中国专有名词的翻译

专有名词和事物名词的常用翻译方法我们在英译汉时，常常会碰到一些专有名词和事物名词。

对于这些词，有时我们可以在字典或其他工具书里找到相对应的译词，有时则需要译者自己灵活掌握。

我们在翻译这些专有名词和事物名词时，经常采用表意法、谐音法、表形法、谐音加表意法、部分谐音部分表意法等五种方法，其中表意法和谐音法用得最为广泛。

一、表意法( semantic translation ) 这是最常用的一种译法，即在汉语中找出同原词含义相同的词。

在大多数情况下，我们是可以在字典或其他工具书里找到相应的译词的。

如：computer：计算机magnifier:放大镜perambulator：童车transformer：变压器有时我们可以用表意法将英语中两个或两个以上的名词仅从字面上翻译成汉语中的一个词或名词性词组。

一般情况下，译文和原文的含义是相符的。

如：down coat;羽绒服moon cake 月饼table cloth :桌布head worker:脑力劳动者应当注意，这种情况下的表意法不是绝对靠得住的。

因为有时当英语中两个或两个以上名词固定搭配在一起时，他们表示的可能是与字面意思完全不同的另外一个意思。

此时我们就不能仅从字面上去表意，而应深入一步从含义和惯用法上去表意。

如：honey cooler不能译为甜冷饮”而应译为讨好女人的男子”night cart 不能译为“夜车”，而应译为“粪车”；hand money不能译为手中之财”而应译为定金、保证金” fish story 不能译为“钓鱼故事”，而应译为“牛皮、大话”；dog days不能译为狗的日子”而应译为三伏天” cat suit不能译为猫服”而应译为喇叭裤” pig head不能译为猪头”而应译为顽固分子” pig tail 不能译为“猪尾巴”，而应译为“辫子”：don key' breakfast不能译为驴子的早餐”而应译为草垫” 二、谐音法( transliteration )谐音法就是用汉语中同原词发音相近的字来翻译原词。

专有名词的翻译地名遵从定译：●Pont-Aven 蓬阿旺●Saint-Tropez 圣特罗佩●La Corse 科西嘉岛●Le Grand Palais 大展览馆（一译大皇宫）音义兼译：●Fontainebleau 枫丹白露●Les Champs-Elysées 香榭丽舍大街，爱丽舍田园大街●Seine-Maritine 塞纳滨海省如有本国词形和读音，要“名从主人”：●Bâle=Basel 巴塞尔●Ecosse=Scotland 苏格兰●Damas=Damascus 大马士革●Anvers=Antwerpen 安特卫普●Gênes=Genova 热那亚中国少数民族地区的地名：●乌鲁木齐Urumqi●拉萨Lhasa●呼和浩特Hohhot●格尔木Golmud人名遵从“约定俗成”的原则：●Ulysse 奥德修斯●Jeanne d’Arc （圣女）贞德●Alexandre Dumas fils 小仲马●Paul Gauguin 保罗•高更有些外国人使用汉语姓名：●Chavannes 沙畹●Matteo Ricci 利玛窦●Johann Adam 汤若望●Victor Segalen 谢阁兰名从主人：●Michel-Ange 米开朗琪罗●César 凯撒（法国人则译为塞扎尔）●Néron 尼禄●Guillaume 威廉（用作英德历史人物名；法国人名译作纪尧姆）-----------------------------------ExercicesLa traduction des noms propres。

1、中国意念词（Chinesenesses）八卦trigram阴、阳yin, yang道Dao（cf. logo）江湖（世界）the jianghu World （the traits’world）e.g. You can’t control everything in a traits’world. (人在江湖，身不由己)道Daoism（Taoism）上火excessive internal heat儒学Confucianism红学（《红楼梦》研究）redology世外桃源Shangri-la or Arcadia开放kaifang （Chinese openness to the outside world）大锅饭getting an equal share regardless of the work done伤痕文学scar literature or the literature of the wounded不搞一刀切no imposing uniformity on …合乎国情，顺乎民意to conform with the national conditions and the will of the peopl-e 乱摊派，乱收费imposition of arbitrary quotas and service charge铁交椅iron (lifetime) post’s; guaranteed leading post脱贫to shake off poverty; anti-poverty治则兴，乱则衰Order leads to prosperity and chaos to decline2 、中华民族的喜庆节日（Chinese Festivial）国庆节National Day中秋节Mid-Autumn Day/Festival 春节Spring Festival元宵节Lantern Festival儿童节Children’s Day端午节Dragon Boat Festival妇女节Women’s Day泼水节Water-Splashing Day教师节Teachers’Day五四青年节Youth Day。

1. 素质教育：Quality Education2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient3. 保险业：the insurance industry4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9. 城镇居民最低生活保障： a minimum standard of living for city residents10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban wor kers11. 出口信贷：export credit12. 贷款质量：loan quality13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy26. 基本生活费：basic allowance27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision29. 经济安全：economic security30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth33. 粮食仓库：grain depot34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering38. 乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款：arbitrary charges, fund-raising, quotas and fines39. 骗汇、逃汇、套汇：obtain foreign currency under false pretenses, not turn over foreign owed to the government and illegal arbitrage40. 融资渠道：financing channels41. 商业信贷原则：the principles for commercial credit42. 社会保险机构：social security institution43. 失业保险金：unemployment insurance benefits44. 偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税：tax evasion, tax fraud and refusal to pay taxes45. 外汇收支：foreign exchange revenue and spending46. 安居工程：housing project for low-income urban residents47. 信息化：information-based; informationization48. 智力密集型：concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive49. 外资企业：overseas-funded enterprises50. 下岗职工：laid-off workers51. 分流：reposition of redundant personnel52. 素质教育：education for all-round development53. 豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects54. 社会治安情况：law-and-order situation55. 民族国家：nation state56. “台独”："independence of Taiwan"57. 台湾当局：Taiwan authorities58. 台湾同胞：Taiwan compatriots59. 台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分：Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chine se territory.60. 西部大开发：Development of the W est Regions61. 可持续性发展：sustainable development62. 风险投资：risk investment63. 通货紧缩：deflation64. 扩大内需：to expand domestic demand65. 计算机辅助教学：computer-assisted instruction ( CAI )66. 网络空间：cyberspace67. 虚拟现实：virtual reality68. 网民：netizen ( net citizen )69. 电脑犯罪：computer crime70. 电子商务：the e-business71. 网上购物：shopping online72. 应试教育：exam-oriented education73. 学生减负：to reduce study load74. “厄尔尼诺”：（EL Nino）75. “拉尼娜”：（La Nina）76. “智商”：（IQ）77. “情商”：（EQ）78. “第三产业”：（third/tertiary industry,service sector,third sequence of enterprises）79．“第四产业”：（quaternary/inFORMation industry）79. “军嫂”：（military spouse）80. “峰会”（香港译“极峰会议”）”：summit(conference)81. “克隆”：clone82. “冰毒”：ice83. “摇头丸”：dancing outreach84. “传销”：multi level marketing85. “（计算机）2000年问题”：Y2K problem(y for year, k for kilo or thousand)86. “白皮书”：white paper(不是white cover book)87. “傻瓜相机”：Instamatic(商标名，焦距、镜头均固定，被称为foolproof相机)；88. “白条”：IOU note（IOU：债款、债务，由I owe you 的读音缩略转义而来）89. “巡回招聘”：milk round（一种招聘毕业生的方式，大公司走访各大学及学院，向求职者介绍本公司情况并与报名者晤谈）。

1. 素质教育：Quality Education2. EQ：分两种，一种为教育商数Educational quotient，另一种情感商数Emotional quotient3. 保险业：the insurance industry4. 保证重点指出：ensure funding for priority areas5. 补发拖欠的养老金：clear up pension payments in arrears6. 不良贷款：non-performing loan7. 层层转包和违法分包：mutlti-level contracting and illegal subcontracting8. 城乡信用社：credit cooperative in both urban and rural areas9. 城镇居民最低生活保障： a minimum standard of living for city residents10. 城镇职工医疗保障制度：the system of medical insurance for urban wor kers11. 出口信贷：export credit12. 贷款质量：loan quality13. 贷款质量五级分类办法：the five-category assets classification for bank loans14. 防范和化解金融风险：take precautions against and reduce financial risks15. 防洪工程：flood-prevention project16. 非法外汇交易：illegal foreign exchange transaction17. 非贸易收汇：foreign exchange earnings through nontrade channels18. 非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions19. 费改税：transform administrative fees into taxes20. 跟踪审计：foolow-up auditing21. 工程监理制度：the monitoring system for projects22. 国有资产安全：the safety of state-owned assets23. 过度开垦：excess reclamation24. 合同管理制度：the contract system for governing projects25. 积极的财政政策：pro-active fiscal policy26. 基本生活费：basic allowance27. 解除劳动关系：sever labor relation28. 金融监管责任制：the responsibility system for financial supervision29. 经济安全：economic security30. 靠扩大财政赤字搞建设：to increase the deficit to spend more on development31. 扩大国内需求：the expansion of domestic demand32. 拉动经济增长：fuel economic growth33. 粮食仓库：grain depot34. 粮食收购企业：grain collection and storage enterprise35. 粮食收购资金实行封闭运行：closed operation of grain purchase funds36. 粮食销售市场：grain sales market37. 劣质工程：shoddy engineering38. 乱收费、乱摊派、乱罚款：arbitrary charges, fund-raising, quotas and fines39. 骗汇、逃汇、套汇：obtain foreign currency under false pretenses, not turn over foreign owed to the government and illegal arbitrage40. 融资渠道：financing channels41. 商业信贷原则：the principles for commercial credit42. 社会保险机构：social security institution43. 失业保险金：unemployment insurance benefits44. 偷税、骗税、逃税、抗税：tax evasion, tax fraud and refusal to pay taxes45. 外汇收支：foreign exchange revenue and spending46. 安居工程：housing project for low-income urban residents47. 信息化：information-based; informationization48. 智力密集型：concentration of brain power; knowledge-intensive49. 外资企业：overseas-funded enterprises50. 下岗职工：laid-off workers51. 分流：reposition of redundant personnel52. 素质教育：education for all-round development53. 豆腐渣工程：jerry-built projects54. 社会治安情况：law-and-order situation55. 民族国家：nation state56. “台独”："independence of Taiwan"57. 台湾当局：Taiwan authorities58. 台湾同胞：Taiwan compatriots59. 台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分：Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chine se territory.60. 西部大开发：Development of the W est Regions61. 可持续性发展：sustainable development62. 风险投资：risk investment63. 通货紧缩：deflation64. 扩大内需：to expand domestic demand65. 计算机辅助教学：computer-assisted instruction ( CAI )66. 网络空间：cyberspace67. 虚拟现实：virtual reality68. 网民：netizen ( net citizen )69. 电脑犯罪：computer crime70. 电子商务：the e-business71. 网上购物：shopping online72. 应试教育：exam-oriented education73. 学生减负：to reduce study load74. “厄尔尼诺”：（EL Nino）75. “拉尼娜”：（La Nina）76. “智商”：（IQ）77. “情商”：（EQ）78. “第三产业”：（third/tertiary industry,service sector,third sequence of enterprises）79．“第四产业”：（quaternary/inFORMation industry）79. “军嫂”：（military spouse）80. “峰会”（香港译“极峰会议”）”：summit(conference)81. “克隆”：clone82. “冰毒”：ice83. “摇头丸”：dancing outreach84. “传销”：multi level marketing85. “（计算机）2000年问题”：Y2K problem(y for year, k for kilo or thousand)86. “白皮书”：white paper(不是white cover book)87. “傻瓜相机”：Instamatic(商标名，焦距、镜头均固定，被称为foolproof相机)；88. “白条”：IOU note（IOU：债款、债务，由I owe you 的读音缩略转义而来）89. “巡回招聘”：milk round（一种招聘毕业生的方式，大公司走访各大学及学院，向求职者介绍本公司情况并与报名者晤谈）。

120个中国传统文化名词及其英译以下是120个中国传统文化名词及其英译：1. 春节(Spring Festival)2. 元宵节(Lantern Festival)3. 清明节(Tomb-Sweeping Day)4. 端午节(Dragon Boat Festival)5. 中秋节(Mid-Autumn Festival)6. 重阳节(Double Ninth Festival)7. 除夕(New Year's Eve)8. 书法(Calligraphy)9. 国画(Traditional Chinese Painting)10. 剪纸(Paper Cutting)11. 对联(Spring Festival Couplets)12. 风筝(Kite)13. 中国结(Chinese Knotting)14. 灯笼(Lantern)15. 灯谜(Lantern Riddles)16. 茶文化(Tea Culture)17. 热闹(Noise and Excitement)18. 团圆(Reunion)19. 红包(Red Envelope)20. 长寿(Longevity)21. 福字(Fu Character)22. 禅宗(Zen Buddhism)23. 道教(Taoism)24. 佛教(Buddhism)25. 儒家(Confucianism)26. 旗袍(Qipao)27. 长衫(Long Shirt)28. 唱戏(Opera)29. 京剧(Peking Opera)30. 象棋(Chinese Chess)31. 麻将(Mahjong)32. 瓜子(Sunflower Seeds)33. 腊八节(Laba Festival)34. 元宵(Tangyuan)35. 饺子(Dumplings)36. 年糕(Nian Gao)37. 火锅(Hot Pot)38. 炸酱面(Noodles with Soybean Paste)39. 午餐肉(Luncheon Meat)40. 豆腐(Tofu)41. 麻婆豆腐(Mapo Tofu)42. 宫保鸡丁(Kung Pao Chicken)43. 鱼香肉丝(Fish-Flavored Shredded Pork)44. 红烧肉(Braised Pork Belly)45. 糖葫芦(Candied Fruit on a Stick)46. 美食(Delicacy)47. 食文化(Food Culture)48. 酒文化(Wine Culture)49. 茅台酒(Maotai)50. 龙井茶(Longjing Tea)51. 碧螺春(Biluochun Tea)52. 普洱茶(Pu'er Tea)53. 茶道(Tea Ceremony)54. 茶艺(Tea Art)55. 书法(Calligraphy)56. 绘画(Painting)57. 雕塑(Sculpture)58. 陶艺(Pottery)59. 瓷器(Porcelain)60. 纺织(Textile)61. 刺绣(Embroidery)62. 缝纫(Sewing)63. 针灸(Acupuncture)64. 中药(Traditional Chinese Medicine)65. 草药(Herbal Medicine)66. 风水(Fengshui)67. 堪舆(Kanyu)68. 儒家经典(Confucian Classics)69. 四书五经(Four Books and Five Classics)70. 《大学》(The Great Learning)71. 《中庸》(The Doctrine of the Mean)72. 《论语》(The Analects of Confucius)73. 《孟子》(The Mencius)74. 《诗经》(The Book of Songs)75. 《尚书》(The Book of Documents)76. 《礼记》(The Book of Rites)77. 《易经》(The Book of Changes)78. 《春秋》(The Spring and Autumn Annals)79. 《孝经》(The Book of Filial Piety)80. 《尔雅》(The Book of Erya)81. 儒家思想(Confucian Thought)82. 道家思想(Taoist Thought)83. 佛教思想(Buddhist Thought)84. 法家思想(Legalist Thought)85. 墨家思想(Mohist Thought)86. 阴阳五行(Yin and Yang, Five Elements)87. 八卦(Eight Trigrams)88. 易经(I Ching)89. 太极(Tai Chi)90. 武术(Wushu)91. 少林寺(Shaolin Temple)92. 武当山(Wudang Mountains)93. 内功(Neigong)94. 外功(Waijong)95. 拳法(Boxing)96. 剑法(Swordplay)97. 气功(Qigong)98. 八段锦(Baduanjin)99. 五禽戏(Wuqinxi)100. 二十四节气(Twenty-Four Solar Terms)101. 农历(Lunar Calendar)102. 阳历(Solar Calendar)103. 天干地支(Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches) 104. 黄道吉日(Good Fortune Days)105. 红事(Weddings)106. 白事(Funerals)107. 喜帖(Wedding Invitation)108. 聘礼(Betrothal Gift)109. 六礼(Six Ceremonies)110. 三书六礼(Three Books and Six Ceremonies)111. 红娘(Matchmaker)112. 月老(Old Man Under the Moon)113. 金榜题名(Golden List)114. 状元(Number One Scholar)115. 进士(Jinshi)116. 举人(Juren)117. 秀才(Xiucai)118. 科举(Imperial Examination)119. 四书(Four Books)120. 五经(Five Classics)这些名词涵盖了中国的传统文化、哲学思想、宗教信仰、节日庆典、文学艺术、饮食习惯、服饰风格、武术健身、天文历法等多个方面，反映了中国悠久的历史和丰富的文化内涵。