剑桥金融财务英语(acca)(PPT文档)

financial management is concerned with the long term raising of finance and the allocation and control of resources.
➢management accounting is concerned with day-to-day planning, control and decision making.
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Exam guide
Discussion question, or Financial ratios computation and discussion
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1 the nature, purpose and scope of financial management
Fast forward
Financial management decisions cover investment decisions, financing decisions, dividend decisions and risk management.
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1.4 Financial management decisions
Investment decisions
Allocation of resources
Fixed assets Current assets Risk and return expected
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1.4 Financial management decisions
➢ financial accounting reports to external interested parties the results of the decisions taken by management (historical information), not directly involved in the day-to-day planning, control and decision making of an oቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱganization

Social security, or welfare (社会保险): money paid by the government to unemployed and sick people.
Pension (养老金): money paid by a company or the government to a
Overtime (加班费): money received for working extra hours.
Commission (佣金): a certain percentage of the income the employee generates, such as sales person.
equities (股票) -certificates representing units of ownership (所有权).
The people who invest (投资) money，known
as share capital (股本), in shares are called
Money is often in the form of cash(现金) and bank deposits(银行存款).
Cash includes notes(纸币) and coins(硬币).
Bank deposits: money in the bank accounts (银行 账户).
Mortgage (贷款): repayments of money borrowed to buy a house or flats.
Health insurance (人身保险): financial protection against
medial expenses for sickness or accidental injuries.

For a wholesale or retail business, there will be no raw materials or WIP holding periods, and the cycle simplifies:
Cash operating cycle= stock holding period + debtors’ collections period – creditors’ payment period.
Capital assets
Long-term debt and equity
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1.1 Working capital characteristic of different business
Holding inventory Taking time to pay suppliers and other account payable Allowing customers time to pay
> current liabilities
Current liabilities
Capital assets
Long-term debt and equity
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NWC: An operational focus
Current assets = current liabilities
Current assets
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3 Role of working capital management
Fast forward
A business needs to have clear policies for management of each component of working capital.

Cash budgeting
Short-Term financing strategies for cash shortages
Marketable security investment strategies for cash surpluses
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Flow of funds
Creditors Shareholders Governments
Cash receipts Cash disbursements Net cash flow Cash shortfalls and surpluses
Beginning cash balance + Net cash flow =Ending cash balance
Minimum cash balance
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2.1 The usefulness of cash flow forecasts
One of the most important planning tools Giving management an indication of potential problems that could arise and allows them the opportunity to take action to avoid such problems.
long term Make long term investment; expand; diversify; surplus Update/replace non-current assets
Long term Raising long term finance deficit Consider shutdown/disinvestment opportunities

• Credit n. 贷,贷方,贷记
– Credit card 贷记卡
•
v. 计入贷方,贷计
– Credit an account 计入贷方账
12/13/2019
• The double-entry system uses a series of ledger accounts.(分类帐帐户)
• A ledger account is created for every category of income, expenditure, asset and liability, plus the capital accDebit entries Credit entries
(left side)
(right side)
12/13/2019
• Double-entry accounting means to record the dual effects of each business transaction. Each transaction affects at least two accounts.
Part two Accounting
12/13/2019
Accounting、bookkeeping、auditing
（4学时）
Company law（2学时） Assumptions and principles（3学时）
Depreciation and amortization（1学时） Financial statements（8学时）
• 会计涉及到记账以及对一个组织的业务交易进行 总结，比如购买与销售，以财务报表的形式进行 汇报。
12/13/2019
Financial accounting includes bookkeeping, and preparing financial statements for shareholders and creditors; 财务会计包括记账和为股东和债权人编制会 计报表

statements to external auditors-independent auditors who do not work for the company. The auditors have to give an opinion about whether the financial statements represent a true and fair view of the company’s financial situation and results. The type of opinion： Unmodified opinion Unqualified opinion无保留意见 Modified opinion ，Qualified opinion 保留意见 Adபைடு நூலகம்erse opinion 否定意见 Disclaimer of opinion 无法表示意见
generates, such as sales person.
Bonus (红利): extra money given for meeting a target or for good
financial results.
Fees (酬金): money paid to professional people such as lawyers and
2020年3月27日
大家好
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A. Capital 资本
Capital is the money used to set up (建立) or start a company.
Capital can come from loan (借款), borrowed (借入) from banks. The loan must be paid back (偿还) with interest (利息). Company（借款人） bank（放款人）

Capital (continued)


The people who invest (投资) money，known as share capital (股本), in shares are called shareholders (股东) and they own (拥有) part of the company. Individuals and financial institutions, called investors (投资者), can also lend (借出) money to companies by buying bonds---loans that pay interest and are repaid at a fixed future date. Money that is owed (欠)--- have to be paid--- is called debt or liabilities (负债).

Outgoing（开支）: Amounts of money that people have to spend regularly, including:
Living expenses (日常开支): money spent on everyday needs such as food, clothes and public transport. Bills (账单): requests for the payment of money owed for services such as electricity, gas and telephone connections. Rent (租金): money paid for the use of a house or flat. Mortgage (贷款): repayments of money borrowed to buy a house or flats. Health insurance (人身保险): financial protection against

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2017年7月5日
3 Accounting and accountancy
A Accounting Accounting(会计） involves recording（记录） and summarizing an organization’s transactions （交易） or business deals, such as purchases and sales, and reporting them in the form of financial statement. In many countries, the accounting or accountancy （会计师）profession has professional organizations which operate their own training and examination systems, and make technical and ethical rules ：these relate to accepted ways of doing things.
2017年7月5日 2
B. ome(收入): All the money a person receives or earns. This can include: Salary(工资): money paid monthly; or wages: money paid by the day or the hour, usually received weekly. Overtime (加班费): money received for working extra hours. Commission (佣金): a certain percentage of the income the employee generates, such as sales person. Bonus (红利): extra money given for meeting a target or for good financial results. Fees (酬金): money paid to professional people such as lawyers and architects. Social security, or welfare (社会保险): money paid by the government to unemployed and sick people. Pension (养老金): money paid by a company or the government to a 3 2017年7月person. 5日 retired

T account
Left Side Right Side Receive Give DEBIT CREDIT
2/19/2021
T-account
• T-account: a simplest form of an account, used to illustrate the effect of transaction.
• Mark-up pricing/Cost-Plus Pricing（加成订 价法）: marketers add a percentage to the product’s cost in order to arrive a selling price.
2/19/2021
Pricing （P42）
➢ How companies price a product or service? It is depends on the demand and supply When deciding whether it would be profitable to produce a product, or offer a service, companies do a breakeven analysis. （P40） Breakeven point is the sales volume --- the number of units sold --- at which the company covers its cost --- pays all its expenses. To make a profit, its necessary to sell more than this.
• 会计涉及到记账以及对一个组织的业务交易进行 总结，比如购买与销售，以财务报表的形式进行 汇报。

Common and preferred stocks, bonds, bills, and notes all are types of financial assets, Financial assets, financial instrument, financial contracts
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Major Categories of Financial Assets
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1.1 Financial intermediation
Key term
A financial intermediary is a party bring together providers and users of finance, either as broker or as principal. A financial intermediary is an institution which links lender with borrowers, by obtaining deposits from lenders and re-lending them to borrowers.
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Financial Intermediation
Example of intermediaries
Clearing banks Investment banks Savings banks Building societies Finance companies Pension funds Insurance companies Investment/unit trusts
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1.1 Financial intermediation
Surplus unit
Person
savings funds