交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite 7)中英文(精编文档).doc

Unit Seven Logistics TransportationPart One TextLogistics TransportationWhat is logistics transportation?Logistics transport or logistics transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans(“across”) and portare(“to carry”). Industries which have the business of providing transport equipment, transport services or transport are important in most national economies, and are referred to as logistics transport industries.Transportation network is an important tie binding our economy together. Our strong and efficient transportation system provides business with access to materials and markets, and provides people with access to goods, services, jobs and other people. Transportation touches each one of us every day in all aspects of our life.A Diversity of Transportation ModesTransportation modes are the means by which people and freight are carried. They fall into one of three basic types, depending on over which physical environment they travel, land (road, rail and pipelines), water (maritime shipping), and air (aviation). Each mode is characterized by a set of technical, operational and commercial characteristics:Road transportation. Road infrastructures are large consumers of space with the lowest level of physical constraints among transportation modes. However, physiographical constraints are significant in road construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or rugged terrain１. Road transportation has an average operational flexibility as vehicles can serve several purposes but are rarely able to move outside roads. Road transport systems have high maintenance costs, both for the vehicles and infrastructures. They are mainly linked to light industries where rapid movements of freight in small batches are the norm２. Yet, with containerization, road transportation has become a crucial link in freight distribution.Rail transportation.Railways are composed of a traced path on which are bound with vehicles. They have an average level of physical constraints linked to the types of locomotives and a low gradient is required, particularly for freight. Heavy industries are traditionally linked with rail transport systems, although containerization has improved the flexibility of rail transportation by linking it with road and maritime modes３. Rail is by far the land transportation mode offering the highest capacity with a 23,000 tons fully loaded coal unit train being the heaviest load ever carried.Maritime transportation. Because of the physical properties of water conferring buoyancy and limited friction, maritime transportation is the most effective mode to move large quantities of cargo over long distances４. Main maritime routes are composed of oceans, coasts, seas, lakes, rivers and channels. However, due to the location of economic activities maritime circulation takes place on specific parts of the maritime space, particularly over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific. Theconstruction of channels, docks and dredging are attempts to facilitate maritime circulation by reducing discontinuity. Comprehensive inland waterway systems include Western Europe, the V olga / Don system, St. Lawrence / Great Lakes system, the Mississippi and its tributaries, the Amazon, the Panama / Paraguay and the interior of China. Maritime transportation has high terminal costs, since port infrastructures are among the most expensive to build, maintain and improve. High inventory costs also characterize maritime transportation. More than any other mode, maritime transportation is linked to heavy industries, such as steel and petrochemical facilities adjacent to port sites.Air transportation. Air routes are practically unlimited, but they are denser over the North Atlantic, inside North America and Europe and over the North Pacific. Air transport constraints are multidimensional and include the site (a commercial plane needs about 3,300 meters of runway for landing and take off), the climate, fog and aerial currents. Air activities are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors, notably finance and tourism, which lean on the long distance mobility of people５. More recently, air transportation has been accommodating growing quantities of high value freight and is playing a growing role in global logistics.Pipelines. Pipeline routes are practically unlimited as they can be laid on land or under water. The longest gas pipeline links Alberta to Sarnia (Canada), which is 2,911 km in length. The longest oil pipeline is the Transiberian, extending over 9,344 km from the Russian arctic oilfields in eastern Siberia to Western Europe. Pipeline construction costs vary according to the diameter and increase proportionally with the distance and with the viscosity of fluids (from gas, low viscosity, to oil, high viscosity). The Trans Alaskan pipeline, which is 1,300 km long, was built under difficult conditions and has to be above ground for most of its path. Pipeline terminals are very important since they correspond to refineries and harbors. Telecommunications. Telecommunication routes are practically unlimited with very low constraints, which may include the physiography and oceanic masses that may impair the setting of cables６. They provide for the instantaneous movement of information (speed of light in theory). Wave transmissions, because of their limited coverage, often require substations, such as for cellular phone networks. Satellites are often using a geostationary orbit which is getting crowded. High network costs and low distribution costs characterize many telecommunication networks, which are linked to the tertiary and quaternary sectors (stock markets, business to business information networks, etc). Telecommunications can provide a substitution for personal movements in some economic sectors.Three Components of Logistics transportationWith the growth of international trade and the globalization of production, logistics transportation systems have been under increasing pressures to support additional demands. This could not have occurred without considerable technical improvements permitting to transport larger quantities of passengers and freight, and this more quickly and more efficiently. Few other technical improvements than containerization have contributed to this environment of growing mobility of freight. Since containers and intermodal transportation improve the efficiency of globaldistribution, a growing share of general cargo moving globally is containerized. Consequently, transportation is often referred as an enabling factor that is not necessarily the cause of international trade, but a mean over which globalization could not have occurred without７. A common development problem is the inability of logistics transportation infrastructures to support flows, undermining access to the global market and the benefits that can be derived from international trade８.International trade requires distribution infrastructures that can support trade between several partners９. Three components of logistics transportation facilitate trade:Transportation infrastructure. It concerns physical infrastructures such as terminals, vehicles and networks. Efficiencies or deficiencies in transport infrastructures will either promote or inhibit international trade.Transportation services. It concerns the complex set of services involved in the international circulation of passengers and freight. It includes activities such as distribution, logistics, finance, insurance and marketing.Transactional environment. It concerns the complex legal, political, financial and cultural setting in which international transport systems operate. It includes aspects such as exchange rates, regulations, quotas and tariffs, but also consumer preferences. Modal CompetitionA general analysis of transport modes reveals that each has key operational and commercial advantages and properties. However, contemporary demand is influenced by integrated transportation systems that require maximum flexibility１０. As a result, modal competition exists at various degrees and takes several dimensions. Modes can compete or complement one another in terms of cost, speed, accessibility, frequency, safety, comfort, etc. Although intermodal transportation has opened many opportunities for complementarity between modes, there is intense competition as companies are now competing over many modes in the transport chain. A growing paradigm thus appears to be supply chain competition where the modal competition component occurring over three dimensions１１:1. Modal usage. Competition involves the comparative advantage of using a specific or a combination of modes. Distance remains one of the basic determinants of modal usage for passengers transportation１２. However, for a similar distance, costs, speed and comfort can be significant factors behind the choice of a mode.2. Infrastructure usage. Competition results from the presence of freight and passenger traffic on the same itineraries linking the same nodes.3. Market area. Competition experiences between transport terminals for using new space (terminal relocation or expansion) or capturing new markets (hinterland).Modal competition can also been influenced by public policy where one mode could be advantaged over the others１３. This particularly takes place over government funding and regulation issues. The technological evolution in the transport industry aims at adapting the transport infrastructures to growing needs and requirements. When a transport mode becomes more advantageous than another over the same route or market, a modal shift is likely to take place. A modal shift involves the growth in the demand of a transport mode at the expense of another, although amodal shift can involve an absolute growth in both of the concerned modes１４. The comparative advantages behind a modal shift can be in terms of costs, convenience, speed or reliability. For passengers, this involved a transition in modal preferences as incomes went up, such as from collective to individual modes of transportation. For freight, this has implied a shift to faster and more flexible modes when possible and cost effective, namely trucking and air freight１５.Words and Expressions:access [ 'ækses ] n. the act of approaching or entering; 通路,进入,使用之权aerial [ 'ɛəriəl ] a. a pass to a receiver downfield from the passer; 空中的,航空的,空想的batch [ bætʃ ] n. a collection of things or persons to be handled together;批, 成批, 分批bind [ 'baind ] v. to fasten or tie with a string; to place under obligation; 绑, 约束buoyancy [ 'bɔiənsi ] n. the tendency to float in water or other liquid; 浮力characterize [ 'kæriktəraiz ] v. describe or portray the character or the qualities or peculiarities of; 表示...的特色,赋予...特色complementarity [ kɔmplimen'tæriti ] n. the interrelation of reciprocity whereby one thing supplements or depends on the other; 补充,补足comprehensive [ kɔmpri'hensiv ] a. including all or everything; 综合的,广泛的,理解的confer [kən'fə: ] v. present; 赠予,协议constraint [ kən'streint ] n. the state of being physically constrained; 约束, 强制,约束条件current [ 'kʌrənt ] n. a steady flow (usually from natural causes) ; (水、气、电)流,趋势discontinuity [ 'dis.kɔnti'nju(:) iti ] n. lack of connection or continuity; 断绝,中断,不连续dredging [ 'dredʒiŋ ] n. remove with a power shovel, usually from a bottom of a body of water; 挖泥;flexibility [ fleksə'biliti ] n. the property of being flexible; easily bent or shaped; 灵活性,柔韧性friction [ 'frikʃən ] n. effort expended in moving one object over another with pressure; 摩擦,摩擦力;impair [ im'pɛə ] v. make worse or less effective; 损害infrastructure [ 'infrə'strʌktʃə] n. the basic structure or features of a system ororganization; 下部构造,下部组织,基础结构，基础设施inhibit [ in'hibit ] v. limit the range or extent of; 禁止,抑制instantaneous [ instən'teinjəs ] a. occurring with no delay; 瞬间的,即刻的integrate [ 'intigreit ] v. make into a whole or make part of a whole; 整合,使...成整体interior [ in'tiəriə ] a. the region that is inside of something; 内部的,内地的,国内的,在内的itinerary [ ai'tinərəri, i't- ] n. an established line of travel or access; 旅程,旅行指南,游记maritime [ 'mæritaim ] a. relating to or involving ships or shipping or navigation or seamen; 海的,海上的,海事的mobility [ məu'biliti ] n. the quality of moving freely; 可动性,变动性,情感不定multidimensional [ mʌltidi'menʃənl ] a. having or involving or marked by several dimensions or aspects; 多维的norm [ nɔ:m ] n. a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical; 标准,规范operational [ ɔpə'reiʃənl ] a. being in effect or operation; 操作的,运作的paradigm [ 'pærədaim, -dim ] n. a standard or typical example; 例,模范,词形变化表quaternary [ kwə'tə:nəri ] a. coming next after the third and just before the fifth in position or time or degree or magnitude; 四的(四进制的,第四纪的)refinery [ ri'fainəri ] n. an industrial plant for purifying a crude substance; 精练厂rug [ rʌg ] a. topographically very uneven; 高低不平的,崎岖的,粗糙的substantial [ səb'stænʃəl ] a. fairly large; 大量的,实质上的,有内容的terrain [ 'terein ] n. a piece of ground having specific characteristics or military potential; 地带,地域,地形tertiary [ 'tə:ʃəri ] a. coming next after the second and just before the fourth in position; 第三的,第三位的,第三世纪的undermine [ ʌndə'main ] v. destroy property or hinder normal operations; 渐渐破坏,挖掘地基viscosity [ vis'kɔsiti ] n. resistance of a liquid to sheer forces (and hence to flow); 粘度,粘性cost effective low in cost 费用低廉的to be composed of to be or make the parts of由…组成to be derived from to receive from another source; gain; 来自; 起源于,由...而来to be linked to to join by or as if by a link; unit;连接(联系), 有关联to fall into to be included in or classified as; 分成(变成,开始)to lean on to rest on for support; 靠在...上,倚在...上Special Terms:intermodal transportation 多式联运logistics transportation infrastructure: 物流运输基础设施transactional environment 交易环境transportation modes 运输方式Notes to the Text:1．However, physiographical constraints are significant in road construction with substantial additional costs to overcome features such as rivers or rugged terrain.然而，自然地理限制条件在公路建设中尤为明显，大量的附加成本要用于克服河流或凹凸不平的地形的特点。

Unit Seven Introduction to Logistics Text A The definition of logisticsThe term “Logistics” originates from a Greek word “logos”, which refers to reasoning. The term “logistics” was first used in a military sense in the early 19th century. This term then encompassed transport organization, army replenishments and material maintenance.“Logistics”来源于希腊词语中的”logos”，指的是合理的意思，最早于19世纪早期军事术语中使用，随后它的意义得到扩充，包含了交通运输组织、军事补给和物资供应。

In the business world, the concept of “logistics”was applied solely to “Material Replenishment Programs”(MRP) and was confined to the manufacturing sector at the beginning, which is called the first party logistics nowadays. Therefore the extension of the concept to involve company operations is a relatively new one. 在商业世界, ”logistics”仅指物料补充计划，并且最开始仅限于制造业，被称为第一方物流，所以”logistics”从概念上加以扩充由此包含了企业运营的意思还是相对较新的概念。

Unit Three Transportation PlanningText A Definition of transportation planningThere are many kinds of planning such as urban planning, economic planning, financial planning, industrial planning, and environmental planning. In the field of transportation, planning can be further divided into highway planning, urban transportation planning, airport planning and so on. It is obvious that planning plays an important role in modern society and that it is concentrated in particular areas, subjects, or systems no matter what this function is.（社会中）存在各种各样的规划，如城市规划、经济计划、金融计划、工业规划以及环境规划。

而在交通运输领域，交通规划又可以进一步细分为公路规划，城市交通规划以及机场规划等等。

明显地在现代社会中（各种）规划扮演者重要角色，不管最终（这些规划）的作用是什么，它都被用于某些特殊领域、学科和系统中。

We defined planning as the activity or process that examines the potential of future actions guide a system toward desired direction, for example, toward the attainment of positive goals, the avoidance of problems, or both. Being he conceptual, premeditative process, planning is a fundamental characteristic of all human beings.我们将规划定义为：规划是检验评估未来某项行动对于引导整个系统朝着预期方向（例如，实现积极的目标，避免出现问题等）发展可能性的一个过程。

Text A The role of transportationTransportation is foundational to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to achieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant resources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation.交通运输作为现代社会发展和运行的基础实现了分工的专业化，从而提高了工作效率和生产率。

通过交通运输，在地理位置上显得遥不可及的地理资源也变得唾手可得。

在任何社会，其经济的增长与交通便利性密不可分。

There are many different definitions of transportation in various books and dictionaries. However, the common element among these definitions is movement-the change of the physical location of goods or passengers. Therefore, transportation can be defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another in this context. Products must be moved from the location where they were produced to the location where they are consumed. People must move from the location where they live to the location where they want to take part in a certain activity. We need transportation in order to survive and improve our standard of living. Transportation affects our economic, social, and political development.在不同的书籍和字典中对于交通运输有不同的定义。

U n i t T w o T r a n s p o r t a t i o n M o d e s Text A Major transportation modesThe evolution of transportation has been closely linked to the development of humankind throughout the history. Transportation’s early function was to meet the basic need of hauling good supplies. But with the formation of tribes, then peoples, and finally nations, the societal and economic functions of transportation became more and more complex. At first there was mobility required for individuals, households, and animals to protect them against, and to escape from, the dangers of natural disasters and tribal aggressions, and in search for the best place to settle. As tribal groups formed and gradually established their geographical identity, transportation was increasingly needed to open up regions for development, to provide access to natural resource, to promote inter-communal trade, and to mobilize territorial defense.交通运输的演化与人类的整个发展历史密不可分。