
9. 动词后接不定式或动名词
有些动词或词组女口 admit, appreciate, avoid, con sole, defer, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, fini sh,
men ti on, mind, miss, quit, postp one, practice, resist, risk, (ca n ' t) sta nd, suggest, give up, put off
等后面只能接动名词。例如:
I enjoy play ing football.
I don ' t mind sleeping with the door open.
有些动词如stop, remember, forget, try, mean等接不定式或动名词做宾语,意思各不相同。
try doing sth试试看(没有付诸的行动)
try to do尽力去做(已有行动)
mean doing sth. 意味着
mea n to do sth.打算
10. 有关反意疑问句
1) "am I”的否定形式是"aren' t I”,而不是"am not I”或"amn' t I”。例如:
I am right, aren ' t I?
2) everything和nothing作为陈述句的主语时是单数,因此反意疑问句中的主语要用
“it"。注意,nothing作为主语时,反意疑问句中的动词要用肯定形式。 例如:Nothing is wrong,
is it?
3) 陈述句中的主语为 every one, everybody, anyone, n obody 或 no one时,反意疑问句 中的主语用they。注意,nobody和no one是否定词,因此反意疑问句应该用肯定的。例如: Nobody knows it,
do they?
4) 如果陈述句部分有 no, never, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom等词,那么,陈述句本身就是否
定的,所以要接一个肯定的反意疑问句。例如: He has never been there, has he?
5) 如果陈述句中的动词是"wish ” ,那么反意疑问句中要用"may”。例如:
I wish to go there with you, may I?
6) 包括听话人在内时 “let' s”的反意疑问句要用 “shall we”。反之,反意疑问句中要用 “will
you”。例如:
Let' s go, shall we?
Let us go, will you?
11. 不定式不带to的问题
1) 在情态成语之后,即在 would rather/would sooner/would(just) as soon( 宁愿),may/might as
well(不妨),cannot but/cannot help but 之后。例如:
You can' t help but respect them.