基于AT89C52单片机的简易频率计设计说明书

单片机课程设计报告一、课程设计内容1）显示时间功能，能正确显示“时”、“分”。

2）显示日期功能，能显示“月”、“日”。

3）闹钟功能，可按设定的时间闹时。

4）具有校准月、日、时、分的功能。

二、元器件介绍本次课程设计我使用的单片机是至强51蓝精灵版，而实验中使用到的关键元器件主要有：STC85C52RC，4*4按键，蜂鸣器，数码管等。

下面是STC85C52RC的简单介绍：AT89C52是本设计最核心的部件，它是美国ATMEL公司生产的低电压，高性能CMOS 8位单片机，片内含8K bytes的可反复擦写的Flash只读程序存储器和256 bytes的随机存取数据存储器（RAM），器件采用ATMEL公司的高密度、非易失性存储技术生产，与标准MCS-51指令系统及8052产品引脚兼容，片内置通用8位中央处理器（CPU）和Flash存储单元，功能强大。

AT89C52单片机适用于许多较为复杂的控制应用场合。

下图是AT89C52最常见的一种封装。

如上图所示，AT89C52共有40个管脚，其各个功能如下：·VCC ——运行时加＋5V·VSS ——接地·XTAL1 ——振荡器反相放大器及内部时钟发生器的输入端·XTAL2 ——振荡器反相放大器的输出端·RST ——复位输入，高电平有效，在晶振工作时，在RST引脚上作用2个机器周期以上的高电平，将使单片机复位。

·EA/VPP ——片外程序存储器访问允许信号。

欲使CPU仅访问外部程序存储器（地址为0000H-FFFFH），EA端必须保持低电平（接地），如果EA端为高电平（接Vcc端），CPU则执行内部程序中的指令。

·LAE/PROG——当访问外部程序存储器或数据存储器时，ALE（地址允许锁存）输出脉冲用于锁存地址的低8位位数字节。

一般情况下，ALE仍以时钟振荡频率的1/6输出固定的脉冲信号，因此它可对外输出时钟或用于定时目的。

简易频率计的设计中文摘要频率测量是电子学测量中最为基本的测量之一。

频率计主要是由信号输入和放大电路、单片机模块、分频模块及显示电路模块组成。

AT89S52单片机是频率计的控制核心，来完成它待测信号的计数，译码，显示以及对分频比的控制。

利用它内部的定时/计数器完成待测信号频率的测量。

在整个设计过程中，所制作的频率计采用外部分频，实现10Hz~2MHz的频率测量，而且可以实现量程自动切换流程。

以AT89S52单片机为核心，通过单片机内部定时/计数器的门控时间，方便对频率计的测量。

其待测频率值使用四位共阳极数码管显示，并可以自动切换量程，单位分别由红、黄、绿3个LED指示。

本次采用单片机技术设计一种数字显示的频率计，具有测量准确度高，响应速度快，体积小等优点。

关键词：频率计；单片机；计数器；量程自动切换The design of simple Frequency MeasurementABSTRACTFrequency measurement is the most basic measurement in Electronic field. A simple frequency meter mainly by the signal input and amplifying circuit, microcontroller module, sub-frequency circuit module and display module. AT89S52 MCU is the control core frequency of dollars to complete its count of the signal under test, decoding, display and control of the frequency division ratio. Using its internal timer or counter to complete the signal of the under test cycle / frequency of measurement.Throughout the design process, periodic measurement of the frequency meter application and the corresponding mathematical treatment to achieve 10Hz ~ 2MHz frequency measurements, and can automatically switch the flow to achieve scale. To the core of AT89S52 microcontroller, with the MCU internal timer / counter gate time, it can be easier for frequency measurement. The use of microcomputer technology to design a digital display of frequency meter, have a measurement of high accuracy, fast response, small size and so on.KEY WORD: Frequency meter; single chip; counter; range automatically switch目录第一章前言 (1)1.1频率计概述 (1)1.2频率计发展与应用 (1)1.3频率计设计内容 (1)第二章系统总体方案设计 (2)2.1测频的原理 (2)2.2总体思路 (3)2.3具体模块 (3)第三章硬件电路具体设计 (5)3.1AT89S52主控制器模块 (5)3.1.1 AT89S52的介绍 (5)3.1.2 复位电路及时钟电路 (6)3.1.3 引脚功能 (7)3.1.4 单片机引脚分配 (8)3.2电源模块 (9)3.2.1 直流稳压电源的基本原理 (9)3.2.2 电源电路设计 (10)3.3放大整形模块 (11)3.4分频设计模块 (11)3.4.1 分频电路分析 (11)3.4.2 74LS161芯片介绍 (12)3.4.3 74LS151芯片介绍 (13)3.4.4 分频电路 (14)3.5显示模块 (14)3.5.1 数码管介绍 (15)3.5.2 频率值显示电路 (15)3.5.3 档位转换指示电路 (16)第四章系统的软件设计 (17)4.1软件模块设计 (17)4.2中断服务子程序 (18)4.3显示子程序 (19)4.4量程档自动转换子程序 (20)4.5应用软件简介 (20)4.5.1 Keil简介 (21)4.5.2 protues简介 (22)第五章频率计的系统调试 (23)5.1硬件调试 (23)5.1.1 电源模块调试 (23)5.1.2整形模块调试 (24)5.1.3 分频模块调试 (25)5.2软件调试 (25)5.2.1 Pouteus软件调试 (25)5.2.2 功能调试 (26)5.3系统调试 (27)5.3.1 系统软件调试 (27)5.3.2 系统软硬件调试 (27)5.4误差分析 (28)第六章总结 (23)参考文献 (24)致谢 (25)附录 (1)第一章前言频率测量是电子学测量中最为基本的测量之一。

word格式文档单片机原理课程设计题目: 基于AT89C52的电子时钟设计姓名:学院:专业:班级:学号:指导教师:年月日南京农业大学教务处制aortiu目录摘要 (2)关键词 (2)引言 (2)1设计要求与方案论证 (2)1.1设计要求 (2)1.2系统方案选择方案和论证 (2)1.2.1单片机芯片的选择方案和论证 (2)1.2.2 显示模块选择方案和论证 (3)1.2.3 时钟芯片的选择方案和论证 (3)2.系统的硬件设计与实现 (3)2.1电路设计框图 (3)2.2系统硬件概述 (3)2.3主要单元电路的设计 (4)2.3.1 单片机主控制模块的设计 (4)2.3.2时钟电路模块的设计 (4)2.3.3 键盘模块设计 (5)2.3.4蜂鸣器模块的设计 (5)2.3.5显示模块的设计 (5)3.系统的软件设计 (6)3.1程序流程框图 (6)3.2程序的设计 (7)4.系统调试 (7)4.1软件调试 (7)4.2硬件调试 (8)4.3 实验箱调试结果 (8)5.总结心得体会 (9)附录一：系统程序 (9)基于AT89C52的电子时钟设计指导教师：吕成绪胡飞摘要：单片机在电子产品中的应用越来越广泛，特别是51系列的单片机，由于其使用方便、价格低廉等优势，在市场上占有很大的份额。

AT89C52就是51系列中的一个比较成熟的型号。

本设计是一个多功能的实时时钟，带秒表、整点报时、闹铃、调整时间等功能。

可按键直接设置闹铃时间。

由AT89C51单片机、DS1302、LCD1602等模块组成。

现代社会，时间就是金钱，时钟是每个人的必备品。

本设计实现了所需功能，给大家带来方便，整体性好、人性化强、可靠性高，实现了时钟的多功能应用。

关键词：电子时钟；DS1302；LCD1602；引言：随着科技的快速发展，时间的流逝,从观太阳、摆钟到现在电子钟，人类不断研究，不断创新纪录。

美国DALLAS公司推出的具有涓细电流充电能的低功耗实时时钟电路DS1302。

基于AT89C52单片机操纵的简易RLC测试仪本文所设计的系统是基于AT89C52单片机操纵的简易RLC测试仪。

为了充分利用单片机的运算和操纵功能，方便的实现测量。

把参数R、L、C 转换成频率信号f，然后用单片机计数后再运算求出R、L、C的值，并送显示。

转换的原理别离是RC振荡电路和电容三点式振荡电路。

为了比较准确的测试而频率的计数那么是利用等精度数字频率计完成。

然后再将结果送单片机运算，并在LED显示器上显示所测得的数值。

通过一系列的系统调试，本测试仪抵达了测试标准。

通过测试，第1章：绪论电路参数R,L,C电路参数—电阻、电容和电感是电路的三种大体参数，也是描述网络和系统的重要参数，普遍应用于科学研究、教学实验、工农业生产、通信、医疗及军事等领域中。

例如在强电系统中，输电线路中的传输线，电气设备中继电器、变压器、发电机等，都是用阻抗参数R、L、C来描述的。

人们通过测试阻抗参数能够判定设备的好坏，是不是存在故障隐患。

在弱电系统中，电路参数元件的好坏、量值的大小直接阻碍所设计的线路板的正常工作和靠得住性。

因此对它们的测试具有重要的意义。

电路参数的测量方式电路参数的测量一般是把被测参数通过转换电路变成直流电压或频率后进行测量。

1. 传统的RLC参数测量的方式种类很多，例如：对电阻的测量经常使用欧姆表直接测量，也能够利用对电阻施加一个电压，利用模拟电表和电流表测量取得电阻两头的电压值和流过电阻的电流值。

然后利用欧姆定理计算出电阻值；而对电感或电容的测试常采纳测量阻抗角和负阻抗，然后用数学公式计算出电阻和电抗的参数。

也能够采纳过度进程法测出时刻常数，由于电路中利用已知的固定电阻，因此能够通过计算，得出电抗参数。

在要求测试准确度高的地址常采纳交流电桥通过调整已知参数使得电桥达到平稳，读出电感或电容值。

上述方式，简单明了，测试也有必然的准确度；但必需采纳手工操作，费时费力且测量精度带有必然的人为因素。

2. 在上世纪70年代后，由于数字电子技术的进展，显现了数字式的RLC测试仪。

附录A 英文原文Microcomputer AT89C52 Synoptic ElucidationThe microcomputer AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture,a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset,for the figure 1.Pin DescriptionVCC:Supply voltage.GND:Ground.Port 0:Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs.Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pullups.Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification.External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1:Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table.Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2:Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register.Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3:Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pullups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs.When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51, as shown in the following table.Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.RST:Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.ALE/PROG:Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory.This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming.In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Other- wise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit hasno effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN:Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory.When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP:External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the图A.1 AT89C52方框图device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset.EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the12-volt programming enable voltage(VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is selected.XTAL1:Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2:Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.Special Function Registers：Not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip.Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate er software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.Timer 2 Registers: Control and status bits are contained in registers T2CON and T2MOD for Timer 2. The register pair (RCAP2H,RCAP2L) are the Capture/Reload registers for Timer 2 in 16-bit capture mode or 16-bit auto-reload mode.Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priori- ties can be set for each of the six interrupt sources in the IP register.Data Memory:The AT89C52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128 bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. That means the upper 128 When an instruction accesses an internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR space. Instructions that use direct addressing access SFR space. For example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at location 0A0H (which is P2).Instructions that use indirect addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.Timer 0 and 1:Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C52 operate the same way as Timer 0 and Timer 1 in the AT89C51.Timer 2:Timer 2 is a 16-bit Timer/Counter that can operate as either a timer or an event counter. The type of operation is selected by bit C/T2 in the SFR T2CON.Timer 2 has three operating modes: capture, auto-reload(up or down counting), and baud rate generator. The modes are selected by bits in T2CON.Timer 2consists of two 8-bit registers, TH2 and TL2. In the Timer function, the TL2 register is incremented every machine cycle. Since a machine cycle consists of 12 oscillator periods, the count rate is 1/12 of the oscillator frequency. In the Counter function, the register is incremented in response to a 1-to-0 transition at its corresponding external input pin, T2. In this function, the external input is sampled during S5P2 of every machine cycle. When the samples show a high in one cycle and a low in the next cycle, the count is incremented. The new count value appears in the register during S3P1 of the cycle following the one in which the transition was detected. Since two machine cycles (24 oscillator periods) are required to recognize a 1-to-0 transition,the maxi- mum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.To ensure that a given level is sampled at least once before it changes, the level should be held for at least one full machine cycle.Capture Mode:In the capture mode, two options are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 is a 16-bit timer or counter which upon overflow sets bit TF2 in T2CON.This bit can then be used to generate an interrupt. If EXEN2 = 1, Timer 2 performs the same operation, but a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX also causes the current value in TH2 and TL2 to be captured into RCAP2H and RCAP2L, respectively. In addition, the transition at T2EX causes bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set. The EXF2 bit, like TF2, can generate an interrupt.Auto-Reload (Up or Down Counter):Timer 2 can be programmed to count up or down when configured in its 16-bit auto-reload mode. This feature is invoked by the DCEN (Down Counter Enable) bit located in the SFR T2MOD (see Table 4). Upon reset, the DCEN bit is set to 0 so that timer 2 will default to count up. When DCEN is set, Timer 2 can count up or down, depending on the value of the T2EX pin. Timer 2 automatically count up when DCEN = 0. In this mode, two option s are selected by bit EXEN2 in T2CON. If EXEN2 = 0, Timer 2 counts up to 0FFFFH and then sets the TF2 bit upon overflow. The overflow also causes the timer registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. The values in Timer in Capture ModeRCAP2H and RCAP2L are preset by software.If EXEN2 = 1, a 16-bit reload can be triggered either by an overflow or by a 1-to-0 transition at external input T2EX. This transi- tion also sets the EXF2 bit. Both the TF2 and EXF2 bits cangenerate an interrupt if enabled.Setting the DCEN bit enables Timer 2 to count up or down,as shown in Figure 3. In this mode, the T2EX pin controls the direction of the count. A logic 1 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count up. The timer will overflow at 0FFFFH and set the TF2 bit. This overflow also causes the 16-bit value in RCAP2H and RCAP2L to be reloaded into the timer registers,TH2 and TL2, respect- tively.A logic 0 at T2EX makes Timer 2 count down. The timer underflows when TH2 and TL2 equal the values stored in RCAP2H and RCAP2L. The underflow sets the TF2 bit and causes 0FFFFH to be reloaded into the timer registers.The EXF2 bit toggles whenever Timer 2 overflows or underflows and can be used as a 17th bit of resolution. In this operating mode, EXF2 does not flag an inter- rupt.Baud Rate Generator：Timer 2 is selected as the baud rate generator by setting TCLK and/or RCLK in T2CON (Table 2). Note that the baud rates for transmit and receive can be different if Timer 2 is used for the receiver or trans- mitter and Timer 1 is used for the other function. Setting RCLK and/or TCLK puts Timer 2 into its baud rate generator mode, as shown in Figure 4.The baud rate generator mode is similar to the auto-reload mode, in that a rollover in TH2 causes the Timer 2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit value in registers RCAP2H and RCAP2L, which are preset by software.The baud rates in Modes 1 and 3 are determined by Timer2’s overflow rate according to the following （A.1）equation.Modes1 and 3 band rates=Timer 2 Overflow Rate16（A.1）The Timer can be configured for either timer or counter operation. In most applications, it is configured for timer operation (CP/T2 = 0). The timer operation is different for Timer 2 when it is used as a baud rate generator. Normally,as a timer, it increments every machine cycle (at 1/12 the oscillator frequency). As a baud rate generator, however, it increments every state time (at 1/2 the oscillator frequency).The baud rate formula is given below（A.2）.modes 1 and 3 band Rate =Oscillator frequency32[65536-(RCAP2H,RCAP2L)]（A.2）where (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) is the content of RCAP2H and RCAP2L taken as a 16-bit unsigned integer Timer 2 as a baud rate generator is showed.This figure is valid only if RCLK or TCLK = 1 in T2CON. Note that a rollover in TH2 does not set TF2 and will not generate an interrupt. Note too, that if EXEN2 is set, a 1-to-0 transition in T2EX will set EXF2 but will not cause a reload from (RCAP2H, RCAP2L) to (TH2, TL2). Thus when timer 2 is in use as a baud rate generator, T2EX can be used as an extra external interrupt. Note that when Timer 2 is running (TR2 = 1) as a timer in the baud rate generator mode, TH2 or TL2 should not be read from or written to. Under these conditions, the Timer is incremented every state time, and the results of a read or write may not be accurate. The RCAP2 registers may be read but should not be written to, because a write might overlap a reload and cause write and/or reload errors. The timer should be turned off (clear TR2) before accessing the Timer 2 or RCAP2 registers.附录B 中文翻译单片机AT89C52简要说明AT89C52提供以下标准功能：8k字节Flash闪速存储器，256字节内部RAM，32个I/O口线，3个16位定时/计数器，一个6向量两级中断结构，一个全双工串行通信口，片内振荡器及时钟电路。

数字频率计设计摘要：本文提出设计数字频率计的多种方案，重点介绍以单片机AT89C52为控制核心，实现频率测量的数字频率计设计。

测频的基本原理是采用在高频段直接测频法，在低频段测周期法的设计思路；硬件部分由放大电路、波形变换和整形电路、闸门时基控制电路、分频电路、单片机和数据显示电路组成；软件部分由信号频率测量模块、周期测量模块、定时器中断服务模块、数据显示模块等功能模块实现。

应用单片机的控制功能和数学运算能力，实现计数功能和频率、周期的换算。

设计的频率计测量范围能够达到2HZ～50MHZ，满足所要求的频率范围，测量精度较高，平均相对误差仅为0.3401%。

另外，文章对频率测量过程中数据误差的来源进行了探讨，提出了减小误差的措施。

最后，文章还对频率计的设计方案提出了可扩展的地方。

关键词：数字频率计；单片机AT89C52；频率测量；周期测量；误差The design of digital frequency meterLU JiabinCollege of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, ChinaAbstract：This article proposes many kinds of plans design digital frequency meter, highlighting the design taking monolithic integrated circuit AT89C52 as the control core, the realization frequency measurement of digital frequency meter.Selected design ideas which directly measuring frequency law in the high-band and testing cycle law in the low-band; The hardware partially is composed by enlarged circuit、the profile transformation and the reshaping circuit、the gate at the base control circuits、sub-frequency circuits、the microcontroller and the data display electric circuit; The software design is achieved by many functional modules, such as the signal frequency measurement module、the signal cycle survey module、timer interruption of service module、the data display module and so on. Achieving counting function and conversion between cycle and frequency by using control functions and mathematics operation ability of microcontroller. Like these the survey scope can achieve 2HZ ~ 50MHZ, both can reach the frequency range requirements designed, the measuring accuracy high, and can cause the average relative measuring error to be only 0.3401%. In addition, the article has carried on the discussion to the data error origin in the process surveyed the frequency, and proposed the measures reduce the measuring error. Finally, the article also raise the frequency of the design options will be further improved.Key Words：Digital frequency meter; Microcontroller AT89C52; Frequency measurements; Measure- ment cycle; error文献综述科学技术发展到今天，数字化产品以其独特的优越性而越来越受到广大消费者的认可。

电子设计大赛训练设计报告基于AT89C52 单片机的计算器设计指导老师：曾祥志.管立新.许粮作者：黄红平学校：赣南师范学院物理与电子信息工程完成时间2011年8月20日摘要计算器是微型电子计算机的一种特殊类型。

它与一般通用计算机的主要区别在于程序输入方式的不同。

计算器的程序一般都已经固定，只需按键输入数据和运算符号就会得出结果，很容易就能掌握。

而一般计算机的程序可以根据需要随时改动，或重新输入新的程序。

简易计算器主要用于加减乘除；科学计算器，又增添了初等函数运算。

随着微电子技术的不断发展，微处理芯片的集成程度越来越高，单片机已可以在一片芯片上同时集成cpu，存储器，定时器，计数器，并行和串行接口，看门狗，前置放大器，A|D 转换器，D|A 转换器等多种电路。

关键词：计算器、at89s52、液晶显示16021.简易计算器的设计方案1.1 硬件部分设计方案1. 单片机以AT89S52 来作为核心元器件2．按键部分采用4*4 行列式键盘，分别设定数字键和功能键。

3. 显示部分方案一：使用8 位LED 数码管来做显示。

LED 显示器是由发光二极管显示字段组成的显示器件，在单片机应用系统中通常使用的是七段LED，这种显示器有共阴极和共阳极两种，它具有成本低廉、配置灵活和单片机接口方便等特点。

方案二：使用液晶显示器来显示。

液晶是介于固态和液态间的有机化合物，将其加热会变成透明液态，冷却后变成结晶的混作固态。

在点击的作用下，产生冷热变化，从而影响它的透光性，来达到显示的目的。

LED 还具有以下几个优点：低压、微功耗、显示信息量大、长寿命、无辐射、无污染。

后选择的显示是液晶显示。

大致原理图如下。

（后改用AT89S52 代替AT89C51 ）总的电路设计方案以单片机AT89S52 来作为核心元器件，外围采用4*4 行列式键盘作为输入，采用led1602 液晶显示来做输出。

这里重点介绍液晶输出地管脚，因为一开始本打算用数码管来做显示，后改为液晶，不是很熟悉。

参考文献 (9)一、设计任务及意义本系统是基于AT89C52单片机的数字式简易低频信号发生器。

用程序实现方波、锯齿波、三角波等信号，并在Protues 电子设计平台上对方案进行了仿真。

消除了传统信号发生器存在元器件分散性造成波形失真的弊端。

系统采用AT89C52 单片机作为控制核心，外围采用数字/模拟转换电路（DAC0832）、按键电路。

通过按键控制可产生方波、锯齿波、正弦波。

波形的频率和幅度在一定范围内可任意改变，其设计简单、性能优良，可用于多种需要低频信号源的场所，具有一定的实用性。

二、设计方案选择及论证系统方案比较方案一：采用函数信号发生器ICL8038集成模拟芯片，（如图2-1）它是一种可以同时产生方波、三角波、正弦波的专用集成电路。

但是这种模块产生的波形都不是纯净的波形，会寄生一些高次谐波分量，采用其他的措施虽可滤除一些，但不能完全滤除掉。

方案二：采用分立元件实现非稳态的多谐振振荡器，然后根据需要加入积分电路等构成正弦、矩形、三角等波形发生器。

这种信号发生器输出频率范围窄，而且电路参数设定较繁琐，其频率大小的测量往往需要通过硬件电路的切换来实现，操作不方便。

方案三：采用单片机和DAC0832数模转换器生成波形，由于是软件滤波，所以不会有寄生的高次谐波分量，生成的波形比较纯净。

它的特点是价格低、性能高，在低频范围内稳定性好、操作方便、体积小、耗电少。

经比较，方案三既可满足课程设计的基本要求又能充分发挥其优势，电路简单，易控制，性价比较高，所以采用该方案。

图2-1方案一方框图 D/A 键 盘单片机ICL8038运算电路显 示D/A输出三、硬件设计系统总体框图设计本系统是以单片机AT89C51和8位D/A 转换芯片DAC0832共同实现正弦波，方波，锯齿波这三种常见波形的产生及显示相互切换的功能。

图3-1 系统总体框图 3.1单片机晶振电路对于MCS-51一般的晶振可以在1.2MHZ —12MHZ 之间选择，这是电容C 可以对应的选择10pf-30Pf 。

一引言1.1 课题的背景数字频率计是一种基础工业电子测量仪器，迄今已有30多年的发展历史。

早期，设计师们追求的目标主要是扩展测量范围，和提高测量精度、稳定度等。

这些也是人们衡量数字频率计的技术水平，决定数字频率计价格高低的主要依据。

目前随着微型处理器技术的迅速发展，数字频率计装置外观、功能日臻完善，成熟。

随着科学技术的发展和数字频率计的广泛应用，用户对数字频率计也提出了更高的要求。

对于低档产品要求操作方便，量程足够宽，可靠性高，价格低。

而对于中高档产品，则要求有高分辨率，高精度，高稳定度，高测量速率。

除通常通用频率计所具有的功能外，还要有数据处理功能，数据存储功能，统计分析功能，时域分析功能等等，或者包含电压测量等其他功能。

这些要求有的已经实现或者部分已经实现，但要真正完美的实现这些目标，对于设计者来说，还有许多工作要做。

随着数字集成电路技术的飞速发展，应用计数法原理制成的数字式频率测量仪器具有精度高、测量范围宽、稳定度高、便于实现测量过程自动化等一系列的突出特点。

1.2课题意义众所周之，电能质量直接关系到电力系统的供电安全和供电质量。

电能质量具有一个很重要的指标—频率。

频率不仅影响这系统中的有功功率，而且影响系统的有功与无功的平衡，即功率因数。

保证电力系统的频率合乎标准是系统运行调整的一项基本任务。

用电电器必须工作在合适的频率条件下。

变压器也是利用频率进行电压的变换。

频率在现代工业和日常生活中具有很重要的作用。

国防军事、科学研究、深空探索、GPS定位、罗兰定位、机械尺寸测量、大地测量、物理基准、导弹发射、卫星探测、空间技术等对频率具有精确的要求。

利用现在的控制技术对频率精确得测量据用很重要的意义。

1.3单片机的发展前景1.3.1单片机的特点单片机问世以来，以其惊人的速度占领市场。

目前单片机几乎渗透到我们生活的各个领域，几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹。

单片机的主要优点在于：(1)控制性能强与可靠性能高单片机的设计是为了满足工业控制，所以实时控制能力特别强，CPU可以对I/O端口直接进行操作，位操作能力更是其它控制器无法比拟的。