第1讲法律语言学导论1．1什么是法律语言古往今来，人类在立法、司法、执法、法学研究、法学教育、法律咨询等等与法律有关的一切社会实践活动的言语行为——书面行为和口头行为——之聚合。
攸乎法律：与法律有关实践活动：法律实践活动言语行为：法律是行为，法律是言语行为。
法律活动是言语行为的活动，法律时间是言语行为的实践。
立法言语行为包括：成文法言语行为（如宪法、刑法、民法、婚姻法、诉讼法等等的言语行为）和制定这些成文法的言语活动（如全国人大对法律的讨论）。
司法言语行为指（包括调解）：法庭审判言语行为，包括审判中使用的相关的书面言语行为。
执法言语行为：行政机关（包括法院的执法部门）等等执法机构，在执行法律过程中使用的语言或者语言活动。
法学教育言语行为：在教育机构从事法学或者法律教育和学习中使用的言语行为。
法学研究言语行为：法学工作者或者法学专业人士，在从事法学理论或者法律研究和交流过程中使用的语言或者言语活动。
法律咨询言语行为：律师事务所等地方的法律咨询活动中使用的言语行为。
法律仲裁言语行为：在法律仲裁机构实施的言语行为。
其他：所有其他跟法律有关的活动中使用的言语行为。
“法律语言”（the language of law）不等于“法言法语”（legalese）。
Jurisdiction（管辖，管辖权，管辖地）justifiable defense（正当防卫）discretion（酌情处理，自由处置权）deed of mortgage（抵押契据）bench and bar（法官和律师）等等这些是法律术语，对这些东西的研究叫做“法律术语学”，是法律语言研究的一部分。
1．2为什么要研究法律语言？1．2．1法律语言与日常生活在中国，很多人认为法律离他们很遥远，因此法律语言也跟他们莫不相干。
其实，法律渗透我们的生活的方方面面，法律语言与我们的生活关系很密切——几乎无所不在。
Undoubtedly, legal language is omnipresent in most of our lives in western cultures. Every time we sign a credit card slip, we agree to a contract framed in legal language. We sign employment contracts, mortgages, rental agreement, and insurance policies routinely – all written in legal language. Even in the privacy of our homes, when we watch a video, we are admonished—in legal language—not to copy the tape under penalty of law. Those of us who teach in universities see legal language in the regulations our students must follow—their residency rules to establish tuition, parking, and housing terms. We can’t even copy a computer diskette or photocopy a colleague’s article without a potential violation of copyright laws, our intent in copying to be interpreted within the strange, foreign domain of the law. (Gail Stygall, 1994, p.2)All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.牛津大学法学教授（长于宪法学，法哲学）Timothy Endicott:Political philosophers are not generally preoccupied with questions in the philosophy of language. But legal philosophers are political philosophers with a specialization that gives language (and philosophy of language) a special fascination.The use of language is crucial to any legal system--not only in the same way that it is crucial to politics in general, but in the special respect that lawmakers typically use language to make the law, and courts typically use language to state their grounds of decision. So philosophers of law need a good philosophical understanding of the meaning and use of language. But philosophers of law have also tried to draw on insights from philosophy of language to deal with other problems they face. Philosophy of law shares a tension that affects philosophy of mind and metaphysics, and perhaps all the central areas of philosophy: it is often unclear which problems are problems of language, and which are not.Two areas of philosophical interest in law and language result. First is the interest in the use of language in law. Second is the interest in using philosophy of language to address problems of the nature of law.1．2．2 法律与人的权力，权利和义务1．3什么是法律语言学？“法律语言学”是把“法律语言”作为一种科学来研究的学问。
