第一章英语句子结构和成分分析
英语属于结构性语言。英语的句子成分要按照特定的顺序（句子结构）来组织。特定的句子成分要用特定的词性或语法结构来充当，特定的词性或语法结构只能充当特定的成分。因此，要学好英语，一定要掌握好词性、句子成分和句子结构等内容。学好这些内容是学习好其他语法知识的基础。
第1讲相关概念
考点1.词性的英文缩写
在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。
缩写字母原词代表词性
n. noun 名词
v. verb 动词
vt.transitive verb 及物动词
vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词
modal v. modal verb 情态动词
aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词
adj.adjective 形容词
adv.adverb 副词
num. numeral 数词
interj. interjection 感叹词
pron. pronoun 代词
prep.preposition 介词
art. article 冠词
conj conjunction 连词
口诀：n.为名，v.为动；adv.副adj.形；
prep.借，pron.代；num.数a rt.冠，
conj.连interj.感叹
考点2.及物动词和不及物动词
实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。
The door opened.
(open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。)
He opened the door.
(open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。)
注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。A.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。
如：
The meeting began at six. < vi.>
We began the meeting at six. < vt.>
B.有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不
同。如：
The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”)
He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”)
C.英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。
He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。)
D.有些动词只能作及物动词，就必须带宾语。
I don’t know what to do.
I don’t know why/how/when to do.
第一个句子是正确的，what是do的宾语。
第二个句子需要在do后加it.
E.think, insist, agree, reply等词，后面可直接跟宾语从句，
但跟名词代词等作宾语时，是不及物动词，要跟介词。
I think it’s interesting.
What do you think of the film?
I replied that I was unable to help them.
我回答说我不能帮助他们。
He has not yet replied to my question.
他还没有回答我的问题。
He insisted that I (should) apologize to her.
他坚持我应该向她道歉。
He insisted on paying for the meal. 他坚持要付饭钱。
He insisted on immediate payment.
他坚持要求对方立即付款。
练习1.指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。
1.Most birds can fly.（）
2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( )
3.It happened yesterday.（）
4.My watch stopped.（）
5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( )
6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）
7.Shall I begin at once?（）
8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）
（）
9.When did they leave Beijing?（）
10.They left last week.（）
练习2.改错：
1.He never dreamed of that one day he would become
President.
2.What do you think the plan？
3.He never replied any of my letters.
4.He insisted staying up to nurse the patient.
5.He entered into the classroom quietly.
6.He will marry with her next month.
考点3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词
实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。
实义动词
指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。如：
He lives quite near. (live“住”，有明确的意义，单独作谓语，为实义动词。)
I like reading. （like “喜欢”，意思明确，单独作谓语，
为实义动词。）
I bought a pen yesterday. （bought“买”，意义明确，单
独作谓语，为实义动词。）
助动词
助动词的“助”是“帮助”之意。因此，助动词是指那些用来帮助构成时态、语态、虚拟语气、疑问句、否定句、倒装句和帮助强调的词。这些词本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独作谓语。
A.帮助构成时态的：
The boy is crying. (is 用来帮助构成现在进行时，和crying 一起作谓语，是助动词。)
He has arrived. (has用来帮助构成现在完成时，和arrived 一起作谓语，是助动词。)
I have been painting all day. （have been用来帮助构成现
在完成进行时，和painting一起作谓语，都是助动词。）B.帮助构成否定句和疑问句的：
Does he like English? (does帮助构成一般疑问句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
He does n’t have lunch at home.(does只是帮助构成否定句，没有具体意义，是助动词。) C.帮助构成被动语态的
Trees are planted in spring. (are帮助构成被动语态，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
The house has been pulled down. (has been帮助构成时态和语态，是助动词。)
D.帮助构成虚拟语气
If he had come yesterday, I would n’t have made such a
mistake.(had, have帮助构成虚拟语气，是助动词，属于谓语的一部分。)
E.帮助构成倒装句的
So much did he love his mother that he bought her many
presents on her birthday.
(他如此爱他的母亲以至于他母亲生日那一天，他给她买了许多礼物。did只是帮助构成倒装句，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
F.帮助构成强调意义的
He did come yesterday. (他昨天确实来过。did起强调作用，没有具体意义，是助动词。)
因此可以看出，常见的助动词为do, be, hav e，它们为基本助动词。一个词既可以作实义动词也可以作助动词，具体是哪一种，主要看它们在句中的功能。
①He did his homework at seven o’clock. (did单独作谓语，
意为“做”，是实义动词。)
Did he do his homework yesterday? (did是助动词，帮助构成一般疑问句，do是实义动词，意为“做”，是实义动词。)
②He has had breakfast. (has是助动词，帮助构成现在完成
时，had是实义动词，意为“吃”。has had一起构成了
句子的谓语。)
练习3.指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。
1.Does ( ) he like ( ) swimming?
2.He does ( ) like ( ) swimming.
3.Where does( ) he live ( )?
4.He does ( ) some washing after work.
5.He has ( ) had ( ) supper already.
6.The bridge has( ) been( ) built( ) now.
7.I have ( ) been ( )waiting( ) for you all day.
8.He was ( ) struck ( ) by a stone.
情态动词
情态动词同助动词一样，不能单独作谓语，要和实义动词一起作谓语。因此，情态动词也称为情态助动词。情态动词同基本助动词的区别在于，基本助动词本身无意义，而情态动词有自己的意义。如：
He can swim across the river. (can的词义为“能够”)
You must stay at home. (must词义为“必须”)
I might leave tomorrow.（might的词义为“或许”）
第2讲句子成分
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。
考点4.划分句子成分时的常用符号
英语中划分句子成分的符号
主语在下面画直线
谓语在下面画曲线
宾语在下面画双横线
定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）
状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟）
补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙）
同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考点1.主语
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。
可以作主语的词性或语法结构：
1. 名词
2. 代词
3. 数词
4. 不定式
5. 动名词
6. 主语从句等表示。
7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich）
在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。
On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are)
练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become
more and more popular.
2.We often speak English in class.
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.
5.Smoking does harm to the health.
6.The rich should help the poor.
7.When we are going to have English test has not been
decided.
8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.
9.Th at he isn’t at home is not true.
10.There comes the bus.
11.Beyond the village lies a small village.
12.Now comes your turn.
考点2.谓语
谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：
A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
He reads newspapers every day.
B.复合谓语：
①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
My sister is crying over there.
I have been waiting for you all the time.
I would stay at home all day.
Has he come back?
He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday.
②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和
表语一起作谓语。如：
We are student s.
Your idea sounds great.
考点3.表语
表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。
1.Our teacher of English is an American.
2.Is it yours?
3.The weather has turned cold.
4.The speech is exciting.
5.Three times seven is twenty-one.
6.His job is to teach English.
7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football.
8.The machine must be under repairs.
9.The truth is that he has never been abroad.
考点4.宾语
宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。
练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。
1.They planted many trees yesterday.
2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.
3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.
4.I wanted to buy a car.
5.I enjoy listening to popular music.
6.I think（that）he is fit for his office.
考点5.宾语补足语
宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。
带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。
练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。
1.His father named him Dongming.
2.They painted their boat white.
3.Let the fresh air in.
4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.
5.We saw her entering the room.
6.We found everything in the lab in good order.
7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.
8.I want your homework done on time.
考点6.主补
对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。
He was elected monitor.
She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
考点7.定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：
A.副词用作定语一般要后置。
People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)
He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）
B.形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。
单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。
The next man is a scientist.
The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）
C.介词短语作定语时要后置。
The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）
The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）
D.现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后
置。
I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)
The boy crying over there is my classmate.
（在那边哭的那个男孩）
The house built last year is impressive.
（去年建的那座房子）
练习5.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。
1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.
3.We need a place twice larger than this one.
4.She carried a basket full of eggs.
5.It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.
6.It’s a city far from the coast.
7.He has money enough to buy a car.
8.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
9.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our
city.
10.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.
11.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.
12.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back
home.
13.There are many clothes to be washed.
14.Most of the singers invited to the party were from
America.
15.Then the great day came when he was to march past the
palace in the team.
考点8.状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)
This material is environmentally friendly.
（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）
He runs very slowly.
（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.
（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）
A.几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间
一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：
I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning. He was walking slowly outside the park at that moment.
B.英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大
先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。
I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.
I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.
He lives at 1120 Green Street, London.
C.频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中
要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。
You can never tell what he will do.
He is often late.
He is always helping others.
He often came late.
D.状语按意义分类
在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等。
练习6.指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。
1.How about meeting again at six?
2.Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/397791818.html, st night she didn’t go to the dance party because
of the rain.
4.She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
5.She came in with a dictionary in her hand.
6.In order to catch up with the others, I must work
harder.
7.To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very
interested in business.
8.The boy needs a pen very much.
9.The boy really needs a pen.
10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.
11. She works very hard though she is old.
12. I am taller than he is.
13. I shall go there if it does n’t rain.
14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom.
15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a
pen.
考点9.同位语
同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。如：
We students should study hard. (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批“学生”）
It’s good to us students.
练习7.画出下列句中的同位语。
1.The young man, my brother, works in the office.
2.Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with
study.
3.They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
I.单句改错
根据所学主语相关内容，改正下列句中的错误。
1.Beyond the mountains lie a small village.
2.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot.
3.Play basketball is my favorite sport.
4.Give up English is not an option.
5.By doing part-time jobs can help them gain social
experience.
6.Without a friend will feel lonely.
II.语法填空（每空至多填三词）
7.They planned______(take) two days off next week.
8.He practiced ______ (speak) English every day.
9.Here ______(be) your books.
10.On the wall ______ (hang) two pictures.
III.写作技能提升
A.注意句子主语的形式。
11.在我看来，早睡早起将对我们的健康有好处。（in my
opinion, get up early, go to bed early, do a lot of good to,
our health）
12.他这次考试不及格使他不高兴。（he failed the exam,
make, upset）
13.在那两座高楼之间，矗立着我们教学楼。（between the
two tall buildings, stand, teaching building）
14.我们现在正在学的知识对我们将来的生活和工作都很
有帮助。（what we are learning now, be of great help to,
our life and work, in the future）
B.用形容词作后置定语。
15.你认识Tom旁边的那个人吗？（know, next to）
16.尽早把他送到距你家最近的医院。（send…to, nearest to,
as soon as possible）
17.我们有一个能容下3000学生用餐的餐厅。（dining hall,
large enough, hold）
C.注意状语的顺序。
18.那时他正在教室内认真地写作业。（do his homework, in
the classroom, carefully, at that moment）
19.上周日我们在校园内栽了很多树。（plant lots of trees, in
the schoolyard）
20.他昨天在演讲比赛中表现得异常优秀。（perform
incredibly well, speech contest）
D.注意频度副词的位置。
21.我永远不会忘记他那天对我讲的话。（will, forget, what
he told me, never）
22.我经常去那家超市。（frequently, the supermarket）
23.他总是帮助别人。（always, helping）
24.我们什么时候都不能那样对待老人。（never, treat an old
man like that, should）
25.活到老，学到老。（one, never, too old to learn）
第3讲简单句的五种基本结构
正确的英语句子都要符合一定的语法结构要求。英语句子的结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。英语句子都可以看作是这五种句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装构成的。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础，也是学好其他语法知识的前提。
英语五种基本句型结构如下：
主语谓语
用符号表示为：
①ＳＶ（主＋谓）
②ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
③ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）
④ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
⑤ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
主语（subject）谓语（predicate）
宾语（object）定语（attribute）
状语(adverbial) 补语（complement）
表语（predicative）
考点1.基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）
这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语。如:
It is raining now. (ＳＶ)
We’ve worked for 5 hours. (ＳＶ)
The meeting lasted half an hour. (ＳＶ)
Time flies. (ＳＶ)
练习1.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1.Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )
2.Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )
3.He is smiling all over his face. ( )
4.I did well in English. ( )
5.He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )
考点2.基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）
此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。
She likes English.
We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.
练习2.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1.People all over the world speak English.
2.Jim cannot dress himself.
3.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
4.He did not know what to say.
5.He just wanted to stay at home.
6.He practices speaking English every day.
考点3.基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give“给”，pass
“递”，bring“带”，show“展示”。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语。
如：He gave me a cup of tea. (ＳＶｏＯ)
She bought me some books. (ＳＶｏＯ)
若直接宾语为人称代词，通常不能放在后面。如：
不能说Bring me it, please.而要说Bring it to me, please.
有时候为了强调间接宾语，把间接宾语放到后面，于是就构成了：
动词+ 直接宾语+ 介词（to或for）+ 间接宾语。
He gave a cup of tea to me.
She bought some books for me.
Show this house to Mr. Smith.
常跟双宾语的及物动词有：
间接宾语放后面时前面要加to的动词：allow, bring, deny, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。
间接宾语放后面时前面要加for的动词：buy, choose, fetch, get, make, order, paint, play(演奏), save, sing, spare等。
一般用to多些，用for的记住常用的三个就行：get, buy, make。
He got an English-Chinese Dictionary for me.
She bought a book for John.
My uncle made a kite for me.
练习3.分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。
1.She ordered herself a new dress.
2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
3.He brought you a dictionary.
4.He denies her nothing.
5.I showed him my pictures.
6.I gave my car a wash.
7.I told him that the bus was late.
8.He showed me how to run the machine.
考点4.基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）
有些动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，宾语后必须加上一个补充成分才能使意思完整。所加的成分就是宾语补足语。
宾语和宾语补足语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。
看下面这句话：
He asked me to lend him some money.
他让我借给他一些钱。
“me”是宾语，“to lend him some money”是宾补，宾语和宾补合一起意思为“我借给他一些钱”。从意思上看，这像一句话，“我”是主语，“借给他一些钱”是谓语部分，但在英语原句中，它们却不是真正的主谓关系，而是逻辑上的“主谓关系”，即：从意思上看像主谓关系，而实际上不是。
练习4.判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。(是的填T，不是的填F)
1.I want him to come at once. ( )
2.H e lent me some money. ( )
3.H e made the boy cry again. ( )
4.T he teacher found him cheating in the exam. ( )
5.D on’t l eave the door open at night. ( )
练习5.分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。
1. They appointed him manager. （）
2. They painted the door green. （）
3. He pushed the door open. （）
4. They found the house deserted. （）
5. What makes him think so? （）
6. We saw him out. （）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （）
8. I saw them getting on the bus. （）
9. We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （）
11. We elected him monitor. （）
12. Don’t keep the lights burning. （）
考点5.基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）
系动词主要是be；但还有一些实义动词候有时候也可作系动词，这类系动词有人称之为半系动词。
A.如何辨别系动词
有些动词既可作连系动词，又可以作实义动词。如何来辨别呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立且句意变化不大就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是实义动词。如：
①She looks beautiful. (looks变为is之后，她是美丽的，句
意没有大的变化，looks是系动词。)
Look at the picture.(look不能换为be, 为实义动词。)
②He felt the book with his right hand.(feel是“摸”的意思，
不能换为was, 是实义动词。)
The silk feels soft.(这种丝绸摸起来很柔软，feels换为is
之后，句意变化不大，因此是系动词。)
可以看出：半系动词后面大部分情况跟形容词作表语。练习6.辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。
1.The door stays open at night.
2.He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.
3.The book still lies open on the desk.
4.What he said proved true.
5.He can’t proved his theory(理论).
B.常见的系动词
i状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词。如：
He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。
ii持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand。如：
He kept silent at the meeting. 他开会时保持沉默。
This matter remains a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
The food stays fresh in the fridge.
食物在冰箱里仍然很新鲜。
The house stood empty for years.房子空了数年。
He lies awake in bed.他躺在床上，醒着。
iii表“像”系动词
用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear,
look。如：
Something seems wrong. 好像出差错了。
He appears young. 他看起来很年轻。
iv感官系动词
感官系动词主要有look“看起来”，feel“摸起来”, smell
“闻起来”, sound“听起来”, taste“尝起来”。
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
v变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样。变化系动词主要有
become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time.
她没多长时间就富了。
He fell ill yesterday.他昨天病了。
Eggs go bad easily in summer. 蛋夏天容易变坏。
His face went red.他的脸变红了。
What he had dreamt of came true.
他的梦想实现了。
Still waters run deep.静水流深。
vi终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达“证实”，“变成”之意。如：
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
His plan turned out a success.
他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）
What he predicted turned out (to be) wrong.
他预言的结果是错的。
练习7.用下划线画出下列句中的系动词。
1.His advice proved right.
2.The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
3.The machine went wrong.
4.All these efforts seem in vain.
5.These words sound reasonable.
6.The room soon became crowded.
7.The days are getting longer and longer.
8.He fell ill yesterday.
9.Trees turn green in spring.
10.What you said sounds great.
C.系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语
He is a student. (ＳＶＰ)
Your idea sounds great. (ＳＶＰ)
D.在一个英语单句中，一般情况要有谓语动词
要注意：介词短语和形容词不能单独作谓语，要和系动词一起作谓语。
改错：
①Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.
②Your book on the desk.
答案及解析：
Our school is very beautiful and we like it very much. (句中没有谓语动词)
Your book is on the desk.（句中没有谓语动词）
考点6.there be 句型
此句型是由“there + be + 主语+ 状语”构成，用以表达“存在有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，实义主语位于谓语动词be 之后，there 仅为引导词（也有看作形式主语的），并无实际意义。
A.be 要与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，如果be后实
义主语是多个并列项时，要按就近一致原则，与第一项保持一致。
There is a bird in the tree.
(主语a bird是单数，所以用there is)
There are many apples on the tree.
(主语many apples是复数，所以用there are)
There is a pencil and two rulers on the desk.
（第一项是a pencil，单数，所以用there is）
There are two rulers and a pencil on the desk.
（第一项是two rulers，复数，所以用there are）
B.可用live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等词
代替be动词。
此时还表示“存在有”，但表意要更具体一些。如：
There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.
在山脚下住着一位老人。
（不但“有”，而且“住”在那里。）
There exists no air on the moon.
月球上没有空气。（exist是“存在”的意思）
There lies a book on the desk.
课桌上平放着一本书。
（不但“有”，而且说明书是“平放”在那里。）
There stands a tree on the hill.
山上矗立着一棵树。
（不但说明“有”树，而且说明了“树”很挺拔。）
①______ a certain doubt among the students as to the
necessity of the work.
A. It existed
B. There existed
C. They had
D. There had
②______ a beautiful palace ______ the foot of the hill.
A. There stand; at
B. There stands; under
C. Stands there; under
D. There stands; at
答案：B, D
C.there seem/ happen/ used to be及there live/ lie/ stand句型
的否定句和疑问句的变法。
根据汉语提示完成句子：
①.下周将有两场会，不是吗？
There ______ going to be two meetings next week, ______ there?
②.不会再有流血冲突，是吗？
There will be no blood, ______there?
③.似乎出了问题，不是吗？
There seems to be something wrong, ______ there?
④.似乎有误解，是吗？
There appeared to be a misunderstanding, ______ there?
⑤.碰巧那时附近有辆公交车。
There ______ （happen）to be a bus nearby at that time.
⑥.过去这里有条小河，不是吗？
There used to be a river here, ______ there?
⑦.过去这个森林里生活着一只老虎，不是吗？
There lived a tiger in the forest, ______ there?
答案：①are; aren’t ②won’t ③doesn’t ④didn’t
⑤happened ⑥didn’t/usedn’t⑦didn’t
D.there be 与have 的区别
there be …“某地有某物，某时有某事”；have 表示“某人拥有某物”。
改错：
①There has a book on the desk.
②There will have a meeting this evening.
答案：①把has改为is; ②把have改为be。
提示：没有there have这种表示“有”的方法。
考点7.双重谓语(仅供了解)
典型例句：
①He left this morning very gay.
②She left a shy girl and returned a young mother.
分析：双重谓语的基本形式是：行为动词+表语，后面的名词或形容词说明主语从事该行为时所处的状态。用作双重谓语的动词多为那些表示位置移动变化的行为动词，如return，leave，go，come，arrive，start等。
句①意为：上午离开时，他很开心。
句②意为：她离开时还是一个害羞的女孩，回来时却是一位年轻的母亲。
I.单句改错
1.【2007辽宁】Three plates were already on the table when
the man closest to me pointing to one plate and asked me the name of the fish on it.
2.【2005全国Ⅰ】For the most part, students working to
earn money for their own use.
3.【2014大纲卷】So real friendship should able to stand all
sorts of tests.
4.【2008天津】I felt sadly. I learnt a lesson from this
experience.
5.【2013 四川】I’m sorry that I am abroad and can’t send
your flowers, so I’m writing to you.
6.【2008安徽】We thought the biscuits were great. “Let’s
got some more,” I said, “They’re cheap and they really taste well.” （两处错误）
7.Others, however, against staying at home.
8.Exams should neither too difficult nor too easy.
9.There are many taxi drivers are women.(可改多处)
10.There has a big tree in front of our school.
11.They often lonely.
12.Eggs go badly easily in summer.
II.语法填空（每空至多填三词）
13.There ______ (exist) many problems with the project.
14.There ______ (be) going to be three meetings tomorrow.
15.The shop stays ______ (open) at night.
16.My mother bought a birthday cake ______ me.
17.There happened to ______ a bird flying above.
18.There ______ (lie) a swimming pool over there.
19.【2014湖北】The Public Square is an eye-catching sight
of the city. There______(stand) many stone sculptures of
famous historical figures.
III.写作技能提升
A.不要忘了使用系动词。
20.那食物很可口，我吃了很多。（the food, delicious）
21.那个电影好极了。（the movie, fantastic）
22.不过呢，一些人反对这个计划。（however, against, the
plan）
23.他们的意见如下。（their opinion, as follows）
24.就我而言，我赞成这个主意。（as far as I’m concerned, in
favor of）
B.活用双宾语句式，用两种方法翻译下列句子。
25.他给我提了一些建议。（offer, some advice）26.我欠他很多钱。（owe）
27.在我生日那天，母亲给我买了一件很特别的礼物。（buy,
a special gift）
28.他给我做了一个纸飞机。（make, paper plane）
29.他给我们读了一个有趣的故事。（read, an interesting
story）
30.他的叔叔留给他很多钱。（leave, a lot of money）
31.他让我们看了一张世界地图。（show）
32.请把熊猫的照片寄给我一张。（send, a photo of the
panda）
C.正确利用两个“有”there be与have
33.我有许多好朋友。
34.今天晚上将有一场电影。
35.公园内有许多人。
36.树上有许多小鸟。
37.一条狗有四条腿和一条尾巴。
第4讲简单句、并列句和复合句
句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。
考点1.简单句
只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。如：
He often reads English in the morning.
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.
（画线部分为并列谓语，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）改错：
It not only costs little money but also comfortable.
答案与解析：第一个谓语是实义动词，第二个是系表结构，应带be，因此要在also前加is。
考点2.并列句（参看P.错误!未定义书签。错误!未找到引用源。）
改错：
①.He likes English, his English is very good. ×
②.His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×
当一个句子中含有两个简单句时，就要考虑两个简单句的连接问题了。直接用逗号连接两个简单句是错误的。
这时我们可以用and, but, or等并列连词来连接这两个句子；也可以用分号（;）来连接。此时，这两个简单句（此时也可称作分句）之间是并列关系，不能说一个分句作了另一个分句的什么成分。
用并列连词或分号连接起来的句子是并列句。
上两句可以改为：
①.He likes English；his English is very good. (用分号连接)
He likes English, so/and his English is very good.
②.His wife was ill; he had to stay at home. (用分号连接)
His wife was ill, so/and he had to stay at home.
考点3.复合句
A.用从属连词连接的句子是复合句。
还先看上面的两个错句：
①.He likes English, his English is very good.×
②.His wife was ill, he had to stay at home. ×
我们还可以用从属连词来连接。这两句话可改为：①.Because he likes English, his qq 329950885 English is
very good.
When he likes English, his English is very good.
②.Because his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.
When his wife was ill, he had to stay at home.
先看第一个句子。当用because连接时，译为“因为他喜欢英语，（所以）他的英语非常好”。主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的原因。因此：“his English is very good”是主句，“because he likes English”是原因状语从句。
当用when连接时，译为“当他喜欢英语时，他的英语非常好”。主要说的是“他的英语非常好”，“他喜欢英语”是他英语好的时间。因此，“his English is very good”是主句，“when he likes English”是时间状语从句。
同理，句②修改后，前面分别为原因状语从句和时间状语从句，后面是主句。
像上面这样，用从属连词连接两个简单句之后，一个句子是主要的（主句），另外一个句子（从句）是说明主要句子发生的时间、原因、条件等，这样构成的句子称为复合句。
B.当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句
子就成为复合句了。从词或词组升级后的句子是从句，除从句以外的是主句，整个句子是复合句。
①The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，
是简单句。）
The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.
（当over there变为who is wearing a hat时，句子就含有两个主谓结构，一个是The boy is my brother，是主句；who is wearing a hat是the boy的定语，称为定语从句。who既作从句成分，又起着从属连词的作用。）
②I was doing my homework at six. （只有一个主谓结构，
是简单句。）
I was doing my homework when he came in.
（I was doing my homework是一个主谓结构，he came in也是一个主谓结构。后面一个主谓结构作前一个的时间状语，是时间状语从句。因此本句是复合句，when 是从属连词。）
③It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句。）
What he said is wrong.
（what he said，是一个主谓结构。What he said is wrong.
是另外一个主谓结构，What he said作主语，is wrong 系表结构作谓语，因此，本句是复合句。What he said 是主语从句；what既作从句成分又起着从属连词的作用）
从上面这几个句子，我们可以看出：
C.一个句子如果含有从句，如名词性从句（主语从句、
宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等，这个句子就是复合句。
练习1.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。
1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.
2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.
3.There is a chair in this room, isn’t there?
4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the
morning and come back home at seven in the evening.
5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.
6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.
7.Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.
8.What he said at the meeting is very important, isn’t it?
9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.
10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.
11.Right now it is the summer vacation and I’m helping
my Dad on the farm.
12.It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I
work from dawn until dark.
13.Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of
our tractors.
14.We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north
where it is colder they grow wheat.
15.Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men
working for him.
考点4.引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别
练习2.说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。
1.You can find it where you left it.（）
2.Tell me the address where he lives.（）
3.I don’t know where he comes from.（）
4.Where he was born is not known yet.（）
5.This place is where they once lived.（）
考点5.一个句子有两个主谓结构时，要考虑它们之间的连接问题
直接用逗号连接的两个简单句是错误的。一个句子如果出现两个主谓结构，那它就不是简单句了，要么是并列句，要么是复合句。这时我们就要考虑连接词的问题。这时，我们有三种方法来改正这个错句：
A.改为并列句：我们可以使用and, so, but等并列连词来
把它们连接起来；或者把逗号改为分号。
B.改为复合句：加上从属连词，把其中的一个分句改为
状语从句、定语从句或名词性从句。
C.改为简单句：qq 329950885把其中的一个主谓结构的
谓语破坏掉，从而使其变成独立主格结构。（参看P. 错
误!未定义书签。）
I like English, my English is very good. ×可以改为：
并列句：
I like English and my English is very good.
I like English, so my English is very good.
I like English; my English is very good.
复合句：
As/Because I like English, my English is very good.
（含有原因状语从句的复合句）
When I like English, my English is very good.
（含有时间状语从句的复合句）
简单句：
I liking English, my English is very good.
(把一个分句改为独立主格结构)
再如：I have a house, its windows are very big. ×
可以改为：
并列句：
I have a house and/but its windows are very big.
I have a house; its windows are very big.
复合句：
I have a house, whose windows are very big.
(含有定语从句的复合句)
简单句：
I have a house, its windows very big.
(后面为独立主格结构)
考点6.两个分句一般只用一个连词
用了“因为（because, as, since等）”不用“所以(so)”；用了“虽然(although, though)”不用“但是（but）”。
改错：
Because I like English, so I am good at it.
Although he is not intelligent, but he does well in all his subjects.
答案：第一句去so；第二句去but。
注意：有时so, but和and等词可以用在第一个分句句首，实际上是和前面所说的相联系，而不是连接后一个分句。如：
So if you don’t like it, you can give up.
因此，如果你不喜欢，你可以放弃。
And when they get there, General Forrest will take care of them.
而且他们一到那里, 福雷斯特将军就会好好处理他们.
练习3.利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题。
1.Five people won the “China’s green figure” award, a title
______ to ordinary people for their contributions to
environmental protection.
A. is given
B. was given
C. being given
D. given
2.All the preparations for the task ______, and we’re ready
to start.
A. completed
B. complete
C. had been completed
D. have been completed
3.【2006辽宁】I was told that there were about 50 foreign
students ______ Chinese in the school, most ______
were from Germany.
A. study; of whom
B. study; of them
C. studying; of them
D. studying; of whom
4.Everywhere you can see people in their holiday dress,
______ with smiles.
A. their faces are shining
B. whose faces shining
C. their faces shining
D. faces shining whose
5.Many students ______ around, I explained the story into
details.
A. stood
B. standing
C. to stand
D. were standing
6.I have five friends, some of ______ are businessmen.
A. that
B. whom
C. they
D. them
7.I have five friends, but none of ______ are business-
men.
A. that
B. whom
C. they
D. them
8.【2013上海】________ at the photos, illustrations, title
and headings and you can guess what the reading is about.
A. To look
B. Looking
C. Having looked
D. Look
I.单句改错
A.注意分句连接
1.【2014新课标Ⅰ】Although we allow tomato plants to
grow in the same place year after year, but we have never had any disease or insect attack problems.
2.【2005天津】As she gave it to me, when the phone rang
and she went to answer it.
3.【2006全国Ⅰ】They did not want breakfast because
that they were going out early in the morning.
4.【2004全国Ⅱ】But I have spent most my money, so I
cannot even go out of town. （不要受心理定势影响）
5.【2013 辽宁】With little sleep and hardly any break, so
he works from morning till night.
6.【2013 新课标Ⅰ】He had a deep voice, which set him
apart from others in our small town, he was strong and powerful.
7.【2009陕西】Some friends of his go to see him everyday,
they take him lots of good books and fresh fruit.
8.My name is Zhang Hong, and 20 years old.
B.注意并列成分
9.【2014大纲卷】The understanding between two friends
means both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other.
10.【2014新课标Ⅱ】We can lie on the grass for a rest, or
sat by the lake listening to music.
11.【2005湖北】In other words, they help to keep people
strong and feel good.
12.【2009重庆】However, every kind of Chinese food is
worth trying, because each has a delicious taste and good for health.
13.I didn’t communicate with others in Englis h and not
willing to practice it either.
14.【2012全国大纲Ⅰ】For example, qq 329950885how
many times have you walked out of a room and leave the lights or television on when no one else was there?
15.【2008浙江】I headed for the company, feeling sure I
would easily finish 300 envelops in five hours and to earn the money.
16.【2015课标Ⅱ】A woman saw him crying and telling
him to wait outside a shop.
II.语法填空（每空至多填三词）
（由高考真题中改错题改编）
17.【2004天津】At weekends, we would play basketball,
______（游泳）in the pool or go for a picnic.
18.【2004全国Ⅱ】I am thinking of making a trip to
London, and ______（visit）the British Museum and some parks.
19.【2004湖南】Then, I put my book under my desk,
______ (open) it and started looking for the answers.
20.【2004福建】She stopped to look out of the window and
______ (find) a cloud of smoke coming out of her neighbor’s house.
21.【2005浙江】At first I was not quite willing to sit down
and ______ (观看) the 90-minute football match.
22.【2011浙江】I guessed, even at that age, I would never
be able to enjoy playing with the toy or ______ （面对）my cousin again.
III.写作技能提升
23.非常感谢你，你不仅给了我生命，而且教我如何做一
个好人。（thank you very much for, not only, but also）24.我特别喜欢坐在你身旁，听你讲故事。（particularly
enjoy, tell stories）
25.在过去，我们不得不静静地坐在桌旁，听老师讲。（had
to, in silence, pay attention to, what）
26.我仍然记得那天很早就起床，对那个新世界感到忧
虑。（remember, feel anxious about the new world）
27.我梦想站在教室的讲台上，给可爱的孩子上课。
（dream of, platform, give lessons to）
答案
第一章句子结构及成分
第1讲相关概念
练习1.指出下列句中画线动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。
1.vi.
2. vt.
3. vi.
4. vi.
5. vt.
6. vi.
7. vi.
8. vt.；vt.
9. vt.10. vi.
练习2. 1.去掉of 2. 在think后加of
3. replied后加to
4. insisted后加on
5. 去掉into
6. 去掉with
练习3.指出下列斜体单词是实义动词还是助动词。
1. 助动词实义动词
2. 助动词实义动词
3. 助动词实义动词
4. 实义动词
5. 助动词实义动词
6. 助动词助动词实义动词
7. 助动词助动词实义动词
8. 助动词实义动词
第2讲句子成分
练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。
1.During the 1990s, American country music has become
more and more popular.（名词）
2.We often speak English in class.（代词）
3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式短语）
5.Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
6.The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
7.When we are going to have an English test has not been
decided.（主语从句）
8.It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式
主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
9.That he isn’t at home is not true. (主语从句，that不能
省略)
10.There comes the bus. (副词不能作主语，本句为倒装句，
名词the bus作主语)
11.Beyond the village lies a small village. (介词短语不能作
主语，主语是后面的名词短语)
12.Now comes your turn. （副词不能作主语，主语是后面
的名词）
练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。
1.Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
2.Is it yours?（代词）
3.The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
4.The speech is exciting.（分词/形容词，这样的分词已形
容词化了）
5.Three times seven is twenty-one.（数词）
6.His job is to teach English.（不定式）
7.His hobby（爱好）is playing footbal l.（动名词）
8.The machine must be under repairs.（介词短语）
9.The truth is that he has never been abroad.（从句）练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。
1.They planed many trees yesterday.（名词）
2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.
词）
3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名
词化形容词）
4.I wanted to buy a car.（不定式短语）
5.I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
6.I think that he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当。
1.His father named him Dongming.（名词）
2.They painted their boat white.（形容词）
3.Let the fresh air in.（副词）
4.You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式
短语）
5.We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
6.We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短
语）
7.We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从
句）
8.I want your homework done on time.(过去分词短语)
练习5.口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充
当。
1.The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.
桌子上的那封信是给吴先生的。（介词短语作后置定语）
2.The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother .
怀里抱婴儿的那个妇女是他的母亲。（with的复合结构作后置定语）
3.We need a place twice larger than this one.
我们需要一个比这个地方大两倍的地方。（形容词短语作后置定语）
4.She carried a basket full of eggs.
她提着一个装满鸡蛋的篮子。（形容词短语作后置定语）
5.It’s a book worth no more than one dollar.
那是一本仅值一美元的书。（形容词短语作后置定语）6.It’s a city far from the coast.
它是一座距海岸很远的城市。（形容词短语作后置定语）
7.He has money enough to buy a car.
他有足够能买一辆车的钱。（形容词短语作后置定语）8.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
楼下的那个人正在尽力睡觉。（副词作后置定语）
9.There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in
our city.
在我们城市有许多需要维修的名胜。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
10.Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.
属于食肉动物的老虎以肉为食。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
11.A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.
一个自称为John的男孩想见你。（现在分词短语作后置定语）
12.He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way
back home.
在回家的路上，他捡起一个躺在路上的钱包。（现在分词短语作后置定语；副词短语作后置定语）
13.There are many clothes to be washed.
有许多要洗的衣服。意译为：有许多衣服要洗。（动词不定式短语作后置定语）
14.Most of the singers invited to the party were from
America.
大多数被邀请参加派对的歌手都来自美国。（过去分词
短语作后置定语）
15.Then the great day came when he was to march past the
palace in the team.
接着，他要列队游行经过宫殿的那一天到了。（定语
从句修饰the great day）
练习6.指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。
1. 时间状语
2. 地点状语
3. 原因状语
4. 方式状语
5. 伴随状语
6. 目的状语
7. 目的状语8. 程度状语9. 程度状语
10. 结果状语11. 让步状语12. 比较状语
13. 条件状语14. 时间状语；地点状语
15. 原因状语
练习7.画出下列句中的同位语。
1.The young man, my brother, works in the office.
2.Our English teacher,Mrs Wan g often helps us with study.
3.They,some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.
1.把lie改为lies；介词短语不能作主语，主语是后面的
a small village。
2.把is改为are；句子的主语是the days。
3.Play改为Playing；在这里指经常打篮球，要用动名词
作主语。
4.Give改为To give；在做决定时，放弃英语不是一个选
择。give up指具体的某一次。
5.去掉By，doing改为Doing;介词短语不能作主语。
6.will前加we。介词短语不能作主语。
7.to take; plan后跟动词不定式作宾语。
8.speaking；practice后跟动名词作宾语。
9.are；副词here不能作主语，主语是后面的books。
10.hang；介词短语不能作主语，倒装句，主语是pictures。
11.In my opinion, getting up early and going to bed early
will do a lot of good to our health.
12.That he failed the exam made him upset.
13.Between the two tall buildings stands our teaching
building.
14.What we are learning now will be of great help to our life
and work in the future.
15.Do you know the man next to Tom?
16.Please send him to the hospital nearest to your home as
soon as possible.
17.We have a dining hall large enough to hold 3, 000
students.
18.He was doing his homework carefully in the classroom at
that moment.
19.We planted many trees in our schoolyard last Sunday.
20.He performed incredibly well in the speech contest
yesterday.
21.I will never forget what he told me that day.
22.I frequently go to the supermarket. /I go to the
supermarket frequently.
23.He is always helping others.
24.We should never treat an old man like that.
25.One is never too old to learn.
第3讲简单句的五种基本结构
练习1.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1.Dark clouds hung overhead.(SV)
2.Gradually a smile appeared on her face. (SV)
3.He is smiling all over his face. (SV)
4.I did well in English. (SV)
5.He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (SV)
练习2.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。
1.People all over the world speak English. (SVO)
2.Jim cannot dress himself. (SVO)
3.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. (SVO)
4.He did not know what to say. (SVO)
5.He just wanted to stay at home. (SVO)
6.He practices speaking English every day. (SVO)
练习3.分析下列句子成分，口头说出间接宾语和直接宾语。
1. She ordered herself a new dress. (SvoO)
2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. (SvoO)
3. He brought you a dictionary. (SvoO)
4. He denies her nothing. (SvoO)
5. I showed him my pictures. (SvoO)
6. I gave my car a wash. (SvoO)
7. I told him that the bus was late. (SvoO)
8. He showed me how to run the machine. (SvoO)
练习4.判断下列句中画线部分是否是宾语补足语。
1. T
2. F
3. T
4. T
5. T
练习5.分析下列句子并划分成分，在后面的括号内标明是什么充当句子的宾语补足语。
1. They appointed him manager. （名词）
2. They painted the door green. （形容词）
3. He pushed the door open. （形容词）
4. They found the house deserted. （形容词）
5. What makes him think so? （省略to的不定式）
6. We saw him out. （副词）
7. He asked me to come back soon. （动词不定式）
8. I saw them getting on the bus.（现在分词）
9. We all think it a pity that she d idn’t come here.（名词）
10. I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）
11. We elected him monitor. （名词）
12. Do n’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）
练习6.辨别下列斜体动词是系动词还是实义动词。
1.系动词
2. 实义动词；连系动词
3.连系动词
4. 连系动词
5.实义动词
练习7.用下划线画出下列句中的系动词。
1.His advice proved right.
2.The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
3.The machine went wrong.
4.All these efforts seem in vain.
5.These words sound reasonable.
6.The room soon became crowded.
7.The days are getting longer and longer.
8.He fell ill yesterday.
9.Trees turn green in spring.
10.What you said sounds great.
1.pointing改为pointed; closest to me是形容词短语作
the man的后置定语，pointed在这里是谓语。
2.working改为work；work是谓语，后面是目的状语。
3.在able前加be；should后跟动词原形，而able是形容
词，需要和be连用。
4.sadly改为sad；feel是系动词，后跟形容词作表语。
5.you改为your；you“你”，your“你的”；send后跟双
宾语。
6.got改为get,这里是省略to的不定式作宾补；well改
为good，taste这里是系动词，后跟形容词作表语。
7.against前面加are；against是介词，不能作谓语。
8.在should后加be；形容词不能单独作谓语。
9.去掉There are, many改为大写；一个主谓结构不能有
两个谓语。
10.has改为is；存在有用there be句型。
11.在often前加are；形容词不能单独作谓语。
12.badly改为bad；go是系动词，后跟形容词作表语。
13.exist；后面实义主语是复数。
14.are；后面three meetings是复数。
15.open；stay是系动词“仍然处于”，后跟形容词作表语。
16.for；buy sth. for sb.
17.be；there happen to be，碰巧有。
18.lies；后面是单数。
19.stand；主谓一致看后面名词。
20.The food was delicious and I ate a lot.
21.The movie is fantastic.
22.However, some people are against the plan.
23.Their opinions are as follows.
24.As far as I’m concern ed, I am in favor of the plan.
25.He offered me some advice. /He offered some advice to
me.
26.I owe him a lot of money. /I owe a lot of money to him.
27.My mother bought me a special gift on my birthday. /My
mother bought a special gift for me on my birthday.
28.He made me a paper plane. /He made a paper plane for
me.
29.He read us an interesting story. /He read an interesting
story to us.
30.His uncle left him a lot of money. /His uncle left a lot of
money to him.
31.He showed us a map of the world. /He showed a map of
the world to us.
32.Please send me a photo of the panda. /Please send a photo
of the panda to me.
33.I have many friends.
34.There is going to be a film tonight.
35.There are a lot of people in the park.
36.There are lots of birds in the tree.
37. A dog has four legs and a tail.
第4讲简单句、并列句和复合句
练习1.判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句。
1.简单句。
2.复合句, The boy is called Tom是一个主谓结构，who
offered me his seat也是一个主谓结构，为定语从句，
作前一个主谓结构中主语the boy 的定语。
3.简单句，反义疑问句。
4.简单句，my brother and I 是并列主语，后面go to
school和come back为并列谓语，因此也只有一个主
谓结构。
5.并列句。
6.含有时间状语从句的复合句。
7.并列句。
8.复合句，what he said也是一个主谓结构，名词性从句
作主语。
9.简单句，只有一个主谓结构。
10.简单句，前面为并列主语。
11.and连接的并列句。
12.由so连接的并列句。
13.简单句。
14.but连接前后为并列句，但后面又是一个含有定语从
句的复合句。
15.含有让步状语从句的复合句。
练习2.说出下列复合句中，where引导的是什么从句。
1.地点状语从句
2.定语从句
3.宾语从句
4.主语从句
5.表语从句
练习3.利用英语句子结构规律做下列各题。
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. C
5. B
6. B
7. D
8. D
1.but去掉或者改为yet；两个简单句用一个连词连接就
行，用了“虽然”，不用“但是”，yet可以作副词。
2.去掉when；the telephone rang应为主句。
3.去掉that；because本身就是连词，不能再用that。
4.在my前加of；But是在意思上与前面连接，因此后
面用so是正确的。
5.去掉so；前面with的复合结构不是一个分句，因此整
个句子还是简单句，所以后面不必用连词。
6.后句的he前加and；which引导的是定语从句，其前
后的两个句子构成了并列句，要有并列连词连接。
7.they前加and；两个简单句直接用逗号连接是错误的。
8.and后加I’m；20 years old的主语不是My name。
9.t rusting改为trust；trust和have是并列的。
10.sat改为sit；sit和lie构成并列谓语。
11.feel改为feeling；feeling good和strong是并列的，都
是作keep的补语。keep 后跟现在分词作补语。
12.good前加is；后句中each是主语，has a delicious taste
是第一个谓语，is good for health是第二个谓语。
13.在not前加were；willing是形容词，前面加be才能
作谓语。
14.leave改为left；left和walked是并列的。
15.去to；earn和finish是并列的，所以要用动词原形。
16.telling改为told; told和saw是并列关系。
17.swim；play, swim和go是并列关系。
18.visiting；visiting和making是并列的，都是thinking of
的宾语。
19.opened；put, opened和started是并列谓语。
20.found；found和stopped是并列的。
21.watch；watch和sit是并列的。22.face；face和enjoy是并列的。
23.Thank you so much for not only giving me life, but also
teaching me how to be a good person.
24.I particularly enjoy sitting beside you and listening to
you tell stories.
25.In the past, we had to sit at our desks in silence and pay
attention to what the teachers were saying.
26.I still remember getting up early that day and feeling
anxious about the new world.
27.I dream of standing on the platform in the classroom and
giving lessons to lovely boys and girls.
高中英语语法通霸 第一讲相关概念 考点1，词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。 缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt. transitive verb 及物动词 vi. intransitive verb 不及物动词 modal v modal verb 情态动词 au. v auxiliary verb 助动词 adj. adjective 形容词 adv. adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 Interj. Interjection 感叹词 pron pronoun 代词 prep preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj. conjunction 连词 考点2．及物动词和不及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后而不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词 The door opened.（open后面没跟宾语，此时pen是不及物动词，） He opened the door.（open后面有宾语 the door，此时open是及物动词，） 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关健是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 A The meeting began at six．（ begin是不及物动词，） We began the meeting at six．（ begin是及物动词，） B The man walked away（walk是不及物动词，意为“走”） He walked the dog every day．（walk是及物动词，“遛”。）
高中英语语法权威解析 目录: 第０１章名词性从句 第0２章“Iｔ”用法及其句型与固定搭配讲解 第03章高中英语语法中得省略现象 第04章主谓一致 第05章动词不定式 第06章倒装结构 第07章定语从句 第０8章被动语态 第09章祈使句 第10章感叹句 第１1章疑问句 第12章名词 第一章名词性从句 在句子中起名词作用得句子叫名词性从句(Ｎｏun Cｌaｕsｅs)。名词性从句得功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同得语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句与同位语从句、一. 主语从句 主语从句就是在复合句中充当主语得从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it 代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语与ｉt引导强调句得比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要就是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句得连接词没有变化、而i ｔ引导得强调句则就是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调得就是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/ｗｈｏｍ、例如: ａ) It isａpitｙｔhaｔyoｕｄidn’t go ｔo seｅｔhｅｆilm.您不去瞧那场电影真可惜。 b) It doeｓn’tｉntereｓt me whethｅrｙou sｕｃceed or not、我对您成功与否不感兴趣、 c) Ｉｔisｉn thｅｍoｒnｉng thaｔｔｈe ｍurder took place. 谋杀案就是在早上发生得、(强调句型) d) Ｉt is Joｈn tｈat broke ｔｈeｗｉｎdow。就是Joｈn打碎得窗户。(强调句型) 2、用ｉt 作形式主语得结构 (1)It is + 名词＋从句 It is ａfaｃt tｈat…事实就是… Ｉt ｉs an honor ｔhat …非常荣幸 It ｉｓｃommon knowlｅdge ｔhat …就是常识 (2)Ｉt is + 形容词+从句 It is naturａl thａt…很自然… It ｉｓstrａｎｇe that…奇怪得就是…(3) It ｉｓ＋不及物动词+ 从句 Ｉｔｓｅems thａｔ…似乎… Ｉt ｈappeneｄthat…碰巧… Iｔappeaｒs that…似乎…
高中英语语法通霸1.句子结构成分分析 主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1. 划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线?（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”）状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 考点1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn.
1.高中英语语法通霸句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语
高中英语语法通霸1. 句子结构成分分析主语谓语宾语定语状语补语定语 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补） 除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语” 的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同）考点1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主 语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn. 考点2.谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下： A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B.复合谓语： ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday. ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和 表语一起作谓语。如： We are student s. Your idea sounds great. 考点3.表语 表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语 从句表示。 练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to teach English. 7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点4.宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。 练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4.I wanted to buy a car. 5.I enjoy listening to popular music. 6.I think（that）he is fit for his office.
2016高考英语语法填空真题精选10篇 Passage 1 (2015?新课标全国Ⅰ) 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 Yangshuo，China It was raining lightly when I __1__ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didn't care.A few hours __2__，I'd been at home in Hong Kong，with __3__ (it) choking smog.Here，the air was clean and fresh，even with the rain. I'd skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River __4__ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese __5__ (painting).Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo.For those who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away __6__ car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo __7__ (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers __8__ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says it __9__ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people __10__ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong. Passage 2 (2015?新课标全国Ⅱ) 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 The adobe dwellings(土坯房)__1__(build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even __2__ most modern of architects and engineers.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their __3__(able) to “air condition”a house without __4__(use)electric equipment.Walls made of adobe take in the heat
高中英语语法总结（完整版；高中必看！） 专题一：定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 which指物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语（作宾语时可以省略） who指人在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 whom指人在从句中作宾语 whose指人或物在从句中作定语 as指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 but指人或物在从句中作主语，宾语或表语 注意：指物时，whose+名词=the+名词+of which或of which+the+名词2、as 的用法 （1）常用于下列结构：such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意：the same…as 表示同一类，不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个
（2）as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后，主句前或主句中间；which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处，意为“正如，正像”。 Which相当于并列句，可以用and this来代替，意为“这一点，这件事’”。 注意：as常用于下列结构：as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 c、在从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语，而as只可作系动词be的主语。 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
第1讲句子成分 英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补） 除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划句子成分的符号 主语在下面划一直线 谓语在下面划曲线 宾语在下面划双横线 定语在下面划虚线（一行点使我们想到一 排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语” 的“定”） 状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短 木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是 为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线，（虽都有曲折，上下位置 基本相同 考点2.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1.名词 2.代词 3.数词 4.名词化的形容词（如the rich） 5.不定式 6.动名词 7.主语从句等表示。 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true 练习2.改正下列句中的错误，并说明原因 1.He failed the exam is the reason why he dropped out. 2.That why he was late for school was that his mother was ill. 3.Beyond the mountains lie a small village. 4.Gone is the days when I had to go to school on foot. 5.Play basketball is my favorite sport. 6.Give up English is not an option. 考点3.谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. 2、复合谓语： （1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caugh t a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. （2）由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语。如： We are students. Your idea sounds great. 考点4.表语 表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 练习3.划出下列句中的表语，并说明有什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold.
高中英语语法学习窍门 关系代词引导的定语从句 一.关系代词的用法: 关系代词指代先行词 在定语从句中作主语 在定语从句中作动词的宾语或者介词的宾语, 介词在后 指人 that / who that / who / whom 指物 that / which that / which 上表中黑框内的关系代词可以省略; 在口语及非正式文体中whom常被who所替代; 另外, 关系代词whose表示“…先行词的” 二.示例: 1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语 a. Do you know the man that / who came to see Xiao Yang this morning ? b. This is a book that / which tells about space rocket. 2.关系代词在定语从句中作动词的宾语 a. The comrade that / who / whom they came to visit is a scientist. b. I will never forget the day that / which we spent in the countryside. 3.关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语, 介词在后 a. This is the house that / which he was born in. b. The person that / who / whom you should write to is Mr Ball. c. The man that / who / whom you talked with is our English teacher. 4.whose引导的定语从句
高中英语语法总结 第一章主谓一致 (一) 语法一致原则: 即主语为单数,谓语用单数,主语为复数,谓语也用复数. 以下为注意事项: 1. 单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(像), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数. 如: Air as well as water is matter. 空气和水都是物质. No one except two servants was late for the dinner. 除了两个仆人外, 没有一个人迟来用餐。 2. 用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数. 如: The poet and writer has come. 那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人) A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具. (两样物) 用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体, 如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包), knife and fork(刀叉)等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 3. 不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数. 如: Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福. When we’ll go o ut for an outing has been decided. 我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。 4. 用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数. Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳. No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting. 没有老师也没有学生开会缺席. Each man and (each) woman is asked to help. 每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。 5. each of + 复数代词, 谓语动词用单数. 复数代词+each, 谓语动词用单数.如:Each of us has something to say. 我们每个人都有话要说。 6. 若主语中有more than one 或many a/an , 尽管从意义上看是复数, 但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时, 谓语动词仍用复数. 如: Many a boy likes playing basketball. 许多男生都喜欢打篮球. More than one student was late. 不只一个学生迟到 More persons than one come to help us. 不止一个人来帮助我们。 7. none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数, 也可用复数; 但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数. 如: None of us are (is) perfect. 人无完人。 None of this worries me. 这事一点不使我着急。 8. 名词如: trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses 等作主语时, 谓语动词必须用复数. 如: His clothes are good. 但这些名词前若出现a pair of , 谓语一般用单数.如: A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。 9. 形复意单名词如:news ; 以ics 结尾的学科名称如: physics, mathematics, economics; 国名如: the United States; 报纸名如: the New Times; 书名如: Arabian Night <天方夜谈>; 以及The United Nations<联合国> 等作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 10. “a +名词+and a half “, “one and a half + 名词”, “the number of + 名词”等作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数. 如: Only one and a half apples is left on the table.
英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。 考点1.划分句子成分时的常用符号 英语中划分句子成分的符号 主语在下面画直线 谓语在下面画曲线 宾语在下面画双横线 定语在下面画虚线（一行点使我们想到一排钉子，“钉”谐音为“定语”的“定”） 状语下面为短横线（短横线使我们想到短木桩，木桩撞（状）钟） 补语上一短横，下一短横（下一短横好像是为了弥补上面短横间的空隙） 同位语上下双曲线（都有曲折，上下位置基本相同） 考点1.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。 可以作主语的词性或语法结构： 1. 名词 2. 代词 3. 数词 4. 不定式 5. 动名词 6. 主语从句等表示。 7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。 如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。 On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are) Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps ) Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are) 练习1.在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。 1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2.We often speak English in class. 3.One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure. 5.Smoking does harm to the health. 6.The rich should help the poor. 7.When we are going to have English test has not been decided. 8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. 9.That he isn’t at home is not true. 10.There comes the bus. 11.Beyond the village lies a small village. 12.Now comes your turn. 考点2.谓语 谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下： A.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day. B.复合谓语： ①由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there. I have been waiting for you all the time. I would stay at home all day. Has he come back? He did n’t attend the meeting yesterday. ②由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和 表语一起作谓语。如： We are student s. Your idea sounds great. 考点3.表语 表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。 练习2.画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。 1.Our teacher of English is an American. 2.Is it yours? 3.The weather has turned cold. 4.The speech is exciting. 5.Three times seven is twenty-one. 6.His job is to teach English. 7.His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8.The machine must be under repairs. 9.The truth is that he has never been abroad. 考点4.宾语 宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。 练习3.画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。 1.They planted many trees yesterday. 2.(How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 3.They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 4.I wanted to buy a car. 5.I enjoy listening to popular music. 6.I think（that）he is fit for his office. 考点5.宾语补足语 宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。 带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。 1.His father named him Dongming.
名词所有格的构成及用法 名词在句中表示所有关系、所属关系、动作执行者及动作承受者等意义时常需用所有格形式。名词所有格也称为属格、主格，它主要包括's所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三种表现形式。 定义：表示有生命的东西的名词及某些表示时间、距离、星球、世界、国家等无生命的东西的名词后加’s来表示所有关系，叫做名词所有格。 名词所有格的用法： 一、名词+ ’s （主要用于有生命的事物） 1、单数名词和不以-s结尾的复数名词在词尾加’s构成所有格 例如： Jimmy’s book（吉米的书） Jane’s schoolbag（简的书包） Mark’s room （马克的房间） Qianqian’s mother （倩倩的妈妈） Children’s Day(儿童的节日、六一儿童节) Wuhan’s summer is very hot.(武汉的夏天非常热。) Qianqian ’s math is very good.(倩倩的数学很好。) 2、复数名词以-s结尾的只需要加’构成所有格。 例如： Twins’ father is Mr. Brown. (双胞胎的爸爸是布朗先生。) Girls’ favorite food is ice-cream. (女孩们最喜欢的食物是冰激凌。) 二、名词+of +名词 如果名词是无生命的，我们通常就要用名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系。 例如： A bag of mine= my bag (我的书包) The name of the girl =the girl’s name (女孩的名字) The window of the bedroom = the bedroom’s window(卧室的窗户) 三、特殊所有格 若一样东西为两人共有，则后一个人名用所有格；如果不是两人共有，而是各有各的，则两个名词都用所有格，且其后名词应为复数。 例如： This is Tom and Jim’s room. 这是汤姆和吉姆共有的房间。 These are Tom’s and Jim’s rooms. 这些是汤姆和杰森各自的房间。 an hour and a half’s walk （步行一个半小时的路程） 四．'s所有格所修饰的词的省略现象 （1）表示诊所、店铺或某人的家等地点名词，其名词所有格后的被修饰语常常省略。例如：I met her at the doctor's（office）．我在诊所遇见了她。 He has gone to the tailor's（shop）．他到服装店去了。 She went to Mr．Black's（house）yesterday．她昨天到布莱克先生家去了。 （2）名词所有格所修饰的词，如果前面已经提到过，往往可以省略，以免重复。例如：Whose pen is this？It's Tom's．这是谁的钢笔？是汤姆的。 The bike is not mine，but Wang Pinpin's．这辆自行车不是我的，是王品品的。 五．双重所有格及其用法 's所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起，构成"of＋所有格"形式，即双重的所有格。它通常表示部分观念，即全体中的一部分，在意义上与"one of．．．"相似，它主要修饰of短语之前的那个名词。此外，双重所有格与指示代词连用时，常带有感情色彩，如赞赏、不满、厌恶等。它的主
人教版必修一各单元知识点总结 Unit One Friendship 一、重点短语 1.go through 经历，经受get through 通过；完成；接通电话 2. set down 记下，放下 3. a series of 一系列 4. on purpose 有目的的 5. in order to 为了 6. at dusk 傍晚，黄昏时刻 7. face to face 面对面 8. fall in love 爱上9. join in 参加（某个活动）；take part in 参加（活动） join 加入（组织，团队，并成为其中一员） 10. calm down 冷静下来11. suffer from 遭受12. be/get tired of…对…感到厌倦 13. be concerned about 关心14. get on/along well with 与…相处融洽15. be good at/do well in 擅长于…16. find it + adj. to do sth. 发现做某事是…17. no longer / not …any longer 不再…18. too much 太多（后接不可数n.）much too 太…(后接adj.)19. not…until 直到…才20. it’s no pleasure doing sth 做…并不开心 21. make sb. sth. 使某人成为…make sb. do sth. 使某人做某事 二、语法----直接引语和间接引语 概念：直接引语：直接引述别人的原话。一般前后要加引号。 间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话。间接引语在多数情况下可构成宾语从句且不要加引号。 例：Mr. Black said, “ I’m busy.” Mr. Black said that he was busy. 变化规则 （一）陈述句的变化规则 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that（可省略）引导，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语都要发生相应的变化。 人称的变化——人称的变化主要是要理解句子的意思 例：1. He said, “ I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much. 2. He said to me, “I’v left my book in your room.” →He told me that he had left his book in my room. 时态的变化
句子结构及成分 ①相关概念 1.词性的英文缩写 在英语学习中，掌握单词词性非常重要。如果我们在记单词的时只记拼写、读音而不记词性的话，我们就不知道如何使用它们，所以我们在记单词时一定要把单词词性记准记牢。 缩写字母原词代表词性 n. noun 名词 v. verb 动词 vt.transitive verb 及物动词 vi.intransitive verb 不及物动词modal v. modal verb 情态动词 aux. v. auxiliary verb 助动词 adj.adjective 形容词 adv.adverb 副词 num. numeral 数词 interj. interjection 感叹词 pron. pronoun 代词 prep.preposition 介词 art. article 冠词 conj conjunction 连词 2.及物动词和不及物动词 实义动词后面跟宾语时，这个动词是及物动词。实义动词后面不跟宾语时，此时这个动词是不及物动词。 The door opened. (open后面没跟宾语，此时，open是不及物动词。) He opened the door. (open后面有宾语the door, 此时，open是及物动词。) 注意：英语中一个动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，关键是看它用在句中时后面是否跟宾语。 有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，词义相同。如：The meeting began at six. < vi.> We began the meeting at six. < vt.> 有(答疑qq 329950885)些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词，但词义不同。如： The man walked away. (walk不及物动词，意为“走”) He walked the dog every day. ( walk及物动词，“遛”) She washes clothes at home. (wash及物动词，“洗”) The clothes washes well. (wash不及物动词，“耐洗”) 英语中一些单词是及物还是不及物，可能与汉语不同。He listens to the music every day. (listen为不及物动词，而汉语中“听”是及物动词。) 指出下列句中斜体动词是及物动词还是不及物动词，及物动词填vt.，不及物填vi.。 考点1.Most birds can fly.（） 考点2.The children are flying kites in the park. ( ) 考点3.It happened yesterday.（） 考点4.My watch stopped.（） 考点5.The baby stopped crying when he saw his mother. ( ) 考点6.She spoke at the meeting this morning. （）考点7.Shall I begin at once?（） 考点8.She began working as a teacher after she left school.（）（） 考点9.When did they leave Beijing?（） 考点10.They left last week. （） 3.实义动词、助动词与情态动词 实义动词和助动词是根据动词在句子中的含义和作用来划分的。实义动词也叫行为动词。 实义动词 指的是那些意义完全且能够独立作谓语的动词。 如：