托福入门阅读Lesson 4

第4套Models of Egg DevelopmentParagraph1:Several different theories have been put forward to explain how the hard-shelled eggs of land-dwelling reptiles(e.g.lizards)evolved from the soft eggs that amphibians(e.g.frogs and toads)lay in water.The Romer model of egg development is named after the late Alfred Romer,a paleontologist who also became director of the Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology.His specialty was early reptiles because,he felt,they were the key to understanding the great reptile diversification seen in the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras(around230million years ago).Romer's hypothesis was that some aquatic amphibians--that is,amphibians living in water--called anthracosaurs began to lay their eggs on land at about the time that they were evolving reptile-like skeletal features.Indeed,some of these early amphibians and earliest reptiles are so similar in their skeletons that the exact transition point from one to the other is still difficult to determine.Eventually,though, the transition was made,but these early reptiles remained aquatic.The advantage for laying eggs on land was primarily to avoid the aquatic larval(pre-adult)stage during which immature amphibians live exclusively in water with its inherent risk of predators and drying of ponds.However,the land has its own set of dangers,not least of which is the drying effect of the atmosphere.To cope with these problems,a series of protective membranes developed around the egg,including a hard shell.Only later did the reptiles completely abandon an aquatic lifestyle.1..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○During the period that early amphibians changed into reptiles,their skeletons were exactly the same.○It is difficult to identify the time that early amphibians changed to reptiles because their skeletons look so much alike.○The skeletons of some early amphibians and reptiles are so similar that it is difficult to say which are amphibians and which are reptiles.○Early amphibians and reptiles had the same kind of skeleton at the same point in time.2..The word exclusively in the passage is closest in meaning to○only○initially○primarily○temporarily3..According to paragraph1,aquatic amphibians laid their eggs on land in order to○enable young amphibians to benefit from a dry atmosphere○ensure the rapid development of a hard shell○enable young amphibians to evolve features necessary for living on land○protect young amphibians from the dangers associated with life in the water Paragraph2:Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring,whose specialty is fossil eggs.In Kohring's model,amphibians during the Mississippian epoch(360¨C320million years ago)spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water.Because of the harsher conditions,eggs were produced with larger yolks,that is, more nutrients for the embryo.█With larger yolks,the eggs were bigger,and fewer of them could be produced by the female--hundreds rather than thousands.█To keep the larger egg intact,one or more membranes were developed,including one that surrounded and protected the egg.█This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions,which are poisonous.█Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land(it was pre-adapted to be laid there.)4..The word Accumulating in the passage is closest in meaning to○Forcing○Collecting○Distributing○Isolating5..In paragraph2,why does the author mention the information about calcium ions○To explain Koherig's theory that amphibian eggs developed at least two protective outer membranes○To explain that the calcium in a hard shell is not poisonous when the egg is laid on land○To explain why,according to Kohring,a hard shell evolved○To explain why only the outer membrane stored calcium6..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph2about the relationship between eggs and water temperature○Eggs needed adaptations to survive in cold water.○Eggs needed warm water to survive.○Smaller eggs were produced in cold water.○Fewer eggs were produced in warm water.7..According to paragraph2,all of the following are true of the eggs of amphibians during the Mississippian epoch EXCEPT:○They had hard shells made from calcium ions.○They had larger yolks than previously.○They had protective membranes.○They were produced in larger quantities than previously.Paragraph3:One other model we should consider is the anti-predator hypothesis proposed by Gary and Mary Packard to explain the evolution of the hard-shelled egg. Their model was not concerned with the development of membranes surrounding the egg but continues the story after these membranes appeared.The Packards assume that the earliest reptiles laid leathery shelled eggs on very wet ground where they could absorb water during the embryos'growth.But life on the ground is not without hazards,based on studies of modern reptiles with leathery shelled eggs.Predatory insects and microbes can be a major cause of egg mortality.To counter this loss of eggs,some of the early reptiles began secreting a thin calcareous(containing calcium carbonate)layer.This hard layer gave the embryos a better chance of surviving until hatching.And these survivors in turn would probably leave more progeny once a few of them reached reproductive age.In time,a thicker,more resistant shell developed. However,a thicker eggshell meant that less water could be absorbed for the needs of the embryo.To compensate,larger eggs were produced,containing a great deal more albumen(egg white,a water-soluble protein).At this point,the rigid eggshell had reached the bird egg level of complexity.8..The word counter in the passage is closest in meaning to○escape○stop○combat○delay9..According to paragraph3,early reptiles began to develop a thin calcareous layer around the egg so that○the embryo could survive attacks from predatory insects and microbes○the embryo could absorb sufficient water during its growth○the surviving embryo could reach reproductive age○the egg could be laid on land10..Which of the following is mentioned in paragraph3as a disadvantage of the hard eggshell○It increased the hatching period.○It prevented the development of large-size eggs.○It made it more difficult for the embryo to obtain water.○It made it harder for the embryo to survive until hatching.Paragraph4:Mary Packard presented yet another model with her colleague Roger Seymour.They note that amphibian eggs can never get very large because the gelatin coat surrounding the developing larva is not very good at transmitting oxygen. Because of this restriction,we will never see frog eggs the size of a chicken's.For Packard and Seymour,the major evolutionary breakthrough in reptile eggs was the elimination of the thick gelatin coat and replacing part of it with a fibrous membrane. This change allowed larger eggs to be developed.11..The word breakthrough in the passage is closest in meaning to○effect○development○requirement○goal12..Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph4about the fibrous membrane○It served the same function as the gelatin coat.○It was larger than the gelatin coat.○It allowed amphibians to produce eggs as large as those of reptiles.○It allowed for better transmission of oxygen.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.And the relatively few that were produced had to be properly protected.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.Paragraph2:Another hypothesis was proposed by German paleontologist Rolf Kohring, whose specialty is fossil eggs.In Kohring's model,amphibians during the Mississippian epoch(360¨C320million years ago)spread into nutrient-poor or cooler water.Because of the harsher conditions,eggs were produced with larger yolks,that is,more nutrients for the embryo.█With larger yolks,the eggs were bigger,and fewer of them could be produced by the female--hundreds rather than thousands.█To keep the larger egg intact,one or more membranes were developed,including one that surrounded and protected the egg.█This outer membrane provided a place to safely store calcium ions, which are poisonous.█Accumulating the calcium in a hard shell then made it possible for the egg to be laid on land(it was pre-adapted to be laid there.)14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Alfred Romer's hypothesis was that early amphibians started evolving reptilian skeletal features long before they started laying eggs on land.○Alfred Romer theorized that early reptiles developed protective membranes around the egg in response to the dangers to young amphibians in water and threats to the egg on land.○In Rolf Kohring's view,early reptiles developed protective membranes around the large eggs that were produced in harsh water conditions,making it possible for the egg to be laid on land.○Gary and Mary Packard claimed that reptiles developed the hard-shelled egg in order to reduce the rate at which eggs were destroyed by predatory insects andmicrobes.○Rolf Kohring argued that egg development was poor during the Mississippian epoch due to nutrient-poor waters.○According to Mary Packard and Roger Seymour,reptiles could not successively develop very large eggs because of the elimination of the gelatin coat.Population Revolution in Eighteenth-Century EuropeParagraph1：In late seventeenth-century Europe,what had been evolution in population followed by stabilization changed to population revolution.█Increasing contacts with the Americas brought more sophisticated knowledge of the advantages of new foods,particularly the potato.█Originally a cool-weather mountain crop in the Americas,potatoes did well in the Pyrenees,Alps,and Scottish Highlands.█They also grew well in the long,damp springtime of the northwest European plain.█Whatever hesitancy peasants may have felt about eating potatoes quickly passed when famine threatened;after all,people who in famines desperately consumed grass, weeds,and the bark of trees hardly would have hesitated to eat a potato.By the later eighteenth and the nineteenth century,American foods had become the principal foodstuffs of many rural folk.Various agricultural publicists promoted adoption of these foods,and peasants found that potatoes could allow subsistence on smaller plots of land.Fried potatoes soon began to be sold on the streets of Paris in the1680s the original French ernments,eager to promote population growth as a source of military and economic strength,also backed the potato.1..Paragraph1suggests that the European population before the late seventeenth century had been○growing slowly and then not at all○changing in distribution but not in the overall number of people○decreasing at a small but stable rate○alternating between periods of slow and fast growth2..The word sophisticated in the passage is closest in meaning to○quickly obtained○highly developed○widely distributed○easily understood3..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.○The constant threat of famine caused peasants to become desperate and eat unusual foods like grass,weeds,and the bark of trees.○Because famine forces people to eat foods they normally would not want to eat, peasants were willing to eat potatoes.○Although some people ate foods like potatoes during famine,others preferred to eateasily accessible foods like grass,weeds,and the bark of trees.○Famine had the greatest impact on peasants,whose regular diet of potatoes expanded to include other vegetation.4..According to paragraph1,all of the following contributed to the widespread adoption of the potato in Europe EXCEPT:○Peasants growing potatoes for their own use could support themselves on smaller plots of land.○Potatoes grew well in a variety of locations in Europe.○Potatoes were the preferred food of European military forces.○Agricultural publicists encouraged the public to eat potatoes.Paragraph2：Along with new foods,some landowners began to introduce other innovations.The nutritional base for a population revolution combined regional changes with the use of American foods.Dutch and English farmers drained more swamps and so increased cultivable land.Agricultural reformers further promoted the use of crops such as the turnip that return valuable nitrogen to the soil.Improvements in available tools,such as growing use of the scythe instead of the sickle for harvesting,and better methods of raising livestock also spread.All this took shape from the late seventeenth century onward,building on earlier agricultural changes.At the same time,rates of epidemic disease declined,in part because of more effective government controls over the passage of people and animals along traditional plague routes from the Middle East.It was the change in foods that really counted,however.5..According to paragraph2,regional farmers did all of the following to improve food production in Europe EXCEPT:○They improved the way they raised farm animals.○They used both the sickle and the scythe to harvest crops.○They grew special crops that nourished the soil.○They created more farmland by draining swamps.Paragraph3：These developments provided a framework for an unprecedented surge. In virtually every area of Europe,the population increased by50to100percent in the eighteenth century,with the greatest growth coming after1750.The Hapsburg Empire grew from20million to27million people;Spain rose from5million to10million, and Prussia rose from3million to6million.Growth would continue throughout the nineteenth century.In Europe as a whole,population rose from188million in1800to 401million in1900.This was an upheaval of truly impressive proportions.6..The word surge in the passage is closest in meaning to○event○benefit○sudden increase○important change7..In paragraph3,the author mentions the Hapsburg Empire,Spain,and Prussia inorder to○support the claim that the population explosion covered most of the European continent○give examples of population growth during the nineteenth century○suggest that the population of Prussia grew more slowly than the populations ofother countries○demonstrate that the fastest population growth took place in Spain8..The word proportions in the passage is closest in meaning to○origins○consequences○growth○sizeParagraph4：The population explosion resulted from a break in the traditional,if approximate,balance between births and deaths in European society.In England between1700and1750,approximately32.8people were born annually for every1,000 inhabitants,and31.5people died.Similarly,in Lombardy in the eighteenth century,39 people were born and37people died for every1,000inhabitants.Clearly,a major alteration had to occur in either the birth or the mortality rate before the expansion of population could begin.In fact,both rates changed:families began to have more children, and a lower percentage of the population died each year.Lower infant death rates meant more people living to produce children of their own,though falling adult death rates also increased the number of older Europeans.9..According to paragraph4,the expansion of Europe's population was made possible by○a major improvement in the care of older Europeans○increased variation in the ages at which people gave birth to children○a change in traditional beliefs about family size○increased birth rates accompanied by a decline in mortality10..The word sustain in the passage is closest in meaning to○support○stimulate○explain○uniteParagraph5：While historians continue to debate the precise balance of causes involved in these dramatic changes,basic outlines are clear.Better food and a reduction in the epidemic-disease cycle allowed more children to live to adulthood, which increased the population directly and also provided more parents for the nextgeneration a double impact.Rapidly increasing populations provided a new labor force for manufacturing.In the eighteenth century,this mainly involved hundreds of thousands of people,mostly rural,producing thread,cloth,and other products for market sale.This manufacturing expansion helped sustain the growing population,but it could also encourage a higher birth rate.Some people,able to earn money by their late teens,began to produce children earlier;the rate of illegitimate births went up. Others realized that having an extra child or two might help the family economy by providing additional worker-assistants.While death-rate decline was the most important source of Europe's population explosion,various changes on the birth rate side,though quite short-lived,pushed the population up as well.11..According to paragraph5,what effect did the epidemic-disease cycle have on population during the eighteenth century○Childhood diseases kept population growth rates from rising even higher.○Periodic epidemics caused population growth rates to rise and fall in cycles.○The effect varied by area,with urban populations more affected by disease than rural areas.○Fewer childhood deaths from disease led to an increased number of children in the current and future generations.12..According to paragraph5,how did the manufacturing expansion affect population growth○It caused a small decline,because families working in manufacturing needed fewer children as worker-assistants than did farming families.○It made teenage workers delay childbearing,which caused a decline in population growth.○It caused an increase in population by allowing workers to support a family at an earlier age.○It caused the growth rate to rise in the cities and to decline in rural areas.13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.What were the factors that led to this population revolutionParagraph1：In late seventeenth-century Europe,what had been evolution in population followed by stabilization changed to population revolution.█Increasing contacts with the Americas brought more sophisticated knowledge of the advantages of new foods,particularly the potato.█Originally a cool-weather mountain crop in the Americas,potatoes did well in the Pyrenees,Alps,and Scottish Highlands.█They also grew well in the long,damp springtime of the northwest European plain.█Whatever hesitancy peasants may have felt about eating potatoes quickly passed when famine threatened;after all,people who in famines desperately consumed grass, weeds,and the bark of trees hardly would have hesitated to eat a potato.By the later eighteenth and the nineteenth century,American foods had become the principal foodstuffs of many rural folk.Various agricultural publicists promoted adoption ofthese foods,and peasants found that potatoes could allow subsistence on smaller plots of land.Fried potatoes soon began to be sold on the streets of Paris in the1680s the original French ernments,eager to promote population growth as a source of military and economic strength,also backed the potato.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.14..Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices○Climate conditions in Europe allowed for the introduction of new crops that competed with American foods for popular consumption.○An important cause of population growth was improved nutrition,due in large part to the addition of the potato and other American foods to the standard European diet.○Regional landowners developed improved agricultural techniques,and mortality rates declined as governments gained control over traditional plague routes.○Growth rates varied widely across the continent but were highest in France,Spain, and Britain and lowest in Prussia and the Hapsburg Empire.○Birth rates went up as more people lived long enough to have their own children, had children earlier,and had larger families.○Government policies promoting population growth helped to create a large labor force for the manufacturing industry.Mexican Mural Art(17年4月1日考过)Paragraph1：The first major modern art movement in Latin America was Mexican muralism,which featured large-scale murals painted on the wall surfaces of public buildings.One of the most persistent strands in Latin American art in the last80years has been an engagement with political and social issues,including the struggle for social justice.This in turn has been accompanied by a desire for authentic forms of self-expression and freedom from cultural dependency.Although these preoccupations have taken many different forms,Mexican muralism was the first,and its influence was the most far-reaching.Muralism flourished in Mexico in the years immediately following the Mexican Revolution(1910¨C1920)as a result of a combination of circumstances:a climate of revolutionary optimism and cultural experimentation that challenged traditional Eurocentrism;a small but strong group of relatively mature artists of energy,ideas,and ability;and a visionary minister of education,Jos¨¦Vasconcelos.Vasconcelos believed that Mexico was destined to play a central role on the international stage.He understood that ideas could be more quickly assimilated through images than through any other medium,and he had the courage to allocate the funds,and the walls of public buildings,to the artists to do with as they liked.1..The word persistent in the passage is closest in meaning to○important○fascinating○lasting○powerful2..According to paragraph1,Mexican muralism is concerned with○the attempt to make art a more important subject in the Latin American educational system○the combination of European art traditions with authentic Latin American art forms ○the creation of a just society and an independent form of cultural expression○the use of art to raise funds for the construction of new public buildings3..The author mentions the Mexican Revolution in the passage in order to○explain how the Mexican government used muralism to challenge European political beliefs○emphasize an important reason that Mexican muralism thrived○give an example of one of the most popular subjects of muralism○emphasize the success of Mexican artists who participated in political conflicts4..It can be inferred from paragraph1that the muralists got most of their financial support from○opponents of traditional European art○wealthy art lovers○other muralists from around the world○the Mexican governmentParagraph2：The muralists shared a belief in the power of art to transform society for the better;to challenge social,political,economic,and cultural stereotypes;and to enrich the intellectual life of their country.During the1920s and1930s,they covered miles of wall with paintings representing aspects of Mexico's past and present and the future to which all aspired.Although Mexican muralism is representational and often narrative in form,it should be recognized as a modern movement.It was modernizing in intent,in that it challenged the old order culturally,socially,and politically.By definition,it was a public,accessible form of art not a commodity that could be bought and sold by the wealthy elite.Its purpose was to educate,inform,enlighten, politicize and thus empower the general public,in particular the working classes. 5..According to paragraph2,in what way can Mexican muralism be regarded as a characteristically modern art movement○It was representational and often narrative in form.○It was supported by a small but enlightened artistic elite.○It questioned traditional ideas.○It emphasized the future rather than dwelling on the past.Paragraph3：The muralist movement was not a unified force,however.The painters who were its leaders took different directions and did not always see eye to eye. Diego Rivera(1886¨C1957)sought to promote a pluralistic vision of Mexican society by drawing on the rich heritage of the pre-Columbian past(before Christopher Columbus arrived in the Americas in1492)and contemporary popular culture,and he investigated pre-Columbian styles and techniques in an effort to create an aesthetic language that was new and Mexican.He was deeply influenced by native pictographic traditions of communication in which pictures represent written words and ideas,and he sought to develop a modern equivalent,a visual language that could be read like a book.The art of Jos¨¦Clemente Orozco(1883¨C1949)is less optimistic:he saw both the pre-Columbian past and the revolutionary present in a more negative light,the former as barbarous,the latter often tarnished by corruption and cruelty.He offers no comforting narratives and his expressive,aggressive technique serves as a metaphor of Mexico's harsh,contradictory reality.David Alfaro Siqueiros(1898¨C1976)was the most politically active of the three and was an internationalist both ideologically and artistically.In his art he deliberately avoided traditional materials and methods, preferring to use modern industrial paints and spray guns.His works look forward to a fully socialist future where the workers will have won the right to the benefits of the modern industrial era,and his often fragmented,complex imagery does not patronize or make concessions to his audience.6..The word promote in the passage is closest in meaning to○express○create○emphasize○encourage7..The word contradictory in the passage is closest in meaning to○discouraging○conflicting○unchanging○unusual8..Paragraph3makes all of the following points about artist Diego Rivera EXCEPT:○He used elements of pre-Columbian art to help make a new,modern art.○He tried to develop a visual language that communicated as clearly as native pictographs had.○He used his art to express his ideas of what Mexican society should be like.○He tried but failed to unify the muralist movement.9..According to paragraph3,which of the following was true of Orozco's art○It was concerned with Mexican problems of the past and the present.○It presented the pre-Columbian past favorably.○Its images were intended to be pleasing to viewers.○Its technique was more typical of international artists than Mexican artists.10..According to paragraph3,which of the following is NOT true of David Alfaro Siqueiros○He used modern industrial materials rather than traditional materials in his art.○He designed images that were intentionally meant to please his audience.○He believed in socialism and viewed the future of workers in the modern industrial era favorably.○He took an international approach to both politics and art.Paragraph4：█The Mexican muralist movement is undoubtedly one of the most important manifestations of twentieth-century Mexican culture.█Its impact elsewhere in the region,as well as in the United States and Europe,has been enormous.█The work of Rivera,Orozco,and Siqueiros triggered a homegrown muralist movement in the United States in cities like New York City,Detroit,Los Angeles,and San Francisco.█The influence of the Mexicans on the modern Spanish painter Picasso's first mural and almost his only major explicitly propagandist work of art his famous Guernica of1937is unmistakable even though the artist himself would have denied it. In Latin America,Mexican-influenced muralism has recurred whenever artists have felt the need to make a clear,public statement in a language that has not been borrowed from outside.11..The word manifestations in the passage is closest in meaning to○expressions○modifications○contributions○components12..The author mentions Picasso's mural Guernica in order to○provide an example of one of the biggest European influences on Mexican muralism○indicate that politically motivated murals were as popular in Europe as they were in Mexico○explain why the influence of Mexican muralism was especially strong among Spanish artists○provide evidence that the Mexican muralists had a significant impact on the international art world13..Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.However,its influence was not limited to Mexico itself.Where would the sentence best fit Click on a square to add the sentence to the。

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如果有条件的话，最好做一下模考软件。

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新托福阅读真经4积累背景知识对我们来说相当的重要，因此我们在做新托福阅读的题目的同时，也应该在空余的时候多阅读课外读物，原版杂志。

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托福阅读课讲义（花花整理）阅读课讲义怎样的考试和怎样的我们…….托福考试的本质探求——对”Test of English as a Foreign Language”的再认知托福到底有多难？◆习惯的说法：⾼考－>六级－>考研－>托福－>SA T－>GRE－>GMA T－>LSA T◆⽤合理的⽅式进⾏难度的评价从“OF”到“IN”◆Test OF English：“对”英语的测试●TOEFL (Test Of English as a Foreign Language)●IEL TS (International English Language Testing System)●TOEIC (Test Of English for International Communication)●CET-4 (College English Test-Band 4)●CET-6 (College English Test-Band 6)●PETS (Public English T est System)◆Test IN English：“⽤”英语的测试●GRE (Graduate Record Examination)●GMA T (Graduate Management Admission Test)●SA T (Scholastic Assessment Test)●LSA T (Law School Admission Test)●NCEE (National College Entrance Examination)●NGEE (National Graduate Entrance Examination)托福作为语⾔考试的本质◆测试考⽣对英语的综合应⽤能⼒——包括听、说、读、写的独⽴能⼒和综合能⼒；◆测试考⽣在实际的学习、⽣活过程中的语⾔应⽤能⼒——所有测试内容均与实际结合；◆考⽣的英语⽔平与分数具有直接相关性——零基础测试假设；◆包含且仅包含语⾔使⽤过程中的所有因素——词汇、句⼦、语篇、语境、交流⽅式。

托福阅读练习题汇总下面给大家整理一些托福考试的阅读练习题，盼望大家喜爱。

托福阅读练习题(1)【Introduction】Doctors have long known that vitamin D is essential to good health. Get enough of it and it ensures strong bones and teeth. But a new study this week suggests an even more extraordinary benefit: a lower risk of death.【Section One】ArticleVitamin D Lowers Risk of DeathThe new paper, published in the Sept. 10 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine, is a meta-analysis of 18 previously published studies on the vitamin. None of the original experiments was specifically designed to study how vitamin D affects mortality — the trials involved conditions such as bone fractures, bone mineral density, congestive heart failure and colorectal cancer — but all of them tracked participants‘ death data. Overall, researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% less likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t.The study‘s authors still don‘t know exactly how the vitamin may reduce people‘s death risk, but their findings are in line with a spate ofrecent research linking the vitamin to a wide range of health benefits. Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bone maintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation — in turn, those processes could reduce the aggressiveness of cancer tumors or keep artery-clogging plaques from growing. Indeed, studies have suggested that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with a higher risk of death from certain cancers, heart disease and diabetes.The current analysis looked at data on 57,311 participants, most of whom were middle-aged or elderly and in generally good health. Those in intervention groups took daily doses of vitamin D — ranging mostly from 400 IU to 833 IU per day, with a study size–adjusted mean intake of 528 IU a day. Compared with people who weren‘t given supplements, the test groups had up to a five times greater blood level of vitamin D and a significantly reduced risk of death. Though there‘s no medically recommended optimum level of the vitamin, throughout human evolution when the vitamin D system was developing, the ‘natural‘ level... was probably around 50 ng/mL or higher, writes Dr. Edward Giovannucci, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at the Harvard School of Public Health, in an accompanying editorial. In modern societies, few people attain such high levels, and levels below 10 ng/mL or 15 ng/mL are not uncommon.If people can‘t get enough natural vitamin D from food or sun exposure, which synthesizes it in the skin, then daily supplements may be a good alternative — and the current study shows that an intake of up to 800 IU a day is safe. In the 18 studies that researchers analyzed for the current report, none of the participants taking supplements — even at a 2,000 IU daily dose — surpassed the 50 ng/mL mark. According to Giovannucci, people should reasonably shoot for levels of 30 ng/mL to 40 ng/mL, and doctors should consider testing patients who are at risk for deficiencies in vitamin D.【Section Two】Vocabulary1. mortalityn. 死亡率2. fracturen. 裂开, 骨折;v. (使)破裂, (使)裂开3. congestiveadj. 充血的4. diabetesn. [医] 糖尿病, 多尿症5. evolutionn. 进展, 开展, 演化, 进化6. bone fractures 骨折7. bone mineral density 骨密度8. immune system 免疫系统9. cell differentiation 细胞分化【Section Three】Homework1. Please translate the blue sentence into Chinese.Not only does it promote calcium absorption and bonemaintenance, but vitamin D also appears to stimulate the immune system, inhibit cellular proliferation and spur cell differentiation.2. What is the main idear of this Article?3. A intake of how many vitamin D a day is safe from the current study?4. The article mentioned Researchers found, people who took daily vitamin D supplements were 7% more likely to die during the study — from any cause — than people who didn‘t. Right?参考答案:1. 维生素D不仅能促进钙的汲取、骨骼的保养，还能激活免疫系统、抑制细胞扩散、刺激细胞分化。

新托福TPO4阅读原文(一):Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTPO-4-1：Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, humanpressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.译文：TPO-4-1 普吉特海湾的鹿群在太平洋西北区的美国华盛顿州，有两种鹿在普吉特海湾非常普遍。

TPO-4Deer Populations of the Puget SoundTwo species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land,logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.Paragraph 1: Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?○It is native to lowlands and marshes.○It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.○It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.○It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.Paragraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.2. It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions○ cause some deer to hibernate○ make food unavailable in the highlands for deer○ make it easier for deer to locate understory plants○ prevent deer from migrating during the winter3. The word "inhibits" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ consists of○ combines○ restricts○ establishesParagraph 3: The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."4. The phrase "in the same breath" in the passage is closest in meaning to○ impatiently○ humorously○ continuously○ immediately5. The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?○The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.○Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.○There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.○Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.6. According to paragraph 3, how had Fort Vancouver changed by the time David Douglas returned in 1832?○The fort had become the headquarters for the Hudson's Bay Company.○Deer had begun populating the meadows around the fort.○Deer populations near the fort had been destroyed.○Crop yields in the area around the fort had decreased.Paragraph 4: Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period."7. Why does the author ask readers to recall “the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer” in the discussion of changes in the wilderness landscape?○To provide support for the idea that habitat destruction would lead to population decline○To compare how two species of deer caused biotic changes in the wilderness environment○To provide an example of a species of deer that has successfully adapted to human settlement○To argue that some deer species must be given a protected status8. The phrase “indefinite period” in the passage is closest in meaning to period○ whose end has not been determined○ that does not begin when expected○ that lasts only briefly○ whose importance remains unknown9. Which of the following statements about deer populations is supported by the information in paragraph 4?○Deer populations reached their highest point during the 1940s and then began to decline.○The activities of settlers contributed in unexpected ways to the growth of some deer populations in later times.○The cleaning of wilderness land for construction caused biotic changes from which the black-tailed deer population has never recovered.○Since the 1940s the winter populations of deer have fluctuated more than the summer populations have.Paragraph 5: The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profound reason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings.10．The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to○ decline○ recovery○ exchange○ movement11．Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in importantways or leave out essential information.○Arthur Einarsen’s longtime family with the Pacific Northwest helped him discover areas where deer had an increase in suitable browse.○Arthur Einarsen found that deforested feeding grounds provided deer with more and better food.○Biologist like Einarsen believe it is important to find additional open areas with suitable browse for deer to inhabit.○According to Einarsen, huckleberry and vine maple are examples of vegetation that may someday improve the nutrition of deer in the open areas of the Pacific Northwest.12．Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 5 as a factor that has increased deer populations?○A reduction in the number of predators○Restrictions on hunting○The effects of logging and fire○Laws that protected feeding grounds of deerParagraph 2: Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. █Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. █Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.Paragraph 3: █The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. █The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued tofluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."13．Look at the four squares [█] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.There food is available and accessible throughout the winter.Where would the sentence best fit?14．Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Deer in the Puget Sound area eat a wide variety of foods and migrate seasonally to find food.●●●Answer Choices○ The balance of deer species in the Puget Sound region has changed over time, with the Columbian white-tailed deer now outnumbering other types of deer.○Deer populations naturally fluctuate, but early settlers in the Puget Sound environment caused an overall decline in the deer populations of the areas at that time.○In the long term, black-tailed deer in the Puget Sound area have benefitted from human activities through the elimination of their natural predators, and more and better food in deforested areas.○Because Puget Sound deer migrate, it was and still remains difficult to determine accurately how many deer are living at any one time in the western United States.○ Although it was believed that human settlement of the American West would cause the total number of deer to decrease permanently, the opposite has occurred for certain types of deer.○Wildlife biologists have long been concerned that the loss of forests may create nutritional deficiencies for deer.参考答案：1. ○42. ○ 23. ○ 34. ○45. ○16. ○37. ○18. ○ 19. ○210. ○ 211. ○212. ○413. ○214. Deer populations naturally…In the long term…Although it was believed…。

托福阅读基础班讲义Version20100625Table of ContentsⅠ.Basic Reading Requirements (2)1.1. Material Reference (2)1.2. V ocabulary (2)1.3 Sentence (7)1.3.1 Parallel Constructions (12)1.3.2Parenthetical sentence (13)1.3.3Phrases (13)1.3.4Appositons (16)1.3.5Attributive clauses (16)1.3.6Complex sentences (17)Ⅱ.Effective Reading Practice (20)2.1 Coherence (20)2.2. Structure (23)Ⅲ.Critical Reading Practice (24)3.1Distinguish fact from opinion (24)3.2Topic (generalization) and main idea (25)3.3. Purpose and inference (26)Table of words with various meanings: (28)Table of Correlative words (29)Complex sentences for practice (30)V ocabulary with Contexts (34)Ⅰ.Basic Reading Requirements1.1. Material Reference•§Building Skills for the TOEFL iBT (North Star)•§Old TOEFL Reading Passages•§Old TOEFL Vocabulary•§Effective Reading in a Changing World1.2. Vocabulary•§How many words?•§How to promote efficiency?•§What kinds of words?•√multivocal words•√abstract words•√academic words•√correlative words√multivocal words•Little test:1.The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds, grasses, bards, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes -not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.rge domestic animals became the societies’main source of animal protein, replacing wild game, and they also furnished wool, leather, and land transport.3.The advantage of nesting on cliffs is the immunity it gives from foxes, which cannot scale the sheer rocks, and from ravens and other species of gulls, which have difficulty in landing on narrow ledges to steal eggs.4.Most machines, no matter how complex they may be, are combinations of the lever and the inclined plane.5.In the foreground rose the Gongtang Pagoda with its dazzling gilded stupa rising above a rectangular series of green tiled sloping roofs. Beyond, leading up to the mountains lay the fabled Labrang Monastery. Surrounding the entire complex stretched a reddish-brown wall, severalkilometers long, lined with hundreds of prayer wheels.•More about multivocal words:1.One result of rent control is a decrease in the construction of new rental units. Rent controls have artificially depressed the most important long-term determinant of profitability-----rents.2. The first wells were drilled into the Ogallala during the drought years of the early 1930’s. The ensuing rapid expansion of irrigation agriculture, especially from the 1950’s onward, transformed the economy of the region.3. The author mentions the Ice Age rope found in the French cave of Lascaux as an example of an item on which the marks of wear imply that it was used by a right-handed person4. When an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable set of expectations, it is called a relationship.5. Black was considered inappropriate because of its association with death.6. There is little doubt, however, that desertification in most areas results primarily from human activities rather than natural processes. The semiarid lands bordering the deserts exist in a delicate ecological balance and are limited in their potential to adjust to increased environmental pressures.7. As a famous woman, Fengjie’s disposition has been marked as extreme self-confidence. The disposition of Furong’s “S”posture cannot match up with Fengjie’s sudden turn of her face with a charming smile. The disposition of all these national treasures overseas has ignited the admiration of foreign news agency, such as the report of Brother sharp.8. Passed from generation to generation by word of mouth, every society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the full moon. In Asia and Europe, it is commonly a hare, while North Americans see the "man in the moon" or the "lady in the moon."9. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them –even while building materials have changed dramatically.10. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy." The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving on to reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent manner.the reflection in a mirrordo sth. without sufficient reflectionreflections on the current situationHe is simply a reflection of his father.Recommended Solution•Table of Mutivocal words•Requirements:•Look all these words up•Write down all the meanings√abstract words•Little test:1. Most psychologists, perplexed by the feelings they acknowledge are aroused by aesthetic experience, have claimed that these emotions are genuine, but different in kind from nonaesthetic emotions. This, however, is a descriptive distinction rather than an empirical observation and consequently lacks explanatory value.2. This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.•Desire; demand; need•Special; specific•establish; set up3.NS advance, page 10:•Reasonable; reasoning•Prioritize; priority4. When experimentally deprived baby robins are placed in a nest with normally fed siblings, the hungry nestlings beg more loudly than usual but so do their better-fed siblings, though not as loudly as the hungrier birds.The researchers found that the temporal lobe of the brain, the region involved in language processing, was activated during verbal tasks in rested subjects but not in deprived subjects.•Definition: 抽象•Range: verbs and adjectivesRecommended Solution•List of Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary•Reading passages of NS, high intermediate and advanced•Requirements:• 1.Mark all the abstract words• 2.Make differences between synonymy• 3.Make sentence with each abstract words√academic words•Elaboration of academic background• 1.Natural and Physical Sciences• 2.Biological Sciences• 3.Arts and American History• 4.Social Sciences• 5.Humanities• 6.Biography and others1.Natural and Physical SciencesThe nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun, to be re-emitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn, is absorbed and re-emitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the x-ray part of the spectrum, eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space, without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that, after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth.2.Biological SciencesMolt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species, for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both sides. Most ducks shed their wing feathers at once, and remain flightless for two or three weeks while the replacement feathers grow.3.Arts and American HistoryThe American Revolution was not a revolution in the sense of a radical or total change. It was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated communities scarcely knew that a war was on.4.Social SciencesThe term “satellite city”is used to describe the relationship between a large city and neighboring smaller cities and towns that are economically dependent upon it. Satellite cities may be collection and distribution points in the commercial linkages of a trading metropolis, or they may be manufacturing or mining centers existing with one industry economics as the creatures of some nearby center. This latter form is what is generally meant when one uses the term "satellite city." Taken in this sense, nineteenth - century Chicopee and Lowell, Massachusetts, were satellites of Boston. Both were mill towns created by Boston investors to serve the economy of that New England metropolis.5.HumanitiesThe most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for refurbishing older buildings. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the wholesale interest in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation. A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardell Square in San Francisco, proved their financial viability in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970’s. with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation, as well as growing interest in ecology issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene.6.Biography and othersThough Faulkner was praised by some critics and reviewers during the first part of his career, his novels did not sell well and he was considered a fairly marginal author. For the first few decades of his career, he made his living writing magazine articles and working as a screenwriter rather than as a novelist. Throughout this period, he continued to write, though his novels, sometimes noted for the stirring portrait that they presented of life in the post-Civil War South, were generally relegated to the category of strictly regional writing and were not widely appreciated.Recommended Solution•Old TOEFL Actual V ocabulary (1st time)•Old TOEFL Reading Passage (2nd time)•Requirement:• 1.Mark the frequent academic words• 2.Write down all these words in specific category and proper notebook√correlative words•The importance of CW•Table of CW1.3 Sentence• 1.3.1 Parallel Constructions• 1.3.2Parenthetical sentence• 1.3.3Phrases• 1.3.4Appositons• 1.3.5Attributive clauses• 1.3.6Complex sentences分句：包含一个主语和一个谓语。

阅读原文：Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.石油是由原油和天然气组成，似乎都源自于海洋的有机物沉淀。

微小的有机物沉积到海底并堆聚在海泥里，有机物会局部分解，消耗沉淀里的溶解氧，当氧气消耗殆尽分解便停止，留下剩余的有机物。

Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom —buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。