chapter11.language acquisition

Chapter 11 Second language acquisition第二语言习得知识点：1.*Definition: second language acquisition; overgeneralization; interlanguage2.Connections between first and second language acquisition3.Contrastive analysis4.*Error analysis5.Characteristics of interlanguage6.*Krashen’s Input Hypothesis7.Individual Differences in second language acquisition: language aptitude; motivation;#learning strategies考核目标：识记：Definition: second language acquisition; overgeneralization; interlanguage领会：Connections between first and second language acquisition; Contrastive analysis; Error analysis; Characteristics of interlanguage; Individual Differences in second language acquisition简单应用：Krashen’s Input Hypothesis一、定义1. Second Language Acquisition(SLA)第二语言习得：refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. 指一个人在习得其母语之后是如何习得一门第二语言系统的研究。

Chapter 6: Pragmatics1. pragmatics: The study of how speakers uses sentences to effect successful communication.2. context: The general knowledge shared by the speakers and the hearers. (05)3. sentence meaning: The meaning of a self-contained unit with abstract and de-contextualized features.4. utterance meaning: The meaning that a speaker conveys by using a particular utterance in a particular context. (03).6. Speech Act Theory: The theory proposed by John Austin and deepened by Searle, which believes that we are performing actions when we are speaking. (05)7. constatives: Constatives are statements that either state or describe, and are thus verifiable. (06F)8. performatives:Performatives are sentences that don’t state a fact or describe a state, a nd are not verifiable.9. locutionary act: The act of conveying literal meaning by virtue of syntax, lexicon and phonology.10. illocutionary act:The act of expressing the speaker’s intention and performed in saying something. (06F)11. perlocutionary act: The act resulting from saying something and the consequence or the change brought about by the utterance.1. historical linguistics:A subfield of linguistics that study language change.2. coinage: A new word can be coined to fit some purpose. (03)3. blending:A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words.5. borrowing:When different culture come into contact, words are often borrowed from one language to another. It is also called load words.6. back formation: New words may be coined from already existing words by subtracting an affix mistakenly thought to be part of the old word. Such words are called back-formation.7. functional shift: Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.8. acronyms: Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words.Chapter 8: Language And Society2. speech community: A group of people who form a community and share at least one speech variety as well as similar linguistic norms. (05)3. speech varieties: It refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.4. regional dialect: A variety of language used by people living in the same geographical region.5. sociolect: A variety of language used by people, who belong to a particular social class.6. registers : The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.7. idiolect :A person’s dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements, regarding regional, social, gender and age variations. (04)10. field of discourse : the purpose and subject matter of the communicative behavior..11. tenor of discourse: It refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other.12. mode of discourse: It refers to the means of communication and it is concerned with how communication is carried out.13. standard dialect: A superposed variety of language of a community or nation, usually based on the speech and writing of educated native speakers of the language.14. formality: It refers to the degree of formality in different occasions and reflects the relationship and conversations. According to Martin Joos, there are five stages of formality, namely, intimate, casual, consultative, formal and frozen.15. Pidgin: A blending of several language, developing as a contact language of people, who speak different languages, try to communication with one another on a regular basis.16. Creole : A pidgin language which has become the native language of a group of speakers used in this daily life.17. bilingualism : The use of two different languages side by side with each having a different role to play, and language switching occurs when the situation changes.(07C)18. diaglossia : A sociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-exist ina speech community, each having a definite role to play.Chapter 9: Language And Culture1. culture : The total way of life of a person, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of human community.5. linguistic relativity : A belief that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language-----又叫Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. (06C)7. denotative meaning: It refers to the literal meaning, which can be found in a dictionary.8. connotative meaning: The association of a word, apart from its primary meaning.9. iconic meaning: The image of a word invoked to people.Chapter 10: Language Acquisition1. language acquisition:It refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.2. language acquisition device (LAD): A hypothetical innate mechanism every normal human child is believed to be born with, which allow them to acquire language. (03)4. motherese: A special speech to children used by adults, which is characterized with slow rate of speed, high pitch, rich intonation, shorter and simpler sentence structures etc.----又叫child directed speech，caretaker talk.(05)6. under-extension: Use a word with less than its usual range of denotation.7. over-extension: Extension of the meaning of a word beyond its usual domain of application by young children.Chapter 11 : Second Language Acquisition1. second language acquisition: It refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language.2. target language: The language to be acquired by the second language learner.3. second language: A second language is a language which is not a native language in a country but which is widely used as a medium of communication and which is usually used alongside another language or languages.4. foreign language: A foreign language is a language which is taught as a school subject but which is not used as a medium of instruction in schools nor as a language of communication within a country.5. interlanguage: A type of language produced by second and foreign language learners, who are in the process of learning a language, and this type of language usually contains wrong expressions.6. fossilization: In second or foreign language learning, there is a process which sometimes occurs in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.12. interlingual error: errors, which mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical etc.13. intralingual error: Errors, which mainly result from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. The typical examples are overgeneralization and cross-association.14. overgeneralization: The use of previously available strategies in new situations, in which they are unacceptable.15. cross-association: some words are similar in meaning as well as spelling and pronunciation. This internal interference is called cross-association.16. error: the production of incorrect forms in speech or writing by a non-native speaker of a second language, due to his incomplete knowledge of the rules of that target language.17. mistake: mistakes, defined as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms andself-corrigible, suggest failure in performance.21. acquisition: Acquisition is a process similar to the way children acquire their first language. It is a subconscious process without minute learning of grammatical rules. Learners are hardly awareof their learning but they are using language to communicate. It is also called implicit learning, informal learning or natural learning.24. language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence, motivation, interest, etc.25. motivation:motivation is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.26. instrumental motivation: the motivation that people learn a foreign language for instrumental goals such as passing exams, or furthering a career etc. (06C)27. integrative motivation: the drive that people learn a foreign language because of the wish to identify with the target culture. (06C/ 05)28. resultative motivation: the drive that learners learn a second language for external purposes. (06F)29. intrinsic motivation: the drive that learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.30. learning strategies:learning strategies are learners’ co nscious goal-oriented andproblem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency.31. cognitive strategies: strategies involved in analyzing, synthesis, and internalizing what has been learned. (07C/ 06F)32. metacognitive strategies: the techniques in planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning.33. affect/ social strategies: the strategies dealing with the ways learners interact or communicate with other speakers, native or non-native.。

Chapter11LanguageAcquisition第二语言习得Chapter 11 Language Acquisition①Questions for discussion:1. Why can children acquire their mother tongue effectively and effortlessly?2. Is there a critical period for learning the first or second language?3. What are the differences between L1 aquisition and L2 learning?11.1 Important Distinctions11.1.1 Acquisition vs. learning 习得与学习★The distinction was made by Stephen Krashen (1982) as part of his Monitor Theory. Acquisition is the subconcious process of “pick up” a language through exposure. Learning refers to the conscious process of studying a language.11.1.2 Second language vs. foreign language★A second language (L2) is any language learned after the first language or mothertongue (L1), e.g. English in India.A foreign language is any language learned for use in an area where that languageis not generally spoken, e.g. English in China.11.1.3 Language acquisition vs. second language acquisition (SLA)★Language acquisition usually refers to first language acquisition, which means the children’s acquisition of their native/mother language.SLA is the process by which people of a language can learn a second language in addition to their native language.11.2 First Language Acquisition11.2.1 Theories of FLA (also Child Language Acquisition)◆Behaviorism: Language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.Innatism: Human beings are biologically programmed for language, like walking.(Language Acquisition Device and Universal Grammar)Interactionism: Language develops as a result of the complex interplay between children and the environment, and the modified language (motherese/caretaker talk/child directed speech保姆式语言) is crucial.Questions for discussion:1. How do you think of the three theories about language acquisition?①教材中没有关于language acquisition的独立章节，这里本章内容部分来自课本第六、十一章，其他内容来自其他语言学书。

Chapter 11 SLAIntroductionDefinition:1 Second Language Acquisition (SLA) refers to the systematic study of how one person acquiresa second language subsequent to his native language.2 L2 acquisition can be defined as the way in which people learn a language other than their mother tongue, inside or outside of a classroom.The goals of SLA are to describe how L2 acquisition proceeds and to explain this process and why some learners seem to be better at it than others. (Rod Ellis 1985)Connections between FLA and SLAFirst language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning.Second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. Interlanguage.Points of comparison for successive foreign language learning paradigms▪NL: TL comparisons (Contrastive analysis)▪IL: TL comparisons (Error analysis)▪NL: IL comparisons (Transfer analysis)The role of native language in SLALanguage transfer: The differences between native and target languages would either lead to positive transfer or negative transfer, also known as interference.迁移是指目标语和其他任何已经习得的（或者没有完全习得的）语言之间的共性和差异所造成的影响。

Chapter11 答案Language Acquisition1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)first language acquisition: the learning and development of a person’s nativelanguage.(2)behaviorist approach: The approach views language as behavior and believesthat language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.(3)innateness approach: This approach holds that the ability to acquire a humanlanguage is part of the biologically innate equipment of the humanbeing, and that an infant is born with this ability just as it is born with twoarms, two legs, and a beating heart.(4)second language acquisition: the acquisition of another language or languagesafter the first language is on the way or completed.(5)contrastive analysis: a method of analyzing languages for instructional purposeswhereby a native language and target language are compared with aview to establishing points of difference likely to cause difficulties for learners.(6)error analysis: the study and the analysis of the errors made by second andforeign language learners in order to identify causes of errors or common difficulties in language learning.(7) language aptitude: the natural ability to learn a language, not including intelligence,motivation, interest, etc.(8)field dependence: a learning style in which a learner tends to look at thewhole while overlooking the many parts it contains. The learner has difficultyin studying a particular item when it is embedded within a field of other items.(9)field independence: a learning style in which a learner is able to identify orfocus on particular items and is not distracted by other items in the backgroundor context.(10) learning strategy: It refers to the particular approaches or techniques thatlearners use to try to learn a second language.2.Omitted.3.Omitted.4.This is called “overgeneralization” in second language learning. If second languagelearners produce forms such as goed, sheeps and coulds, they may know some regularrules of English but apply them in the wrong place. Here they mistakenly copythe general rules of forming the past forms with “ed”, plurals with “s” and thirdperson singulars with “s”. This kind of errors is caused largely due to the nonnativespeaker’s incomplete knowledge of the rules of the target language. Forexample, an English learner may produce sentence like *“He speaked English” , oruse * mans instead of men for the plural of man.5.Mandarin Chinese will interfere with our English studies in the following ways:The commonest way is the interference of Mandarin Chinese grammar. SomeEnglish learners may produce sentence like “He comes from China, Bejing” followingthe word order of Mandarin Chinese instead of the correct English wordorder “He comes from Beijing, China”, or produce sentence like “Yesterday I wentto town” instead of “I went to town yesterday”. The interference also shows up inpronunciation. Many speech sounds in English do not appear in Chinese, such as/e/, /8/. Thus it is difficult for us to pronounce them correctly. More interferencecan also be found in semantics and pragmatics.6.(1) The choice of the word “hinder” here is not appropriate. This kind of error isintralingual. It originates from faulty or partial learning of the target language.In this situatio n we may say “Please don’t disturb me.”(2)The answer to this question is incorrect. The correct answer should be “No,certainly not.” This kind of error is interlingual. It originates from the negativetransfer of Chinese.(3)The correct sentence sh ould be “During the meeting we talk about/discussthe research project.” This kind of error results from cross-association, onekind of intralingual errors. Meanings of the two words (talk and discuss) arealike, but their usage is different. Their similarity leads to confusion.(4)The correct sentence structure should be “She catches cold easily.” This kindof error is called interlingual error which is produced according to the wordorder of Chinese (“他容易感冒”).(5)The correct answer should be “The light can impress the film and in this wayfix the image of the film.” This kind of error is intralingual error. It originatesfrom faulty or partial learning of the target language.(6)The correct form should be “The scenery is too beautiful to describe.” Thisis intralingual error which is caused by the influence of one target languageitem upon another.7.If some learners’ interlanguage is said to have “fossilized”, they have developed afairly fixed repertoire of L2 forms, containing many features which do not progressany further. Aspects of pronunciation, vocabulary usage, and grammar maybecome fossilized in second or foreign language learning. However, an interlanguageis not designed to fossilize. It will naturally develop and become a more effectivemeans of communication, given appropriate conditions.8.It is true that some people are more likely to fossilize than others. It is believedthat certain personality traits are important predictors of success in second languagelearning, such as introversion versus extroversion. Extroverts are generallymore sociable and gregarious. If they are learning in the L2 environment,extroverts will be more actively involved in the language than their introvertclassmates. They will be more responsive to the input they get, be keener to tryproducing their own L2 utterances, so they have more opportunities to build upand test the language structures, making them less likely to fossilize. In languagelearning environments the tendency for fossilization might be reversed.。