2021刘晓燕考研英语语法长难句笔记(名词)

一、成分二、什么是名词性从句三、名词性从句的引导词四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句2.同位语从句（二）长难句分析1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语2. 定语的成分3. 定语的位置4. 定语从句一、成分主语、宾语、表语、同位语主语：The movie proves brilliant.宾语：I appreciate the actress.表语：She keeps a ghost.同位语：I enjoy the part,the end.（同位语只能跟在名词后，the part=the end；作文中任何名词的后面都可以再加一个名词作为同位语出现）例句：Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the word, has become increasingly grave under modern conditions.过度捕捞，一个全球普遍现象，已经变得越来越严重了。

二、什么是名词性从句主语从句：The movie proves brilliant.What I saw proves brilliant.宾语从句：I appreciate the actress.I appreciate what she did.表语从句：She keeps a ghost.She keeps who I admire.同位语从句：I enjoy the part, the end.I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当这就是名词性从句，名词性从句一共包括四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句三、名词性从句的引导词例句她已经离婚了是显而易见的She has got divorced is conspicuous.（句子不能做主语）That she has got divorced is conspicuous.她离婚了吗是个秘密Has she got divorced keeps a secret.→whether she has got divorced keeps a secret.她什么时候离婚是个谜When did she get divorced remains a mystery. →When she got divorced remains a mystery.引导词名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类：that（当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思）whether（当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分，意思翻译成是否）所有特殊疑问词（当从句是特殊疑问句时）并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式练习：练习一：我正在思考外星人存在吗I am wondering whether the allien exists.（宾语从句）（可数名词不能单独使用，a/复数/the；不确定是否可数用the）练习二：他们为什么去西藏离开家乡是一个谜Why they left hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（可数名词不能单独使用）Why they left their hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（主语从句）（主系表）练习三：关键是你什么时候有钱呀关键（主语）是（谓语）你什么时候有钱呀（表语）The point seem when wealth will be available for you.（表语从句）available可得到的练习四：有一天你会发现事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要你（主语）发现（谓语）事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要（宾语）Someday, you will find that career, kinship and friendship are all more indispensable than romance.（宾语从句）四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句主语从句的满分表达就是把主句从句放到句末去，加it做形式主语，主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子显而易见，众所周知：It keeps common knowledge thatIt looks beyond dispute that（超越争论）It is universally acknowledged thatIt has been widely accepted that我认为：It keeps my perspective that例句：女人总是对的是一个常识That ladies tend to be right keeps common knowledge.→It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.例句：关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛关注了It has been widely accepted that the subject about raising pets has been brought into the limelight.2.同位语从句同位语从句的位置：名词后；句末她的丈夫去世了这个消息传遍了整个村庄The news that her husband passed away has been spread the whole village.→(The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.同位语从句可以放在句末，但作文中不要放在句末)河南人都是骗子这个想法是不正确的The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（outlook/perspective/idea观点，看法）温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to endure storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled.穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保了一点不用去管别人的感受Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.（二）长难句分析能够快速的识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来1.主语从句只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号逗号隔开就绝对是主语从句，主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词）除此以外，只要见到it...that通常也是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（同位语从句）When I saw you, I loved you.（状语从句）引导词在句首，不是主语从句就是状语从句例句：That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.That the plates are moving主语 is谓语 beyond dispute表语例句：Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expend of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Whether...versa主语（由whether...or...并列的两个从句共同充当主语） depends on谓语 the issue宾语 of which is seen as the driving force定语政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入通常取决于哪一个被视为驱动力的问题例句：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.depends upon谓语；the amount, reliability,and appropriateness宾语；with which it is interpreted定语（定前面所有名词）and+介词+定语upon→on；the skill and wisdom→the amount, reliability,and appropriateness；of the information used→ with which it is interpreted省略了depends以后的行为将会多么准确的证明这些预言取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性并且还取决于解释信息的技巧和智慧例句：It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.that ...problems主句；谓语is agreed；主语从句中：谓语is，主语a person，定语of high intelligence，表语one，修饰one的定语成分who... problems为四个并列的定语从句→who can grasp ideas readily, who can make distinctions, who can reason logically, and who can make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.众所周知一个高智商的人是一个能够轻易理解思想的人，是一个能够做出辨别的人，是一个能够进行逻辑推理的人，并且还能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人例句：For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100％ fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.主语that ...normal，谓语has been known（has帮助known构成现在完成时，been帮助known完成被动）主语从句之所以这么长是因为由yet并列的两个句子共同充当主语，两个句子均为主系表结构比如说，长期以来众所周知完全的睡眠的剥夺对老鼠来说是百分之一百致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来完全正常2.宾语从句只要实义动词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（还可能是状语从句He died when he saw me）She said that she would marry an old rich man.that 可省略，在名词性从句中，只有宾语从句可以省略，作文中不省略，作文为正式文体You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these , by some special skills of their own,they build up their theories.主谓宾宾补You主语，have heard谓语，it宾语，repeated宾补it形式宾语，指代that...你们听说以下的事情被重复吧：科学家们通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，通过这些操作的帮助，他们成功地抽出从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己的一些特殊的技能，他们建立起了自己的理论（out of 在...之中，在...之外）This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in.A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eight European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.（在...之中）3.表语从句只要系动词的后面有个引导词，就一定是表语从句Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.Galileo's greatest glory主语，was谓语，that ...Earth表语从句从句中：he主语，was谓语，the first person表语，to ...planets定语伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空证明了行星是绕着太阳转的而不是绕着地球转的第一人4. 同位语从句只要名词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（可能性很小）A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.Freud主语，formulated谓语，his revolutionary theory宾语，that ...fears同位语从句从句：dreams主语，were谓语，the disguised shadows表语，of our unconscious desires and fears定语（shadows的定语）一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德解释了他的革命性的理论梦是我们无意识地欲望和恐惧的映射But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.the idea主语，rests on谓语，that ...citizen同位语从句，an understanding+special responsibilities宾语，of the established+of the news media分别为两个名词的定语记者必须要比普通人更深刻的理解法律这种想法取决于对既定风俗的理解和新闻媒体的特殊责任Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.Evidence主语，came up谓语，同位语从句后置 that ...old六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的说话的声音这种证据已经出现了五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语只要听到...的+名词，...的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分2. 定语的成分1. 形容词修饰名词那个善良的夜莺失去了他的意志The naive nightingale lost his life.2. 名词修饰名词夜莺的歌声能够使那朵花开放The singing of the nighting enables the rose to bloom.3. 介词短语做定语窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹The nighting out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.4. 非谓语动词修饰名词那只唱歌的夜莺死的很悲惨The singing nighting died pitifully.=The nighing to sing died pitifully.5. 从句修饰名词我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝3. 定语的位置前小后大特殊：1. 形容词修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后something special2. 当过去分词修饰名词的时候即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后被抛弃的那个男人看起来很可怜The boy discarded looks pitiful这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事This is a fiction about a nighting and a rose.那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince. 4. 定语从句（1）构成n（先行词）+引导词+句子定语从句修饰名词，名词性从句代替名词（2）引导词定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共把引导词分成5类①当先行词是人的时候引导词有：who whom whose②当先行词是物的时候引导词有：that which whose③当先行词是时间的时候引导词有：that which when④当先行词是地点的时候引导词有：that which where⑤当先行词是原因的时候引导词有：that which why名词后面不是定语从句就是同位语从句到底是谁决定了定语从句的引导词I will never forget the day when I met you.（从句不缺主谓宾）that在定语从句中充当关系代词，代替先行词引导定语从句（定从中that与which等同）。

例1（2009年英译汉）Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world’s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.【成分】Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness状语and thrift,状语theintellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association主语under which the world’s work is carried on定语从句receives谓语little attention宾语as compared with physical output.分词作状语【析句】这句话开头是两个介词短语做状语，第一个介词短语是in our industrial life, 第二个介词短语是apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, 句子的主干的主语是the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association，后面是个定语从句under which the world’s work is carried on修饰前面的主语，动词是receives，宾语是little attention，后面是分词状语as compared with physical output，修饰整个句子。

英语语法和长难句--刘晓燕第⼀课 --简单句⼀、什么是英语的句⼦必须具备主谓结构。

并且主语⼀定是谓语动作的发出者，如果有宾语的话，宾语⼀定是谓语动作的对象或承受者。

eg:The air plane is arriving at the Beijing Captial air port.eg:A babar will cut my hair I will ask a babar to cut my hair. Have you fed the pig?⼆、英语句⼦的基本结构1、主谓 eg：He died. We laughed.2、主谓宾 谓语：实义动词3、主谓表 谓语：系动词 ·be ·感官动词（look(在写作时相当于seem，appear),smell(n.⽓味),taste（n.喜爱；eg：have taste for sth 喜爱..东西）,sound（n.声⾳，adj.甜美的eg：your sound sounds sound）,feel） ·变化：bacome,get,trun,grow,fall; ·保持：keep，stay,remain,stand4、主谓双宾5、主谓宾宾补 ·I brought him a dog.(双宾) ·You should keep the room clean and tidy.（宾补）主谓双宾和主谓宾宾补之间的区别在于，只需要在最后两个宾语之间加谓语动词be，如果读起来意思对那么是主谓宾宾补，如果不对则为主谓宾宾。

三、句⼦的成分（词性的问题）！！1、谓语（1）谓语的成分eg:Your mother must (be)very beautiful.//情态动词不能做谓语有时态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语；（2）⼀句话当中动词能不能多？绝对不能！⼀句话当中只能有⼀个动词的存在，并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部都要变成，⾮，谓语动词。

准备考试的4个阶段1.基础阶段2.真题阶段3.模拟阶段4.冲刺阶段最后15天，复习不要开拓新内容单词：背句子，背文章。

只记真题单词不做题，只学单词做题是不能提高实力的，只能检测能力1.简单句有5种主谓：he died（谓语要有时态）They laughed主谓宾：中的谓，是实意动词，如jump，bit主谓表：中的谓，系动词（1）be动词，感官动词（look，smile，taste，sounds，feel）（2）变化的单词（get，become，go，fall）（3）保持的单词（keep，stay，continue，remain）主谓双宾：I bought her be a dog主谓宾+宾补：I make her be happy在宾语后加个be，如果意思是对的就是宾+宾补，不对就是双宾。

谓语：动词（实意v，系v），其他动词不能做谓语，而且一定要有时态。

谓语只能是动词，动词只能做谓语，不做谓语的动词变成不是动词。

（1）to do 目的的动词，还未发生（2）ving 主动或者进行（3）过去分词，被动或完成He smiling saidHe comes to see me一句话只能一个动词做谓语，把不是谓语的动词变成不是动词先想主动还是被动，再想完成还是未完成一句话不能没有谓语She must be very beauty需要动词，而又没有动词，就加be动词主语：分词或动词不定式，带刺，名词Meaningfulness is living wellto be meaningful is living wellbeings meaningful is living well一句话不能没主语，没有主语就（1）加we，you，one，I（2）Be+ved （不及物没有被动，have当有的时候没被动，系动词没有被动）（3）和天气有关的it（4）当一句话没有主语，并且谓语动词没有，就用there beEnglish must be pointed out important三宾语ving ，to do，代词，名词四表语：ving，to do，代词，名词，adj，介词短语Beauty is in the eye of the beholder 情人眼里出西施能做宾语的都能做表语，adj，介词短语只能做表语I stand on the plat三，时态一）一般：（1）现在：表示一个动作经常发生，或者说明一个客观真理（2）过去：在过去的某个时间，发生了某个动作（3）将来：表现一个动作尚未发生will+v一般过去时和一个确定时间连用，现在完成时也表明一个动作发生过了，但是没有确定的过去时间。

刘晓艳长难句语法之定语和定语从句●一、什么是定语？只要听到“…的”+名词，“”…的”就是修饰这个名词（短语）的定语成分。

●二、定语的成分● 1.形容词作定语●The nightingale innocent and brave died .那个善良勇敢的夜莺死了。

（定语比较长放在后面更好看）●2.名词（短语）作定语●The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom .夜莺的歌声能让玫瑰花开放。

●3.介词短语作定语●The nightingale out of the window heared the sighs of the youngster.窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹。

●4.非谓语动词作定语●That singing nightingale lost his life .那只唱歌的夜莺失去了他的生命。

●5.从句作定语●The rose that/which the nightingale exchanged with his life was discarded.夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被扔掉了。

●6.形容词性物主代词作定语（my your his…）●三、定语的位置●一般是短前长后：当定语是一个单词时通常放在名词前，当定语是多个单词时通常放在名词后●例：This is a fiction about a nightingale and a rose .这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事。

（介词短语作定语）●例：The youngster grasping romance（非谓语动词做作定语） left the party of theprince .（名词作定语）那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会。

●△当过去分词修饰名词时，即使只有一个单词，也通常放在名词后。

●例：The boy rejected looks pitiful .被拒绝的那个男生看起来很可怜。

考研英语｜刘晓艳语法和长难句｜第四章定语和定语从句●一、什么是定语● 定语就是修饰名词（短语）的成分。

●二、定语的成分●1.形容词（短语）作定语●This extraordinary rose turns dark red.●2.名词（短语）作定语【这时的名词（短语）已经形容词化了】●The nightingale’s singing can make the rose bloom.●或The singing of the nightingale can make the rose bloom.●⚠️注：英语更倾向于写成of 结构。

●3.介词短语作定语●The nightingale out of the window heard the sighs of the young man.●4.分词、不定式（非谓语）作定语●In the end，the singing nightingale died because of love.●The innocent nightingale must have loved the student deceived by the girl.●5.从句作定语●The rose which the nightingale exchanged with his life failed to help the student.●三、定语的位置●“前小后大”● 定语的位置取决于它的长短，当一个单词修饰名词（短语）时通常放在名词（短语）前面，当两个以上的单词修饰名词（短语）时通常放在名词（短语）后面。

但是，注意过去分词作定语，即使是一个单词也通常放在名词（短语）后。

●eg. This is a fiction about a rose and a nightingale.（介词短语作定语，比较长，放在所修饰的名词后）●At the party of the prince，the youngster understanding romance was rejected.（现在分词短语作定语，比较长，放在所修饰的名词之后）●The boy rejected looks pitiful.（过去分词作定语，即使是一个单词也通常放在所修饰的名词之后）●I have something important to tell you.（当形容词修饰不定代词时，即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后）●四、定语从句●1.构成● 先行词【名词（短语）】+引导词+分句。

考研英语｜刘晓艳英语语法和长难句｜第五章（一）状语和状语从句●一、形容词（短语）和副词（短语）●1.形容词（短语）●1⃣️ 放在系动词后面作表语●He becomes tough these days.●2⃣️ 放在名词（短语）前作定语●He has become a tough man these days.●3⃣️ 放在宾语后面作补语（不太常见）●The reality makes him tough these days.●形容词（短语）无论作什么成分都是修饰名词（短语）/代词的。

●2.副词（短语）●He smiles sweetly.（副词sweetly修饰实义动词smiles）●He looks pretty sweet.（副词pretty修饰形容词sweet）●He smiles especially sweetly.（副词especially修饰副词sweetly）●Luckily，he passed the examination.（副词luckily修饰整个句子）● 副词（短语可以修饰实义动词（词组）、形容词（短语）和整个句子，副词甚至可以修饰副词。

副词（短语）在句中作状语，并且只能作状语。

●二、什么是状语●1.含义● 状语就是在一个句子中，用来修饰实义动词（词组）、形容词（短语）、副词或整个句子的成分。

其实英语中的修饰成分一般就是定语和状语。

定语修饰名词（短语），状语则修饰名词（短语）以外的所有成分。

●2.成分●1⃣️ 副词：She smiles sweetly.●2⃣️ 副词短语：I tried again and again.●3⃣️ 介词短语：He runs fast like a crazy dog.●4⃣️ 分词、不定式：He leaves，crying.●5⃣️ 从句：I will return the book as soon as I have read it.●3.位置● 状语的位置极其灵活，可以随意放置在句中，但是放在句首或句末的情况居多。

考研英语长难句刘晓燕基础班笔记-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1第一节、句子的成分（词性）1谓语1)谓语的成分 Your mother must （be）very beautiful情态动词不能做谓语一定要具备时态有时态的实意动词（主谓宾结构）或系动词（主系表结构）充当谓语。

2)一句话当中能不能多？绝对不能，一句话当中只能有一个动词的存在，并且充当谓语，多余的动词全部都要变成非谓语动词。

独立主格（主语不一致）-分词作状语（）谓语只能是动词；动词只能做谓语，所以，我们需要把一句话当中所有不做谓语的动词全部变成不是动词，把动词变成不是动词，在动词后加v-ing主动，v-ed被动，to do目的，这三个有一个共同的名字叫非谓语动词，非谓语动词可以在句子中充当所有成分，除了谓语一句话当中有多个动词，选意思最重要的那个动词充当句子的谓语一句话当中只能有一个动词充当谓语，其他动词要变成非谓语动词3)一句话当中动词能不能少（句子必须具备主谓）绝对不能，当一句话当中需要动词而又没有动词的时候，永远都加be动词，并且be动词没有意思。

非谓语动词充当主语时谓语动词用单数谓语的总结：一句话当中有且只能有一个有时太的实意动词或系动词的存在，并且充当谓语。

2主语1）主语的成分名词、代词（只替代名词的出现）、非谓语动词、从句（引导词加句子）2）主语能不能少3）绝对不能，那一句话没有主语时应该怎么办呢？A.加it作为主语：必须和天气温度时间有关系哦B.There be“有”be=exist，remain，seem-有C.被动作文中所有用人称代词打头的句子，都可以考虑写成被动。

以下三种情况没有被动：a)当动词的后面有介词的时候，这个动词没有被动b)所有的系动词都没有被动c)当have翻译成有的时候，have没有被动D.人称代词不到万不得已千万不要用人称代词I、You、We如果有梦想，就应该会成功If there seems a dream,glories are supposed to be attained3宾语1)宾语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句4表语1）表语的成分名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句、形容词、介词短语四、简单句在写作中的使用1.所有写不来的单词都可以写成自己会的词汇，反正老师也不知道我想表达的意思2.所有不来的长难句暂时先写成简单句，一定要保证语法正确越来越多的大学生自杀，这个事实表明我们应该关注这个话题了An increasing amount of university students killed themselves ，so weshould care about the problem作业：第一章全部看一遍，15个练习题做完第一章练习题的后面第二节并列句一、什么是并列句二、并列句：就是在两个句子中间加个连词三、常见的连词1.平行关系：and、not only…but alsoSimilarly、equally、likewise、 at the same time2.转折关系：but、yet、while、whereasHowever、nevertheless、conversely、unfortunately、by contrast、on the contrary3.递进（顺承）关系：thenBesides、furthermore、moreover、additionally、subsequently4.因果关系：for；soThus、therefore、as a result、consequently5.选择关系：orAlternatively四、并列句在写作中的使用：写作中只要上下句之间有逻辑关系就一定要用逻辑关系词逻辑关系词：连词、副词、介词短语“，”不能连接两个句子，当使用副词，介词短语不能连接两个句子连词和其他的逻辑关系词的区别在于：连词的前面有没有“。

语法及长难句（刘晓艳+田静）●目录●（一）简单句●【考场攻略】●简化句子●如果一个句子里有不及物动词，就说明跟后面的没关系，后面非核心扩展部分●找到分裂结构●看到及物动词可以帮助看懂长难句中的分裂结构●判断从句●及物动词后——宾语从句●系动词后——表语从句●一、什么是简单句？●描述一件事（物质+运动——>N+V——>主语+谓语，一一搭配）的句子，句子必须具备主谓●汉语 VS 英语●1）汉语的主谓宾可有可无（EG:滚出去、我很美、他死了）汉语主要是把几个毫无关系的汉语放在一起表达一种意思就OK了（心花怒放——>开心）●2）英语必有主谓，而且主谓关系一开始就是确定好的，主语一定是谓语动词的发出者，如果有宾语，那么宾语一定是谓语动词的承受者●3）英语很有逻辑，先找谓语，英语和汉语并不是字字对应的Eg：我（主语）的英语（宾语）说（谓语）的很好I speak English very well Eg：我（主语）要去剪（谓语）头（宾语） I will cut my hair（❌）——> 一个理发师给我剪头A barbour will cut my hair●二、简单句的分类●1）主谓●2）主谓宾：谓语是实义动词（有实际意义的动词）●3）主谓表：谓语是系动词●①be动词：am / is / are （一定要是单独出现的，如果有其他的动词，be动词是助动词）●②感官动词：look / smell / taste / sound / feel●③变化：get / become （turn / go / grow 表示"变得"的意思时）●④保持：keep / remain / stay / seem / appear / prove●4）主谓双宾●①主+谓+人+物●②主+谓+物+介词+人●中间的介词通常为to或者for，to强调动作的方向，for强调动作的目的●无论哪个在前面，物永远都是直接宾语，人永远都是间接宾语。

一、What is 并列句二、连词（一）平行（二）转折（三）选择（四）递进（五）因果三、逻辑关系词（一）平行（二）转折（三）选择（四）递进（五）因果四、分析（一）长难句分析：（二）分析长难句步骤一、What is 并列句用连词连接两个句子I love you, you love that dog.→I love you. you love that dog.→I loving you, you love that dog.→I love you, but you love that dog.→Although I love you, you love that dog.二、连词（一）平行and, not only...but also（二）转折but, yet, while, whereas（三）选择or（四）递进then（五）因果for, so三、逻辑关系词逻辑关系词：连词、副词、介词、介词短语试译：有朋自远方来不亦乐乎There exist a train of companies coming from the distance so I become more than delighted.→There exist a train of companies comin g from the distance. as a consequence, I become more than delighted.→There exist a train of companies coming from the distance, and as a consequence, I become more than delighted.连词和其它逻辑关系词的区别在于，连词的前面要么用逗号要么没有标点符号；而其他的逻辑关系词前面要么用句号要么加连词and（一）平行equally, likewise, similarly, at the same time, in the meanwhile（二）转折however, nevertheless, conversely, unexpectedly, on the contrary, by contrast （三）选择alternatively（四）递进besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, subsequently（五）因果thus, therefore, as a consequence/result, consequently你还记得那天吗，我没有通过四级考试，一个人在雨中哭泣，你走过来拍拍我的肩膀告诉我人生没有终点Do you still keep the day in mind? I failed to pass CET4, and consequently, I shed tears alone in the rain. At the same time, you came up to me then beat my shoulder, telling me "there exists no destination in life".四、分析（一）长难句分析：●I was beaten and he只要见到有并列连词的出现通常都会有省略，翻译的时候先把省略的部分补充上后再做翻译●那如何查找省略的内容呢？一句话只要有省略，就一定会省略在连词后而不是连词前。

一、形容词和副词能够充当的成分1. 形容词充当的成分2. 副词充当的成分二、什么是状语三、可以作状语的成分四、状语的位置五、状语从句1. 原因状语从句2. 让步状语从句3. 比较状语从句4. 方式状语从句5. 目的状语从句六、状语和状语从句的考点分析1. 写作2. 长难句分析一、形容词和副词能够充当的成分1. 形容词充当的成分表语、定语——修饰名词2. 副词充当的成分状语She runs away rapidly.——状语（修饰动词）She looks distinctly rapid.——状语（修饰形容词）She runs away extremly rapidly.——状语（修饰副词）Actually, she runs away.——状语（修饰句子）二、什么是状语状语就是在一句话中修饰实义动词、修饰形容词、修饰副词以及整个句子的就是状语状语除了名词不能修饰，什么都能修饰三、可以作状语的成分1. 副词作状语2. 介词短语作状语She runs away as rapidly as a crazy dog.3. 非谓语动词作状语She runs away, opening her mouth.4. 从句作状语She runs away when she opens her mouth.四、状语的位置随便放五、状语从句状语从句的引导词是按照引导词本身的意思分的类，一共把引导词分成九类时间、地点、原因、条件、让步、结果、目的、方式、比较1. 原因状语从句because, as, since, in that, seeing that, now that（引导词）for（连词）because of/owing to/due to/thanks to/for the sake of/ as a result of（表示原因的介词短语）因为我很漂亮，很多人不喜欢我For I am beautiful, so many people to loved me. （×）（for为连词，只能放在两句话的中间）Immense amounts of peers fail to be fascinated with me for I remain graceful=because of my graceful.我为什么迟到是因为我生病了Why I am late(主从) is（系) because I am sick(表).（×）（because不是表语从句的引导词）Why I am late is that I am sick.2. 让步状语从句although, though, even though/if, as, whilewhile虽然尽管，当...的时候，但是出现在两句话之间，为连词，翻译为“但是”后面跟的时态为进行时态，“当...的时候”当翻译成“虽然尽管”时，只能放在句首，不能放在句中Surfing on the Internet exerts great influence on the physical and mental health of youngsters on campus although it can make the life convenient.3. 比较状语从句as...as...You are happier than me.（than me 不是句子，不是比较状语从句）You are happier than I am.（are和am同时出现，不好看，把am替换掉）You are happier than I do. （do可以省略）You are happier than I.4. 方式状语从句by, by means of, in...way/manner（表示方式的介词短语）as, as if, as though（方式状语从句引导词）He looks as if ice.（if ice 不是句子）He looks as if he were made of ice.5. 目的状语从句so that, in order that（从句表示目的）to, in order to, so as to（动词不定式表示目的）为了看得更远，我们爬得更高We ascend higher so that we overlook farther.（high表示实际的高时为high，表示抽象的高时为highly）We ascend higher in order to we overlook farther. （更常见）6. 结果状语从句so...that...（如此以至于）只要作文中出现形容词或副词的地方，都可以写成so...that...的句型（so...that...为可以替换very的句型）My mother remains so kind that she is respected by all her staff.I become so rejoiced that I fail to fall asleep at night.六、状语和状语从句的考点分析需打印部分在文章末尾1. 写作I love you.时间：我爱你一万年地点：I love you in my deep mind原因：我爱你因为我想让你成为世界上最幸福的女人方式：我爱你通过每天早上送一束玫瑰花让步：我爱你虽然你很丑目的：和原因差不多作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一个状语的成分把状语拉长。

一、What is 并列句二、连词（一）平行（二）转折（三）选择（四）递进（五）因果三、逻辑关系词（一）平行（二）转折（三）选择（四）递进（五）因果四、分析（一）长难句分析：（二）分析长难句步骤一、What is 并列句用连词连接两个句子I love you, you love that dog.→I love you. you love that dog.→I loving you, you love that dog.→I love you, but you love that dog.→Although I love you, you love that dog.二、连词（一）平行and, not only...but also（二）转折but, yet, while, whereas（三）选择or（四）递进then（五）因果for, so三、逻辑关系词逻辑关系词：连词、副词、介词、介词短语试译：有朋自远方来不亦乐乎There exist a train of companies coming from the distance so I become more than delighted.→There exist a train of companies coming from the distance. as a consequence, I become more than delighted.→There exist a train of companies coming from the distance, and as a consequence, I become more than delighted.连词和其它逻辑关系词的区别在于，连词的前面要么用逗号要么没有标点符号；而其他的逻辑关系词前面要么用句号要么加连词and（一）平行equally, likewise, similarly, at the same time, in the meanwhile（二）转折however, nevertheless, conversely, unexpectedly, on the contrary, by contrast （三）选择alternatively（四）递进besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, subsequently（五）因果thus, therefore, as a consequence/result, consequently你还记得那天吗，我没有通过四级考试，一个人在雨中哭泣，你走过来拍拍我的肩膀告诉我人生没有终点Do you still keep the day in mind? I failed to pass CET4, and consequently, I shed tears alone in the rain. At the same time, you came up to me then beat my shoulder, telling me "there exists no destination in life".四、分析（一）长难句分析：●I was beaten and he只要见到有并列连词的出现通常都会有省略，翻译的时候先把省略的部分补充上后再做翻译●那如何查找省略的内容呢？一句话只要有省略，就一定会省略在连词后而不是连词前。

一、成分二、什么是名词性从句三、名词性从句的引导词四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句2.同位语从句（二）长难句分析1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语2. 定语的成分3. 定语的位置4. 定语从句一、成分主语、宾语、表语、同位语主语：The movie proves brilliant.宾语：I appreciate the actress.表语：She keeps a ghost.同位语：I enjoy the part,the end.（同位语只能跟在名词后，the part=the end；作文中任何名词的后面都可以再加一个名词作为同位语出现）例句：Over fishing, a universal phenomenon throughout the word, has become increasingly grave under modern conditions.过度捕捞，一个全球普遍现象，已经变得越来越严重了。

二、什么是名词性从句主语从句：The movie proves brilliant.What I saw proves brilliant.宾语从句：I appreciate the actress.I appreciate what she did.表语从句：She keeps a ghost.She keeps who I admire.同位语从句：I enjoy the part, the end.I enjoy the part that she knew the truth.名词在句子中能够充当的成分从句都能充当这就是名词性从句，名词性从句一共包括四类：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句三、名词性从句的引导词例句她已经离婚了是显而易见的She has got divorced is conspicuous.（句子不能做主语）That she has got divorced is conspicuous.她离婚了吗是个秘密Has she got divorced keeps a secret.→whether she has got divorced keeps a secret.她什么时候离婚是个谜When did she get divorced remains a mystery. →When she got divorced remains a mystery.引导词名词性从句的引导词是按照从句的类型分的类，一共把引导词分成三类：that（当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中不充当任何成分也没有任何意思）whether（当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分，意思翻译成是否）所有特殊疑问词（当从句是特殊疑问句时）并且英语中所有的从句一定都是陈述句的形式，也就是引导词+主语+谓语的形式练习：练习一：我正在思考外星人存在吗I am wondering whether the allien exists.（宾语从句）（可数名词不能单独使用，a/复数/the；不确定是否可数用the）练习二：他们为什么去西藏离开家乡是一个谜Why they left hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（可数名词不能单独使用）Why they left their hometown for Tibet remains a mystery.（主语从句）（主系表）练习三：关键是你什么时候有钱呀关键（主语）是（谓语）你什么时候有钱呀（表语）The point seem when wealth will be available for you.（表语从句）available可得到的练习四：有一天你会发现事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要你（主语）发现（谓语）事业、友情、亲情都比爱情重要（宾语）Someday, you will find that career, kinship and friendship are all more indispensable than romance.（宾语从句）四、分析（一）写作分析1.主语从句主语从句的满分表达就是把主句从句放到句末去，加it做形式主语，主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面用来拉长句子显而易见，众所周知：It keeps common knowledge thatIt looks beyond dispute that（超越争论）It is universally acknowledged thatIt has been widely accepted that我认为：It keeps my perspective that例句：女人总是对的是一个常识That ladies tend to be right keeps common knowledge.→It keeps common knowledge that ladies tend to be right.例句：关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛关注了It has been widely accepted that the subject about raising pets has been brought into the limelight.2.同位语从句同位语从句的位置：名词后；句末她的丈夫去世了这个消息传遍了整个村庄The news that her husband passed away has been spread the whole village.→(The news has been spread the whole village that her husband passed away.同位语从句可以放在句末，但作文中不要放在句末)河南人都是骗子这个想法是不正确的The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（outlook/perspective/idea观点，看法）温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子The evidence that flowers in the greenhouse fail to endure storms demonstrates that kids should never be spoiled.穿自己的鞋不仅方便而且还确保了一点不用去管别人的感受Wearing my own shoes proves not only convenient but also ensures a point that the feelings of others can be ignored.（二）长难句分析能够快速的识别各个名词性从句，并且把他们通顺的翻译出来1.主语从句只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号逗号隔开就绝对是主语从句，主语从句从句首开始到主句的谓语动词之前结束（前面没有引导词的动词就是主句的谓语动词）除此以外，只要见到it...that通常也是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束The outlook that individuals from henan province tend to be deceivers remains wrong.（同位语从句）When I saw you, I loved you.（状语从句）引导词在句首，不是主语从句就是状语从句例句：That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.That the plates are moving主语 is谓语 beyond dispute表语例句：Whether the government should increase the financing of pure science at the expend of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Whether...versa主语（由whether...or...并列的两个从句共同充当主语） depends on谓语 the issue宾语 of which is seen as the driving force定语政府是应该以技术为代价增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入通常取决于哪一个被视为驱动力的问题例句：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.depends upon谓语；the amount, reliability,and appropriateness宾语；with which it is interpreted定语（定前面所有名词）and+介词+定语upon→on；the skill and wisdom→the amount, reliability,and appropriateness；of the information used→ with which it is interpreted省略了depends以后的行为将会多么准确的证明这些预言取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性并且还取决于解释信息的技巧和智慧例句：It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.that ...problems主句；谓语is agreed；主语从句中：谓语is，主语a person，定语of high intelligence，表语one，修饰one的定语成分who... problems为四个并列的定语从句→who can grasp ideas readily, who can make distinctions, who can reason logically, and who can make use of verbal and mathematical symble in solving problems.众所周知一个高智商的人是一个能够轻易理解思想的人，是一个能够做出辨别的人，是一个能够进行逻辑推理的人，并且还能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人例句：For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100％ fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.主语that ...normal，谓语has been known（has帮助known构成现在完成时，been帮助known完成被动）主语从句之所以这么长是因为由yet并列的两个句子共同充当主语，两个句子均为主系表结构比如说，长期以来众所周知完全的睡眠的剥夺对老鼠来说是百分之一百致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来完全正常2.宾语从句只要实义动词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为宾语从句（还可能是状语从句He died when he saw me）She said that she would marry an old rich man.that 可省略，在名词性从句中，只有宾语从句可以省略，作文中不省略，作文为正式文体You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)and deduction(演绎法),that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these , by some special skills of their own,they build up their theories.主谓宾宾补You主语，have heard谓语，it宾语，repeated宾补it形式宾语，指代that...你们听说以下的事情被重复吧：科学家们通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，通过这些操作的帮助，他们成功地抽出从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己的一些特殊的技能，他们建立起了自己的理论（out of 在...之中，在...之外）This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in.A fact underlined by statistics shows that out of eight European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.（在...之中）3.表语从句只要系动词的后面有个引导词，就一定是表语从句Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.Galileo's greatest glory主语，was谓语，that ...Earth表语从句从句中：he主语，was谓语，the first person表语，to ...planets定语伽利略最伟大的成就是在1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观测天空证明了行星是绕着太阳转的而不是绕着地球转的第一人4. 同位语从句只要名词的后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句（可能性很小）A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.Freud主语，formulated谓语，his revolutionary theory宾语，that ...fears同位语从句从句：dreams主语，were谓语，the disguised shadows表语，of our unconscious desires and fears定语（shadows的定语）一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德解释了他的革命性的理论梦是我们无意识地欲望和恐惧的映射But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.the idea主语，rests on谓语，that ...citizen同位语从句，an understanding+special responsibilities宾语，of the established+of the news media分别为两个名词的定语记者必须要比普通人更深刻的理解法律这种想法取决于对既定风俗的理解和新闻媒体的特殊责任Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.Evidence主语，came up谓语，同位语从句后置 that ...old六个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的说话的声音这种证据已经出现了五、修饰名词的成分——定语1. 什么是定语只要听到...的+名词，...的就是修饰这个名词的定语成分2. 定语的成分1. 形容词修饰名词那个善良的夜莺失去了他的意志The naive nightingale lost his life.2. 名词修饰名词夜莺的歌声能够使那朵花开放The singing of the nighting enables the rose to bloom.3. 介词短语做定语窗外的夜莺听到了年轻人的感叹The nighting out of the window heard the sigh of the youngster.4. 非谓语动词修饰名词那只唱歌的夜莺死的很悲惨The singing nighting died pitifully.=The nighing to sing died pitifully.5. 从句修饰名词我喜欢王子送给我的珠宝3. 定语的位置前小后大特殊：1. 形容词修饰不定代词，放在不定代词后something special2. 当过去分词修饰名词的时候即使只有一个单词也通常放在名词后被抛弃的那个男人看起来很可怜The boy discarded looks pitiful这是一个关于夜莺和玫瑰的故事This is a fiction about a nighting and a rose.那个懂爱的年轻人离开了王子的舞会The youngster grasping romance left the party of the prince. 4. 定语从句（1）构成n（先行词）+引导词+句子定语从句修饰名词，名词性从句代替名词（2）引导词定语从句的引导词是按照先行词的种类分的类，一共把引导词分成5类①当先行词是人的时候引导词有：who whom whose②当先行词是物的时候引导词有：that which whose③当先行词是时间的时候引导词有：that which when④当先行词是地点的时候引导词有：that which where⑤当先行词是原因的时候引导词有：that which why名词后面不是定语从句就是同位语从句到底是谁决定了定语从句的引导词I will never forget the day when I met you.（从句不缺主谓宾）that在定语从句中充当关系代词，代替先行词引导定语从句（定从中that与which等同）。

刘晓艳长难句语法之名词性从句●一、名词能够充当什么成分？●主语●例：The movie looks terrific.这部电影很精彩。

●宾语●例：I admire his mother.我钦佩他的妈妈。

●表语●Gump is a man.阿甘是真男人。

●同位语用来解释名词的成分就是同位语。

●例子：●I enjoy the part, the beginning.我喜欢开头的部分。

（the beginning 解释the part）●My mother, a typical housewife, enjoy playing Mahjong.●persistence, an active mentality, plays a critical role in the glories of all childrenand adults.●△只要在作文中见到名词，就可以有意识地在它后面加一个同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。

●能充当同位语的成分：●名词●代词●非谓语动词例：I enjoy the sports, runining.●从句●二、什么是名词性从句？●名词在句子中充当的成分（主语、宾语、表语、同位语），从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句。

●三、名词性从句的引导词●例子：●他已经离婚了，是我的错。

●That he has got divorced is my fault.●他已经离婚了吗？是显而易见的。

●Whether he has got divorced is obvious.●他会和谁结婚呢？是一个秘密。

●Who he will marry is a secret.●按照从句的类型分成三类●1.that: 当从句是陈述句时。

并且that在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思●2.whether：当从句是一般疑问句时。

并且whether在从句中也不充当任何成分，意思是“是否”●3.所有的特殊疑问词（who when where …）：当从句是特殊疑问句时。

2021考研英语：语法长难句的表达解析（1）The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey&mdashwhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence&mdasheven the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.一、长难句解析主干识别：1. The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence:研究者的观点源自于对社会影响的简单观察：2. even the most influential members of a p opulation simply don’t interact with that many others即使是一个人群中最有影响力的成员也不会与那么多的人进行互动其他成分： With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey 状语&mdashwhose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—定语从句做插入语奥普拉非凡的存在主要是一个媒体功能的影响，而不是人际关系的影响二、参考译文研究者的观点源自于对社会影响的简单观察：除了个别像奥普拉.温弗瑞这样的名人，即使是一个人群中最有影响力的成员也不会与那么多的人进行互动。

语法及长难句（刘晓艳+⽥静）语法及长难句（刘晓艳+⽥静）●⽬录●（⼀）简单句●【考场攻略】●简化句⼦●如果⼀个句⼦⾥有不及物动词，就说明跟后⾯的没关系，后⾯⾮核⼼扩展部分●找到分裂结构●看到及物动词可以帮助看懂长难句中的分裂结构●判断从句●及物动词后——宾语从句●系动词后——表语从句●⼀、什么是简单句？●描述⼀件事（物质+运动——>N+V——>主语+谓语，⼀⼀搭配）的句⼦，句⼦必须具备主谓●汉语 VS 英语●1）汉语的主谓宾可有可⽆（EG:滚出去、我很美、他死了）汉语主要是把⼏个毫⽆关系的汉语放在⼀起表达⼀种意思就OK了（⼼花怒放——>开⼼）●2）英语必有主谓，⽽且主谓关系⼀开始就是确定好的，主语⼀定是谓语动词的发出者，如果有宾语，那么宾语⼀定是谓语动词的承受者●3）英语很有逻辑，先找谓语，英语和汉语并不是字字对应的Eg：我（主语）的英语（宾语）说（谓语）的很好I speak English very well Eg：我（主语）要去剪（谓语）头（宾语） I will cut my hair（?）——> ⼀个理发师给我剪头A barbour will cut my hair●⼆、简单句的分类●1）主谓●2）主谓宾：谓语是实义动词（有实际意义的动词）●3）主谓表：谓语是系动词●①be动词：am / is / are （⼀定要是单独出现的，如果有其他的动词，be动词是助动词）●②感官动词：look / smell / taste / sound / feel●③变化：get / become （turn / go / grow 表⽰"变得"的意思时）●④保持：keep / remain / stay / seem / appear / prove●4）主谓双宾●①主+谓+⼈+物●②主+谓+物+介词+⼈●中间的介词通常为to或者for，to强调动作的⽅向，for强调动作的⽬的●⽆论哪个在前⾯，物永远都是直接宾语，⼈永远都是间接宾语。

考研英语笔记｜刘晓艳语法和长难句｜第二章并列句●一、什么是并列句●就是用连词连接两个句子。

●eg. He always takes everything seriously, so he can achieve success effortlessly.（so是并列连词，表因果关系，连接了两个简单句。

）●二、并列连词及与其同义的逻辑关系词●1.常见的并列连词●1⃣️ 平行关系（并且、而且）：and，not only…but also，both…and…，either…or…，neither…nor…等●2⃣️ 转折关系（然而、但是）：but，while，yet，whereas等●3⃣️ 选择关系（或者、要么）：or，whether…or…等●4⃣️ 因果关系（因为、所以）：for，so等●5⃣️ 递进关系（然后、再者）：then等●2.与并列连词同义的逻辑关系词●1⃣️ 平行关系：●副词：similarly，equally，likewise等●介词短语：at the same time，in the meanwhile等●2⃣️ 转折关系：●副词：however，nevertheless，conversely，unexpectedly，unfortunately等●介词短语：on the contrary，by contrast等●3⃣️ 选择关系：●副词：alternatively等●4⃣️ 因果关系：●副词：therefore，thus，consequently等●介词短语：as a result，as aconsequence等●5⃣️ 递进关系：●副词：besides，addition，subsequently等●介词短语：in addition等●⚠️注：当在写作中用这些非连词替换并列连词时，一定要记住它们前面不能用逗号，而要写成句号，因为副词或介词短语是不能直接连接两个句子的。

●3.连词与逻辑关系词的区别●1⃣️ 使用连词时，可以加逗号，也可以不加●I love you，but you love my money.或I love you but you love my money.●2⃣️ 使用副词或介词时，必须把逗号变句号，或者是在副词或介词短语前加连词and。