1.分析张居正改革失败的原因 提示:(1)与大官僚、大地主的反对有关。改革的措施触 动了豪强权贵和腐败官吏的权益,引起了他们的强烈反对。 这是改革失败的根本原因。 (2)必须注意到“皇帝的态度”。在中国封建社会,皇帝 具有至高无上的权威,张居正的威势是因为代行皇帝的权力, 反对派不足以与之抗衡,但是随着明神宗年正实现与北方游牧民族 长期和平交往的秘诀是什么? 提示:“外示羁縻,内修守备”。 (3)请思考生齿、守备、田野、商贾之间的内在联系。 提示:加强汉蒙人·民之间的生活交往,互市互利、共同发 展是治边之本,加强守备,预防万一是当时必要的,是保障。
2.阅读教材P53清初任源祥的言语及《明穆宗实录》中的材 料, 探究分析:(1)任源祥的言语中“因势而行之”,你认为 实施一条鞭法的客观形势是什么? 提示:土地兼并严重;清丈田地卓有成效;白银成为普遍流 通的货币。 (2)在实施一条鞭法的过程中,张居正发挥了什么作用? 提示:先试行,再向全国推广,既策略,又坚决,审慎、灵活、 从实际出发因地制宜(主观因素)。
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