欧洲文化入门 ( 三 )

一．细节知识点（一）Greek ＆Roman1.drama●Aeschylus埃斯基洛斯：Prometheus Bound被束缚的普罗米修斯,Persians波斯人，Agamennon●Sophcles索发克里斯：（tragic art）Oedipus the king, Electra，Antigone●Euripides欧里庇得斯：“problem plays”，Andromache，Medea，Trojan Women●Aristophanes阿里斯多芬尼斯：Frogs，Clouds，Wasps，Birds2.Historian●H erodotus：*“father of history”* from Greek to Persians *full ofanecdotes and dialogues ,interesting●T hucydides: *younger than Herodotus *Athens to Sparta and Athensto Syracuse希拉库萨 *style is imagination and power *the greatesthistorian that ever lived3.philosophy and science●P ythagoras毕达哥拉斯： *bold thinker *believe everything isnumbers* scientific mathematics----point，line ，magnitude震级，surface，body，first proportion●H eracleitus赫拉克里克：*fire is the primary element of universe*sayings: all is flux，nothing stationary/you cannot step twice intothe same river/fresh waters are ever flowing in upon you/ the sunis new every day.*believe mingling of opposites ,opposites produce harmony(二) Bibletranslation●Latin version：383-405AD by St .Jerome●English version：1382 John Wycliff(三)Middle ages/ Medieval1. AD 476 Roman power was gone2. after 1054 Church was divided into Roman Catholic and Eastern OrthodoxChurch3.The Crusades: 1096－1291 last for about 200 years4.learning：● Charlemagne查理曼大帝：*western and central Europe*father of Europe .Emperor of Romans in 800*Carolingian Renaissance加洛林*encourage Christian religion and ancient learning by setting monasteryschools● Alfred the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝：*ruler of Anglo Saxon of Wessex*Encourage teacher and scholars , Wessex center of learning*Anglo Saxon chronicles英国编年史● St .Thomas Aquinas*Italian philosopher ,scholasticism经院哲学*Summa Contra Centiles , Summa Theologiae 《神学大全》*building a society of “God’s rule””God’s will”，Pope is“Christ’splenipotentiary基督的全权代表” above secular rulers● Roger Bacon罗杰培根*a British monk ,one of the earliest advocates of experimental scientificresearch and observation*works :Opus maius ,encyclopedia of the sciences of his time5．Literature●Beowulf :an Anglo Saxon epic● Song of Roland ，La Chanson de Gestes: French● Dante：the divine of comedy神曲 greatest poet of Italy●Geoffrey Chaucer 乔叟：English poet ：canterbury tales坎特伯雷故事集，（first short story teller, first modern poet in English literature ）（四）Renaissance1.started in Florence and Venice， Italy2.heart of Renaissance philosophy is greatness of man ，humanism3.masterpieces :● Giovanni Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron十日谈（the greatest achievementof prose fiction 散文小说in the middle ages）● Francesco Petrarch彼德拉克：*discover Cicero’s Oration Oro Arochia,a Roman defense of poetry*Works： Canzoniers（lyrical）, Africa，Metrical Epistles，On Contempt forthe Worldly Life，On Solitude，Ecologues， The Letters●Giotto乔托：*forerunner of Renaissance，led the way to humanism，realistic depiction of space*works: Flight into Egypt ,Betrayal of Juda s●Giorgione乔尔乔捏：Tempesta , Sleeping Venus（use of colour schemes to unify picture and most revolutionaryresult in this sphere)●Leonardo da Vinci:*painter, sculptor, architect, musician, mathematician, engineer, inventor,anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist, and writer.*12 paintings 5000 books ,Renaissance man in the true sense of word.*Last Supper(most famous religious pictures), Mona Lisa(most portrait)●Michelangelo Buonarroti:* an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer* David ，Sistine Chapel ，Dying Slave ,Moses●Raphael：Madonna（Virgin Mary）各种圣母画，school of Athens● Rabelais拉伯雷： French ，Gargantua and Pantagruel《巨人传》● Pleiade 七星诗社：French ,leader is Pirre de Ronsard(Sonnet PourHelene) ，发扬保卫法兰西语言●Cervantes塞万提斯：Spanish，Don Quixote 1062● Erasmus：Dutch， Renaissance humanist, Catholic priest, teacher, andtheologian，Greek edition of New Testament ,Praise of Folly《愚人颂》●Durer : German ,follower of Martin Lutherthe four horsemen of apocalypse 天启四骑士knight ，death and the devil●Thomas more：英国人，Utopia乌托邦，conclusion●Shakespeare：英国人Twelfth night ，As you like it ，Hamlet，Othello，King Lear ，Macbeth，Antony and Cleopatra，Sonnets, King Henry 5，6二 .名词解释1.RenaissanceRenaissance is a period of western civilization between 14-17th century.The word Renaissance means revival .it also means the revival of interestin ancient Greek and Roman culture，which started in Florence andVenice ，Italy . the heart of~is humanism.2 . Reformation~ was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement ,which began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses in 1517. TheReformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church.3．Middle ages ：~is also called Medieval ,”the year of faith”* or the thousand-year period following the fall of the western roman empire in the 5th century .it camebetween ancient times and modern times .During this period Germanickingdom grew into nations such as England ,French ,Spain, Italy, Germany.4 . Feudalism~is a system of holding land in exchange for military service .the word~was derived from the Latin “feudum” , a grant of land.5 Catholic~Means” universal”. ~church was a highly centralized and disciplinedinternational religious organization .in the middle ages ,almost everyEuropeans belonged to it.6. old testament~is one of the two parts of the Bible ,which is about the God and the laws of God. Testament means agreement—the agreement between God and man.7. Pentateuch 摩西五书The oldest first five parts of the Bible including Genesis ,Exodus，Leviticus, Numbers， Deuteronomy8. doric ：one of Greek architecture styles，~is also called masculine style .it’s sturdy 坚定的，powerful，severelooking ，showing sense of proportions andnumbers.Ionic：feminine style graceful and elegant，showing wealth of ornament装饰三.问答1. What happened in Western Europe after the decline of the Roman Empire?After the Roman Empire lost its predominance优势, a great many Germanic Kingdoms began to grow into the nations know as England, France, Italy, andGermany in its place. These nations of Western Europe were in the scene of frequent wars and invasions. The political unity had given way to widespread destruction and confusion. Hunger and disease killed many lives and village fell into ruin and great areas of land lay waste. There was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church. Christianity was almost the all and the one of Medieval lives in western Europe and took lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds years.2. What were the cultural characteristics of the period from 500 to 1000? Above all, the cultural characters of this period were the heritage and achievement of Roman culture and the emergence of Hebrew and Gothic culture.3.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?Because of its geographical position, foreign trade developed early in Italy. This brought Italy into contact with other cultures and gave rise to urban economy and helped Italy accumulate wealth which was an essential factor for the flowering of art and literature.For two centuries beginning from the late 15th century, Florence was the golden city which gave birth to a whole generation of poets, scholars, artists and sculptors. There was in Florence a revival of interest in classical learning and rising of humanist ideas.And to spread the new ideas, libraries and academies were founded.In the 15th century printing was invented and helped to spread humanist ideas.4. How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medi eval traditions?The Italian Renaissance art and architecture radically broke away from the medieval methods of representing the visible world. Compared with the latter, the former has t he following distinct features:⑴Art broke away from the domination of church and artist who used to be craftsmen commissioned by the church became a separate strata doing noble and creati ve work⑵Themes of painting and architecture changed from purely celestial realm focusingon the stories of the Bible, of God and Mary to an appreciation of all aspects of n ature and man;⑶The artists studied the ruins of Roman and Greek temples and put many of the principles of ancient civilization into their works;⑷Artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.。

《欧洲文化入门》考试大纲IntroductionTWO major elements in European cultureDivision 1 Greek Culture and Roman Culture1,Greek culture(1) The Historical Contextwar between Greece and Troyhigh point of developmentAlexanderAlexandria(2)social and political structuremeaning Of democracymeaning Of peopleeconomy-slave laborsports and Olympics(3) Homerthe time Of Homertwo epicsthe Story of the two epics(5) DramaHow were plays performed?(b) Sophocleshis contribution and influence(d) ComedyCharacteristics of comedy(6) History(a) Herodotusfather of history-war between Greeks and Persiansfeature Of his writingobject in writingmain idea of the excerpt(b) Thucydideswhat he wrote aboutmain idea of the excerpt(7) Philosophy and Science.why philosophy developed in ancient GreecePythagoras--founder of scientific mathematicsHeraeleitue----the theory of the mingling of opposites--strife between the opposites producing harmonyDemocritus---atomic theory(a) Socrates -his method of argumenttrial and the reasonlast part of the speech before he died(main idea) (b) Platohis Lifehis writinghis philosophy---idealism© Aristotlehis liferange of his writingshis influencedifference between Plato and Aristotle(d) Contending Schools of Thoughtthe Cynicsthe Epicureans--their belief misrepresent8tion the Stoics--their theory(e) Sciencecontribution of philosophers like PlatoEuclid---ElementsArchimedes---his contributionapplication of science; five fields(8) Art, Architecture, Sculpture and Pottery(b) Archit6CtueParthenonthree stylesAcropolis at Athens(9) impact(a) spirit of innovation(b) supreme achievement© Greek philosophy and its influence influence of Greek Literature2, Roman Culture(1 ) Romans and GreeksLatin and Greeksimilarity Of Romans and Greeksone big diff6renceattitude forward Greek Culture(2) Roman Historyimportance of the year 27B.Chow to ruleRoman lawEast and West Roman Empires(3) Latin literatureCicero what was he noted for?his role and contributionhis sayingsCaesar: his rolehis sayings(b) PoetryVirgil; A6neas;the storywhy a tragic hero(4) Architecture, Painting and Sculpture(a) Architecturethe Pantheonthe Colosseum© sculpture tShe-wolfDivision 2 The Bible and Christianity1, General introductionrole of Christianity in western Culture importance of Judeo-Christian tradition the Hebrews 2. The Old Testament.two parts of the Biblemeaning of testament(1 ) the Pentateuchthe first five booksthe creation Of the world and man and woman (a) the fall of manthe main idea Of the Story(b) Noah's Arkthe Story(2) The Historical Booksthe history covered in these works(4) © The book of Danielthe story and the visionTorahJews today3,Rise of Christianitytwo beliefs of Christianity(1)The Life of JesusJesusSt. petier and St. Pauluprising of Spartacus(2) The Spread of Christianitysuppression of the religionreligion of people from all classesEdict of Milana weapon in the hands of the ruling class4, The New Testamentorganization of the churchfour accounts about church(1 ) The birth of Jesus-(2) the Last Supperthe main idea of the story(5) The cruxifixionthe main idea of the story5. Translations of the Biblethe Latin Biblethe number of transl8tion todaythe first English versionAuthorized versionrevised versionDivision 3 The Middle Ages1, General Introductionthe term "Middle Ages"(time span)Europe between the 5th and the 11th centuriesthe reason for the name “the Age Of Faith"classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritages merged2, Manor and Church(1) feudalism in Europe(a) Growth of Feudalismthe reason for the growth of the power of big landowners fief(b) The Manormanor? manor house? castle© Knighthood and code Of Chivalryhow to earn a knighthoodcode of chivalry(2) The churchafter 1054,two divisions of the church(a) nature of the Catholic Church (P.92 L10 from bottom) the chart(b) Power, Wisdom and Lovemonasteries and conventscontribution of St JeromeAugustine and his worksSt. Benedict© classeschurch and kings and noblesthe power Of the popereligion in everyday life(end of P.95 and first 7 lines of P.96) (3) The crusadesreason for the crusadeseffect on the East and the West'''3, Learning and, Science(1) Charlemagne: his lifehis contribution(2) Alfred the Great(3) Aquinas: profession, writings and arguments4, Lit6rature(1 ) meaning of "national epic'its importance(a) Beowulf (the story)(2) Dante and his master piece(3) Chaucer and his literary roleThe Canterbury Tales5, Art and Architecture(2) Gothicthe development Of the Gothic Stylethe expression of the styleDivision 4 Renaissance and Reformation1,GeneraI Introductiontime span /definition/ contribution /development2, Renaissance in Italy(1 ) geographical Location and its benefitcity----Statespread of Renaissance(2) new interestrole of intellectualscore of Renaissance philosophythe reIat6d beliefearly humanists(4) Renaissance Art4. distinct features(b) (i) da V incithe man /range of interest /famous works(ii) Michelangelothe man /Style /works(iii) RaphaelMadonna and School Of Athens(iv) Titianhis role and works(5) Decline of the Italian Renaissancereasons for the decline3. Reformation and Count6r ------Reformationbeginning of reformationgoal of the movementdemand and work of the reformistsint6reSts Of the reformists(1 ) Pre---Luther Religious Reformers(a) Wycliffe life and belief(b) Jan Hus preaching in Czech language and result(2) Martin Luther and his doctrine(a) beginning Of the reform(b) reason for the transition of the Bible© his role(3) John Calvin and Calvinismlife/view / definition of Calvinism(P.147-- paragraph1)(4) Reformation in Englandbreak with the Popethe coming into being Of the Church Of Englandessence Of the reform,(5) Counter ---reformationmeaning of count6r---reformationthe seed --bedthe most important thing the Spanish monarchy did(b) Ignatius and the things he didthe Jesuits, their belief, their influence(6) Prot6Stantism and the Rise of Capitalismmeaning Of Protestantism and its developmentthe factors contributing to the rise of capitalism(7) Conclusionpolitical and economic situation in Europe before Reformation the language used before Reformation4,Renaissance in Other Countries(1 ) in France(b) (i) Rabelaisthe man / his writing/Chapter57;man idea(iii) Monteignethe man /his writings(2) in Spain(b) Cervanteshis life/ famous work /the story of the work(4) in England(a) characteristics of the reign of Elizabeth l© Shakespearelif6 and worksthe story of HamletSoliloquy5, Science and T6chnology(1 ) Geographical DiscoveriesColumbus 4DiasGamaAmerigo(2) AstronomyCopernicus(5) Political Science and Historiography(b) Machiavellihis role and worksthe two selected passages6, Summing---upsignificance of this periodDivision 5 17th Century1, General introductionthe significance Of the 17th centuryman's place in the universepolitical struggle2. Science(1 ) the theory put forward by CopernicusIif6 of Copernicusthe three laws Kepler(2) life Of Galilei /acceleration in dynamics/law of falling bodies(3) Newton’s life/law of gravitation /his influence(4) Leibnizhis life /his belief /New Essays Concerning Human Understanding----three levels of understanding /Contribution (b) the two merits3, Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England(1) Baconhis life and worksbasis of his philosophy ---method ---inductionview on knowledgeweaning of inductionfamous quotations(2) Hobbesknowledge coming from experiencenature of man --in a Stat6 of war with one anotherlaws Of naturesocial contract(3) John Lockehis Lifeknowledge from experiencepolitical philosophy-rejection of divine right of kings and natural rights social contract(4) Milton and the English Revolutioncauses Of the English Revolutiondevelopment of capit8Iism in Englandthe Puritan MovementCivil War of 1642---CromwellGlorious Revolution of 1688Bill of Rights of 1689John Melton’s life and works Paradise Lost(the story)4.Descartes.French Classicismgeneral situation: the need for a powerful king(1)Descartes; his role(a) 4 roles Of his method(b) doubting---thinking© dualism(2) French Classicism4finition of classicismFrench classicism of the 17th century(3) characteristic of neoclassicism© Molierehis rolecontent of his comediesTartuffe5,Art(1 ) Baroque Art(参照P221 Music)(b) Michelangelo ：his role and works (要与p.135 区分)(2) Dutch Protestant Artreason for art developmentRembrandt: his role and worksDivision 6 The Age of Enlightenment1, General Introduction(1 ) Enlightenmentdefinitionintellectual originmajor forcefour ramifications(2) Historical backgroundAmerican RevolutionFrench Revolutionindustrial Revolution: developments2,French Philosophy and Literature(1 ) Mont6squies(a) content of Persian Letters(b) The spirit of the Lawswhat it is aboutredefinition of lawview on government (separation of powers)(2) V oltaire(a) content of the letters(b) content of Candidethe quotations(3) Rousseau(a) main idea of The Origin Of Human Inequality(b) the kind of socie ty proposed in “The Social contract"his view on social contract(e) three famous quot8tions from "The Conf6ssions"(4) Diderotthe thing he was famous for(a) philosophical thought© Encyclopedie(d) Elements of Philosophy(e) R~~Nephew: the first paragraph3, English Literature(2) Defoe’s role and worksstory of “Robinson Crusoe"(3) Jonathan Swifts role and workscont6nt Of 'A modest Proposal"story Of “Gulliver’s Travels(5) reason why Fielding was considered “father of English Novel” 4,German Literature and Philosophy(2) Goetherole of Goethe(a) importance of "The Sorrows of Y oung Wu rther”(d) importance of "Faust"(3) Schiller'his role(b) main idea of "Cabal and Love"(d) “Whlhelm Tell” and what is stresses(4) Kanthis contribution(b) main idea of "Critique of Pure Reason"6, Music(1 ) the achievement of musical Enlightenment(a) Bach: Life and role(b) Handel: life and works(2) The Classical Periodimportance of this periodthe Viennese School(a) Haydn: his contribution(d) Mozart: life, achievement and contributionsynopsis of "The Marriage of Figaro',Division 7 Romanticism1, General introduction(参照P.309) ?(1) What is Romanticism?Things in common in the works of Romantic writ6rs expression in philosophyexpression in music(2) The French and Industrial Revolution(参照P.225---P.226) 3, Romanticism in England(1) BlakeWhat did "song of Innocence” and "Song of Experience "show? What were the tones Of these two collections?What do the Lines in “London” show?(2) LakersWhat was the new lit6rary theory?Who were the two young poets?What do you know about them?(3) ByronWhat did he fight for and die for?Why was he liked in China?his works and influence(4) Shelleythe memorable line Of "Ode tO the W6st Wind"the story of Prometheus Unbound(5) Keatshuman misery in "Ode to a Nightingaleending of "Ode on a Grecian Urn”4. Romanticism in France(2) Hugothe cause of a riot between the classicists and the Romanticists the thing Hugo was noted forthe plot of Les Miserable6, Romanticism in Russiainfluence Of Romanticism on Russia(1 ) Pushkinmain idea of "Ruslan and Liudmila"the story and the lesson of “Boris Godunov”the story of “Eugene Onegin”What do the two characters in "Eugene Onegin" stand for?(2) Lermontovthe Story of 'A Hero of our Time"feature Of Lermontov’s writings8. Concluding Remarksappraisal of the Romantic Movementtwo factors mentioned by an English writer10, MusicWhat exercised a more direct influence on music?What was the f6ature of Romantic music?(1 ) The Early Romantics?(a) Beethovenlife and works, spirit and techniquerole and contributionthe program that can be seen in his works6th and 9th Symphonies and their f6atures(b) Schubert: his life and role© Chopin: life and role(d) Schumann: life and role(e) MendelssohnWhat was so outstanding Of him?(2) The later RomanticsWho should be put in this group?Who were the "three B's"?(b) Tchaikovsky: lif6 and roleDivision 8 Marxism and Darwinism1. The Rise of Marxism(1 ) General Introductionthe int6IIeCtual tradition it was associated with the effect it has on various fields(参照p.535 summing-up)(2) Historical Background(3) The Three Sources(a) German Classical Philosophy(i) HegelWhat did Hegel maintain(ii) Why was Feuerback important?(iii) What did Marx and Engel’s adopt and reject in term of Hegel’s and Feuerbach's philosophies? What is the main idea of the selected passage from the end of P.330 to the beginning of P.332? Lenin's comments (P.336---P.337)(iv) four conclusions Of Marx’s historical materialism(b) English Classical Political EconomyWhat is the cornerstone of Marx’s economic theory?How did L6nin summarize Marx’s economic theory?What are the differences between Marx’s economic theory and bourgeois economics theories?(C)Utopian SocialismWhy was it called "Utopian"?(l) Owen(ii) Saint--Simon(iii) Charles FourierWh8t was the problem with them?What is the essence of Marxist socialism?2. Darwinism(1 )General introductionWhat did Darwin discover?What idea did he challenge?his role(3) life of Charles Darwin(4) Darwin’s Works and Theories(a) Origin Of SpeciesWhat is the essence Of his theory Of evolution?What are the four major arguments?What are the three independent generalizations?What are the st6ps in the process of natural selection?What is his evidence for evolution by natural selection?(5) Effect Of Darwinism(a) On Biology(b) On Theology: opposition from the Church© On Social Sciencewhat was the Law Herbert Spencer fOrmulat6d?what is social Darwinism? what is its chief argument?Division 9 Realism1, General introduction(1 ) what is realism?what did it emphasize?What did the realists want to present in their works?what did realism in art and Literature protest against?(2) The Historical Backgroundwhat great changes took place in Europe in the 19th century?How did Political and liberal Leaders react to the social problems brought about by social and economic changes?(Liberals, nationalist, socialist)How did the revolutions between 1830 and 1850s end?what was the consequence?2.ReaIism in France(1) St6ndhaI: his life and work(2) Balzac: his life /th e purpose Of "The Human Comedy”/features(3) Flaubert: Life /his prose style /Medame Bovary and its role(4) Zola: life/ what did he Strongly believe?what was his purpose of writing "Les Rougen--Macquarts?what is the diff6rence of a realist novel and a naturalist novel?what is a novel to a naturalist(5) Maupassantwhat did he writewhat did he try t put across?3, Realism in RussiaWhen did Russian literature emerge? why?(1) Gogolwhat kind Of a writer was he?story of “The Inspector Gener al"purpose of writing this comedy"Dead souls": the Story and its role(2) Turgenevthe effect of "A Hunt6r's Sketches"the value Of his works(3) Dostoyevskyhis lifethe theme Of "Crime and Punishment(4) Tolstoyhis life and workshis contribution to Russian literature(5) Chekhovhis Life and worksdiff6rence with Dostoyevsky and Tolstoy simplicity?most outstanding in his art4, Realism in Northern Europe(1 ) Ibsenimportance of Ibsensubject matter of his playsmaster pieces5, Realism in EnglandHow would you characterize the situation in England in the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria?(1) Dickenslife and works"David Copperfield": what is so outstanding about his novel?the main idea of the selected passage(2) George Eliother life and workstheme of Middlemarch and skill in writing(3) Thackeryhis lifethe theme of "V anity Fair'(4) Hardyhis life and worksthe main feature Of his novels(5) Shawhis lif6 and political viewaim of Fabian Societythe range Of modes covered in his plays6, Realism in the United Stateswhat is meant by "Gilded Age"(1 ) Stowelif6 and the role of "Uncle Tom’s Cabin"(2) Whitmanlif6 and workshis contributionmain idea Of the selected passage(3)Mark Twainhis Iif6 and real name and workswhy is he considered "the Lincoln of American literatue"his masterpiece and its influence(4) Henry Jameslife and works /influence7.Art(2) impressionism in Artwhat is impressionism?what is the theme of the impressionists?what do the impressionists aim at?(3)Post--impressionismwhy is the t6rm used?what did the French impressionists Look for?who were the vanguards of the movement?what did they try to do?(b) V8n Gogh and his works8.Musicwho were the f8mous composers at the turn of the 20th century? What did they achieve?(1) Dovorak life and works/ characteristics of his work(2) Debussy: his contributionDivision 10 Modernism and Other T rends1,GeneraI introduction(1 ) what is modernism?what is its characteristic?what does it Strive to reflect?in what sense is modernism a revolution?why is it called the “dehumanization Of art?(2) Historical Contextthe three big events: WWI. October Revolution,WW2' 3) Progress in Sciencewhat were some of the developments in science?(4) New Ideas and ThoughtsSigmind Freud: the man the modernists were most indebted tothe man and his workshis importance conceptions: a, the unconscious b, three functional parts of human personality c, Oedipus Complex2,Contemporary W6st6rn Lit6rature Before 1945(1 ) English Literature(a) T.S.Eliotwhy was he considered paradoxical?what were the two Literary influences Eliot drew people’s attention to?which was his most important poem? why?(b) Joseph ConradWhat did he writ6 about in his novels?what was Outstanding about his novels?How did he achieve dramatic effect in his writings?the Story Of Lord Jim© V irginia WoolfLife and worksBloomsbury GroupStream Of consciousness(d) D.H LawrenceIn what way was he originalwhy was he controversial?what was his major theme in writing?why was it considered a challenge to conventional morality?the story of 'Sons and lovers”(2) Irish Literature'(a) Y eatsLife. role and contributionthree basic themes(b) Joyce'lifecharacteristics in writingthe story and importance of "A Portrait of the Artist As a Y oung Man"the importance of “Ulysses”(3) American Literature(a) Ezra Pounda leading figure of the imagist movementhis contributiontranslation of poem from "The Book Of Sons"(b) FaulknerNoble Prize winnerCharacteristics of his writingsthe two best---known novels(C) HemingwayNoble Prize winnerhis workshis style and accomplishmentthe story of “The Sun Also Rises"meaning of lost generation(4) German LiteratureThomas MannNobel Prize winnerthemes Of his two novels(5) French Literature(a) And re GideNoble Prize winnerNew themes introduced by Gide“The counterfeiters" and what the novel is about(6) Russian and Soviet Literature(a) GorkyLife and worksMother: what it shows, its rolethe trilogy and what the depict(b) Sholokhovthe Story Of "The Quiet Don"3, Lit6Fature and Philosophy since 1945the impact Of the two world wars(1) Angry Y oung Men in EnglandWhat does the term refer to?How comes the t6rm?(a) Kingley Amis“Lucky Jim". the story and the comic figure Jim Dixon(b) John Osbornethe story of the play "Look Back in Anger' and the reason for the success of the play (2) Beat Generation in AmericaHow comes the t6rm?what are the distinctive features of the Beat Generation?(a) Allen Ginsbergwhat is the poem "Howl" about and why is it important?(b) Jack Kerouacthe story of "on the Road" and the way of writing© New NovelHow did the term come into being?the characteristics of new novel(d) Existentialismwhat is existentialisms?what is its basic concernwhat does it advocate?what is its key concept?who is Jean---Paul Sartre?what is his theory?what are his work?(e)The Theatre of the AbsurdWhat is the term ref6rring to?What do the playwrights attempt to convey?the t6chnique and language employed(0 Black Humorwhat is black humor?why is called black humorJoseph Heller and 'Catch--22"4, Art and Music(1 ) Artthe "Fauvist: what they produced (P.483 first 5 lines) Juan Gris’s. statementwhat is art int6nded to be?what do they want to express?(b) ExpressionismWearaCt6ristic of expressionist art© Cubismwhat is this kind Of art?(i) Picassohis liferepresentative works Of diff6rent periods(d) Futurismwhat do the works Of futurists portray?what do they glorify?(e) Dadaismwhat do Dadaist create? what is their view?(f)Surrealismwhat is the Job Of an artist?。

第二，三章Alfred the Great（阿尔弗雷德大王）(p102) Augustine of Hippo(p97)Bible (p52) influence (p86)Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》）(p105)Charlemagne( p101)Carolingian Renaissance（加洛林复兴）( p101) code of chivalry骑士制度(p94)Deuteronomy (p52)Exodus (p52)Experimental science(p103)Feudalism（封建主义）(p92)Genesis (Adam and Eve)(Noah’s Ark) (p52) Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟（P123）The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》））（P123）Gosepels four part of the New Testament(p77) Gothic（哥特式建筑）Hebrews (p51)Jesus (p73)Kinghthood(p94)Leviticus (p52)Lyric Poety(p13)Manor(p93)Monasticism (修道院制度)(p97)National Epics民族史诗(p105)Numbers (p52)Peter and Paul (P74)Pentateuch (p52)Pindar(ode on athletic game) (p13)Roger Bacon培根(103)占星术炼金术Romansque(p126)Sappho (p13)Lyric PoetrySong of Roland （《罗兰之歌》）（P111）St. Jerome(p97)St. Benedict(p97)St. Thomas Aquinas(p102)Ten Commandments (Peuteronomys) (p60)The Catholic Church(天主教)(the power and influence)(p98) The church in middle ages(p95)The Crucifixion(p83)The Crusades（十字军东征）(p99)the Middle agesThe Sermon on tjhe Mount(p79)第四章Albrecht Durer[p168]\\Amerigo V espucci[p180]Andreas V esalius(1514-1564)[p181]Aldus Manutius[p181]Bartholomeu dias[p180]Counter-Reformation（反宗教改革）(p149)Christopher Columbus哥伦布[p180]Calvinism（加尔文主义）(p147)(p151)Council of Trent特伦托会议(p149)Dante但丁[p182]Donatello(p137)(sculptor)Don Quixote 《堂吉诃德》(p162)El Greco埃尔。

1．第1题In terms of science, what was the significant shift in thinking during the Renaissance Age?A.the inclusion of science in the educational programB.the emphasis on how things happened in natureC.the development of new scientific methodsD.the acceptance of heliocentric theory您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.02．第2题Who was not a representative writer of Northern Renaissance?A.Giovanni BoccaccioB.William ShakespeareC.Fran鏾is RabelaisD.Miguel de Cervantes您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.03．第3题Which categories ofpublication does Erasmus’s The Praise of Folly belong to?A.clever satires to expose people’s errorsB.serious moral books to offer people Christian guidanceC.scholarly editions of basic Christian textsD.collection of stories to amuse people您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.04．第4题Who was not one of the three masters of the High Renaissance art?A.Leonardo da VinciB.RaphaelC.El GrecoD.Michelangelo您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.05．第5题Which is not one of the three great achievements of Italian Renaissance art?A.the revival of classical textsB.the discovery of linear perspectiveC.the knowledge of anatomyD.the knowledge of the classical forms您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.06．第6题Which description of Petrarch is wrong?A.He was known as the “father of humanism”.B.He was the first to coin theterm “Dark Ages”.C.He valued his Italian writings more than his Latin writings.D.He was financed by Galeazzo II Visconti.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.07．第7题Which is not one of the things that the Viscontis, the Sforzas and the Medicis had in common?A.They were wealthy and powerful families in Italy.B.They were rulers of Milan during the Renaissance.C.They ordered the construction of great architectures.D.They were generous patrons of artists and intellectuals.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.08．第8题Three of the following statements are true with the Jesuits. Which one is the exception?A.They were highly respected for their learning and the purity of their lives.B.They became the principal university teachers in all European countries.C.They helped to stop the spread of Lutheranism into south Germany.D.They helped to spread Catholicism to the countries beyond Europe.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.09．第9题Three of the following statements are true with theCouncil of Trent. Which one is the exception?A.It was first a religious meeting called to win back the Protestants.B.It condemned the scandals arising from the sale of indulgences.C.It insisted on Catholic tradition as the mere source of authority.D.It marks the beginning of the history of modern Catholic Church.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.010．第10题Three of the following statements are true with England after the death of Henry VIII. Which one is the exception?A.The council of regents to rule England was dominated by reformers.B.Edward VI was enthusiastic about reform as Henry VIII had been.C.Edward VI was raised by Protestants rich with Renaissance ideas.D.Mary succeeded Edward VI and began to restore the Catholic faith.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.011．第11题Three of the following statements are true with Henry VIII. Which one is the exception?A.He married his brother’s widow against Roman Catholic rules.B.He married his brother’s widow with the Pope' s authorization.C.He was eager to divorce the queen to end the poor marriage.D.He was eager to have a new marriage to bring him a male heir.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.012．第12题Like Luther, Calvin____________A.believed man, from birth, is predestined by God for salvation or damnation.B.believed that the order and discipline of the early church should be restored.C.regarded the Bible as the only source of truth and spiritual authority.D.regarded the church as a place to be with God by reading the Bible.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.013．第13题Luther made the first attempt to draw attention to the corruption of the Church in_______.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.014．第14题Luther attacked the beliefthat the sacramental system was the only means tosalvation and called for the reform of monasticism in________________.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility ofthe German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.015．第15题Which of the following is true about the central argument of the Ninety-Five Theses?A.The Ninety-Five Theses marks the beginning of the Reformation.B.It was an effort to draw attention to the corruption of the Church.C.Repentance has the same power of the pope to forgive sins.D.The sale of indulgences went against the true spirit of Christianity.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.016．第16题Three of the following statements are true with the early experience of Luther. Which one is the exception? A.Luther lived up to hisfather and became a priest. B.Luther had a horrible experience in a thunderstorm.C.He tried his best to get rid of his sin to satisfy God.D.He damaged his health by eating and sleeping less.您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.017．第17题Which of the following facts is NOT true with the situation in the Church of Rome before the Reformation?A.The sale of Church offices to wealthy families.B.The sale of indulgences toindividual believers.C.Some clegymen held several positions at the same time.D.Clergymen must meet strict moral and educational standards.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.018．第28题The most immediate effect of the Reformation was___________________.A.the increase in the power of princes and kingsB.the more and more secularized western EuropeC.the outburst of fighting among religious groupsD.the more emphasis on the value of the individual您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.019．第29题Which statement about the humanist education during the Renaissance is wrong?A.The goal of education was to produce independent, virtuous and capable men who excelled in many different fields.B.The program of study relied heavily on classical training, but it also contained many other subjects.C.The Renaissance education enhanced the impact of the humanist ideas on the ruling class and the elite.D.The educational program of the humanists placed a high value on science.您的答案：D题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.020．第30题Three of the following statements are true withLuther's teachings. Which one is the exception?A.A priest of the Church never helps.B.A priest of the Church is only the teacher.C.The truth is only to be found in the Bible.D.Every believer is a priest of his own.您的答案：A题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.021．第31题The reasons for Henry’s reform in England were mainly ________.A.religiousB.personalC.politicalD.both B and C您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.022．第32题The successful spread of Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire is due to three of the following facts. Which one is the exception?A.The unstable political situation in the Holy Roman Empire.B.Public discontent caused by high papal taxes on Germans.C.Extreme anger in Germany against the power of the pope.D.Luther' s intention to extend his doctrine of social equality.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.023．第33题Luther further explained his doctrine of faith and justification in______________.A.The Liberty of the ChristianManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.024．第34题Luther called on the German princes to reject the foreign pope’s authority andestablish a reformed German church in _____________.A.The Liberty of the Christian ManB.Address to the Nobility of the German NationC.The Babylonian Captivity of the ChurchD.the Ninety-Five Theses您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.025．第35题Which of the following is true about Luther’s discovery from reading the Bible?A.His own individual faith would guarantee his salvation.B.Saint Peter’s guidance would guarantee his salvation.C.Saint Paul’s instructions would guarantee his salvation.D.Jesus Christ ’s teachings would guarantee his salvation.您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.026．第36题Which of the following statements is NOT true with the text?A.Martin Luther was a German missionary.B.Martin was declared an outlaw in the Empire.C.The Pope condemned Martin Luther’s beliefs.D.The Pope ordered Luther to change his beliefs.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.027．第47题Which description of the Age of Renaissance is correct? A.The Renaissance happened right after the Late Middle Ages in time.B.The Renaissance reached a peak at the end of the sixteenth century.C.The Renaissance began as a literary movement.D.The Renaissance was opposed to humanism.您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.028．第48题Which is not the similarityshared by Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and Boccaccio’s Decameron?A.a collection of storiesB.satirical and humorous languageC.vivid characterizationD.religious themes您的答案：D题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.029．第49题Which statement about the “civic humanism” is wrong?A.It was developed by some Florentine scholars during the fifteenth century.B.It believed that virtue could only be obtained by participating in public life.C.It encouraged people to pursue material pleasures and fulfill their desires.D.It was the same with the “Christian Humanism” ofNorthern Renaissance.您的答案：D题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.030．第50题Compared with Italian Renaissance, Northern Renaissance had the following distinctive features exceptfor ______.A.strong national flavorB.great religious concernC.influence of classicismD.belief in Christian humanism您的答案：C题目分数：4.0此题得分：4.031．第51题Which one is not the main characteristic of Shakespeare as a Renaissance man?A.His interest in classical cultureB.His belief in humanismC.His support of individualismD.His consciousness ofnational identity您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.032．第52题Which is the key feature of the Mannerism of the Late Renaissance art?A.the invention of newartistic techniquesB.the imitation of Greek and Roman stylesC.the representation of idealized human figuresD.the use of intense colors, strange themes and twisted figures.您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.033．第53题Who did not belong to theFlorentine School of the Early Renaissance art?A.BrunelleschiB.DonatelloC.MasaccioD.Raphael您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.034．第54题Which one is not a period of Italian Renaissance Art?A.Early RenaissanceB.Middle RenaissanceC.High Renaissancete Renaissance您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.035．第55题Which of the following Renaissance writers was not known for his sonnets?A.DanteB.PetrarchC.Edmund SpencerD.William Shakespeare您的答案：A题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.036．第56题The Italian Renaissance scholars did all the following things except for ____.A.reviving many classicaltexts forgotten or lost for a long time.B.spreading the knowledge beyond the small circle of scholars.C.refusing to accept religious teaching or read religious works.D.paying more attention to man’s world and life on earth.您的答案：C题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.037．第57题Three of the following statements are true with the Elizabethan Compromise. Which one is the exception?A.The Church of England again rejected the authority of the pope.B.The Church of England began to compromise with the Papacy.C.Elizabeth again condemned Catholic teachings and practices.D.Elizabeth,as a protestant, also forbade extreme Protestantism.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.038．第58题Three of the following statements are true with the Catholic Counter-Reformation.Which one is the exception?A.It was in nature a reaction to Protestantism.B.It was the result of Catholic self-criticism.C.It resulted from the Protestant Reformation.D.It resulted from a Church-wide call for reform.您的答案：B题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.039．第59题Who was not a believer in the heliocentric theory?A.Nicolas CopernicusB.Johannes KeplerC.GalileoD.Francis Bacon您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.040．第60题Who was regarded as the“father of oil painting”?A.MasaccioB.BotticelliC.Albrecht D黵erD.Jan van Eyck您的答案：D题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.041．第18题“Middle English” was the national language of the England during the Early Middle Ages.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.042．第19题During the Renaissance, all scholars and artists abandoned medieval qualities and embraced modern values over night.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.043．第20题During the Renaissance, many Italian scholars began to learn Greek because they wanted to translate Latin works into Greek.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.044．第21题Florence was the major centre of the High Renaissance Art at the early 16th century.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.045．第22题Due to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation, the Church of Rome lost its authority to settle alldisputes among Christians.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.046．第23题The sales of Church offices led to low religious and personal standards of the clergymen.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.047．第24题According to Luther, the Bible was the only source ofpolitical and religious authority.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.048．第25题In the Middle Ages, Christiansin Western Europe only needed to pay one tenth of their annual income to the Church of Rome.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.049．第26题The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V helped the Pope in the movement of Catholic Counter-Reformation.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.050．第27题By the 15th century the Pope had become powerful in both the secular life of the Europeans as well as in their religious life.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.051．第37题Marsilio Ficino, the first man to translate Plato’s complete works from Greek into Latin, was known as a Neo-Platonist.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.052．第38题The Northern Renaissance is the term used to describe the Renaissance in northern Europe, or more broadly in Europe outside Italy.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.053．第39题Dante was the first Italian writer to compose in his native language rather than in Latin.您的答案：正确题目分数：1.0此题得分：1.054．第40题The Italian Renaissance was largely credited to the economic success in Italy at that time.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.055．第41题All city-states of northern Italy belonged to the Holy Roman Empire during the Renaissance.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.056．第42题Reading of the Bible and his theological teaching madeclearer Luther’s idea about the malpractices of the Church.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.057．第43题It was only in the 16th century that the Church of Rome’s monopoly began to meet the challenge for religious reform.您的答案：错误题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.058．第44题To allow a person to buy God’s forgiveness and ransom his way out of hell, the Church developed the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.059．第45题Christian Humanism helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.060．第46题Martin Luther first expressed his idea of reforming the Church by criticizing the sale of indulgences.您的答案：正确题目分数：2.0此题得分：2.0。

欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结第一篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。