英国文学史概要

英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要第一篇：英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements(此处可能会有填空,选择等小题2.Romance(名词解释3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story4.Ballad(名词解释5.Character of Robin Hood6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet7.Heroic couplet(名词解释8.Renaissance(名词解释9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10.Sonnet(名词解释 11.Blank verse(名词解释12.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读14.William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet 这是肯定的。

英国文学简史第一部分：早期和中世纪英国文学第一章：英国的组成1、大不列颠人（英国人）在开始学习英国文学史之前，了解一下英国这个民族是很必要的。

英国这个民族是一个混血族。

早期居住在这个岛上的居民是凯尔特人的一个部落，我们现在称它为大不列颠人。

大不列颠人把这个岛屿命名为大不列颠岛，凯尔特人是其原始居民。

他们分为几十个小部落，每个部落都以小屋群居为主。

“最古老的凯尔特人法律今天归结起来显示出氏族任然充满着生命力”。

英国人曾生活在部落社会。

2、罗马人的占领在公元前55年，大不列颠岛被罗马征服者凯撒入侵，而这是的凯撒刚刚占领了高卢。

但是罗马人刚登上大不列颠岛海岸时，就遭到了在首领领导下的大不列颠人的狮子般疯狂的反击，随着罗马将领来来往往的这个世纪，直到公元78年英国从被于罗马帝国完全征服过。

伴随着罗马人的侵略占领，罗马式的生活方式也开始融入英国。

罗马式剧院和澡堂很快的在城镇中兴起。

而这些高雅的文明只不过是罗马侵略者的娱乐享受方式罢了，大不列颠人民却像奴隶一样被压迫着。

罗马人的占领持续了将近400年，在这期间，罗马人因其军事目的在岛上修建了后来被称之为罗马路的纵横交错的公路，这些公路在后期发展中起到了很大的作用。

沿着这些公路开始建立起大量的城镇，伦敦就是其中之一，开始成为重要的贸易中心城市。

罗马的占领也带来了基督教文化。

但是在15世纪初期，罗马帝国处于逐渐的衰落阶段。

公元410年，所有罗马军队撤回欧洲大陆再也没有返回。

因此，也标志这罗马人占领的结束。

3、英国人的占领同时，大不列颠也被成群的海盗给侵略着。

他们是来自北欧的三个部落：盎格鲁人，撒克逊人和朱特人民族。

这三个部落在大不列颠海岸登路，把大不列颠人民赶到西部和北部，然后自己定居下来。

朱特人占领了岛屿东南部的肯特。

撒克逊人占领了岛屿南部地区，并建立起像韦塞克斯，埃塞克斯和东萨塞克斯这样的小王国。

盎格鲁人席卷了东部中部地区，并在东英吉利亚建立王国。

七个像这样的王国在大不列颠岛上逐渐出现。

英国文学史简介英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。

在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。

下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。

一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。

故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。

公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。

《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。

这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。

因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。

公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。

诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。

这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。

《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。

传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。

.Give a brief account of British literature in the romantic period, the Victorian age and the twentieth century. (30)The romantic periodBritain is one of the earliest countries that emerges romantic literature. The British romantic literature represents the highest achievement of the Europe romantic literature in the early 19th. The internal thought of the British romantic literature is complicated. There were supernaturalism of Coleridge, legitimism of Wordsworth, Spiritualism of Shelley, and liberalism of Byron and so on.The French Revolution brought human hope and also brought a shock to Britain society. In this background, the British romantic literature rose. It produced in the late 18th and became prosperous in the 19th.The pioneers of the romantic literature were Robert Burns and William Blake. The representative works of them were Poems, chiefly in Scottish dialect and Songs of Innocence.There were two opposing schools in the formation of the romanticism thoughts----active romanticism and passive romanticism. Active romanticism is the progressive trend. It dares to face the reality, criticize the social darkness and it leads people to look ahead. Passive romanticism is the reactionary trend. It rises against the status quo; yearn for the pas and leads people look back. William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey are called “the Lake Poet”. They are the representative personage of the passive romanticism. They hold the contradictory attitude towards the French Revolution and detest industrial civilization and urban civilization of capitalism.They sing the praises of the rural life and nature of patriarchal clan system. Their representative works are Tintern Abbey,Kubla Khan and so on. Byron, Shelley and Keats are the representative personage of active romanticism. The difference from the Lake Poet is its works have combat consciousness and political bias. Their representative works are She Walks in Beauty, Ode to the West Wind, Ode to a Nightingale and and so on.The novel of the romantic period mainly has two types: gothic novel and historical novel. Wolf Scott is the representative personage of the gothic novel. Hedevotes to gathering and sorting out historical legends and folk songs and wrote many historical novels. His representative work is Ivanhoe. Jane Austin is another excellent novelist in that period. Her representative works are Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Manor, Emma and so on.In summary, the features of the works in romantic period are as follows: First, they focus on express the subjective ideal and express their personal intensive feelings. Second, they tend to describe natural scenery and sing in praise of the nature. Third, they fond of describe the history of the past and the middle age. Fourth, they pay attention to folk literature, especially medieval folk literature.The Victorian ageIn Victorian age, the economy developed rapidly and social problems prevailed. Britain became the “workshop of the world”. England settled down to a time of prosperity and stability and people valued earnestness, respectability, modesty, and democracy. In the last decades, British Empire declined, and Victorian values decayed. This age is a time full of opportunities. It can be divided into three stages: the Early Victorian period (1832-1848), the Mid-Victorian period (1848-1870) and the Late Victorian period (1870-1891). So is the literature in that time.One of the very important features of the literature in Victorian period is “variety”. The variety embodies the independence of the writers in the Victorian period and their desire for the literary experience. On the one hand, poets continue to use the traditional forms of expressions. On the other hand, they also try to find some new and unusual forms of expressions. The ballad is the most prominent in this aspect. Poetry began to tell the story in a new method and pursue the effect of epic. Like the The Princess and the Maud of Alfred, Lord Tennyson and The Ring and the Book of Browning are all the representative works of long narrative poem.The prose in Victorian age is also outstanding. Like the On Liberty of John Start Mill, the Evidences as to Man’s Place in Nature of Thomas Henry Huxley and so on. They all were gone down in the history of English literature.The Victorian age is almost a time that everyone read novels. Due to the constraint of the puritan moral standards, many works in the Early Victorian period and the Mid-Victorian period have some shackles in the contents to some extent. However, it created the great art in the history of English novel. Such as the Wuthering Heights of Emily Bronte, the Middlemarch of Eliot, the Jane Eyre of Charlotte Bronte and so on. The Victorian age is the development period of the novel and it reflects the humanities spirits of that time.Generally speaking, the achievements of drama in Victorian cannot be compared with the novel, poem and prose. There were almost no works had a long-term value until 1890s. There appeared a famous dramatist named George Bernard Shaw. He wrote many famous dramas like Arms and the Man, The Apple Cart and so on.Victorian literature and art are great because they reflect the real life in that period. In that period appeared many different schools of literature. There have Ernest Jones who is a chartist poet, Charles Dickens who is a realist, Christina Georgina Rossetti who is a Pre-Raphaelite poet. There also have “utopia” novels represented by Morris, new romantic novels represented by Stevenson and Aestheticism novels represented by Oscar Wilde. They all had great achievements in the history of English literature.The twentieth centuryCompared to the 19th, the English literature in 20th is introverted, irrational and experimental.the twentieth century literature includes two parts:modernist literature and contemporary literature.In early 20th, some novelists inherit the tradition of critical realism, like Galsworthy. At the same time, other novelists began to find new methods to express something more real, Like Henry James, Joseph Conrad and other novelists; they are called the pioneer of the modernist literature in the 20th.In the 20th, Britain had experienced a lot. Such as world war one, world war two, crisis and so on. People’s values vary from the change of the society, so is the literature. After the world war one, modernist literature emerged. After the crisis in the 1930s, people have come back to face the reality, realistic literature again became the mainstream of literary creationand another group of people called “Oxford wit” inherit the irony tradition of English literature and wrote many excellent works, like the Lord of the Flies of William Golding. During the world war two, existentialism is warmly welcomed and the Waiting for Godot became the classic. In 1950s, there appeared “angry young men”, “the group” and the movement poets. After the world war two, there appeared postmodernist literature.The outstanding feature of English literature in the 1980s and 1990s is back to the tradition. The new realism became the mainstream of the literature. Julian Barnes, Angela Carter, Salman Rushdie are the representative persons of it. And this feature continues to now.。

英国文学史概括英国文学史概括第一个时期： Old English， Middle English and Chaucer，古英国，中世纪和乔叟，这个时期的文学作品主要以诗歌为主，需要关注的是乔叟和他的《坎特伯雷故事集》。

第二个时期：文艺复兴时期，这个时期的文学作品以戏剧为主，需要关注的是莎士比亚和他的悲剧，喜剧以及历史剧。

第三个时期：浪漫主义时期，这个时期的文学作品以散文诗为主，雪莱，济慈和威廉布雷克等人都是这个时期的代表诗人。

他们的作品包括夜莺颂等。

第四个时期：维多利亚时期，这个时期是散文诗渐渐退出，小说逐渐兴起的时期，该时期的诗人著名的有罗伯特布朗宁，阿尔弗莱德等。

但更为著名的是狄更斯和勃朗特姐妹的小说，代表作有《雾都孤儿》和《呼啸山庄》等第五个时期：现代主义时期，这个时期的文学作品主要是小说，各个流派粉墨登场，有现实主义的，有荒诞派的，还有意识流。

爱尔兰的文学家叶芝，乔伊斯都是这个时代的代表人物。

乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》是意识流的代表之作。

同属意识流的还有女作家弗吉尼亚伍尔芙，代表作《到灯塔去》。

第六个时期：当代：主要指20世纪80年代之后到现在的这个时期，该时期的文学作品很难入到评论家的法眼，主要特征是内容多为快餐文化，不能称为经典。

但这个时期的电影艺术发展非常迅速，有很多电影剧本都堪称佳作，不难看出，文学史的车轮经过诗歌——戏剧——小说的变迁后，下一站很有可能是电影。

以上纯属原创，转载请标明出处，谢谢英国文学史目录！PrefaceThe Anglo-Saxon Period 449-1066IntroductionThe Venerable Bede and Caedmon King Alfred the GreatBeowulfThe Exeter BookThe Medieval Period 1066 -1485 IntroductionMedieval RomanceFolk BalladsJohn Wycliffe and William Langland Drama in the Middle AgesGeoffrey ChaucerThe Elizabethan Age 1485-1625 IntroductionThomas MoreSir Philip SidneyEdmund SpenserChrisher Marlowe and Sir Walter Raleigh Minor PlaywrightsWilliam ShakespeareFrancis BaconKing James BibleThe Seventeenth Century 1625-1700 IntrodutionBen Jonson and the Cavalier Poets John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets John MiltonJohn BunyanJohn DrydenThe Age of Neo-Classici *** 1700-1764 IntroductionAlexander PopeJonathan SwiftRichard Steele and Joseph AddisonSamuel Johnson and James BoswellThe Novel of the Eighteenth CenturyDaniel DefoeSamuel RichardsonHenry FieldingTobias SmollettLaurence SterneOliver Gold *** ithPre-Romantic Period 1764-1798IntroductionHorace WalpoleAnn RadcliffeThomas GrayRobert BurnsWilliam BlakeThe Romantic Age 1798-1837IntroductionWilliam WordsworthSamuel Taylor Coleridge……The Victorian Age 1837-1901The Modernist Age 1901-1945The Postmodern Period 1945-Present BibliographyIndex……关于英国文学史刘柄善的那本《英国文学史》上说，维多利亚时期是英国现实主义小说的巅峰时期，代表人物就是狄更斯，而当时英国之所以掀起现实主义风潮，则是因为此前的18世纪到19世纪初期，浪漫主义风靡英国，雪莱，济慈等人的诗歌风花雪月，让人一时忘却了现实，但随着浪漫褪去，人们又重归现实，于是狄更斯等人的现实主义作品，如《雾都孤儿》，《大卫科波菲尔》等书得以广为流传。

梁实秋《英国文学史》简介梁实秋《英国文学史》简介【梁实秋《英国文学史》内容简介】梁实秋先生最重要的学术遗产七年之功成百万言巨著大师晚年收山之作美文式的学术经典愉悦丰盈的阅读体验知人论世古雅厚重如入宝山国内首次单独出版我在学校讲授过几遍英国文学史，累积了若干讲义札记，久已想加整理，编写为一部中文的英国文学史，病懒迄未执笔。

曾经几度计议约集同道，分就篇章，合力以赴，但亦未能如愿。

直到我六十五岁退休，以数年之力译完我久未译完的《莎士比亚全集》，到了七十岁左右才得开始全力编写这一部《英国文学史》。

迟暮之年，独荷艰巨，诚然是不自量力。

历时七载有余，勉强终篇，如释重负。

《英国文学史》可以归在教科书式的一类。

注重的是事实，而非批评。

我假想中的读者是一般喜爱文学而又想知道英国文学梗的人。

对于通晓英文的读者，我希望此书仍能多少具有参考的价值，研究文学应以文学作家与作品之认识为主，故此书对于各个作家之生平及其主要作品之内容特为注意，或详或略的加以叙述。

各个时代之背景则于每章之首略作说明。

【梁实秋简介】梁实秋(1903-1987)，中国现代著名散文家、学者、文学批评家、译家。

早年留学美国，回国以后曾在清华、北大等大学任教，一生为中国文坛留下了两千多万字的文字创作，早年以文艺批评享誉文坛，后着力于散文和译，并以其散文集创造了中国现代散文著作出版的最高纪录。

代表作有《雅舍小品》、《英国文学史》、《莎士比亚全集》。

【梁实秋《英国文学史》精彩书摘】一、岛上早期的人最初英格兰不是一个岛，是和欧洲大陆相连的。

纪元前二十万年左右即有人迹，那是属于旧石器时代最后“间冰期”的人类。

他们是矮小的猎者，在辽阔苔原上游荡。

到了纪元前一万年左右，英格兰开始有了如今的岛的形式。

后来肤色较黑的新石器时代的`人从北欧移动，他们是游牧民族，驱赶着牛群，挥动着战斧，大约在纪元前二千年左右即已横行于英格兰。

纪元前二千年代之初，法兰西及低地国家的人入侵，不列颠的铜器时代于焉开始。

Early and Medieval English Literature(449-1485)英国中世纪文学史大致可分为盎格鲁-撒克逊（The Anglo-Saxon Period,449-1066）和中古英语（The Middle English Period,1066-1485）两个时期。

公元前八九世纪高卢（Gaul,今法国）人迁入不列颠岛，成为英国最早的居民。

公元1世纪至410年，英伦三岛为罗马人占领。

449年开始，北欧日耳曼部族的朱特人（Jutes）、盎格鲁人（Angles）和撒克逊人（Saxons）陆续入侵不列颠。

他们的语言——盎格鲁-撒克逊语（Anglo-Saxon）或古英语（Old English）——也开始广为传播。

597年，奥古斯丁（Saint Augustine,?-604）率40余名修士来到英格兰传教，基督教开始在不列颠岛盛行。

盎格鲁-撒克逊时代最重要的文学作品是长达3 000多行的头韵史诗《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf,700-750）,讲述了一个斯堪的纳维亚的民间传说。

古英语散文的杰出代表是比德（the Venerable Bede,673-735）的《英吉利人民宗教史》（Ecclesiastical History of the English People,731-732）,其中包括英国第一宗教诗人开德蒙（Caedmon）充满神奇色彩的生平事迹。

该作品用拉丁文写成，后译成英文，是了解早期英国历史的珍贵史料。

公元891年，韦塞克斯(Wessex)国王艾尔弗雷德（Alfred，849-901）开始组织修士汇编《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》(The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle),后人一直续编至1154年。

这是第一部用英语写成的散文巨著，文风简约、质朴，对英国散文的发展产生了深远的影响。

1066年，诺曼底公爵威廉（William,Duke of Normandy）打败英军，夺得王位，成为英国威廉一世（William I）,史称“诺曼征服”（the Norman Conquest）.此后今300年的时间里，法语一直是英国统治阶层的语言，教会学者用拉丁文写作，英语只在民众中通用，以至于在12世纪之前几乎没有用英文写成的文学作品。

英国文学史及选读1翻译第一部分：英国文学史概述英国文学拥有悠久的历史，自中世纪晚期开始至今，经历了多个重要时期的发展和变革。

本文档旨在概述英国文学史的主要阶段，并进行部分重要作品的选读翻译。

1. 中世纪文学中世纪文学是英国文学史的起点，主要以教会为中心。

其中最著名的作品之一是《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales），由乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）创作于14世纪末。

本书以描绘各式各样的故事和人物为特色，反映了当时社会的面貌。

部分作品翻译示例：•坎特伯雷故事集（精选）–故事一：“骑士故事”（The Knight’s Tale）在古代雅典，有两位骑士为了同样的女性而展开激烈的角逐。

–故事二：“约翰故事”（The Miller’s Tale）一位老蠢材告诉了关于一位受骗的年轻学者和一个花心的妻子的故事。

2. 文艺复兴时期文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的黄金时期，涌现出许多重要的作家和作品。

莎士比亚（William Shakespeare）是这一时期的代表性人物，他的作品包括戏剧、sonnet 等多种形式。

此外，约翰·密尔顿（John Milton）的《失乐园》（Paradise Lost）也被认为是文艺复兴时期的经典之作。

部分作品翻译示例：•莎士比亚戏剧选读-《哈姆雷特》（Hamlet）-《罗密欧与朱丽叶》（Romeo and Juliet）-《麦克白》（Macbeth）•约翰·密尔顿《失乐园》（选读）探讨人类起源、罪恶和救赎的叙事诗，描述了亚当和夏娃被逐出伊甸园的故事。

3.18世纪启蒙运动18世纪是英国文学史上启蒙运动的时期，以理性和思想自由为核心。

重要的作家包括弥尔顿（John Milton），斯威夫特（Jonathan Swift）和詹姆斯·麦克菲尔（James Macpherson）。

部分作品翻译示例：•斯威夫特《格列佛游记》（选读）这本小说通过一个航海家的冒险旅程，揭示了社会和政治问题，具有强烈的讽刺意味。

A Brief Outline of British Literature（英国文学概要）I. The early and Medieval literature（早期和中世纪文学）1. Beowulf （贝奥武夫，有记载的最早的一部英国文学作品）2. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury Tales。

（杰弗里乔叟的坎特伯雷故事集）II. The English Renaissance (1485-1603) （英国文艺复兴时期）1. Edmund Spence r’s The Shepherd's Calendar and Faerie Queen（埃德蒙斯宾塞的牧羊人日记和精灵女王）2. Francis Bacon’s Essays（弗朗西斯培根的散文）3. William Shakespeare’s dramas（威廉莎士比亚的戏剧）III. The 17th century (1603-1660)1. The English Revolution （英国革命）2. John Milton’s Paradise Lost（弥尔顿的失乐园）3. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress（约翰班扬的天路历程）IV. The Restoration and the 18th Century (1660-1798) （复辟与十八世纪）1. enlightenment （启蒙运动）2. neo-classicism:（新古典主义）a. John Dryden’s dramas（约翰德来端的戏剧）b. Ale xander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock （亚历山大蒲柏的夺发记）c. Richard Steele and Joseph Addison's essays（理查德斯蒂尔和约瑟夫艾迪生的散文）d. Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary（赛缪尔约翰逊的词典）3. rise of the novel writing:（小说创作的兴起）a. Daniel DeFoe’s Robinson Crusoe（丹尼尔笛福的鲁滨逊漂流记）b. Janathan Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels（贾纳森斯威夫特的格列佛游记）V. The Age of Romanticism (1798-1830)（浪漫主义时代）1. Pre-Romanticism : （前浪漫主义）a. William Blake （威廉布雷克英国诗人和画家）b. Robert Burn （罗伯特彭斯）c. William Wordsworth（威廉华兹华斯英国诗人）2. Romanticism （浪漫主义）a. P. B. Shelley （Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西比西雪莱）b. G. G. Byron（George Gordon Byron 乔治戈登拜伦）c. J. Keats（John Keats 约翰济慈）3. Jane Austen’s novels（简奥斯丁小说）VI. The Victorian Age (1832-1901)（维多利亚时代）1. industrial revolution （工业革命）2. realism （现实主义）a. Charles Dickens （查尔斯狄更斯英国作家）b. Thomas Hardy（托马斯哈代英国小说家）c. Bronte sisters（勃朗特三姐妹）d. George Eliot（乔治艾略特）3. aestheticism: Oscar Wilde （唯美主义，奥斯卡王尔德）VII. The 20th century (1901-)1. two world wars（两次世界大战）2. modernism（现代主义）3. psychological fiction and stream of consciousness (心理小说与意识流)a. D. H. Lawrence （David Herbert Lawrence大卫赫伯特劳伦斯）b. James Joyce（詹姆斯乔伊斯）c. Virginia Woolf（弗吉尼亚伍尔夫）4. Poetry（诗歌）Definition of Literature ：Literature refers to All written or spoken compositions ( discourses) designed to tell stories, dramatize situations and reveal thoughts and emotions, and also more importantly, to interest, entertain, stimulate, broaden and ennoble readers. （文学的定义：文学是所有口头或书面的成分设计讲故事，戏剧化情况，揭示思想和情感，而且更重要的是，兴趣，娱乐，刺激，拓宽和授予爵位的读者。

1. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. 头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。

2. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.类韵：在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复，它的目的主要是用来使句子悦耳动听或用来强调某个音。

3. Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life. An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.自传：一个人对他或她自己生活的描述，自传是一种叙述性的文体，多包含回忆性的描写。

4. Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung. In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature. Folk ballads have no known authors. They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung. The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people. Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language. A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.民谣：民谣是一种做诗配唱的故事。

英国文学史英国文学具有丰富的历史和文化底蕴，其文学作品在世界范围内享有盛誉。

英国文学史可以追溯到古代凯尔特人和盎格鲁-撒克逊时期，经历了中世纪文学、文艺复兴、启蒙时代、浪漫主义、维多利亚时代等不同阶段的发展和演变。

以下将对英国文学史的主要发展阶段进行简要介绍。

古代与中世纪文学英国古代文学主要包括口头传统传承的凯尔特传统文学和盎格鲁-撒克逊文学。

其中，《贝奥武夫》、《亚瑟王传奇》等作品反映了古代英国人的生活、信仰和英雄主义情怀。

中世纪文学以宗教题材为主，代表作品有《坎特伯雷故事集》等。

这一时期的文学作品在表达信仰和道德价值方面起到了重要的作用。

文艺复兴与启蒙时代文艺复兴时期是英国文学史上的重要时期，莎士比亚、培根等文学大师的作品为英国文学史增添了光彩。

启蒙时代的约翰·洛克、亨利·菲尔丹等作家则探讨了理性、个人自由等主题，提出了不少思想启示。

浪漫主义与维多利亚时代浪漫主义兴起于18世纪末，作为一种文学与艺术的运动，强调个性、感情和想象力。

拜伦、雪莱等浪漫主义诗人的作品影响深远。

维多利亚时代以女王维多利亚为代表，文学作品多反映社会变革和个人情感，狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹等作家的作品被广泛传诵。

20世纪至今的英国文学20世纪以来，英国文学蓬勃发展，奠定了现代文学的基础。

乔伊斯、伍尔夫等现代主义作家开拓了新的文学形式，契诃夫、卡夫卡等大师的作品为英国文学增添了新的灵感。

当代英国文学则呈现出多样化和国际化的特点，从金斯利·艾米斯到范妮·黛斯，英国作家在当代文学舞台上获得了广泛的认可。

结语英国文学史是一部丰富多彩的历史，承载了英国人的智慧、创造力和文化传统。

从古至今，英国文学在世界文学史上占据着重要地位，对人类文化的发展产生了深远影响。

未来，英国文学将继续在时代的浪潮中拓展创新，传承经典，为人类文明贡献更多珍贵的文学瑰宝。

以上是对英国文学史的简要介绍，旨在帮助读者了解英国文学的发展历程与特点。

英国文学史简介谁给我说说英国文学史大致分为哪几个时期，每个时期的代表作家或诗人，他们的代表作是什么，是哪个派别的，大概归纳一下，快要考试了，考外研社出版的《英国文学史及选读》，一二册全考。

回答有用追加100分一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。

故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。

公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。

二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。

文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。

托马斯·莫尔（thomas more，1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。

《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河。

文艺复兴时期诗歌创作繁荣，埃德蒙·斯宾塞（edmund spenser，1552-1599）的长诗《仙后》（the faerie queene）歌颂女王，宣扬人文主义思想。

他创造的"斯宾塞诗体"每节诗有九行，韵律复杂，具有柔和动听、萦绕耳际的音乐性。

弗兰西斯·培根（francis bacon，1561-1626）是这一时期最重要的散文家，他对文学的主要贡献是《论说文集》（essays），共58篇。

英国文艺复兴时期最杰出的作家是威廉·莎士比亚，他的全部作品包括两首长诗，154首十四行诗和38部（一说39部）戏剧。

三、17世纪文学约翰·弥尔顿（john milton，1608-1674）的长诗《失乐园》（paradise lost）和《复乐园》（paradise regained）、诗剧《力士参孙》（samson agonistes）。

一、实训目的通过本次英国文学史实训，旨在使学生全面了解英国文学的发展历程，掌握各个时期的主要文学流派、代表作家及其作品，提高学生的文学素养和审美能力。

二、实训内容本次实训主要围绕英国文学史展开，具体内容如下：1. 英国文学史概述英国文学史可分为以下几个阶段：（1）上古及中世纪：主要包括宗教诗和世俗诗，如《贝奥武夫》等。

（2）文艺复兴时期：以人文主义为核心，莎士比亚、弥尔顿等作家涌现。

（3）新古典主义时期：注重理性、秩序，代表作家有约翰·德莱顿等。

（4）浪漫主义时期：强调情感、个性，代表作家有华兹华斯、雪莱等。

（5）维多利亚时期：关注社会现实，代表作家有狄更斯、勃朗特姐妹等。

（6）现代主义时期：打破传统文学形式，代表作家有乔伊斯、艾略特等。

2. 英国文学史代表作家及其作品（1）莎士比亚：《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《麦克白》等。

（2）弥尔顿：《失乐园》。

（3）约翰·德莱顿：《寓言诗》。

（4）华兹华斯：《抒情歌谣集》。

（5）雪莱：《西风颂》。

（6）狄更斯：《雾都孤儿》、《双城记》。

（7）勃朗特姐妹：《呼啸山庄》、《简·爱》。

（8）乔伊斯：《尤利西斯》。

（9）艾略特：《荒原》。

三、实训过程1. 阅读英国文学史相关书籍和资料，了解各个时期的主要文学流派、代表作家及其作品。

2. 分析代表作家及其作品，探讨其文学价值和社会意义。

3. 通过小组讨论、课堂分享等形式，交流学习心得。

4. 撰写实训报告，总结英国文学史的发展历程和主要特点。

四、实训成果1. 掌握了英国文学史的发展历程，了解了各个时期的主要文学流派、代表作家及其作品。

2. 提高了文学素养和审美能力，对英国文学有了更深入的认识。

3. 学会了分析文学作品的方法，培养了独立思考和批判性思维能力。

4. 通过小组合作，提高了沟通能力和团队协作能力。

五、实训体会通过本次英国文学史实训，我深刻体会到以下几点：1. 英国文学史是一部丰富多彩的历史画卷，各个时期的文学作品都蕴含着独特的文化内涵和社会意义。

Main Points for English Literature一、Old English : 450-1066Beowulf二、Medieval English : 1066 - middle 14th centuryGeoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetryThe Canterbury Tales first time to use heroic couplets三、The Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life1.Edmund Spenser - the poets‟poetThe Shepherd’s Calendar ; The Faerie Queene2.Christopher Marlowe - University Wits, the pioneer of English dramaBlank verse, hyperbole夸张The Tragical History of Dr. Faustus: the human passion for knowledge, power and happinessThe Passionate Shepherd to His Love: pastoral life3.William Shakespeare - above all writers in the past and in the present timeFour tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & MacbethSonnet 18: eternal or immortal beautyThe Merchant of Venice :to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality.Hamlet: hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger. To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action. Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters4.Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English rose.Inductive method is in place of deductive method.Of Studies : uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.5.John DonneMetaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings andmoods.Donne frequently applies conceits and syllogistic forms.The Sun Rising: the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhereDeath, Be Not Proud: whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because “whom the gods love die young”. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man‟s body and a birth for his soul.6.John MiltonParadise Lost: the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.Paradise RegainedSamson Agonistes: the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.四、Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & scienceGothic novel - mystery, horror & castles1.John BunyanThe Vanity Fair from The Pilgrim’s Progress：a religious allegory, pursue the truth2.Alexander PopeAn Essay on Criticism：a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, “true wit”is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.3.Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class peopleRobinson Crusoe：praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude.4.Jonathan Swift - a master satirist. In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed.A Modest ProposalGulliver’s Travels, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm5.Henry Fielding - Father of English novel,Prose Homer,Comic epic in proseThe History of Tom Jones, a Foundling6.Samuel Johnson - first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightenerA Dictionary of the English LanguageTo the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield7.Richard Brinsley Sheridan - the only important English dramatist of the 18th centuryThe Rivals and The School for Scandal are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.8.Thomas Gray-- The Graveyard SchoolElegy Written in a Country Churchyard五、The romantic period --began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge‟s Lyrical BalladsRomantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace1.William Blake –engraverThe Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Innocence a happy and innocence world from children‟s eyeThe Chimney Sweeper from Songs of Experience a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of oppositesThe Tyger2.William Wordsworth - the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshiper of nature “Lake Poets” - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert Southey. He defines the poet as a “manspeaking to men”, and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”, which originates in “emotion recollected in tranquility”.I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils and poet‟s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802 the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety for nature.She Dwelt Among the Untrodden WaysThe Solitary Reaper thanks to poet‟s rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader‟s share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet‟s passionate love of nature.3.Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remote Poet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational.The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Chrisabel, Kubla Khan4.George Gordon Byron-“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage.Song for the Luddites “will die fighting, or live free”the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet‟s great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.The Isles of Greece from Don Juan (the masterpiece of Byron, a long satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. “Fill high the bowl with Samian wine”?5.Percy Bysshe ShelleyMen of EnglandOde to the West Wind: terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, ‟I fall upon the tho rns of life! I bleed!‟, ‟If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?‟6.John Keatsfour great odes - Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to PsycheOde on a Grecian Urn the contrast between the permanence of art and thetran sience of human passion, “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter”, “Beauty is truth, truth is beauty”.7.Jane AustenPride and Prejudice六、The Victorian Period: Critical realistsDarwin‟s The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man shook the traditional faith, everything is created by God. Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people1.Charles Dickens - one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian AgeCharacter-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works. A mingling of humor and pathos.A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist2.The Bronte Sisters - Charlotte, Emily & Anne Emily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature.Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights3.Alfred Tennyson - invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate, a real artistBreak, Break, Break: the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea wavesCrossing the Bar: we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. ‟Crossing the bar‟ means leaving this world and entering the next worldUlysses: not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, ‟Myself not least, but honour‟d of them all‟ means I am not the least important, but honoured by all of them4.Robert Browning - the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologueThe Ring and the Book: his masterpieceMy Last Duchess: this dramatic monologue is the duke‟s speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical manMeeting at Night /Parting at Morning5.George Eliot:As a woman of exceptional intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of womenMiddlemarch: a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor6.Thomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer. Local-colored, Wessex …novels of character and environment‟Tess of the D’Urbervilles: experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration七、The Twentieth Century: ModernismThe writer concentrated on the private than on the public, more on the subjective than on the objective. They are mainly concerned with the inner being of an individual.1.“T he Angry Young Men” with lower-middle-class or working class background. Kingsley Amis, John Wain, John Braine and Alan Sillitoe were the major novelists in this group. Osborne, the first “Angry Young Man”2.James Joyce is the most outstanding stream-of-consciousness novelist;All have the same setting: Ireland, especially Dublin, and the same subject: the Irish people and their life.“stream of consciousness”: literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters. Ulysses.3.William Butler Yeats--poet, the leader of the Irish National Theater Movement.4.George Bernard shaw-dramatist (leading playwright, considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare)早期Widowers’ Houses ;Candida; Mrs. Warren’s Profession; Caesar and Cleopatra中期Man and Superman晚期Back to Methuselah;The Apple Cart5.John Galsworthy: A conventional writer, having inherited the traditions of Victorian novelists of the critical realism.Play: The Silver BoxNovels: The Forsyte Saga(trilogy:The Man of Property;In Chancery; To Let--The three are masterpieces of critical realism in the early 20th century) ;A Modern Comedy6.T.S.Eliot: one of the important verse dramatistsThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock: dramatic monologue, an ironic contrastThe Waste Land: the most famous poem，is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.7.D. H. Lawrence: rich symbolism and complex narrativeAutobiographical novel :Sons and LoversMasterpieces:The Rainbow; Women in Love。