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非谓语动词独立主格非谓语动词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应该和句子主语保持一致。
但是有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语，在句子中做状语，我们称之为独立主格。
它的结构特点是：①独立主格中的状语有自己独立的主语，与主句的主语不同，前后主语不一致；②在独立主格中的状语中，不定式表示还未作，过去分词表示被动；现在分词表示主动③独立主格结构一般都有逗号与主句分开。
独立主格的结构为：(with)主语+V+ing/v+ed/ to do sth/ adj/ 介词结构/ 副词1). 名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。
如：The girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say.= With the girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.= _______________________________________________________如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2). 名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。
如：The problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.= With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= because her glasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. =__________________________________________________________________. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
(一)动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.例如：I'm glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2．不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do。
2、It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do。
云南普通专升本公共课（公共英语）语法精讲（五）：非谓语动词与独立主格学习目标：1．识别并掌握非谓语动词的三种形式。
2．掌握非谓语动词的特性和功能。
3．熟练运用独立主格结构。
动词通常在句中作谓语，那么非谓语动词顾名思义就是指这类形式的词在句中不用作谓语，而是作其他成分。
在英语中非谓语动词可分为三类：-to do，-ved,-ving。
非谓语动词的特征有以下几点：1. 它有动词的性质，即有时态和语态的变化。
Having finished his homework, he went to play baseball.The hospital being built will be completed next month.2. 它有n,adj,adv性质，即能在句中做主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。
Seeing is believing. 或者To see is to believe. （主语/表语）He is fond of playing snooker. （宾语）The man standing at the front of the classroom is our English teacher. （定语）Mary got home very late, only to find the guests gone.（状语）3. 它没有人称和数的变化。
The man wandering up and down the road was a robber.The men wandering up and down the road were robbers.4. 它可以带宾语、状语或修饰成分，构成相应的短语。
I didn’t expect to find you here.She is used to getting up early.Professor Ma stood there surrounded by many students.5. 它可有自己的逻辑主语。
20XX年高考英语二轮专题复习专题九非谓语动词（五）——独立主格结构独立主格结构又叫独立结构。
在形式上，独立主格结构与主句没有任何关系，但在意思上却与主句密切联系在一起，共同构筑成一个完整的语义环境。
独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语和谓语，没有真正的主语和谓语，所以独立主格结构不是句子，而是独立于句子成分之外的一种特殊结构。
功能：独立主格机构主要起状语作用，其功能相当于一个状语从句，多用于表示行为方式或伴随情况，有时也可以表示时间，原因，条件等，可放在句首或句尾，与逗号与主句隔开。
如：The experiment done (= After the experiment had been done), we went on to take notes in the experiment report.做完实验后，我们继续在实验报告上做笔记。
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all (= and silver is the best of all).几乎所有的金属都是半导体，而银是最好的导体。
分类：独立主格结构可以分为四类：独立分词结构、独立不定式结构、独立无动词结构和with复合结构。
[用法分析]1.独立分词结构构成：名称或代词主格+分词由于独立主格结构中的名词或代词主格是分词的逻辑主语，因此，分词的选用应视其与逻辑主语的关系而定。
⑴现在分词: 名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）如果构成分词的动词与其逻辑主语之间是主谓关系，则使用表示主动意义的现在分词，如：①Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。
(表示条件)②Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.春天来了，树木绿油油的。
高中语法精讲之独立主格结构和非谓语动词独立主格结构是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副）词、或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
该结构不是句子，也不是从句，所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化，它与其主句之间既不能通过并列连词连接也不能有从句引导词引导，常用逗号与其主句隔开。
独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或其他状语形式，但很多时候不能转化为分词形式，因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
在做这类题目时一定要小心判断，不能粗心大意。
一、独立主格结构的构成形式独立主格结构的构成方式为：名词普通格或代词主格＋现在分词／过去分词／不定式／名词／形容词／副词／介词短语等。
使用独立主格结构是因为出现了与句子主语不一致的情况。
1．名词或代词＋现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态。
如：The man lay there, his hands trembling.那个男子躺在那儿，双手在颤抖。
有时，现在分词being或having been在独立主格结构中可以省略。
如：The weather (being) fine,we decided to go swimming.天气晴朗，我们决定去游泳。
2．名词或代词＋过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作。
如：The girl sat there silent,her head bent low.这姑娘一声不响，低着头坐在那里。
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.各方面考虑起来，她的论文比你的论文更要有价值一些。
3．名词或代词＋不定式（短语）不定式表示将来的动作。
如：He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food.他建议去野餐，由玛丽负责提供食物。
独立主格结构和非谓语动词的形式独立主格结构和非谓语动词形式是英语语法中常见的结构形式，虽然不是很复杂，但是很多学习者在使用中容易出现错误或混淆。
下面是对这两种结构进行详细的讲解。
一、独立主格结构1. 定义：独立主格结构指由名词、代词或形容词等词作主语，和一个动名词或不定式构成的句子结构，该结构可以单独存在，不与句子其它成分有句法关系，也不影响句子的主谓结构。
2. 例句：- 她在听音乐的时候，看到我的到来。
(When she was listening to music, she saw my arrival.)- 我们惊讶地看着他赢得比赛。
(We watched him win the game with surprise.)3. 特点：- 独立主格结构可以放在句首、句中或句尾。
- 独立主格结构与主句之间用逗号隔开；但如主语为 it 或 there 等形式，就无需加逗号。
- 独立主格结构表示的动作或状态是时间上或原因上与主语的动作或状态同时或先于主语的动作或状态产生的。
二、非谓语动词形式1. 定义：非谓语动词指动词的一种形式，与实意动词一样有时态和语态之分，但不具有主谓关系的特征，可以作名词、形容词、副词的修饰语或状语。
2. 例句：- 他很喜欢跑步。
(He likes running very much.)- 我已经看过这本小说。
(I have read this novel.)3. 特点：- 非谓语动词可以表示动作或状态，包括不定式、动名词和分词。
- 不定式用于表示未完成的动作或目的，常用 to + 动词原形的形式。
- 动名词常常与进行时态连用，常用动词 + ing 的形式。
- 分词可作形容词使用，分现在分词和过去分词两种形式，有状语和定语的双重作用。
总之，在使用独立主格结构和非谓语动词形式时，需要注意它们所代表的中心意思和句子结构的要求。
正确使用这两种结构形式会让英语表达更加丰富和具有表现力。
非谓语动词之独立主格结构独立主格结构（The Absolute Structure）指由逻辑主语+逻辑谓语构成的结构，独立于句子之外，并在句子中作状语、定语等成分的结构。
1.构成独立主格结构主要有两种形式，一种是非谓语动词构成的独立主格结构，一种是名词/代词+其他词类构成的独立主格结构。
（1）非谓语动词构成的独立主格结构非谓语动词在句中作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与主句一致，但有时其逻辑主语不是主句的主语，此时应在其前加上其逻辑主语，所以“逻辑主语+动词-ing”、“逻辑主语+动词-ed”、“逻辑主语+不定式”便构成了非谓语形式的独立主格结构。
独立主格结构在句中主要作状语，更多地用于书面语中。
Leaves falling here and there , I suddenly notice autumn is drawing upon.（Leaves是falling的逻辑主语，独立主格结构在句中作原因状语。
）The boy was knocked over , blood streaming down his head .（blood是streaming的逻辑主语，独立主格结构在句中作结果状语。
）The plan successfully carried out , everything worked out perfectly . （the plan是carried out的逻辑主语，独立主格结构在句中作原因状语。
）Lost of homework to do , I have to stay home all day . （名词+不定式）（2）名词/代词+其他词类构成的独立主格结构名词/代词+名词、名词/代词+形容词、名词/代词+副词、名词/代词+介词短语也可构成独立主格结构。
Many people attended the conference , most of them experts from the States.（代词+名词）She was sitting at the table , head in her hands . （名词+介词短语）All the windows open , the air in the room is fresher .（名词+形容词）The football game over , the streets were soon crowded with the spectators .（名词+副词）2.独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构一般作状语，有的特殊形式可作定语。
独立主格与非谓语的关系
独立主格和非谓语动词短语（如动词不定式、动名词、分词短语等）是语法结构中的两个不同概念，它们在句子中有着不同的语法功能和表达方式。
1.独立主格：
•独立主格是一种结构，通常由名词（主要是名词或代词）和附加的修饰语构成。
•独立主格的作用是在句子中表示一种补充、解释或对比的关系，与主句之间是独立的，不受主句的语法结构限制。
•例子：天气晴朗，小鸟在树上歌唱。
这里的“天气晴朗”就是一个独立主格，它与主句“小鸟在树上歌唱”之间是并列
关系。
2.非谓语动词短语：
•非谓语动词短语是一个包含动词的短语，但它在句子中通常不充当主语或谓语，而是作为其他句子成分的一部分。
•非谓语动词短语包括动词不定式、动名词、分词短语等形式。
•例子：
•动词不定式：他喜欢读书。
这里的“读书”是一个不
定式短语，作为宾语。
•动名词：游泳是一项健康的运动。
这里的“游泳”是
一个动名词短语，作为主语。
•分词短语：被雨淋湿的他看起来很狼狈。
这里的“被
雨淋湿的”是一个分词短语，作为定语。
独立主格与非谓语动词短语在句子中的作用和结构有所不同，但它们都可以用来增加句子的表达能力。
在构建句子时，根据语境和表达需要，可以巧妙地运用独立主格和非谓语动词短语，使语言更加生动、灵活。
独立主格和非谓语动词的辨析当我们学习英语语法时，经常会遇到一些比较复杂的结构，其中包括独立主格和非谓语动词。
这两个结构看起来很相似，但其实有着不同的用法和功能。
在本文中，我们将详细讨论独立主格和非谓语动词的辨析，并展示如何正确运用它们。
一、独立主格的定义和用法独立主格是指一个名词或代词短语，在句子中作为独立成分，与其他成分相对独立，不与谓语动词直接相连。
1.1 独立主格的结构独立主格由一个名词或代词作为主体，加上一个现在分词或过去分词构成。
例如：“Tom reading a book, his sister was watching TV.”（汤姆读书时，他的妹妹在看电视。
）1.2 独立主格的用法独立主格用于表示一个同时或相对于主句发生的情境或条件。
独立主格起强调或补充的作用，为句子增添信息。
1.3 独立主格的例子- Weather permitting, we will go hiking this weekend.（如果天气允许的话，我们这周末会去远足。
）- The test finished, the students left the classroom.（考试结束后，学生们离开了教室。
）二、非谓语动词的定义和用法非谓语动词是指在句子中充当动词的功能，但不具备时态和主语的形式，不能独立构成谓语动词。
非谓语动词有分词、不定式和动名词三种形式。
2.1 非谓语动词的结构2.1.1 分词：分为现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词通常以-ing结尾，过去分词通常以-ed、-en、-d、-t、-n等结尾。
2.1.2 不定式：不定式的一般形式为“to + 动词原形”。
2.1.3 动名词：动名词的一般形式为动词原形 + -ing。
2.2 非谓语动词的用法2.2.1 分词用作定语：分词可以修饰名词或代词，充当定语的作用。
例如：“The broken window needs to be repaired.”（这扇坏了的窗户需要修理。
非谓语动词--独立主格结构独立主格的“独立结构”独立主格结构在书面语中一般用来替代从句，以使语言简练，在句中一般作状语或定语。
独立主格结构不是句子，因此其中不能出现谓语动词，而只能出现非谓语动词。
独立主格结构的基本结构：1.名词/代词+形容词2.名词/代词+副词3.名词/代词+介词短语4.名词/代词+非谓语动词（现在分词、过去分词、不定式）5.“with+名词/代词/形容词/副词/介词短语/非谓语动词”是一种特殊的独立主格结构，可以在句中作定语或状语。
【渐入佳境】1.The living room is clean and tidy, with a dining table already_____for a meal to be cooked.A. laidB. layingC. to layD. being laid2. The boys were happily making a snowman, ______with cold.A. their faces redB. their faces were redC. their faces turned redD. their faces to be red3. He was so tired that he fell asleep quickly, the light over his bed_______.A. burnB. went onC. lightedD. on4. He ran after the dog, ________.A. stick in his handB. stick in handC. a stick in his handD. having a stick in hand5.—Wow! It snowed last night. What a nice world!--Y ou’re right. But it’s more difficult to find my missing keys with snow______the ground.A. coveredB. coverC. to coverD. covering6. John received an invitation to dinner, and with his work_____, he gladly accepted it.A. finishedB. finishingC. having finishedD. was finished7.______from the room, our earth with water________seventy percent of its surface, appears a blue ball.A. Seen; coveredB. Seen; coveringC. To see; coveringD. Seeing; covering8. The saleswoman with her lips still_______couldn’t say a word, _____at the boring customer.A. trembling; staringB. trembling; staredC. trembled; staringD. trembled; to stare9. With an important meeting______at noon, he decided not to go home for lunch.A. attendedB. attendingC. to attendD. to be attended10. Mr. Smith has three children, the youngest of them_______music at college.A. is studyingB. studiesC. studyingD. studied11. With most of the problem_______, I felt a great weight taken off my mind.A. to solveB. solvedC. solvingD. being solved1。
独立主格结构和非谓语动词一、独立主格结构（1）独立主格结构是一种短语，而不是句子。
它有自己的主语，所以相对独立。
我们将其主语称为小主语，将主句的主语称为大主语，小主语和大主语是不相同的。
独立主格结构包括含有with的独立结构结构和不含有with的独立主格结构。
With独立主格结构主要做状语，偶尔作后置定语。
不含有with的独立主格结构主要做状语。
（2）独立主格结构的基本形式有：（with）+小主语+现在分词（doing）:表示主动（with）+小主语+过去分词（done）:表示被动和完成（with）+小主语+不定式（to do）:表示将要被做，没有被动形式（with）+小主语+形容词/副词/介词短语/名词：表示状态（3）独立主格结构的作用：独立主格结构在主句之前做原因或者时间状语，在主句之后做伴随状语。
With独立主格结构偶尔做后置定语。
（4）独立主格结构、从句、主句、分词短语之间的关系：如果一个原因或者时间状从的主语与主句的主语相同，可以将该从句转化为分词短语；如果一个原因或者时间状从的主语与主句的主语不相同，可以将该从句转化为独立主格结构；（5）特殊的独立主格结构：There being many strangers there(表原因), he hesitated to speak.It being a fine day(表原因), let’s have an outing.二、非谓语动词谓语动词就是不能做谓语的动词形式，包括现在分词（doing）、过去分词（done）、动名词（doing）和动词不定式（to do）。
非谓语动词要和系动词（be, become, get, grow, turn等）、助动词（be, have, do）、情态动词（can, may, must, will, shall等）一起构成谓语部分，表示时态等。
浅谈非谓语动词之独立主格结构【摘要】独立主格结构是一个很难的语法点，它千变万化，形式多样，很难把握。
要想弄清楚独立主格结构的用法，我们必须清楚独立主格的构成，特点，需要注意的问题以及它在句子中的功能。
【关键词】构成特点功能【中图分类号】g633.4 【文献标识码】a 【文章编号】独立主格结构的构成：1.名词/主格代词+现在分词。
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系。
如：he seating himself at the desk， his mother began to tell him a story.他在书桌旁坐好后，他母亲开始给他讲故事。
2.名词/主格代词+过去分词。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。
如：the manager looks relaxed， many things settled. 许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系。
如：his mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母亲今晚要来，他正在忙着准备饭菜。
4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词/介词短语。
如：his face red，the little boy stood there. 那个男孩红着脸站在哪儿。
his head up， the proud rooster jumped onto the roof. 骄傲的公鸡昂首挺胸，跳上了屋顶。
flowers in their hands， the young pioneers went to the airport to meet the foreign guests. 少先队员们手捧鲜花来到机场迎接外国客人。
5. there/ it being +名词（代词）如：there being nobody in the classroom，we had to look for him somewhere else.教室里一个人也没有，我们不得不去其它的地方寻找他。
独立主格非谓语动词作状语时，当非谓语动词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，需要带自己的主语，从而构成独立主格。
这种独立的主语一般为名词或者代词的主格，位于非谓语动词之前，和非谓语动词一起构成独立主格，置于句前，句中，句末。
独立主格结构在句中一般只作状语，多用于书面语。
注意1、独立主格与句子之间没有任何连词连接。
2、独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
独立主格形式1、逻辑主语+非谓语动词2、逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语3、with+复合宾语1、逻辑主语+非谓语动词（1）名词/代词+不定式此结构表示未发生的行为或者状态，在句中常作原因状语，偶尔作条件状语。
No one to wake me up, I might be late for the first class. 条件状语Lots of work to do, I have to work extra hours. 原因状语（2）名词/代词+现在分词常在句中作时间状语，原因状语，条件状语和伴随状语。
All the students having sat down, the lecture began. 时间状语His hands waving in the air, the little boy running away. 伴随状语The guide leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. 原因状语Time permitting, we will answer your questions after the discussion. 条件状语（3）名词/代词+过去分词常在句中作时间状语，原因状语，条件状语和伴随状语。
The test finished, we will have our summer vacation. 时间状语Jim was listening to the lecture, all his attention fixed up on it. 伴随状语Thousands of eyes fixed upon her, Jane felt nervous. 原因状语More time given, we can finish the work. 条件状语2、逻辑主语+名词/形容词/副词/介词短语Many people come to visit the city, most of them foreigners.I received many gifts, some of them books.The little girl enters the room, her face red with cold.The game over, the audience applauded.The music on, I can not focus my mind on the book.Toy in hand, the boy stopped crying.3、with+复合宾语(1) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 现在分词Last night he was so tired that he fell asleep with the lamp burning.(2) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 过去分词She felt nervous, with so many eyes fixed on her.(3) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 形容词Frank stared at his friend, with his mouth open.(4) with +名词（或主格代词）+ 副词He stood before his teacher, with his head down.(5)with +名词（或主格代词）+ 动词不定式With him to give us a lead, our team is bound to turn out well.(6) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 介词短语The old man stood there, with his back against the wall.(7) with + 名词（或主格代词）+ 名词He died, with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.介词without, like, on也能用来引导独立主格结构，其用法和with相同，但在意义上有所改变。
非谓语动词的独立主格结构非谓语动词的独立主格结构，听起来有点拗口，但其实用起来可简单得多，轻松得很。
就像你在咖啡馆里，点了一杯拿铁，顺便跟朋友聊聊那些“脱离正轨”的小故事。
哎，别看这结构复杂，实际上它就像你身边那个总能给你带来惊喜的朋友，总能在你意想不到的时候，给你一阵爽快。
想象一下，你在公园里散步，阳光明媚，鸟儿在树上唱着小曲，突然看到一只小狗在追逐自己的尾巴。
真是好笑，狗狗摇摇晃晃，满脸疑惑，似乎在想：“这东西怎么就抓不住呢？”此时，如果我们用独立主格结构来描述，就能把这个场景生动地表现出来。
比如说，“小狗追着自己的尾巴，搞得一头雾水。
”这样一来，读者不仅能感受到小狗的可爱，还能从中品味到一种幽默的气息。
再说说旅行吧，想象你和一群朋友一起背包游。
大清早，大家都还在梦乡，只有你一人早起，喝着咖啡，静静地看着窗外的风景。
此时你可以说：“我坐在那里，望着窗外的美景，心里美滋滋的。
”简单的一句话，瞬间就把那种悠闲的感觉传达出来。
旅行的乐趣就在于发现和享受那些小确幸，而独立主格结构恰好能够把这种情感表达得淋漓尽致。
说到吃，哎呀，我最喜欢了。
想象一下，周末聚餐，桌子上摆满了丰盛的菜肴。
大口吃肉，大口喝酒，大家的笑声回荡在空气中，真是美好极了。
你可以这样描述：“我们一边吃着美味的火锅，一边聊着生活的琐事，笑声此起彼伏。
”这样一来，仿佛那一刻的欢乐都跃然纸上，让人不禁想加入其中。
生活中总有一些烦心事。
比如说，早上起不来，匆匆忙忙赶去上班，路上还遇到堵车。
心里那个火啊，真是恨不得变成一阵风，呼啸而过。
这时候你可以说：“我在车里坐得快要发疯，心里想着该怎么跟老板解释迟到的理由。
”这种夸张的说法，既反映了你的无奈，又让人会心一笑。
说到朋友，咱们总有那么几个死党。
无论何时何地，只要聚在一起，就像回到了无忧无虑的少年时代。
比如说，大家一起去KTV，唱得那叫一个尽兴，结果一个朋友突然走音，大家笑得前仰后合。
这时候，独立主格结构又派上用场：“我们在KTV里唱得正欢，突然他走音，大家笑得肚子疼。
Model test 非谓语，独立主格1.The bank is reported in the local newspaper________ in broad daylight yesterday. a. to be robbed b. robbedc. to have been robbedd. having been robbed2. Mr. Milton prefers to resign____ take part in such dishonest business deals.a. than takeb. than to takec. rather than taked. rather than to take3. The students expected there ____ more reviewing classes before the final exams.a. isb. beingc. have beend. to be4. It turned out that the children were not ________ for the accident.a. to blameb. to be blamec. to be blamingd. to have been blamed5. _____ for a long time, the fields are all dried up.a. There has been no rainb. Having no rainc. There having been no raind. There being no rain6. The millons of calculations involved, _____ by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.a. had they been doneb. they had been donec. having been doned. they were done7. While being questioned on the court, the man denied____ the old lady’s necklace.a. having takenb. takingc. to have takend. to take8. Dr. Park was accused_______ the patient with overdose of sleeping pills so that the patient’s life was terminated before the expected time.a. of providingb. with providingc. to have providedd. to provide9. Joseph was very lucky ______ with his life; he almost did not get out of the rooma. to escapeb. to have escapedc. to escaped. to be escaping10. Our civilization cannot be thought of as ____ in a short period of time.a. to have been createdb. to be createdc. having been createdd. being created11. We left the meeting, there obviously____ no point in staying.a. wereb. beingc. to bed. having12. “How did the group improve its discussion ?” --- “They all took part, each member_____ the responsibility of leading one meeting.”a. havingb. to havec. has hadd. has13.____, they got down to map out a plan for the construction of a new express way.a. Got everything readyb. Having everything got readyc. Getting everything readyd. Having got everything readyModel test 情态动词1.John’s score on the test is the highest in the class; he__ last night.a.must studyb. should have studiedc. must have studiedd. is sure to study2. With all this work on hand, he____ to the cinema last night.a. mustn’t gob. wouldn’t goc. oughtn’t god.shouldn’t have gone3. If you don’t like to swim, you__ stay at home.a. should as wellb. may as wellc. can as welld. would as well4. You_____ return the book now, you can keep it till next week if you like.a. can’tb. mustn’tc. needn’td. may not5. Could I borrow your pen?Of course, you___.a. mightb. willc. cand. should6. Where is my pen? I_____ it.a. might loseb. would have lostc. should have lostd. must have lostmodel test 虚拟语气1.There is a real possiblity that these animals could be frightened, _____ a sudden loud noise.a. being thereb. should there bec. there wasd. there have been2. It was requested that all of the equipment_____ in the agreed time.a. erectedb. would be erectedc. be erectedd. will be erected3. I ____ him the Christmas gift by mail because he came home during the Christmas holidays.a. ought to have sentb. couldn’t have sentc. must have sentd. needn’t have sent4. The board deemed it’s urgent that these invitations _____ first thing tomorrow morning.a. had to be put in the mkailb. must be put in the mailc. be put in the maild. should have been put in the mail5. Our teacher recommended that we ______ as attentive as possible when we visit the museum.a. areb. shall bec. bed. were6. You _____ that letter to James. However, you didn’t.a. ought to writeb. ought to have writtenc. shuld writed. should be writing7. We feel it is high time that the Government_____something to check the inflation.a. didb. doc. should dod. would do8. It has been proposed that we ____ our decision untl the next meeting.a. delayedb. delayc. can delayd. are to delay9. _____ is announced in the papers, our country has launched a large scale movement against smuggling and fraudulent activities in foreign currency exchange deals.a. Whatb. Asc. Whichd. That10. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested ___ at the next town.a. to stopb. stoppingc. stopd. having stopped11. _____ the help of their group, we would not have succeeded in the investigation.a. Besidesb. but forc. regardless ofd. despite12. The manger would rather his daughter_____ in the same office.a. had not workedb. not to workc. does not workd. did not work13. The article suggests that when a person_____ under unusual stress he should be especially careful to have a well balanced diet.a. beb. wasc. isd. were。
