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2010路透一周全球财经新闻荟萃10月25日—10月29日总第一百零九期前言10月中国突如其来的加息凸显了政府对于未来通胀压力增大的忧虑,民间亦以“豆你玩、蒜你狠、苹什么”等流行语表达了对物价过快上涨的无奈.本周中国国务院明确提出,防范通胀风险将是四季度经济工作的首要任务,央行报告亦承认物价上涨压力不容忽视.中国年底前再度收紧货币政策的的信号正在趋强.下月的20国集团首尔峰会将将详细讨论如何减少全球经济失衡,降低汇率战风险.东道主韩国已表示峰会不适合讨论人民币汇率,预示中美汇率之争有望弥合.然而下周美联储政策会议预计将推出新一轮量化宽松举措,对美元贬值的担忧仍将阴霾不散.路透最新月度调查显示,中国基金经理将未来三个月股票持仓建议配比提升至88.9%,创下2007年有纪录以来新高,而债券建议配比则创下2.4%的纪录低点;受访基金经理指出,在海外及中国双重因素下,资金面相当宽松,为股市的上涨创造较大的机会.“高估值”令中国创业板在短时间内造就了不少亿万富翁,也成为外界对创业板的批评重点.不过在11月解禁潮到来后,创业板或许迎来“软着陆”,上市公司优劣也会在大浪淘沙中逐步显现.本周路透全球财经新闻荟萃，将对上文提及内容及更多金融热点为您奉上详细报导与深度分析。

依托路透全球新闻平台，专业视角甄选一周精彩。

浏览更多路透中文新闻，欢迎登陆网站 本期导读中国基金经理未来三个月股票持仓建议配比88.9% 3中国国务院会议警示未来通胀压力仍大 4东亚经济轨迹昭示中国增速需适当放缓 5G20共识为人民币汇率迈向均衡留出时间 7股市热络促中资国有银行调整再融资方案 9中国商业银行13年后重返交易所债市 10中国加息的空间还有多大？ 11中国房产税若出台将意味着什么? 12稀土市场现“淘金”热潮,是否又是一场泡沫？ 14中国创业板解禁潮将至,或现选股良机 16贫富差距挑战美国梦(节选) 18本周路透专访快速回顾 20本周热点新闻快速回顾 20附表:路透系统中文新闻快速指引 20本周全球金融市场主要指数表现路透中文专题新闻路透中文新闻为客户提供包括路透专题新闻、每周全球财经新闻荟萃和中国债市每日交易备忘在内的多个新闻产品.路透3000 Xtra使用者可使用终端查看这些产品:开启一个新闻窗口(F9按键),输入[TIPS/CN]后按Enter键即可看到查看新闻产品的快捷链接.路透中文新闻部简介路透中文新闻部于1992年成立,随著大中华区经济的高速成长及客户群的扩大,中文新闻依托路透全球新闻的强大平台,迅速成为路透财经服务的重要一环,提供中文即时讯息及深入报导,以助大中华区客户做出正确的投资决策.路透中文新闻部约有80位同仁分驻北京,上海,香港,台北及多伦多五地.每日发出讯息500多则,其中包括约350则外电译稿,及150多则以中文撰写的两岸三地财经要闻.内容涵盖宏观经济及政策监管,外汇及固定收益市场,股市和企业新闻 ,大宗商品,能源及其它类.路透一周全球财经新闻荟萃出品:路透中文新闻部编辑:焦阳/黄凯监制:朱球中国基金经理未来三个月股票持仓建议配比88.9%基金公司建议未来三个月资产配置的平均比例(%):10月9月8月7月6月5月4月3月2月1月股票88.9 83.6 81.3 80.0 74.4 78.3 80.0 82.6 83.1 82.0债券 2.4 3.1 8.1 8.1 9.2 6.5 5.9 6.4 4.8 3.7现金8.7 13.3 10.6 11.9 16.3 15.2 14.1 11.0 12.1 14.3各基金公司对三个月后沪综指能达到的位置预测:(应受访者要求,随机使用简单的A-H的代号来公布)基金代号 A B C D E F G H I预测点位2,900-3,300 3,200 3,500 3,400 3,000-3,500 3,300 3,000 3,500 3,100作者林琦路透上海10月29日电---路透最新月度调查显示,中国基金经理将未来三个月股票持仓建议配比提升至88.9%,创下2007年有纪录以来新高,而债券建议配比则创下2.4%的纪录低点;受访基金经理指出,在海外及中国双重因素下,资金面相当宽松,为股市的上涨创造较大的机会.部分基金经理则认为,未来股市较大的风险就是通胀继续恶化所带来的货币政策持续收缩.九位基金经理上个月给出的股票建议配比为83.6%,债券为3.1%.本月的现金建议配比为8.7%,创下近两年来的新低,上月为13.3%.上海一位基金经理表示,目前人民币升值预期及房地产限购等政策使得市场流动性非常充裕,虽然央行未来可能通过非对称加息来提高银行对资金的吸引力,但短期内难以改变资金的配置偏好,看好未来一个月包括股市在内的各类资产价格的表现.10月初起在金融及有色、煤炭等资源股的快速反弹下,股市大盘出现了久违的小牛市.基金经理对这些冷门板块的关注度有所提高,本次受访基金对金融服务,能源和金属类股的建议配比明显提高.九位基金经理对未来三个月沪综指<.SSEC>点位预估区间为2,900-3,500点,较上月的2,500-2,900点整体上移.其中有四位基金经理看高至3,400点以上,较目前指数至少上涨近15%.沪综指周五收报2,978.835点,本月目前累计涨幅已达12.2%,单月表现成为15个月来最佳.金融和资源品建议配比回升基金经理下个月对金融板块的建议配比回升至13.9%,上月为10.3%;金属板块和能源板块的建议配比分别回升至8.9%和10.6%,较上月分别提升了2.1个百分点和3.9个百分点.在部分资金流向资源品和金融类股后,今年来一直受宠的消费板块有些降温,平均建议配比为22.7%,上月为31.4%,但目前消费类仍为建议配比最高的行业.有两位基金经理坚持将消费类的建议配比稳在50%以上.中国国务院会议警示未来通胀压力仍大作者沈燕路透北京10月27日---中国政府周三发布的对当前经济形势研判及四季度的工作安排显示,未来通胀压力仍大,防范通胀风险将是政府经济工作的首要任务.而要稳定物价,不排除四季度中国再度加息或上调存款准备金率的可能.总理温家宝主持召开国务院常务会议称,下一阶段经济工作重点是继续采取措施稳定市场价格;坚决遏制部分城市房价过快上涨;努力完成"十一五"节能减排的目标任务等."中国年初就强调管理通胀预期,但现在通胀压力越来越大,如何稳定物价无疑是四季度中国经济工作的主要任务."中国国国际经济交流中心研究员王军称.他并称,无论是强调切实抓好秋粮收购和秋冬种工作,还是稳定菜篮子,都事关物价稳定.尤其目前新涨价因素较多,未来面临的物价上涨压力还在不断加大,在稳定通胀预期的同时如何进行管理难度会更大.中国9月居民消费价格指数(CPI)同比上涨3.6%,涨幅创下23个月高点.1-9月CPI涨幅则达到2.9%,已接近年初政府制定的今年全年物价涨幅3%的目标.而本周二,中国宣布上调油价;此外,电价,水价等公用事业服务价格亦普遍上调,市场对于未来的通胀预期愈发强烈.中国央行在其最新报告中指出,由于粮食价格上涨和收入分配及资源价格进一步改革的影响,再考虑到国际大宗商品价格的不确定性,未来物价上涨压力不容忽视.通胀预期明显增强尽管中国政府在不断引导和管理市场对物价上涨的预期,但此轮物价上涨的主要诱因仍体现在食品方面,因而粮食收成至关重要.发改委一位不愿具名的官员亦称,尽管目前中国经济整体仍处于温和通胀,但趋势却相当明显,主要是食品价格的大面积上涨,如果不加以控制和管理,会影响到明年的经济.统计局发言人盛来运此前也指出,9月份CPI上涨的因素中,翘尾因素产生影响达1.3个百分点,占同比涨幅的36%;而新涨价的因素占到CPI同比涨幅的64%.与上个月相比,新涨价因素的影响略有扩大,主要来源于食品价格的上涨和居住价格的上涨,两个因素贡献90%.此外,包括股市和楼市的资产价格上涨,以及国际大宗商品价格持续上涨带来的"输入性通胀"冲击也在助推着中国的通胀预期.王军就表示,尽管管理通胀预期中并没有明确是否会管理资产价格上涨,但从年初就开始的房地产调控,其实已经将房价的调控纳入通胀管理的预期,只是目前看效果并不明显.而近期中国股市大幅上涨也在加剧管理通胀预期的难度.稳定物价难度加大,加息等举措皆有可能面对日益加重的通胀压力,如何稳定物价无疑是四季度中国经济工作的首要任务.而专家们预计,未来继续动用加息或上调存款准备金率等收缩流动性的工具的概率明显加大.前述发改委官员就称,尽管12月物价涨幅预期会回落,但随着通胀压力的进一步加大,继续加息仍有可能. 这一观点也得到王军的认同.他表示,中国对房地产市场的调控也使得一些寻找出路的资金流入股市,要管理资产价格,收缩过多的流动性,继续加息或上调存款准备金率的可能性都在加大.中国央行上周二晚间意外宣布近三年来首次加息.央行货币政策委员会委员夏斌称,加息主要看CPI(居民消费价格指数)的情况,目前来看仍有加息压力.(完)下图:20国集团 (G20) 财长会议上周在韩国庆州召开.下图为与会的各国财长和央行官员.东亚经济轨迹昭示中国增速需适当放缓全球经济记者 Alan Wheatley 路透韩国庆州10月25日电---历史不能精准地昭示未来,但对东亚经济发展的解读预示着,中国在未来几年需要准备好面对经济增长的适当放慢.同样的历史教训肯定让中国政府祈祷本国能够复制韩国的繁荣,而不是步日本经济停滞的后尘. 20国集团(G20)上周末齐聚一堂,为的是确保短期的经济成长和货币稳定.G20财长在庆州当地一个湖边酒店举行会议,那里的富裕景象生动展现了韩国如何避免了所谓的中等收入陷阱,并持续推动生活水准向发达国家靠拢.几十年来拉美和中东的许多国家都未能实现这一目标.在亚洲,菲律宾就是一个突出的例子."很多国家都能从低收入发展到中等收入,但很少能从中等收入进一步发展到高收入.它们看起来陷入了成本增加和失去竞争力的困境."世界银行驻华代表处首席经济学家韩伟森表示. 韩国的情况有所不同.1953年朝鲜半岛战争结束时,韩国比朝鲜还要穷.但到1997年,韩国人均GDP(以购买力平价汇率计算)已经达到经济合作暨发展组织(OECD)平均值的57%.韩国于1996年加入OECD.1997/98年亚洲金融危机令亚洲地区很多中等收入国家受挫.在泰国、马来西亚和菲律宾,对于中期可持续发展至关重要的投资还未恢复到危机前水准.而韩国虽然在1997年底接近出现债务违约,但随后振作起来并沿着价值链继续前进.勿忘改革关键的原因在于韩国展开了全面深入的市场改革.尤其是,政府削弱了财阀的势力,这些负债累累的财团将触角深入国家各个层面,让人以为他们规模太大,不能坐视其倒闭.但不少财阀还是倒闭了,因韩国政府促进经济领域的竞争,加强出口市场的开放度,并削弱对金融业的管制."他们确实改变了针对大企业的游戏规则,明确了一点,规模大、与政府关系密切,并不足以维持企业的生存."OECD主管韩国的Randall Jones表示.自97年金融危机以来,韩国经济增速是OECD成员国一般水平的两倍多,到2008年,该国人均GDP达到OECD平均水平的83%.这对中国的启示是显而易见的.中国的国有企业就好比是韩国财阀,通常能轻松地垄断市场,并享受国有银行对其优厚的融资条件.中国需要着重于投资的效益,而非规模;必须鼓励创新,降低门槛,允许生产率较高的民营企业进入金融和物流等行业.历史经验从韩国得出的一个特殊经验是,人力资本方面的投资对于避免中等收入陷阱至关重要."50年前韩国的受教育程度就已经很高.必须意识到,最后一跃确实取决于高质量教育的广泛普及,"韩伟森表示.仿效韩国将能帮助中国改善其经济结构,并真正从历史所预示的动能减弱中受益.据近代经济历史学家安格斯.麦迪森(Angus Maddison)编撰以及摩根士丹利引用的数据,过去一个世纪左右,约有40个经济体人均GDP实现了7,000美元的水平.引人注意的是,在达到7,000美元的拐点后,这些经济体中31个国家在十年内的平均经济增速,比之前的十年低了2.8个百分点.日本与韩国分别在1969和1988年左右达到7,000美元的人均GDP关口,据摩根士丹利计算,这两国此后十年的年均GDP增速分别下降了4.1与2.4个百分点.中国目前人均GDP按市场汇率计算还不足4,000美元,但摩根士丹利认为其在2008年达到了麦迪森根据购买力计算的幻数(magic number)水准."若历史是位向导且万有引力定律适用于中国,那么中国的经济成长将放缓,"摩根士丹利在最近公布的一份报告中称.考虑到中国经济发展不均衡以及内地贫困地区可能迎头赶上,中国的经济放缓或许会更加温和.但台湾等地区的发展历程是一个强有力的标杆,不容忽视.摩根士丹利预计中国2010-2020年GDP平均增速为8.0%,将低于之前十年的10.3%.但增速放缓可能意味着更趋平衡.日韩两国在增速触顶以后的十年间,消费与劳动所得在GDP中占比大幅上升,服务行业也实现强劲扩张.中国新的五年计划就规划了同样的目标."中国并非独一无二,也将沿循韩国和日本的模式,在达到拐点后,消费将起飞,投资将下滑,"摩根士丹利驻上海分析师章俊称.(完)上图:资料图片.2009年10月23日摄于香港.G20共识为人民币汇率迈向均衡留出时间作者 毕晓雯/谢衡 路透上海10月25日电---上周末20国集团(20)财长会议就汇率出人意外达成共识,对中国来说,是得来不易的喘息机会;但若不采取有效的应对之策,暂时掩盖的分歧或将累积更大的人民币升值压力.由于此次G20会议赋于IMF 更多平衡全球经济的监管权力,未来中国所面临的人民币升值压力可能会由此前的美国单边施压,转而为IMF 代表的多边施压.因此,中国要有与下一回人民币升值压力赛跑的紧迫感,提出切实可行的应对预案.而中国"十二五"(2011-2015年)规划的内容--不再追求高增长,转向更为均衡发展,即说明未来更多依赖内需为发展动力的中国,未来人民币汇率将不断向均衡点靠拢."别认为IMF 的声明未提及人民币汇率是中国躲过一劫.低汇率水平推动的出口,只是让中国赚到了GDP 的增长,而实际的好处更多是输送给了美国."中国建设银行宏观经济分析学者赵庆明博士称,"中国应该从自身的利益出发,考虑我们自己应该怎么办?"他并指出,美国也清楚人民币大幅升值对他们没有好处.此前美国财长提出所谓顺差占国内生产总值(GDP)不超过4%的建议,仍旧表达了美国仍期望享受来自中国补贴的真实心理.而中国社科院世界经济与政治研究所研究员张明博士也指出,尽管此次G20会议没有单独将人民币汇率拿出来讲,但中国绝不可以据此判断多边呼吁人民币升值的压力已经没有了."我想西方国家已经明白,如果写成白纸黑字公布出来,中国政府反而会反感抵制,倒不如就是私下谈判解决问题更有效率.所以宁可在纸面上含糊其辞."兴业银行首席经济学家鲁政委也称. G20财长及央行长周六同意共同迈向汇率由市场决定的制度,并且将寻求所有必要的政策以减轻过度的外部失衡状况.同时,声明也表示,中国等国家十分关心美国宽松政策将令美元贬值这一问题,发达国家应该时刻对外汇市场上的过度波动性和无序运动保持警觉.[西南证券首席经济学家王剑辉也表示,中国在G20会议前突然加息,已经表明了中国采取的是负责任的货币政策.汇率目标美国财长盖特纳于此次IMF 会议前提交的建议也许可做为人民币汇率达到均衡点的参考.他提出经常项目顺差国必须将顺差占GDP 控制在4%以内,尽管该目标未获此次会议通过,但至少亮出了美国的底牌."人民币汇率不合适不行,过渡调整同样也不行.我们要有应对策略,给别人选择的权力."赵庆明称.此次,美国财长盖特纳有关经常项目顺差占GDP比例要低于4%的想法,也许是个可行的参考指标.他指出,在中国经济增长更多依赖内需的前提下,将顺差占GDP比例控制在4%以内,比某些美国议员提出人民币/美元低估40%,更具实际的参考意义.央行副行长易纲此前在出席IMF和世界银行的年会时也指出,为改善全球发展不平衡的状况,中国计划在未来几年进一步降低贸易顺差在中国经济中的比重.中国正在制定相关政策,计划用三到五年时间将经常项目顺差占GDP的比例从2009年的5.8%降至4%.2009年,中国经常项目顺差为2,971亿美元,按当年底一美元兑换6.82元人民币计算,占当年中国GDP总量的比重约5.8%.而截止今年上半年,中国经常项目顺差为1,265亿美元,GDP总量为106,768亿元人民币,以目前的汇率口径计算,上半年中国经常项目顺差占GDP的比例又上升至8%.分析人士指出,美国此前突然加大力度施压人民币升值,除政治因素外,与中国位居美国第一大逆差国有直接关系.但他们也清楚,中美双方的贸易往来更多是互补,美国实际上是获得了来自中国的补贴."对于人民币汇率问题,美国实际上已经开始从另一个方面来表达自己的诉求,就是控制贸易顺差.这其实也就是让中国继续对美国的经济复苏做贡献."王剑辉称.应对政策在谈到中国应采取何种政策以应对人民币汇率升值压力时,专家们所开药方的思路已完全体现在中国"十二五"规划内容中.包括扩大内需,调整生产要素价格,包括土地、资源及劳动者工资等."人民币升值过程的本身,其实就是中国经济再平衡的过程."赵庆明称.他并表示,中国的决策层已明确表达过中国未来经济增长将不过份依赖外需的决心.目前要做的,就是要令各项相关政策尽快到位."我相信中国的汇率形成机制在十二五期间将有实质性突破,甚至是完成汇率形成机制的改革."鲁政委称,"可能会改成钉住一篮子货币.因为中国的出口市场已经日益多元化,不再是单一对美元的货币价值起决定性作用了."他表示,中国政府可能更希望只要保持兑一篮子货币的有效汇率缓慢升值,就是可以承受的."所以未来仍有可能出现在某一时期兑美元单一汇率大幅升值的情况."他称.安信证券的最新报告也指出,在美元弱势,汇率战升级的背景下,人民币未来将进入持续升值的通道.参考中国2005年以来的经验,以及德国和日本的经验,这一过程未必会显着影响中国的出口竞争力.人民币和美元的脱钩,对中国经济未来的健康良性发展,有较为正面的意义."所以,只要中国的出口商品与竞争对手相比仍有优势,(人民币/美元)汇率升值就没那么可怕."鲁政委说.股市热络促中资国有银行调整再融资方案作者谢衡/赵红梅路透北京10月29日电---今年10月以来中国股市走势热络,在推高银行股股价的同时,或亦促使三大国有银行借机加快推进再融资计划,并于年内完成配股事宜.银行股价的上涨亦令国有银行需同步调整配股方案,以不突破监管层批准的融资上限;而对于资本金需求并非迫切的国有大行,监管层或授意其缩减再融资规模,进一步让利于投资者.中国银行(3988.HK: 行情)(601988.SS: 行情)周五公布A+H股配股方案,配股比例由先前公布的每10股配1.1股调整为1股,但融资规模至多600亿元人民币并未改变,分析师认为,近期股价上涨是其下调配股比例的原因.该行A股由上月中旬最低价回升以来,股价至周四收盘累计升幅逾一成.而多位消息人士表示,中国建设银行(601939.SS)(0939.HK)亦将调整A+H股配股规模,或低于此前公布的750亿的计划,并会于年内完成."总体来说,银行是根据自己的资本消耗情况确定再融资规模.在此前公告的上限之内进行调整也属正常情况.但也不排除监管层对各行的具体融资方案做出协调."国泰君安银行业分析师伍永刚说.消息人士透露,建行不会调整配股比例,但会调整配售价格,配股价将给于更大的折让.国金证券银行业分析师张英认为,建行当初的再融资方案最大配股比例和融资额间没匹配好,配股价偏高."配股折扣市场价一般都是6-7折,这次调低也不奇怪."一位投行人士称,料监管层对中行、建行已有指导建议,满足自身资本金补充需要的同时也要维护市场环境,"建行的资本规划本不需要那么多,所以降低融资额.后续的工行(601398.SS)的再融资方案也有可能会微调."他称.最新公布的三季报显示,截至9月底,中行资本充足率为11.73%;工行(1398.HK)的资本充足率为11.57%.建行的半年报则显示,6月末,该行资本充足率为11.68%.目前中国银监会执行的标准是,今年大型银行资本充足率应保持在11%以上.而中国经济表现继续向好企稳为银行业提供支持.且中国央行不久前宣布近三年来首次加息,有分析师认为,这利于银行未来的净息差增长,预期行业盈利预期和估值水平有望上调.均望年内完成,市场承接应无虞国有银行再融资方案虽或有调整,但均在市场预期之内.分析人士相信,即使三大行再融资都赶在年内完成,四季度的国内股市在已转暖的情况下,料应承接无虞.自9月30日以来,中国股市上证180金融指数和沪综指.SSEC分别上涨约15.7%和12.5%."预计拿到批文的这些银行都会尽快实施各自的配股方案,由于各家银行的大股东基本已表态将全额参与本次配股认购,因此这对四季度A股市场的影响将相对有限."万联证券银行业分析师李双武说.中行公告显示,下周二(11月2日)为A股配股权登记日,H股配股权登记日则为11月12日.根据周四收盘价计算,A股配股价折让34%,H股配股价折让41%.李双武认为,目前中行配股没多少难度."别看配股融资那么多,但大多数是汇金和香港H股来消化,A股市场只需融15.15亿元人民币."而若建行降低融资规模,则更为投资者所乐见.建行副行长庞秀生此前称,该行今年10-11月完成供股的机会很大.一些外资大股东未必认购,但保持积极态度.该行的配股再融资申请已于上周五获得中国证监会的审核通过.工商银行董事长姜建清此前亦表示,希望年内完成A+H配股最多筹资450亿元的计划.张英预计,工行的配股方案应该不会变动,因工行的配股融资规模并不高.(完)。

《英美概况》名词解释1.backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.2.the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament passed the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.3.the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.4.Invisible Trade: It refers to a kind of unseen and unobvious trade. It includes the profits, dividend and capital investment.5.Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted.6.Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadrian’s Wall.7.Julius Caesar：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wessex in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史)9. William the Conqueror: One the Christmas Day of 1066, French man William defeated the British King Harold at Hastings. In Westminster Abbey, he was crowned the King of Britain, so the Norman Conquest began. He established a strong monarchy in England, and unified the country. In 1086, he and his officials made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.11. Henry II: In the year of 1154, Henry II built the Plantagenet and when he was a king, he made the monarchy stronger than before. He made a set of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.12. the Assize of Arms: In the year of 1181, Henry II issued the Assize of Arms. According to the law, every freeman in England should be provided with arms, and they can only use the arms when they are called to fight for the King.13.the Great Charter: It is also called Magna Carter. In the year of 1215, King John signed the Great Charter. According to the charter, the king can’t freely change the law, the king can’t freely tax, and if the king violates the Charter, the vassals may rebel by the civil war. It is a feudal charter, but it gave the people trade freedom and self government.14. all estates parliament ：The parliament in 1265 is called all estates parliament, and it is considered the beginning of Parliament.15. model parliament :. In 1295, in order to collect more money on the war again Wales, King Edward opened the “all estates parliament”. The parliament included more than 400 members and was considered the most successful parliament. In the history, it is called model parliament.16. Heptarchy : From 7th century to 9th century, England was divided into 7 small kingdoms, they fought each other. Later, the King Wessex, Egbert, united England and he was considered the first King. And this is called Heptarchy.17. Black Death: It is a kind of plague in 14th century and so many people died from it. The Hundred Year’s War stopped for some time because of the Black Death.18 the Lollards: It refers to John Wycliffe and his followers. They made some ideological(思想上的) preparation for the labour movement and peasant uprising.19. enclosure movement：In 15th century, the industry of woolen cloth was the source of wealth and export. So more wool was needed, and more sheep were needed. So some landlords began to enclose some “common lands” into pasture, and then some nobles and business men do so. As a result, farmers lost land and went to the cities to be the cheap workers. This is called enclosure movement.20. Francis Drake: He was one of the most famous navigators in England. He set a sail around the world in 1577.21. the East India Company: It is one of the most famous trade companies in England. It was founded in the year of 1600 and was a tool of exploiting(剥削) Indian people.22. Henry VII : He became the King in the year of 1485. He did a lot of things to make his crown stronger, for example: he confined Edward in the London Tower, he increased the income of government, he encouraged the education, but he didn’t deal with the Church problem.23. Charles I: The second king of Stuart. He quarreled with the Parliament and dismissed the Parliament for a long time. He killed the Puritans. In 1649, he was killed.24. O’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New Model Army” defeated the King’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles I. In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compressed the Diggers.25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to the treaty, France gave up many colonies, for example, it gave up the controlling on India, and Britain became the chief/leading colonial power.27. the House of Hanover: George began the House of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted the independence of America.29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a set of laws to regulate the corn trade, for example: to increase the price of corn imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.30. the Peterloo Massacre: In August 1819, a organization was founded in Manchester to demand universal suffrage, and yearly Parliament and the cancellation of Corn Laws. The government suppressed it and 11 died with so many people wounded. This is called the Peterloo Massacre.31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs” are cancelled （2）many new seats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的) countries. (3) the total electorates increased to 217000. But working class still didn’t have to right to vote. 32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people’s charter” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.33. the Opium War: In 1840, the Chinese government issued a law to stop the importing opium from Britain, to the Britain launched a war. The Qing Government surrendered (投降) to the Britain and signed the unequal Treaty :Nanjing Treaty in 1842.34. the Fabian Society ：It was founded in 1883-1884. It included the famous men such as G.B.Shaw andH.G.Wells, who played an important role in 20th century labour party.35.the Statute of Westminster: It was passed in 1931 and it gave the legislative recognition to the relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in all aspects except the name.36. NATO: It is the acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is founded in 1949.37. Margaret Thatcher: She was the first woman Prime Minister in British history. She was in power from 1979-1990. She was called “iron lady”because she controlled Britain’s money policy tightly. She made Britain prosperous in the 1980s.38.Downing Street Declaration: It is a document between Britain and Ireland in 1993. According to the Downing Street Declaration, the future of Northern Ireland shold depend on the wished of majority.39.BBC: Its full name is British Broadcast Co-operation. It was established in 1922, it has 4 radio channels, and the programs are broadcasted in 39 languages. There is no advertisement in BBC programs, the money is from the people who watch the TV.40.GCE: Its full name is General Certificate Education. It refers to the exam of the secondary middle school, if the students can pass the exam, he can get the GCE.41.Reuters: Ruters is one of the 4 news agencies in the West, it was founded in 1851, it has 11000 employees and 1300 photographers and reporters in more than 80 countries.42. the Royal Society: It is a British organization to study science and one of the most famous scientific organizations in the world. It was founded in 1660 and Issac Newton was its president for 23 years.43. Whitehall: It is the most important street in London, some of the government offices are in Whitehall, such as: Home Office, Finance Office, etc.44. St. Paul’s Cathedral: the biggest and most well-known church in London , a typical(典型的) building of Renaissance(文艺复兴).45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himself in the Westminster Abbey.46.John Bull: the nickname of England or a typical English man.47.Speaker: the presiding officer(leader) of the House of Commons in British.48.Hollidays:(1) Christmas Day: It is on 25th, Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the present from Christmas Father.(2) Boxing Day: It is on the first weekday after Christmas. It is a public holiday in England, Wale and Northern Ireland. On Boxing Day, household employees or other service workers can receive some gifts.(3) Guy Fawkes Day: It is a day to celebrate a event in English history. A man Guy Fawkes wanted to blow up(炸平) the parliament in 5th , Nov and he was caught in the House of Commons.(4) Armistice Day: The day is also called Remembrance Day. It is a patriotic day on 11th, Nov, to remember the British or foreigners who died in World War Two.49. Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, separated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.50.Salvation Army: one of the main nonconformist denominations, founded in London in 1865,They preach the story of Jesus Christ, and do social work to help the poor and sick. They are almost military.51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.52. House of Lords: It is the oldest part in Parliament which comes from the Great Council. The House of Lords doesn’t have real power. Normally speaking, the House of Lords can stop the law passing into thelegislation, but after 1949, the House of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.53. the House of Commons: The House of Commons has 650 seats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the House Commons forms the government, the weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the House of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.54. Opposition: The weak part of the House Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government’s policy, and give their new policies.55.Scotland Yard: It is the headquarters(总部) of Criminal Investigation Department in London. It has a history of 150 years. It does criminal detection, police training etc.55.the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.56.the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.57.the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.58.Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.59.Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders（奇迹）in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.60.Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyser（火山）in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.61. Pearl Harbor: It is the base of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.62. Microsoft: It is the most famous computer company founded in 1975 by Bill Gates. Now, it plays animportant role in the world.63. Christopher Columbus: He was an Italian; he believed that the earth is round. In 1492, he discoveredAmerica and in 1498 he discovered the main land of South America.64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be used forlegal documents. It was passed in 1765 and stopped in 1766.65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threw a small stone to the British soldiers, and Britishsoldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army.mittees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees ofCorrespondence”to call people to unite together to fight against the British army.67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the“Tea Act”, East Indian Companyexported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed thatthey wouldn’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreedto sent army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How theUnited States should be governed? So a constitution（the Articles of the Confederation）was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one shouldn’t stir up the hatred to the government. It wasopposed by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.72. Monroe Doctrine: It was made by President Monroe in 1823. “America is American’s America”.According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or South America, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t open any colony in Europe, and shouldn’t interfere the everything in Europe.73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find abetter life, but in the northeast, they found themselves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.74. Douglas’ Bill: It is a bill made by Douglas, a person in senate. According to the bill, the slavery is possiblein some states, e.g.: Kentucky or Nebraska.75. Republican Party: The Party was founded in 1854; the members of this party were against the slavery.Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil Warand made two important documents: Homestead Bill, and Emancipation Proclamation. In 1864, he was elected for the second time. He was killed in 1865.77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the seven southern states, set up acountry “the Confederate Union”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and settlers gotenough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.79. “Open Door Policy”: It is the policy which is made by Theodore Roosevelt in Chinese-American relation.By the policy, American invaded China by force and culture.80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is set up to keep theworld peace. But it is controlled by England and France.82. the Washington Conference : In 1921,China , America and other countries held a meeting in Washington,and this is called the Washington Conference. The Washington Conference strengthened the power of Far East and Pacific Area.83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factoriesclosed down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.84. the New Deal: It was made by Franklin∙D∙Roosevelt in 1932. According to the deal, in the country, manypublic projects were made to increase the employment; at broad, American strengthened the old market and found new market.85. Franklin·D·Roosevelt：He was a member of Democratic Party and was the 32nd president in America.During 1929-1933, he made a New Deal, and made many contributions in WWII.86.the Battle of Midway Island: In the Battle of Midway Island, America defeated the Japanese United Fleet.This is the turning point of the Pacific War.87. NATO: The full name is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was set up in 1949. the main purpose was toform a political cooperation to fight against Russia.88. the Warsaw Pact: It was set up in 1955, the main purpose was to form a political cooperation to fightagainst NATO.89. the United Nations: In 1945, 48 countries had a meeting in San Francisco, they agreed to set up aorganization to keep the world peace. So the United Nations was founded.90.Trueman Doctrine: The Doctrine was made by President Truman in 1947. The purpose of the Doctrine was :①expand the influence of America ②suppress the struggle of the different countries.91.the Eisenhower Doctrine(重点) : It was the foreign policy carried by the Eisenhower Government. The doctrine contains the point of instant and massive retaliation(迅速的大量的复仇), and avoid the frustrating war(阻碍发展的战争)，such as the Korean War.92. the Marshall Plan (此题去年考过): The plan was suggested by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947.The plan offered a great deal of money and machines to European countries to help them to recover their economy.93. the Cold War: It refers to the severe struggle between the America and other opposed political systems. TheCold War is not friendly, but didn’t use weapon.94. the sit-in(静坐): It is the way which is used by the Black men to fight against the racial segregation in1960s ( 它是1960年代黑人反抗种族隔离而采用的方式)95. Martin Luther King: He was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. Hewas a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.96. the Civil Right Movement : In 1950s-1960s, the American black men made the Civil Right Movement tofight against segregation. Martin Luther King was a famous leader in the Civil Right Movement in America in 1950s-1960s. He was a clergyman. He organized the Montgomery blacks and changed it into Montgomery Improvement Association. He led the famous Civil Right Movement in 1960s. Under his leading, in 1964 the Civil Right Act was passed, in 1965 the V oting Right Act was passed. In 1968, he was killed.97．Desert Storm(沙漠风暴行动) : American military attacked Iraq because Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991. The air attack lasted for 6 weeks, and Iraq was forced to leave Kuwait. The war costs 61billion dollars.98. NASA It refers to National Astronautics and Space Administration.99. double dating : Two young people go out together to have a dance, to see a football game, or to have apicnic before the marriage.100.drive-in : a kind of informal eating place which is surrounded by the parking lots, by a busy road.101. a cafeteria : a kind of informal eating place in which you can buy some quick and cheap meal. You can select the food as you are going along.102. diner: It refers to the little restaurant just like a railway car. The diver is very convenient and the price is very low. Drivers , students and other people like it very much..103.Quakers: The other name of this group is Society of Friends. It is a small group with 100000 members.They are not interested in Politics and they often go out to help others without any reward. People respect them very much.104.The People’s Temple: It is a small group which was founded by Jones, Jones used superstition to control people’s spirit, once people joined this group, he couldn’t come out. In 1978, 914people（including Jones and his wife）committed suicide.105.New morality: In the 1960’s-1970’s, the young people showed their new morality. They lived together before the marriage and had the sexual action.106. the city of Heroin : it refers to New York, many people take heroin in New York.107. Chief Justice : the head of the Supreme Court in the USA.108.white collar workers: it refers to the mental labor workers. They have a higher social position and social fame than blue collar workers , but their pay is lower than blue collar workers.109. the separation of powers: In USA, the government has 3 branches: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial.Each branch has its own power and its power is limited by others.110. The Republican Party: It came into being in 1854. It is made up of northern capitalists who opposed the slavery.111.The Democratic Party: It came out of “Anti-Federalists”in 1787. It was founded in 1828, and the leader is Thomas Jefferson.112.St.V alentine’s Day: It is on 14th, Feb. On the day, the boys and girls in love will come out to have a date, send red roses or chocolate. The symbol of St.Valentine’s Day is a picture of a Heart and Cupid, Cupid hasa bow and arrow.113.Easter Day : It is on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March.. People , in this day , will celebrate the rebirth of Jesus. Children will dye the eggs and adults will kill lamb to eat.114 Halloween Day: It is on 31st, Oct. It is a night-time festival, which is held by children. On the Halloween Day children will wear a mask to frighten the parents and ask money from their parents. In 1950s, child sent the money to the poor countries’ children. The Halloween Day got Noble Peace Prize in 1965.115.Independence Day : It is the national day of the USA，on 4th, July.。

美英报刊简介美国和英国的日报总数约两千多家，各种期刊为五千余种，其中绝大多数是地方性和专业性报刊，全国性大报和杂志为数并不多。

下面介绍在美英国内若干有影响的报刊。

美国报纸American quality papers include:’The New York Times《纽约时报》The Washington Post 《华盛顿邮报》Los Angeles Times 《洛杉矶时报》USA Today 《今日美国报》The Wall Street Journal 《华尔街日报》The Christian Science Monitor 《基督教科学箴言报》International Herald Tribune 《国际先驱论坛报》Free Press 《自由新闻报》Chicago Sun-Times 《芝加哥太阳时报》New York Daily News 《纽约每日新闻》Boston Globe 《波士顿环球报》Dalas Morning News 《达拉斯晨报》San Francisco Chronicle 《旧金山纪事报》American news magazines:Time 《时代》周刊Newsweek 《新闻周刊》Reader’s Digest 《读者文摘》Fortune 《财福》杂志Business Week 商业周刊〉Far Eastern Review 《远东经济评论》U.S.News and World Report 《美国新闻与世界报道》Smithsonian 《史密斯森学会》杂志Star 《明星》Family Circle 《家族》月刊American Legion 《美国军团》People Weekly 《人民周刊》National Geographic 《国家地理》杂志1．The New York Times 《纽约时报》，1851年创刊。

属苏兹贝格(Sulzberger)家族所有。

Thomson ReutersIntroductionThomson Reuters is a leading provider of information, analytics, and technology solutions to professionals in the legal, financial, risk management, tax, and accounting fields. With a comprehensive suite of products and services, Thomson Reuters aims to help professionals make informed decisions and manage risks in their respective industries.HistoryThomson Reuters was formed through the merger of The Thomson Corporation and Reuters Group in April 2008. The Thomson Corporation, founded by Roy Thomson in 1934, started as a newspaper company and gradually expanded into other media sectors. Reuters Group, on the other hand, was established in 1851 as a news agency. The merger of these two companies brought together Thomson’s financial information resources and Reuters’ expertise in news gathering and distribution, creating a powerful entity in the information industry.Products and ServicesFinancial & RiskThe Financial & Risk division of Thomson Reuters provides financial market data, analytics, and trading tools to market participants, including banks, hedge funds, investment firms,and corporations. The division offers a comprehensive suite of products, including market data feeds, trading platforms, risk management solutions, and regulatory compliance tools.LegalThomson Reuters is a major player in the legal industry, providing lawyers, law firms, and legal professionals with a wide range of tools and resources to streamline their work processes and improve productivity. The Legal division’s offerings include comprehensive legal research databases, practice management software, litigation support tools, and workflow automation solutions.Tax & AccountingThe Tax & Accounting division of Thomson Reuters provides tax, accounting, and audit software and services to accountants, auditors, and tax professionals. The division’s products help professionals navigate complex tax laws, manage financial reporting, and stay compliant with regulatory requirements. The division also offers research databases, training programs, and professional certification courses.Intellectual Property & ScienceThomson Reuters’ Intellectual Property & Science division serves researchers, scientists, and intellectual property professionals by providing solutions for patent research, scientific discovery, and intellectual property management. The division’s products include databases of patents, scientific literature, and drug discovery information, as well as tools for analyzing and visualizing research data.Reuters News AgencyAs a legacy of its roots, Thomson Reuters operates the Reuters News Agency, which has a global network of journalists and correspondents covering news events from around the world. The news agency provides real-time news feeds, multimedia content, and editorial support to media organizations, corporations, and individuals. Reuters is known for its unbiased and reliable reporting.Corporate ResponsibilityThomson Reuters is committed to corporate responsibility and sustainability. The company strives to operate in an ethical and responsible manner, taking into account the interests of its stakeholders, including customers, employees, investors, and the communities it serves. Thomson Reuters supports various philanthropic initiatives and aims to make a positive impact on society through its products, services, and corporate citizenship.ConclusionThomson Reuters is a global leader in the information industry, providing professionals across various fields with the tools, data, and insights they need to make informed decisions and manage risks. With a diverse portfolio of products and services, Thomson Reuters continues to innovate and evolve to meet the changing needs of its customers.。

英美概况名词解释1. Thanksgiving DayIt falls on the fourth Thursday of November. It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered2. The RenaissanceEurope rediscovering its origins in the culture of ancient Greek and Rome，It was a cultural movement that arose with the bourgeoisie. The representatives of this thought were called humanists, such as Sir Thomas More, William Shakespeare.3. The Civil Rights Act of 1964It was signed into law by President Jonson in 1964. It outlawed discrimination not only in public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.4. The Boston “Tea Party”According to the “T ea Act” the East India Company sold their tea to the colonies and made profit. On December 16th, 1773, some Boston men boarded an English ship in Boston Harbor, broke open the tea chests and poured the tea into the sea. It showed the fighting spirit of the people of the colonies.5. Roosevelt’s “New Deal”The policy advanced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932, two principal purposes：(1) At home, many public projects were launched to create employment. Crops were destroyed and agricultural production was cut down to stabilize the falling farm prices. The big industries were compelled to make reforms.(2) At abroad, he took efforts to consolidate the old markets and to conquer new ones.6. The Wars of the RosesIt was the civil wars in Britain between the houses of Lancaster and York, from 1455—1485. The Lancastrians used the red roses as their badge, while the Yorkists the white roses. The Yorkists deposed Henry VI in 1461 and made Edward W King. Henry was King again in 1470—1471 f but Edward won the throne back from him. In 1483 Richard H took the throne from his young nephew Edward V, but He was defeated and killed by Henry of Richmond, who became Henry Ⅶ, Henrys a Lancastrian, married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, so united the two houses. The Wars of the Roses were the wars of feudal lords. The thirty years’ wars finally weakened the fendal nobility7. ReutersOne of the four major news agencies in the West; the principal news agency in every country in the world is affiliated to Reuters Reuters，the Press Association Ltd, and the Exchange Telegraph Co. Ltd,Reuters is one of the four major news agencies in the world. It wasfounded in 1851 in London. It has about 1，200 reporters stationed in 183 countries and regions. It is an important propaganda tool of the British monopoly bourgeoisie8. Buckingham PalaceThe monarch's present London home, facing St. James Park.9. The Fire of LexingtonLexington Fire was the prelude of American War of Independence.It’s the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. They were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within thetowns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge, near Boston. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies in the mainland of British North America.10. The Great Depression of 1929-1933It took place from 1929 to 1933, In 1929 there swept a ”Great Crash”. The New York Stock Market failed, many banks closed down, many shops shut down too. In 1933, 17 million people lost their jobs. Agriculture got worse for the products found no market. Plenty of “extra” goods and products were destroyed.11. What does the British Parliament consist of?The British Parliament consists of three elements: the Crown, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It is referred to as the legislature12. What are the primary sources of British law?The primary sources of British law include Statutes of Parliament，common law，equity law and European Community law.13. What kind of economic system does the United States have? The U.S. has a free-market economy with a dominant private secto r14. Why is education very important to Americans?It contributes to developing the national strength and personal success.15. What is the meaning of the “Lost Generation”?In the aftermath of World War, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment. Some lived abroad. They were known as the “Lost Generation”. The two most representativewriters of the “Lost Generation” were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.16. What were the two guiding principles underlying Americadiplomatic activities in World War Two?There were two guiding principles behind all America’s diplomatic a ctivities:the first was to win the war;the second was to establish a p ostwar political structure in accord with Amercian interests and to p revent the Soviet Union from overexpansion.17. What are the prerequisites for the industrial revolution inBritain?The Industrial Revolution first started in Britain because Britain had several special conditions. Britain’s population grew faster and this helped account for the increased labor supply and consumerdemand. Britain had built a powerful navy and a huge merchant fleet. British merchants greatly increased their foreign trade and reaped large profits. Britain had created a world-wide market for its goods and its colonies supplied raw materials. And capitalist farms were also built in rural areas. Many landless farmers went to towns and became unskilled workers. All of these factors sped up a primitive accumulation and provided an important prerequisite for the Industrial Revolution18. What are the major social problems faced by the United States?(1)The gap between the poor and the rich (2)violence (3)decaying morality (4)racial discriminations.19. List some features of a typical American in terms of attitudes and views.More informality and less social distinction; Show respect for woman; frankness of admitting weakness; Do it yourself; Manuallabor is highly valued; Striving for equality; having gained success by one’s own efforts20. What lessons can we draw from the rise and fall of the Great Britain?21. How did the American Imperialism grow before the First World War?The overseas expansion; The U.S.-Spanish war; The monopolistcapitalists and their policies.22. What attitude should we hold towards the Western culture, especially the American culture, in cross-cultural communication?23. Make an analysis of the road to the world great powers in the cases of the Great Britain and the United States.24. What are the major causes for the American Civil War?The Westward Movement, the two different economic systems of the North and the South and the upsurge of the workers’ movement25. Make a comparison between the British Parliament and the American Congress.American and British legislative systems have the same principles in general, such as natural rights, popular sovereignty etc.Parliament is the center of the British political stage and is Britain’s top legislative branch. The government is elected from the parlia ment and it should be responsible for the parliament. Parliament is a bicameral legislature. The House of Commons and the House of Lords constitute the British Parliament.In the meantime, the U.S. congress is the highest legislative bran ch, which consists of the senate and the House ofRepresentatives . The main powers of congress are legislative power, supervisory p ower of judicial administration, examination and approval authorityand amending power. In addition, congress can pass the resolution which does not need the president to sign。

路透社路透社（Reuters）路透社是世界四大通讯社之一，也是英国创办最早的通讯社。

1850年由保罗·朱利叶斯·路透（paul julius reuter）在德国亚琛创办，1851年迁址到伦敦。

创办人路透原为德国人，后加入英国籍。

1865年，路透把他的私人通讯社扩展成为一家大公司。

路透社是路透集团的一部分，业务占路透集团的5%，（该集团资料详见企业库专条）。

它素以快速的新闻报道被世界各地报刊广为采用而闻名于世。

其股权属于代表伦敦出版的全国性报纸的报业主联合会（the newspaper publishers association），代表郡级报纸的报联社（pressassociation）、澳大利亚报联社（australian associatedpress）和新西兰报联社（new zealand press association）。

这四家股东都有代表参加路透社董事会，它们之间有一项确保路透社在新闻报道中所谓“独立性”和“正直性”的“托拉斯协议”。

路透社董事会由1名董事长、3名常务董事（executive directors ）和8名董事（non-executive directors）组成。

董事会每半年召开一次会议，由董事轮流主持会议，讨论财政和经营管理方面的问题。

日常行政工作由执委会（或称经理部，executive committee）负责。

执委会由总经理、两名副总经理、两名助理副总经理和总编辑6人组成。

总经理由董事会任命，新闻业务工作由总编辑主持。

路透社名义上是私人企业主所有，实际上受政府控制，是英国的官方喉舌。

路透社新闻报道的主要对象是国外，它的国际新闻紧密配合英国政府的外交活动，它对体育新闻也很重视。

该社的经济新闻主要是商情报告，为英国和西方大企业服务。

至1980年，共有雇员2595人，其中国内有1000多人。

在雇员中，有532名记者，551名技术人员。

它在国外共有122个分社，分布在75个国家和地区，派出的常驻记者约370名。