最新iBT新托福作文巨讲堂

托福考试新版作文《托福考试新版》托福考试新版，就像一场全新包装的冒险。

哎呀，你知道吗？当我第一次听说托福考试有新版的时候，我那心里呀，就像揣了只小兔子，七上八下的。

我有个朋友，叫小李。

他那可是下定决心要考托福的。

旧版托福的那些事儿，他都摸得门儿清。

可这新版一来，他就像个迷失在森林里的小鹿，到处乱撞。

我陪着小李去了解新版托福的考试内容。

哇塞，那规则和题型的变化就像变魔术一样。

以前的一些题型像是换了个马甲，还有些新题型就像突然冒出来的小怪兽。

就拿阅读部分来说吧，以前的阅读就像是走在一条熟悉的小路上，虽然也有磕磕绊绊，但大致方向很明确。

可新版的阅读，感觉像是走进了一个迷宫，那些题目隐藏在文章的各个角落，你得像个侦探一样，一点点地去挖掘线索。

听力部分也有大不同。

小李和我一起试听了一些新版托福的听力材料。

那语速，有时候就像一阵狂风，呼呼地就过去了。

里面的词汇和话题也更加五花八门。

有一次，我们听到一个关于深海生物的听力材料，那些稀奇古怪的生物名字，什么“叶形海龙”“巨型乌贼”之类的，光是听着就觉得头疼。

而且，还得记住它们的习性、生存环境这些细节，感觉自己的脑袋都要不够用了。

口语部分呢，就像是一场紧张的脱口秀。

你得在短时间内组织好语言，还要说得有条有理。

小李练习的时候，那表情就像吃了苦瓜一样。

有一回，他在说一个关于城市交通问题的话题，说着说着就卡壳了。

他本来想说“交通拥堵会导致人们上班迟到”，结果说成了“交通拥堵会让人们上班变迟到”，自己说完就忍不住笑了起来。

我们俩笑得眼泪都快出来了，可笑着笑着又觉得有点心酸，这考试还真不容易呢。

写作部分也不是省油的灯。

它的要求更加细致和严格。

就像你要精心打造一件艺术品一样，每个段落、每个句子都得恰到好处。

不过呢，随着小李不断地去探索新版托福，他也逐渐找到了一些应对的方法。

他就像个勇士一样，不断地和这个新版托福的“大怪兽”战斗。

他开始制定详细的学习计划，每天早起背单词，晚上练习听力和口语。

托福基础写作范文：dangerous sportsWhy do you think some people are attracted to do dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reason and examples to support your answer. 开头：●Many people are attracted to dangerous sports or similar activities.●The reason for this may be that these people find a certain thrill or excitement indoing such activities. They can experience a sense of achievement in doing things most ordinary people dear not do.Many people are attracted to dangerous sports or similar activities. The reason for this may be that these people find a certain thrill or excitement in doing such activities. They can experience a sense of achievement in doing things most ordinary people dear not do.主体：第一段：●Daredevils who constantly seek great excitement basically want to stand apartfrom the rest.●They are ready to do dangerous things, consciously or unconsciously, trying toprove their different, boldness and individuality.●People involved in dangerous sports like wrestling, bungee jumping and otherlife-threatening activities would go to any length to prove their might and demonstrate their difference.Daredevils who constantly seek great excitement basically want to stand apart from the rest. They are ready to do dangerous things, consciously or unconsciously, trying to prove their different, boldness and individuality. People involved in dangerous sports like wrestling, bungee jumping and other life-threatening activities would go to any length to prove their might and demonstrate their difference.主体第二段：●Performing risky stunts gives the participants a sense of achievement thathelps them overcome their most terrible fear.●It is human nature to feel extremely confident after overcoming the greatestfears in life, after coming so close to death, yet escaping it!●Many have tried unimaginably dangerous stunts just to gain fame forsetting new world records or to be seen in shows or just to win prizes！Performing risky stunts gives the participants a sense of achievement that helps them overcome their most terrible fear. It is human nature to feel extremely confident after overcoming the greatest fears in life, after coming so close to death, yet escaping it! Many have tried unimaginably dangerous stunts just to gain fame for setting new world records or to be seen in shows or just to win prizes！主体第三段：●Some people are simply motivated by the sense of fun and excitement the willcolor their dull and boring lives.●Sports like shy diving and bungee jumping have become popular among thosewho go though daily routines of monotonous office work.●Dangerous as they are, these sports take those people away from their unbearableboredom for a while and surely as fun and enthusiasm to their life.Some people are simply motivated by the sense of fun and excitement the will color their dull and boring lives. Sports like shy diving and bungee jumping have become popular among those who go though daily routines of monotonous office work. Dangerous as they are, these sports take those people away from their unbearable boredom for a while and surely as fun and enthusiasm to their life.结尾段：All in all, dangerous sports and activities basically attract those thrill-loving people who want to stand a class apart by proving their individuality to the world around them, or those who enjoy the sense of achievement drawn from surmounting fear in face of danger, or those depressed by repetitive lifestyles.范文：Many people are attracted to dangerous sports or similar activities. The reason for this may be that these people find a certain thrill or excitement in doing such activities. They can experience a sense of achievement in doing things most ordinary people dear not do.Daredevils who constantly seek great excitement basically want to stand apart from the rest. They are ready to do dangerous things, consciously or unconsciously, trying to prove their different, boldness and individuality. People involved in dangerous sports like wrestling, bungee jumping and other life-threatening activities would go to any length to prove their might and demonstrate their difference.Performing risky stunts gives the participants a sense of achievement that helps them overcome their most terrible fear. It is human nature to feel extremely confident after overcoming the greatest fears in life, after coming so close to death, yet escaping it! Many have tried unimaginably dangerous stunts just to gain fame for setting new world records or to be seen in shows or just to win prizes！Some people are simply motivated by the sense of fun and excitement the will color their dull and boring lives. Sports like shy diving and bungee jumping have become popular among those who go though daily routines of monotonous office work. Dangerous as they are, these sports take those people away from their unbearable boredom for a while and surely as fun and enthusiasm to their life.Dangerous sports and activities basically attract those thrill-loving people who want to stand a class apart by proving their individuality to the world around them, or those who enjoy the sense of achievement drawn from surmounting fear in face of danger, or those depressed by repetitive lifestyles.范文：advertising tell a countryTopic：Do you agree or disagree?Advertising can tell you a lot about a country.广告可以告诉我们关于一个国家很多。

无老师新托福作文巨讲堂无老师新托福,SAT作文巨讲堂(1)【无老师作文】当无老师接到的新托福作文越多，就越发现，其实现在中国学生的英语作文问题，不简简单单的是一个思路的问题。

但是很遗憾，现在绝大多数的英语培训机构作文课堂的内容都是思路。

其实看得越多就越发现，现在中国学生的托福作文问题本质上来说，还是遣词造句的问题，每当无老师遇到这样的文章，总是会改几句以作提示，没办法，要是都改的话，那就是重新写了整篇作文。

天呐～每天几十篇作文，那将是什么工作量~~~~~~,～于是无老师决定，之后，多拿一些地道的英文文章，用实例的方式对如何提高各位考友的遣词造句进行讲解以及分享。

在接下来的日子里，文章类型不限，体裁不限，但是唯一的限定就是要能用于考试之中，也就是用于托福、雅思、SAT、GRE等考试之中，要对于每一位考生有实际帮助作用。

这类专题的名字，以后就叫做《无老师新托福,SAT作文巨讲堂》(二丫童鞋表示，这个“巨”字，用的很给力～很傻～很天真～^_^)，无限量更新，以后会作文一个长期的栏目坚持下去。

这类主题之后的写作方式，就是专门针对中国学生的软肋，也就是语法排列，以及遣词造句，进行实例讲解。

首先列出地道的写作例子，然后给出中文翻译，然后给出我们中国考生经常的写法。

让每一位童鞋，在这种比较模仿之中，知道可以把自己现在的用法，也就是后面的不尽如人意的例子，如何变换成更地道的写法，也就是最前面给出的写法。

无老师优秀范例:Ramp up your networking. Join LinkedIn and Plaxo, and ask for recommendations from current and past coworkers. Use Twitter to update the world on your current projects as well as network with other like-minded individuals. Look for local networking groups, and start attending them。

作文巨讲堂10月无老师优秀范例：However, a part f rom c onnective a bility, t here e xist more v aluable a nd e ssential q ualities i n s uccessful p eople. I n t he f irst place, p eople h ave t o b e p ersistent t o t he c areer t hey h ave c hosen i n order t o a chieve t he p eak o f t heir l ives. F or i nstance, M adam C urie h ad already s tayed i n h er h umid l aboratory w ith h er h usband f or 10 y ears before s he d iscovered t he r adial e lement a nd g ot n ominated f or N oble Prize. W hat’s m ore, a c reative m ind i s a lso u navoidable. W ithout t he great c reativity, S teve J obs w ould n ever b e a ble t o t ransfer m agnificent idea i n a ll t hose p roducts l ike i mac a nd i phone, w hich t otally c hange t he life s tyles o f p eople, a nd h e w ould n ever b e t he g reatest C EO i n t he p ast ten y ears. L ast b ut n ot l east, a g reat s ense o f r esponsibility i s t he necessity e specially f or s uccessful b usinessmen. S uccess c an n ever b e gained b y o neself, a nd h e n eed m ore h elps f rom o thers. T he p atience must b e p aid t o o vercome a ll t he d ifficulties o n t he p ath t o s uccess, a nd they m ust b e r esponsible f or t heir c ompanies a s w ell a s t heir e mployees so t hat t he w hole t eam c ould s tay t ogether t o w in t he f inal f ight i nstead of b reaking u p.无老师优秀翻译：但是，除了沟通的能力，这些成功的人身上，还有更多必不可少的重要品质。

新托福写作范文第1篇Task：It has been said, “Not everything that is learned is contained in books.” Compare and contrast knowledge gained from experience with knowledge gained from books. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?.托福写作模板范文参考：We all crave knowledge, especially in this Age of Information, but what is the best source of knowledge? Are we to believe Albert Camus, who stated” The place we are to get knowledge is in books”? Or are we better served by following Albert Einstein's counsel that “The only source of knowledge is experience”? Although books have their place in one's learning, there is no substitute for experience; indeed, it is experience that is ultimately the most important source of knowledge.First, let us consider the knowledge needed to undertake a profession-for example, that of a physician. Knowledge gained from books provides the foundation of a doctor's training: study in a medical school begins with a near-overload of reading on anatomy, physiology and maladies both rare and common. However, during this time the medical student is also learning through experience, beginning with dissecting cadavers from almost the first day of medical school. Then, the aspiring physician must complete four years of residency, consisting of actual supervised experience at a hospital in which he or she now must put into practice all of the knowledge he or she has edge of dealing with patients, prescribing medication, and the joy and sadness of saving and losing patients; in other words, it is through experience that these residents finally learn what it means to be a doctor.What about knowledge other than professional expertise-for example, knowledge about another culture? In this realm as well, both books and real-life experience enrich and edify us. For example, Paris is perhaps the most talked-about and written-about city in the world. We could read Hemingway's A Moveable Feast, in which he describes the excitement and intellectual spirit-as well as the restaurants and plentiful red wine-of Paris in the 1920's. Or, we could travel to Paris and eat at bistros, walk across the Pont Neuf and look at the river Seine, visit the Louvre museum, and have adventures of our own. Clearly, most people would have attained more lasting and vivid knowledge by visiting Paris on their own rather than reading about it secondhand.In summary, experience, rather than books, is more central to our quest for learning, especially with regard to professional expertise. With regard to learning about another culture, experience is also irreplaceable. Yet not everyone in the world will have the health or financial resources to carry out a trip to Paris. But many people have access to a local library where they can borrow A Moveable Feast and, at no cost, read Hemingway's vibrant descriptions of Paris. We cannot forget the complementary and unique knowledge afforded by books, but experience is the most precious source of knowledge.新托福写作范文第2篇Some people say that computers have made life easier and more convenient. Other people saythat computers have made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion? Use specificreasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作满分作文范文：Some universities require students to choose a variety of subjects; others only require students tospecialize in one subject. I deem the first one as the premier choice. Among countless factors,there are three conspicuous aspects as follows.The main reason for my propensity that students should take classes in many subjects is that theycan make full use of the abundant resources that a university has to offer. A university has plentyof educational and research resources. It is a very good idea to make full use of these valuableassets while studying in the university. The best way to achieve this is to take a variety of subjectsas much as possible. Through learning these courses, a student can get access to knowledge andresources in different areas. On the contrary, if a student only specializes in one subject, he willnot have a chance to get access to other resources offered by the university.Another reason can be seen by every person is that by choosing many subjects students can broaden their knowledge and make a solid foundation for their future concentrated study. Whatever the student will concentrate on in his senior years in college, it is necessary that hechoose a wide range of subjects to build the knowledge foundation. Take the field of BusinessManagement for example, the student has to acquire knowledge in writing, accounting, economicsand human resource management before he can successfully start his major concentration argument I support in the first paragraph is also in a position of advantage because studentscan be more adaptable in their future career if they choose a variety of subjects during theiruniversity study. It is obvious that the development of modern society requires people with inter-disciplinary and comprehensive knowledge. If a student chooses a variety of subjects in hisuniversity study, and gained a breath and width of knowledge, he will be more adaptable to therequirement of the society, and be able to easily adjust to many kinds of jobs. This will benefit hisfuture career.In a word, taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that studentsshould take classes in many subjects in a university.新托福写作范文第3篇满分托福综合写作范文In 1990, new rules and guidelines were adopted in the United Kingdom that has changed the whole field of Archaeology in that country. The new guidelines improved the situation in all there areas discussed in the passage.First, the new guidelines state that before any construction project can start, the construction site has to be examined by archaeologists to see whether the site is of archaeological interest or value. If the site is of archaeological interest, the next step is for the builders, archaeologists and local government officials to get together and make a plan for preserving the archaeological artifacts, either by building around them or by excavating and documenting them properly before the construction is allowed to proceed.Second, an important part of the new guidelines is a rule that any archaeological work done on the construction site will be paid for by the construction company not by the government.The construction company has to pay for the initial examination of the site, and then for all the work carried out under the preservation plan. This is a whole new source of financial support. The funding from construction companies has allowed researchers to study a far greater range of archaeological sites than they could in the past.Last, the new guidelines provide a lot of paid work for archaeologists, work that didn’t exist before. Expert archaeologists are now hired at all stages of the process to examine the site for archaeological value, then to help draw up the preservation plan to do the research in a professional scientific manner and finally to process the date and write reports and articles. The increased job and career opportunities in Archaeology have increased the number of professional archaeologists in Britain, which is now the highest it’s ever been.新托福写作范文第4篇Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The best way to travel is in a group ledby a tour guide. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.托福写作满分作文范文：There are a lot of views whether the best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide. Differentpeople has different viewpoint. In my opinion, a group led by a tour guide is the best way totravel. The argument for this view goes as follows:In the first place, there are many advantages when people travel in a group. First, people will notfeel boring in a long trip. People can talk, laugh and make joking like a big family. Second, thegroup will help you a lot when you have any emergency. The people in the group could help youfigure out the awkward situation that will be unimaginable when you travel alone. Third, with thegroup discount, such as the discount for airplane ticket, the hotel, and the admission ticket,travelers can save a lot of money when they use the group discount.In the second place, there are many advantages too when people travel led by a tour guide. Thetour guide will arrange all the details about the trip in advance. The traveler need not worry aboutwhere to find the hotel, where to rent the car, and how to find the direction. It will make the trip a little bit easy. Another advantage is that led by a tour guide will save much time than travelingalone. With the professional knowledge, tour guide will make the smartest schedule. I wouldnever forget that one of my friend, a city tour guide in the Shanghai, China, said that she can leadtraveler to visit the whole city by one day which people should spend two or three days to finishit.In conclusion, there are many advantages when people travels in a group led by a tour guide, suchas save money, save time, do not feel boring, and is easy to take care of. Therefore, I stronglyagree that the best way to travel is in a group led by a tour guide.。

TPO1X文：The lecturer claims that the new policy, which allows people to work four days a week instead of five, will have negative effects for companies as well as society. This claim is not in agreement with that of the reading passage, which suggests that such a policy will be beneficial.According to the lecture, a company that allows employees to have fewer working hours is likely to hire more people to ensure that it meets normal levels of productivity. If this occurs, expenses for training and medical insurance will inevitably rise. The reading passage, by contrast, suggests that employees who enjoy more leisure time make fewer mistakes and work more efficiently, leading to increased profits for the enterprise.The second point of difference between the lecture and the reading passage concerns the impact of the policy on the unemployment rate. The lecturer asserts that for the sake of saving money, employers might raise their expectations of 4-day employees rather than recruit more people. Consequently, employees who work 4 days will be forced to finish what they did in 5 days previously, and no additional jobs will be created.Finally, the lecturer argues that under the new policy, employees will experience not only decreased quality of life <as shorter working hours will translate into less pay>, but also fewer chances to be promoted to supervisory positions. However, the reading passage contends that more leisure hours can create opportunities to strengthen family ties and allow employees to develop private interests, making them feel more satisfied with their lives.TPO2〔ETS 满分版〕The lecturer talks about research conducted by a firm that used the group system to handle their work. He says that the theory stated in the passage was very different and somewhat inaccurate when compared to what happened in reality.First, some members got free rides. That is, some didn’t work hard but got recognition for the success nontheless. This also indicates that people who worked hard were not given recognition they should have got ten. In other words, they weren’t given the opportunity to "shine". This directly contradicts what the passage indicates.Second, groups were slow in progress. The passage says that groups are more responsive than individuals because of the number of people involved and their aggregated resources. However, the speaker talks about how the firm found out that groups were slower than individuals in decision making. Groups needed more time for meetings, which are necessary procedures in decision making. This was another place where experience contradicted theory.Third, influential people might emerge and lead the group towards glory or failure. If the influent people are going in the right direction there would be no problem. But in cases where they go in the wrong direction, there is nobody that has enough influence to counter the decision made. In other words, the group might turn into a dictatorship, with the influential party as the leader, and might become less flexible in its thinking. They might become one-sided, and thus fail to succeed. Rating annotation：Once you can read past what seem to be the results of poor typing, this Benchmark 5 does an excellent job of presenting the points about the contribution and recognition of group members as well as about speed of group decisions. The final paragraph contains one noticeable error<"influent">, which is then used correctly two sentences later <"influential">. Overall, this is a successful response and scored within <though perhaps not at the top of> the 5 level.TPO3〔满分X文〕The lecture revises the idea presented in the text, that Rembrandt was not the artist who painted the famous painting "Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet".The inconsistency between the white cap, which identifies the woman as a servant, and the expensive fur collar she wears dissolves as the Professor explains that the fur collar was apparently painted over the original painting to increase its worth by displaying an aristocratic woman.In addition, the assumption that light and shadow in the painting do not fit together is refuted by the fact that in the original painting, the woman wears a light cloth that illuminated her face. Thus the presentation of light and shadow was indeed very realistic and accurate, as it is characteristic of Rembrandt’s paintings.Finally, the mystery of the panel consisting of patches glued together is also solved in the lecture. Actually, the wood panel was later enlarged to make it more grand and valuable, but the original painting was painted on a single panel, as Rembrandt would have done it. Furthermore, the wood is of the same tree used in other Rembrandt paintings, like the "Self-Portrait with a Hat".All this information points to Rembrandt as the painter of the controversial painting.TPO4〔满分版〕The professor actually contradicts the statements made in the passage. She is of the view that dinosaurs are not endotherms i.e. they were not able to keep their body temperature at a constant rate.The professor contradicts the issue of dinosaurs being endotherms based on the availability of fossils being available in the polar regions, she say that the polar regions in those days were not as cold as they are today i.e at least warm enough for dinosaurs to live. During harsh winters she says that there is a possibility of the dinosaurs actually migrating to warmer regions.The issue of leg position and movement being used as a reason to classify the dinosaurs as endotherms does not please the professor either. She says that dinosaurs had legs under their bodies to support their huge bodies i.e the legs under the body of the dinosaur were actually to support the huge weight of the dinosaur and not to provide it with a body structure likeendotherms<which is actually suited for running>.The professor acknowledges the presence of haversian canals but also points out that that the fossils show the presence of growth rings. These rings occur due to the thickening of the bone. The thickening indicates th at the dinosaurs weren’t actually growing continuously but were experiencing periods of rapid growth and periods of no growth in succession. This pattern. She says is characteristic of non endothermic animals.Thus it can be inferred that the professor challenges the passage by giving reasons as to why she thinks that the dinosaur is not an endotherm.TPO 5The author of the reading passage proposes three theories as likely explanations of the primary function of Chaco Canyon houses, grant structures built in the I2th century. The lecturer, however,points to the inaccuracies in each of these theories.The lecturer argues that the modest number of fireplaces in these structures is in contradiction with the huge size of these houses, indicating that these structures could not have been used for Residential purposes. The Reading, however, draws comparisons between the Chaco houses and other similar large Residential structures in support of the "Residential" theory.The second theory, that the houses were used for food storage, is also rejected by the lecturer. He explains that a place that had been used for storing maize would have many traces of scattered Maize, which is not the case in the area of the Chaco Canyon houses. This proves that the "food storage theory" is unlikely.Finally, regarding the third theory, the "ceremony theory'', the lecturer contends that the presence of broken pots close to the great houses does not offer sufficient proof that this was a place for ceremonial activities. He argues that there are other materials such as pieces of construction trash found along with the broken pots, which suggest that these pots were probably not used for ceremonial purposes but instead were discarded by construction workers upon completion of the great houses.TPO 6The lecturer addresses each of the three criticisms of communal online encyclopedias mentioned in the Reading passage.The lecturer admits that communal online encyclopedias, like any reference book, may contain errors, but she claims that these errors can be corrected much more easily and quickly than those printed in a paper encyclopedia. The Reading passage, in contrast, points to the inaccuracy of information in online encyclopedias, presenting the argument that errors in these resources are due to lack of professional knowledge among contributors.The lecturer then gives two strategies that have been proven very effective in protecting online encyclopedias from malicious alteration. She explains that contents that consist of indisputable facts are stored and presented in a read-only format so that nobody can make changes to them. In addition, she says, there are specialists who constantly monitor contents online so that they can quickly remove a suspicious change once it is detected.The lecturer also challenges the final point in the reading regarding the nature of topics covered in online encyclopedias. She says that because of virtually unlimited space on the Internet. there is no need to worry about what is important enough for inclusion in an online encyclopedia. Moreover, the greater variety of topics in online encyclopedias more truly reflects the genuine interests of the general public, even if some of these topics are less serious or academic than those in traditional encyclopedias.TPO 7The lecture and the reading passage give contradictory opinions on the topic of ecocertification, a form of accreditation conferred by on international agency in recognition of a company's eco-friendly practices. The passage explains that it is not necessary for American wood companies to pursue ecocertification while the lecture provides several counterarguments to this view. First, the lecturer argues that the reading passage is too general in its statement that American consumers reject advertising completely. He asserts that Americans do not trust advertising claims for a product only when these claims are made by the company that sells the product. When aclaim is made by an independent third party such as a wood certification company, he posits, consumers respond very positively with strong acceptance of the certified product.The lecturer also refutes the second point in the reading - that price-sensitive American consumers are likely to choose cheap wood products without certification. The professor contends that certified wood is only slightly <less than 5%> more expensive than uncertified wood, and therefore, he argues, consumers will tend to ignore the price difference and choose the eco-friendly product.Finally, receiving eco-certification is, according to the professor, an important strategy used by American wood companies to ensure that their products can compete against ecocertified wood products imported into the domestic market from foreign countries. According to the reading, however, this strategy is unnecessary because American consumers are likely to be content with domestically manufactured products, even if they are not ecocertified.TPO 8The Reading passage raises several doubts about the accuracy of the memoir written by the Chevalier de Seingalt, whereas the professor defends the memoir in the lecture by clarifying the seeming contradictions in the Chevalier's accounts.The professor argues that because the Chevalier was rich in assets but poor in cash while he was living in Switzerland, he occasionally had to borrow funds to pay for expensive recreational activities. According to the professor, having low amounts of cash is not the same as being financially poor. The reading, however, holds that as someone who had to borrow large amounts of money from others, the Chevalier must have fabricated stories of his wealthy life in Switzerland.Moreover, the professor challenges the skepticism expressed in the reading regarding the reliability of the conversations with votaries that the Chevalier recorded in his memoir. She explains that because the Chevalier had a habit of recording each conversation with V oltaire immediately after they met, he was able to recall those discussions in detail even years later. Finally the professor rejects the claim in the reading that the Chevalier bribed his way out of a prison in Venice. She says that the pact that none of the other prisoners, even those with better resources, had been able to do so shows that bribery was unlikely. Furthermore, she points to a government paper that recorded the repair work done to the Chevalier's prison cell, citing this as strong evidence that the account of his escape from the prison was indeed accurate.TPO 9The lecturer points out several problems with the use of hydrogen-based fuel-cell engines in support of her claim that substituting them for internal-combustion engines is technologically unfeasible, environmentally unfriendly, and economically unviable.First, the lecturer states that it is impractical to replace internal-combustion engines with fuel-cell engines because using the latter requires hydrogen in a pure liquid form, which is technologically challenging to both obtain and store. However, the reading argues that because hydrogen can be extracted from many resources including water, fuel cell engines powered by this infinite source of energy are an extremely attractive alternative.Second, the lecturer refutes the claim in the reading that hydrogen cells are environmentally friendly. She argues that although engines that use hydrogen cells produce less pollution, themanufacturing of hydrogen cells generates large amounts of harmful by-products due to the burning of fossil fuels in the purification process.Third, although the reading suggests that hydrogen-based engines are more fuel-efficient and thus economically competitive than internal-combustion engines, the professor argues that such an advantage is undermined by the fact that fuel-cell engines are extremely expensive to manufacture because they require the addition of platinum, a very rare and expensive material.TPO 10The lecturer and the reading passage suggest two competing theories, the predation theory vs. the pollution theory, to explain why the sea otter population is in rapid decline.The professor reasons that the absence of dead sea otters washed up the coast suggests that their decline is not caused by sea pollution but rather by sea predators who consume their bodies after Killing them. In contrast, the reading passage attributes the death of sea otters to pollution, citing evidence of increased sources of ocean contaminants which lead to greater vulnerability to infections.Furthermore, the lecturer argues that orcas are likely factors in the disappearance of sea otters, because the scarcity of whales, their usual prey, has left them with no other choice but to start hunting smaller mammals like the otters for food. The reading passage, on the other hand, Rules out this theory based on the orca's preying habit, and instead approves of the pollution theory as the only explanation for the decline op both large and small sea mammals across the entire ecosystem.Finally, according to the lecturer, the uneven pattern of sea otter decline corresponds to the distribution of the orcas. She argues that the pact that their population has declined most rapidly where orcas are most prevalent further validates the predation theory. However, the reading passage argues that changeable environmental factors, which lead to different concentrations of pollutants, better explains the varying pattern of sea otter decline.TPO 11The lecturer raises several arguments to counter the reading passage's strong criticism of the public's declining interest in reading literature.The lecturer argues that literature is only one among many forms of reading genres from which the public can benefit intellectually. The public also benefits from reading works of science fiction and historical novels, among other reading genres. Therefore, the reading is wrong to claim that the public is suffering great losses by not reading literature.Furthermore, the lecturer explains that even if it is true that the public is reading fewer books and watching more television and films instead, it does not necessarily mean that culture is in decline. Television and film are simply modern forms of cultural expression that are also intellectually stimulating and directly relevant to contemporary life.Finally, the lecturer admits a decline in audience and support of literature in today's society, but she attributes it to the authors themselves, who have alienated themselves from the reading public by using overly complex language. The reading, however, blames the lowering standards of the public for the declining interest in reading great works of literature.TPO 12The reading passage suggests that three pieces of evidence provide support that a portrait recently commissioned for sale by a member of Jane Austen's family is of Jane Austen herself when she was a teenager. However, the lecturer rejects such evidence and argues that the painting could not be a portrait of Jane Austen.First, the lecturer argues that the portrait was approved for publication by the Austen family 70 years after Jane Austen's death, suggesting that members of her extended family might have published the portrait without having actually seen her in person. Therefore. the fact that the portrait had been endorsed by her family members does not necessarily prove that it is a portrait of Jane Austen.Second, the lecturer argues that the resemblance between the portrait and an authentic sketch of the adult Jane Austen could be explained by the hypothesis that the portrait is of a relative of Jane Austen when the relative was a teenager.Finally, the lecturer argues that despite the style of the painting, which links it to the exact period when Jane Austen was a teenager, the stamp on the back of the canvas suggests that the portrait was painted at least 27 years after Jane Austen's birth, indicating that the portrait was of someone else who was much older than the teenage Jane Austen.TPO 13The lecturer rejects the ideas presented in the reading passage about the problems involved in the booming business of commercial fossil trading. In her opinion, the benefits of this new development outweigh its negative consequences.The lecturer does not agree with the first point made in the reading—that private collectors keep their fossil collections away from the public. She contends that the commercial trading of fossils actually makes them available to a wider public, because everyone with a budget, such as private schools and libraries, can purchase them for study and exhibition.The lecturer goes on to refute the claim in the reading that fossil trading business prevents scientists and public museum from benefiting from fossil finds, as these parties cannot compete with wealthy private buyers to acquire important fossils for research purpose. On the contrary, she argues, scientists themselves are the first to evaluate any important fossil before it can be sold in the commercial market at a price, so the academic community does not miss any opportunity to study privately traded fossils.Additionally, the lecturer challenges the final downside of fossil trading mentioned in the reading. The lecturer reminds us that the damages, if any, caused by private collectors in their field operations are more than offset by the effort these individuals have made to increase the number of fossils available to the public that would otherwise remain undiscovered.TPO 14The lecturer and the reading passage hold completely different views toward the practice of salvage logging, which is the removal of dead trees from a forest after a fire or a storm.First, the lecturer states that removing dead trees is not good for the health of a forest because it deprives it of the nutrients necessary for future tree growth, which dead trees release into the soil as they decompose. In contrast, the reading passage states that removing old trees provides more space in which new generations of fresh trees can grow more healthily.Second, the lecturer argues that some insects and birds that inhabit dead trees are beneficial fortree growth, and a few that are thought to be harmful have shown no evidence of causing significant damage to the forest. So by eliminating both harmful and beneficial birds and insects, salvage logging may cause unwanted damage to the forest in the long run. The reading, however, mentions only harmful insects and the spruce bark beetle in particular. It points out that because clearing the forest of dead trees also destroys the habitat of these harmful insects, it ensures the healthy recovery of a forest after a fire.Finally with regard to economic impact, the lecturer argues against salvage logging because the dead trees can only be salvaged at a very high cost, and the employment associated with salvage logging is often temporary and taken by non-native residents. On the other hand, the reading argues that this practice provides many industries with the wood necessary to sustain their production and offer employment opportunities to local people.TPO 15The lecturer argues against the three measures mentioned in the reading passage to reduce the population of the cane toad, a species introduced to the Australian continent.The lecturer argues that the first measure, a national fence, would not prevent the flow of streams or rivers and, therefore, would allow young toads or toad eggs to travel to the other side of the fence. The reading passage, however, argues that such a fence would effectively cut off the Route that animals use to establish colonies and expand in population.Regarding the second measure, recruiting a large group of volunteers, the lecturer explains that volunteers often have difficulty distinguishing between cane toads and native frogs, an endangered species. Therefore, volunteers might kill members of both species. The Reading passage gives theopposite view. Organizing a large group of volunteers to join an extermination campaign wouldspeed the destruction of cane toads.Finally the lecturer objects to the third measure—using an infectious virus. She points out that a virus intended to eliminate Australia's cane toad population could be transmitted through animal transportation to other continents where cane toads are an essential part of the ecosystem. This is indirect contradiction with the claim in the reading passage that an infectious virus could bedeveloped to stop the reproduction of cane toads without harming other species.本文件非无老师原创,仅为美化后方便各位考友们学习。

新托福TOEFL-iBT独立写作范文集粹(二)范文四IC Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Grades (marks) encourage students to learn. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.ESSAYLearning is a great tool. Grades are great reward for a good learning. Attending school is a great way to access your learning ability and performance. I believe that grades are great indicators of a good learning for the following reasons: They prove how well he or she has learned the topic, area of weakness, and what it needs to be done to improve.Grades prove how well he or she has learned the topic. Take it for instance, if a person take an exam and perform poorly, then this prove that he did not prepare for the exam enough to pass. Therefore, grades are great indicators if a person was prepared for anexam or not.Grades will also prove the area of weakness. Exams tend to gear the student on how to approach a particular exam and how to focus on the area of weakness. For example, if a person is preparing for a national exam, he or she must focus on the areas where he or she lacks. Grades will show which areas he or she performed well and the areas of poor performance. This set a guideline for a student to prepare more precisely to sharpen his weak area.Grades also help student study harder. A student has the tendency to study harder if he or she gets a positive reward. For example, I used to be very unhappy if I did not pass an exam. Therefore, I took my unhappiness and anger toward my studying and put more hours into the subject so I can perform better. I recall an incidence in high school when I had failed my official exam which it made me realize that studying less will not be the solution and studying hard was my only way to pass this exam.Grades are essential to every student and I believe it is a great way to gear student ability, andperformance. They do help a student to focus, work harder, and concentrate and the area of weakness. Finally, assessment is a way of encouraging, and improving each student learning.Notes:reward 报答indicators 指标；指示针weakness 弱点guideline 指导方针unhappiness 苦恼assessment 评估来源:考试大-托福考试。