《新编大学英语》第二册电子教案

Unit 1 LoveUseful InformationWhether it is a mother’s nurturing love for her child, a son’s loyal love for his father, the love between husband and wife, or the love between friends, love is a universal emotion that expresses itself in every culture. To love is to be human. To need love is also to be human. Children, for example, need loving care in order to be emotionally healthy.Love is a deep feeling of fondness, affection and friendship that grows between two people. Romantic love usually begins as passion and evolves with time to a more lasting sense of attachment. Many of the famous romantic love stories in various cultures end in the tragedies of death or betrayal. The loss of love is a favorite musical theme and the subject of countless stories, operas, songs, and ballads.The verb “like” is not as strong as the verb “love” and generally does not imply deep emotions. “Like” means to find pleasure or satisfaction in something or someone: I like eating at the restaurant; My son likes his teacher. In English, the word “love” is often used informally instead of “like” in an intensified sense: He loves music; Children love ice-cream; She loves her new job. However, “love” and “like” are not totally interchangeable. It is often the context that indica tes the strength of the word “love”. The verb “love” should not be used in the first person, when speaking to another person, except in romantic situations (I love you). When in doubt as to which verb to use, it is better to use “like” with an adverb: I li ke your dress a lot; I really like my professor; His boss liked his proposal immensely.Part One Preparation2. Can You Tell the Difference?Sample 1It’s true that motherly love is unconditional. I believe what I’ve got from my mother is the deepest love I’ve ever received. When I was at home, mother took good care of me and did what she could to meet my needs. For example, she remembered all my birthdays and bought nice birthday gifts for me, but she never celebrated hers. At home she woke me up in the morning after she had prepared breakfast. Sometimes she even combed my hair while I was having breakfast so that I could get to school on time. She treated my classmates kindly when they were with me. I know that’s because they were my good friends. Now I’m away from home, she calls me every two or three days asking about my college life and what she can do for me. It seems that my life is much more important than hers.As for fa therly love, I’m not sure if his love is conditional, but obviously it’s different from mother’s love. Father also loves me very much. He pays more attention to my education and what I’m going to be in future. He doesn’t care much about my daily life, but asks me to keep him informed of my study and progress. During my last year in high school, he was unusually patient with me. He encouraged me when I wasn’t doing well at school and helped me when I had difficulties. Father must have been a math wizard in his school days. He seemed to know all the solutions to my math problems and could point out my weaknesses. Following his instructions, I began to feel interested in math myself.Sample 2I think there’s something in his statements, although it’s hard for m e to identify whose love is fatherly and whose love is motherly in the case of my parents. Unlike most mothers in the world, my mother has been very strict with me. Maybe she thinks a boy should develop a strong, tough and persistent personality to be able to get around in this competitive world. She pays a lot of attention to my study and has been concerned with my progress. Although she didn’t receive higher education herself, she believes it is essential to me and hopes I can continue my study after I finish the undergraduateprogram. When I didn’t do well in school, mother would ask me to reflect on my failure and see how I could do better the next time. Mother would be very angry if I argued for my problem or covered any of my wrong doings. Several times when I was in my junior high school, I doubted that I was her biological son.On the other hand, my father has been very kind to me. He knows my needs and does his best to satisfy them. When mother criticized me, father would comfort me afterwards. When father had something good, he would ask me if I needed it. I still remember father bought me a lot of toys in my childhood, such as toy vehicles and robots. And he bought me a lot of books during my school years. Father even made a few of his business trips during my vacations so that he could take me with him to see the places. Now father always looks forward to my going back home before holidays. Each time he would offer me the nice things he has bought or received since I last saw him and feel very happy if I take any of them. I also enjoy his company very much, feeling secure and relaxed. That’s why I often think I have the best father in the world.3. Someone You Love MostSample 1I love my mother most, because she’s always very kind to me, unlike my father who will scold me or slap me if I make mistakes or if I am naughty. My mother is an ordinary-looking woman, but in my eyes she is very beautiful. She is very hard-working, and does almost all the housework. When I was working for the entrance examination, she was very thoughtful and never let me do any housework. When I didn’t do a good job in school, she would encourage me and hope I would do better next time. When I was hungry at night, she would fix a snack for me. She is a good cook, now it’s a pity that I am not able to have what she cooks because I am far away from home.Sample 2I spent my childhood with my grandfather because my parents were too busy to take care of me at that time. Now I often visit him, especially in holidays. He’s a very kind and knowledgeable person. He reads a lot and knows so much about the history of our country. Before I could read, he told me many interesting stories: stories about Monkey King, heroes in The Three Kingdoms and Water Margins, etc. When I was in the e lementary school, he began to buy books for me and that’s why reading is always my hobby.I believe I owe a great deal to my grandfather for my growth, physical and intellectual. He’s been taking good care of me and I often feel I’m lucky to have such a ki nd, thoughtful, intelligent and generous grandfather.Part Two Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class ReadingI.Pre-Reading1. I feel pity towards those who are disabled. I wonder how they can manage in their daily life and whether they have a job. I feel lucky that I’m not disabled.2. Yes. My aunt is deaf and dumb. She has been like this since her childhood. My grandmother said that she became deaf because of taking the wrong medicine. She is now more than seventy years old and she has never been married. She was very kind to me. In fact it was she who brought me up. She often felt it was unfair because she couldn’t hear. But she is very intelligent, and she is good at sewing. She sometimes kidded me with gestures that she wanted to cut off her ears becaus e they didn’t work.II. Passage ReadingNotes:1. There are five districts in N.Y. They are also called five boroughs. They are: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island. Central Park and Harlem are both located in Manhattan. Brooklyn is located just across the river from Manhattan.2. The subway station uses tokens and they cost about 50 cents each.3. Baseball is an outdoor game between two teams of nine players, in which players try to get points by hitting a ball and running around four bases. It is one of the most popular games in the United States.Words, Phrases and Grammatical Points1. …I was embarrassed to be seen with my father(l.1)This can be paraphrased as “I was embarrassed when the others saw me together with my father”.2. despite (l.9)e.g. Despite all our efforts to save the school, the County decided to close it.She went to Spain despite the fact that the doctor had told her to rest.同义词组：in spite ofe.g. We went out in spite of the rain.Kelly loved her husband in spite of the fact that he drank too much.3. ice-free 类似的词有：a salt-free diet, a trouble-free journey, duty-free, rent-free 等(l.14)4. …nor did he show any envy of the more fortunate or able. (l.20)这是一句用“nor”引导的倒装句。

Unit 8 CreativityL Teaching ObjectiveTheoretically based on College English Syllabus (1999); College English Curriculum Requirements (2004), and the students9 actual command of English and the content of the prescribed teaching materials taken into consideration, this course is intramural, namely, an intramural course for non-English majors for a four-term duratio n.lei Background KnowledgeCreativity is important to the human being. Without it, we would have no any development. "Being creative^ means thinking wildly, thinking of thinks that are beyond the normal people's idea, solving problems in unusual way and thinking and doing things, surpassing the tradition and custom・ The human being, the ordinary people as well as the scientists and inventors have great creativity. Generally speaking, creativity does not necessarily require sophisticated skills or great intelligence. The creative process often relate to intuitive perception, "lateral thinking冷and experimentation by trial and erroi;In our daily life, we can find a lot of stories and examples about creativity. For instance, teachers don't like the students who are "naughty" but perhaps creative. Parents generally hope their children to keep quiet and obeyed instead of following their own thoughts and ideas, which probably present the children^ creativity in their body and mental.Chinese are creative・ Since ancient time, our fathers had "Four inventions^ which have been influencing the Chinese history, including the world history till today. Only because of great creativity of Chinese, the world benefits a lot from it.②Linguistic KnowledgeWords z boundary, dismiss, mask, practically, sacrifice, scorn, vital, agenda, appoint, attendant, container, encounter, hesitation, intervene, kindergarten, manual, mere, rear, rectangular, tease, vicinity, withdraw, audience, desirable, discern, dominant, enhance, illuminate, incident, primary, principal, relevant, reliance, retrospect, subsequent, ultimate,Expressions and Collocations:involve.••in, sacrifice …for, be up to…,for the sake of, not in the least, on occasion, time and again, feed back, proceed to, to the point13 Language SkillsListening, ability to take notes while listening to tape・Speaking,ability to talk about the subject with convincing and reasonable argument freely.Reading, fast reading of passages of the same kind.Writing, ability to rewrite texts in simpler form.1.4 Learning Strategies-trainingStudents are motivated to do all kinds of classroom activities, with the help and guidance of the teacher occasionally. Participation and cooperation is of paramount importance,hence should be encouraged and emphasized・2.Key Points and Difficult Points2.1Key PointsWords or collocations related to “creativity”2.2Difficult PointsAs far as language is concerned, difficult words and expressions are frequent in such texts. It is not easy for average students to grasp what each text is about.3.Pedagogical ApproachesStudent-centered and task-based, interaction between the teacher and the learner and among learners- Teacher's interpretation is of paramount importance.4.Teaching ArrangementThis unit will be finished within 6 periods in the classroom teaching/learning: 2 periods are for listening and speaking; another 2 periods for passage reading; the last two periods for story telling and story making.Periods 1&2 Listening and SpeakingL Teaching Content and GoalsTeaching ContentPreparation (pl95)Listening-Centered Activities (Listening 1, 2 ps 196-7)GoalsAfter these two periods, students are to be able to be freer to understand passages in difficult language related to the topic of "creativity：2<lClassroom Teaching/learning DesigningCreativity is a rather vague ability that usually implies originality and imagination. Although one normally associates creativeness with artists and poets, people of all ages can demonstrate creativity in a wide variety of ways.A child can create an imaginary village from an odd assortment of sticks and stones.A factory worker can solve a complex mechanical problem in an inventive fashion.An advertising agent can think up an inexpensive and humorous way to reach a new clientele.As a general rule, creativity does not necessarily require sophisticated skills or great intelligence. The creative process often involves intuitive perception、"lateral thinking- and experimentation by trial and error. In other words, a creative person might guess at a possible solution, pull in comparisons from totally unrelated fields, and accept mistakes as a normal part of problem-solving. Are there situations or attitudes that inhibit or prevent creativity?Teachers who regard energetic and inquisitive children as ”naughty” probably discourage creativity.A boss who feels threatened by employees questioning old ways and who calls suggestions a "nuisance” is not favoring creativity in the workplace.Parents who expect their children to draw or paint like great masters will not tolerate "messy” or n ugly n artwork・Education — Chinese and Western— involves learning skills and acquiring a body ofknowledge in many fields- This aspect of education does not enhance creativity which is generally considered to be one of the key aims of Western education.Certainly since the 1960s in the United States, Canada and Australia increasing efforts have been made to integrate strategies into the educational system that help children to learn H by doing'； by u hands-on H class work and by special ^projects11.All of these student-centered activities are designed to teach children to draw conclusions from their own observations or from those of their group and especially to learn how to research a topic on their own.Science fairs and science Olympics encourage middle school and high school students to invent all kinds of things.Children are also expected to ask questions and to work independently at a very young age.Creative writing classes allow children to write short stories and novels. The quality may be questionable、but the aim is to give students total freedom to experiment.An educational system that fosters creativity presupposes the positive value of individualism. Cultures that stress collectivism and group solidarity may not place great importance on individual expressions of creativity.Societies or institutions based on a hierarchical distribution of power may regard individual creativity as irrelevant and destabilizing.Strategies that encourage children to experiment and think for themselves are often criticized because they slow down the learning process and the acquisition of skills. In other words, they are considered to be inefficient. Certainly they do imply a tolerance for guess work, errors and imperfection・PreparationWhat is creativity?Directions: Discuss in groups what is meant by "being creative^. First, each member writes a definition for it. Then discuss your definitions in your group."Being creative^ means one can think of things that others cannot. “Being creative^ means one can solve problems in a simple and original way. "Being creative" means one can think and do things in an unusual way.Sample answersBeing creative is not limited to scientists or artists. Actually, ordinary people also do creative work in their lives. It is carried on all the time by amateur inventors who find new and more convenient ways of doing everyday things. For example, the paper clip was invented by a man who kept losing his paperwork. Thanks to his own invention, he，s now very well organized・"Being creative^ means thinking wildly/thinking of things that are beyond the normal peopled idea./ solving problems in unusual way./ thinking and doing things surpassing the tradition and custom・"Creativity^ means original ideas."Creativity^ means unusual way of approaching a problem.“Creativity" means go beyond norm, tradition, custom, etc."Creativity" even means wild thinking.The Four Great InventionsChina's long history has seen some extremely important inventions emerge （丿呂丿戍人most noticeably gunpowder, paper making, printing and the compass, which, in the words of Roger Bacon, changed the whole appearance （夕卜观）and status （匸青形）of things in the world.China was the first country in the world to make proper pape匚Paper made during the Western Han Dynasty （202 BC-16 AD） has been found in Gansu Province, Xian and other places in Shaanxi Province as well as Xinjiang. A further development of paper is credited to （把 .......... 归给）Cai Lun of the Eastern Han （25-220）. He used plant fiber such as tree bark, bits of rope, rags and worn-out fishing nets as raw materials （原材料）.In 105, Cai presented the first batch of paper made under his supervision （管理）to the Han emperor, who was so delighted that he named the material "Marquis Cai's paperEastern Han Dynasty paper found in Wuwei, Gansu, in 1974 carried words which were still clearly decipherable （可判读的）• Thin, soft, and with a smooth finish and tight texture （质地），this paper is the most refined and oldest paper discovered to date.Before paper was invented, the ancient Chinese carved characters on pottery （陶animal bones and stones, cast them on bronzes, or wrote them on bamboo or wooden strips and silk fabric. These materials, however, were either too heavy or two expensive for widespread use. The invention and use of paper brought about a revolution （革命）in writing materials, paving the way for the invention of printing technology in the years to come.The invention of gunpowder was no doubt one of the most significant （冇意义的）achievements of the Middle Ages in China. The correct prescription （扌旨示）for making gunpowder with niter, sulfur and carbon was probably discovered in the ninth century. In fact, in his book, Ge Hong in the third century records the procedures （无呆序）for making a kind of mixture that could be ignited （点燃）• After the Tang Dynasty （618-907）, things took a much faster course as gunpowder was already used in simple hand-grenades （手扌留弹）which were thrown by a catapul匚In 1126, Li Gang, a local official, recorded how he ordered the defenders （防卫者）of the city of Kaifeng to H fire cannons11 at the invading （侵袭）Nuzhen tribal people, inflicting （造成）heavy casualties on the invaders.The first prescription for gunpowder appeared in 1044, much earlier than the earliest （1265） gunpowder-making instructions recorded in Europe・ By the Song Dynasty （960-1126）, gunpowder was in extensive （广泛白勺）use. Weapons made with it included rifles and rockets. The Song army also used a kind of flame thrower which involved packing gunpowder into bamboo tubes. The earliest picture of a European cannon shows that it bears a striking similarity （类彳以处）to Chinese cannon of 1128.About 1230, the Song army had cannon powerful enough to breach （扌『破）city walls.A bronze Chinese cannon cast in 1332 is the oldest one in the world extant today ・ Many bronze and iron cannons have been unearthed （掘出）in China, most of them bearing inscriptions （题字）dating them to between 1280 and 1380・On the basis （基础）of printing using carved blocks in the Tang Dynasty, Bi Sheng of the Northern Song Dynasty invented movable type printing in the 1040s, which ushered （宣告）in a major revolution in th e history of printing・Bi's printing consisted of four processes: making the types, composing the text, printing and retrieving （重新得至U） the movable types. According to Dream Stream Essays, Bi Sheng carved individual （个别的）characters on squares of sticky clay, then baked them make clay type pieces. When composing a text, he put a large iron frame （扌匡架）on a piece of iron board and arranged the words within the frame. While one plate was being printed, another plate could be composed・ After printing, the movable types were taken away and stored for future use. Movable type printing has a very important position in the history of printing, for all later printing methods such as wooden type, copper type and lead type printing invariably （不变地）developed on the basis of movable clay types. Bi Sheng created movable type printing more than four hundred years earlier than it was invented in Europe・According to ancient records, natural magnets （磁铁）were employed in China as direction-finding devices （设计）.This led to the first compass, called a sinan （south-pointing ladle） during the Warring States Period （战国时期）.In the Han Dynasty compasses consisted of a bronze on which 24 directions were carved and a rod （棒）made from a natural magnet. Such devices were in use until the eighth century ・In the Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo described the floating compass, suspended （悬挂）in water, a technique which minimized （将减至lj最少）the effect of motion on the instrument. This enabled the compass to be used for sea navigation （航彳亍）for the first time. The invention of the compass promoted maritime （海上白勺）undertakings, and its use soon spread to the Arab world, and thence （从那时起）to Europe.China's four great ancient inventions made tremendous contributions （贡献）to the world's economy and the culture of mankind. They were also important symbols （象征）of China's role as a great world civilization （文化）.Tsai Lun, is the inventor of pape匸He lived and served as an official at the Chinese Imperial Court at the Han Dynasty in China at about 1800 years ago. In or about the year 105 A.D., he presented Emperor Han Ho Ti with samples （样品）of paper. Chinese records do mention and credit Tsai Lun with the invention of paper. His name is well known in China.Tsai Lun was a eunuch （太监）.Because he was an officer, he had the access （通路）to lots of resources, including money and human resources, for papermaking research. He was promoted （晋升为）by the Emperor for his invention and became wealthy （富冇的）.Later he got involved in palace intrigue （诡计）,which led to his downfall （衰败）• Finally he ended his life drinking poison.It's hard to imagine how the world would be like without pape匸In China, before Tsai Lun, books were made of bamboo, which were heavy and clumsy （笨扌出的）•Some books were made of silks, which were very expensive. In the West at that time, books were made of sheepskin or calfskin. Tsai Lun improved the technology of making paper from sesame fiber. He used recycleable (可循环再利用的)materials such as bamboo, tree skin and shabby cloth to make paper. The technique of papermaking was kept as a secret for five centuries in China. In 751, some Chinese papermakers were captured by Arabs, and later paper was produced in the Middle East. The arts of papermaking gradually spread and in the twelfth century the Europeans learned the arts from the Arabs. Paper became the most common writing material in the West- Today, paper is the most commonly used materials in human life, not just as a medium (媒介)of communication. Tsai Luns contribution to civilization is priceless (极贵重的)！Creativity and inventionsDirections: Discuss in groups the following list of inventions and describe how they represent creative ways of doing everyday things- In your discussion, you might consider first the things they replaced・Sample answersThe typewriter replaced pens and pencils, which enabled people to write much more quickly and neatly.The calculator replaced mental calculations, table and the abacus. The results are more accurate, the problems can be finished more quickly, and complex operations with large sums a\can be solved easily.The light bulb replaced candles, lamps and torches. Electricity can be used at any time of the day or night conveniently. With electric lights, people can do business actively instead of relying on sunlight or moonlight, etc.The ballpoint pen replaced pen and ink. It is more convenient, easy too carry and often neater without causing much trouble, e.g. making your paper dirty with ink.The refrigerator replaced other ways of preserving food or something else, which enables people to keep vegetables and other foods fresh for many days without worrying the food getting rotten.2>4Whafs my lineDirections: The following drawings are composed of English letters which spell the names of the six occupations listed below・ Look closely at the drawings and match them with their appropriate occupations.1)actress 2) waiter 3) artist 4)butcher 5) banker 6) actor2>5Listening centered activities2.5.1Listening 16.1The Informality in American ClassesDirections: Listen to the passage and decide which is the best answer to each of the questions.What is NOT the feeling of foreign students in American classrooms?shocked B. embarrassed C. afraid D・ uncomfortableWhat is Professor Edward Johnson sometimes called by his students?A. Professor Johnson EdwardC. Mr. JohnsonD. Professor EdwardA. They do not respect them.B. They admire them very much.C. They can openly criticize them.D. They usually do not obey them.④ How would a foreign student feel if he tried to imitate the behavior of American students?How can this problem be solved according to the passage?Return to their homeland. Talk about it with their classmates. TapescriptWhen students from other countries come to the United States, they aresometimes shocked at the informality in American college and university classes. For example, American professors do not dress up and they generally call students by their first names. Students can speak out in class, where they do not even need to raise their hands. In addition, in many schools, students can drink coffee, tea, juice, or soft drinks during classes.Foreign students can usually get used to these differences easily. However,two examples of American informality are very difficult for some foreign students to understand. First, students sometimes call their teachers by their first names. Instead of calling a teacher M 匚 Smith or Professor Johnson, they call them Tom or Barbara. In some countries, it is not possible for students to "first-name^ their teachers.Second, American students sometimes criticize the ideas of their teachers. They might also give their teachers suggestions about changing something in the class- In many countries, students cannot openly criticize their teachers or classes.Thus, some foreign students feel shocked, embarrassed, and uncomfortable in American classrooms. They have two choices. One, they can imitate the behavior of the American students. But in this case, they might feel uncomfortable anddisrespectful. Two, they can continue to follow the customs from their homecountries- But in this case, the American teachers and students might think that the foreign students are too formal or too quiet.What is the solution to this problem? There is no easy answer. However, time will help to solve the problem, because foreign students will become accustomed to the new behavio 匚(269 words)2.5.2 The Power of ColorWords You Need to Know for Listeningoutfit ［服装］套装 endocrine gland 内分泌腺 hormone 激素 adrenalin 肾上腺素 spectrum 光谱 enhance 增进 reflective 反射的 violet 紫色 enliven 使有生气 intuitiveness 本能Directions: Listen to the passage and fill in the table with the information you get from the recording.A. Disrespectful B. Polite. C- Easy. D. Relieved.A. There is no answe 匚D, Time will help.Wouldn't it be great if changing your mood was as easy as changing your outfit? Well, according to physiologists, it is一when you use the power of colo匚Here's how it works: When you see a color, your brain sends a chemical message to your endocrine glands, which release the appropriate hormone into the bloodstream. So for instance, if you wear red, a color the brain finds exciting, it sends a signal to the adrenal glands to pump adrenalin into the body which, in turn, puts you in the mood for love. °Blue, which is on the cool end of the spectrum, has a calming effect on the nerves. Wear blue if you want to keep you cool during a busy day with the children, or to wind down and de-stress after work. By contrast, orange creates a joyful atmosphere and focused activity.Also, yellow is a cheerful color reminding us of summer days, and it aids in decision making.White, however, enhances brain power and a reflective mood. Violet is also a color which stimulates the mind toward creative thought. As well, it increases intuitiveness. Green is a relaxed color of spring time buds on trees, like spring time it also enlivens tired muscles. (203 words)Homework1.1Every student is to retell the stories in listening 1, 2 after class to yourroommates.1.2Every student is required to have memorized all the new words in this unit beforenext class, which is a mus匸Periods 3&8 In-Class ReadingLTeaching Content and GoalsTeaching Content1 .Warming-up exercise: Enriching your words power (p6)2.In-Class ReadingWhy the Tortoise's Shell Is Not Smooth (p9-15)GoalsAfter these two periods, students are to be familiar to some vivid myths or legends, and able to make and tell stories of the same kind skillfully and convincingly. In the meantime, some expressions and collocations are valuable.2<Classroom Teaching/Iearning Designing2Warming up exercise:Ten minutes for revision of the previous periods before today's new task.2Pre-reading questions1 ・ Did your parents ever let you make decisions when you were young? What do you think of your parents' practice?Sample:No. They made the decisions and I obeyed・ If I did not obey, I would be punished. They meant well and wanted to teach me the right moral values and not to make mistakes. But sometimes I think they should have let me discover things by myself. I think that children are very clever and should be encouraged to make some decisions by themselves-2. Did your parents allow you to speak to guests who came to your house? How did you feel if you were not allowed to?Yes. I could talk freely with the guests of our family. If I had not been allowed to speak to them, I would have felt like a little child or an outsider even though I was not really young, and I would not have felt like part of the family.23 language point1)boundaryn.边界，范围bound v.束缚，限制【联想记忆】boundless adj.无限的，无穷的bounds n.限界，范围，止境【例彳|J 】There is no boundary to human knowledge.人类知识没有尽头。

Unit Seven CultureTeaching Focus: Knowing about cultural differences between China and western countriesTeaching Aims: In this unit, students are required to 1) get familiar with some of the useful language points appeared in the reading passages; 2) get to know some useful expressions concerning the topic of culture, customs, and taboos; 3) acquire a better understanding of the differences among people from different cultural backgrounds to ensure better communicationI.Background information:CultureCulture is a very broad term used to describe the arts, the beliefs, the values, the traditions, the customs, and the institutions that are considered to be characteristic of a community, a people, a region, or a nation. Culture also includes the languages and dialects that people use to express their culture, since, in most cases, language is the main medium through which culture is transmitted. Most people feel that it is impossible to really know a culture without speaking the language. In some immigrant populations in North America, however, the original language (French, German, Chinese, Polish, etc.) has been lost but customs and traditions are still maintained.Although many cultures in the world have remained isolated for centuries, commerce and trade have often been the source of all sorts of cultural exchanges, ranging from foods to tools. Chinese porcelain and other inventions reached Europe thanks to the Silk Route, for example. However, cultural exchanges have not always been fair or balanced. The native populations of North and South America were decimated （大批毁灭）by disease and alcohol brought by the Europeans. Throughout history, wars and political decisions have destroyed cultures and forced people to adopt the language and the customs of the dominant civilization.It is often assumed that if a culture is technologically advanced, it must be superior or that if a culture is young it must be inferior. Every one tends to make value judgments about other cultures. Finding fault with or making fun of other customs and beliefs is often merely a way of bolstering(支持、鼓励) our complacency or our pride. It is certainly much easier to learn about other cultures if one approaches them with an open mind and if one respects differences rather than criticizing them. Often something that appears strange or unusual in another culture is in factvery logical and part of a deeply rooted tradition. What might seem rude in one culture might seem perfectly normal and acceptable in another culture. Tolerance and curiosity are key factors in all cross-cultural learning experiences.Although modern transportation and communications have reduced the world to a “global village”, there are still many fascinating cultural differences to explore. Discovering how people from other regions or other countries see the world can be an enriching experience. Tasting new foods, listening to different music, studying the architecture or the literature of other cultures can open up new perspectives on life.II.Period 1—2A.Part One: Preparation (50min.)1. Comparing Chinese and American Body LanguageStep 1. Ask the students to finish the table in groups, and then check togetherStep 2. Pair Work. Ask them to work in pairs to find out more gestures that bear different meaning in different cultures. V olunteers give their answers to the class. Finallythe teacher sums up and may add more. E.g.*pointing to different part of the body to signify “me”; the head movement tomean “yes”or “no”; the different meaning of the OK gesture;bow/embrace/handshake to show politeness and courtesy, etc.Step 3. Comment on some very common differences between Chinese and Western cultures: * different forms of address: We often address a person by his/her title,such as 李经理,王院长,刘记者, which is not practiced by westerners. Chinesenever call a senior, esp. an elder in the family by his/her given name, while it iscommon in western countries. * body space: whether body contact is acceptable.2.Testing Your Stereotypes*Work in groups and finish the table. Ask the students to add more words concerning thecharacteristics of different people.*Inspire the students to give examples to illustrate some characteristics that theyconsider particularly typical.B.Part Two Reading-Centered Activities----In Class Reading (50 min.)1. Text: Pre-ReadingWork in groups to come up with a list of things that you would introduce to your foreign friend regarding Chinese rituals. Text Reading:2. Give the students 10 minutes or so to finish reading the passage Bridging Cultural GapsGracefully3. Ideas and structure of the passage:Ask the main idea and topic sentence of each paragraph.Students work in pairs to complete Reading Comprehension Exe.1 -- the outline of the passage.The class together finish Exe.2 with the specific information got from the passage4. Assignments: Try to learn the new words, phrases and expressions by heart.III.Period 3-41.Check on New Words / Phrases and Expressions (15 min.)a. Dictate some words and expressions by giving the English explanations or synonyms orantonyms. (abrupt, accomplish, feasible, inevitable, negotiation, straightforwardness,fancy).b. Draw students’attention to the usage of the important words (esp. verbs) andexpressions by doing translation (C-E). (The sentences are picked up from the examplesof the words and expressions concerned.)c. Ask the students to point out some collocations and collaborations that they thinkimportant and useful. Teacher gives necessary sum-up.e.g.*There may be an abrupt change in weather patterns.*If we’d all work together, I think we could accomplish our goal.*In rock climbing, no amount of skill will make up for a lack of caution.*He told them that no venue had yet been definitely decided.*To switch back and forth between the two documents, press Shift-F3.*Unfortunately the report was prepared in haste and contained several inaccuracies.*A British trade mission has arrived in Moscow.*He plays the character with tremendous concentration combined with a pleasing modesty.*The early stages of their negotiations with the Government were unsuccessful.*In many ways Brett and Bernard are polar opposites.*She listened to him, but only out of politeness.*The President is to put forward new proposals for increasing trade between the two countries.*Loud protests were heard when the decision was announced.*His letter in response to her request had contained a firm refusal.2.In- Class Reading: language points(40min)a. Group work: (10-15min.)Divide the passage into several parts. Each group is assigned a part to study. Then share their work with the whole class.b. Teacher’s Sum-up: (20min.)Teacher give comments and explanations, and point out the main language points they haveto learn.Language Points:*L2 … without all your foreignness exposed?with(out) + noun (phrase) +p.pe.g. without all your weakness exposedwithout all the produce deliveredwith all the work finishedsleep with the room openstand with his hands in his pockets*L4 …I constantly found myself tongue-tied when it came to seeing guests off at the door.Find + obj + adj/p.p/ prep. phrase is a widely used structure, meaning “to discover (someone or something) to bee.g. I suddenly found myself lost.He woke up to find himself in hospital.I find it difficult to believe you.…when it comes to…means “when it was a case or question of”. Here “to”is a prep.followed by noun or gerund.e.g. When it comes to hard work, you can rely on Jim.When it comes to music I know nothing.*L5 An abrupt goodbye would not do…“do” here means “be suitable” or “be acceptable”.e.g. Will it do if I get those books to you by Friday?There is no seat on this coach. Will the next one do?*L6 so I would smile and nod, bowing like a Japanese and trying to find words that would smooth over the visitors’ leaving and make them feel they would be welcome to come again.bowing like…is a very long adverbial phrase indicating accompanying circumstance.The word “would”appears three times in this sentence. The first “would”shows what always happened.e.g. We used to work in the same office and we would often have coffee together.I would get up at six and read when at middle school.*L8 In my fluster, I often hid behind my Chinese husband’s graciousness.I often rely on my husband’s polite words and appropriate behavior to cover mynervousness and confusion.*L11 involve(1) include … as a necessary part or resulte.g. The job involves traveling abroad for three months each year.(2) cause (someone or oneself) to become connected or concernede.g. He was involved in a heated discussion.Don’t involve other people in your mad schemes.*L12 observe(1) obey ( a law, rule or custom)e.g. Too many accidents are occurring at work because employers are not observing safetyregulations.(2) watch something or someone carefullye.g. The role of scientists is to observe and describe the world, not to try to control it.(3) make a remark about somethinge.g. She observed that it would soon be time to stop for lunch.“I’ve always found German cars very reliable,” he observed.*L25 And of course the guest assures him that…The word “assure” here means “telling someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true so that they are less worried”.e.g. I assured you that they’ll be perfectly safe with us.They tried to assure him of their willingness to work with him.That same “slow” is used to assure his guests what a poor and inadequate host he hasbeen. (L36)*L40 likelyThe word here means “probable” or “that can reasonably be expected”.While most words with an –ly ending are adverbs, some are adjectives, such as:Lovely, friendly, brotherly, motherly, fatherly, etc.*L41 Not so a Chinese host or hostess…Paraphrase: Chinese parents are not that way. Instead, they would apologize for not being able to provide enough delicious dishes and for not showing you enough honor that you deserved.The sentence is put in inverted order, because “Chinese host or hostess” is following by a very long attributive clause.*L44 The same rules hold true with regard to children.The word hold here means “continue to be true, good, and available”.e.g. Twenty years on, his advice still holds good.If their luck holds, they could still win the championship.*L50 That modesty has left many a Chinese hungry at an American table…leave+obj+adj/-ing/prep.phrase: cause to be or to remain in a particular state or positione.g. Will you leave the door open when you go out?She left me waiting in the rain.The documentary left me in a state of shock.*L58 It would have saved them a lot of confusion and frustration in their negotiations.The sentence is in subjunctive mood, with the conditional clause omitted.It would have saved them a lot of confusion and frustration in their negotiations if theyhad studied up on cultural differences before coming to China.3.Post-Reading: Ex.3 Group discussion (15 min.)Do you agree with the author’s description of Chinese people? Give your reasons.4. Check on other post-reading exercises (15min)5. After-Class Reading—Specific Taboos: Read the passage and finish the exercises. (15 min)6. Homework:a. Read the text fluently and try to memorize some good sentencesb. Can you think of some taboos in China? Discuss with your roommates and each dormmakes a list.VI. Period 5--61. Dictation:Choose a short para. from the text or the background material or anywhere that is concerned with the topic of this unit.2. After-Class Reading—Passage Ia. Ask the students to go through the passage very quickly, and do Exe.1.b. Draw students attention to some language points and useful expressions. Finish Exe.2.*Expressions used when saying something is common practice:L11 It is usually considered polite…L16 It is customary for the men to help the ladies…L20 Some families have a habit of offering a prayer of thanks…L57 It is the custom to thank the hostess for a very pleasant evening.*Compare expressions used to show being likely or having the tendency to do something:be liable to is more often used when talking about general characteristics. Similar expressions are be apt to/ be inclined to/intend to. E.g.He is liable to shout when he gets angry.He is apt/inclined to lose his temper in difficult situations.be likely to is used when you think there is a possibility on a particular occasion that something will happen. E.g.The bus is likely to be late today because of the bad weather.c. Exe. 3. Encourage students to add more words of the same category.3. Further Development:a.Exe.1. Work in groups to make a list of American dining customs. Then find out if thereare any similar or different Chinese dining customs. On the basis of the discussion, makea list of Chinese dining customs and share with the class. This is the preliminary work forthe writing.American Dining Customs:1)Be on time. If you cannot, call the host or hostess.2)Bring a box of candy or some flowers, depending on the situation.3)Stand up when a woman enters till she is seated.4)Help a lady sit down by pushing her chair under her.5)When a prayer is being offered, keep silent with bowed head.6)Use one hand whenever possible and keep the other one on the lap.7)Between bites, put the fork on the plate while drinking coffee or butteringbread.8)Put a spoon where it will lie flat.9)Don’t use silverware for eating bread. Hold it in fingers, usually breaking itfirst.10)If you want to leave the table during the meal, say to the host or hostess,“would you please excuse me for a minute?”11)Stay for two or three hours after the meal.12)When you leave, thank the host by saying “Good-bye. It’s been a thoroughlyenjoyable evening.”b.Listing Taboos in ChinaSample:1)Avoid saying the word “die” or any word with the same pronunciation to any body.2)Never give a friend or relative, etc. an umbrella.3)Don’t divide a pear among family, friends, relatives, etc.4)Don’t send a clock to a Chinese, esp. old people, because it carries a funeralconnotation.5)Don’t pat an adult on the head, which is insulting.6)Don’t hug your Chinese friend’s wife even for greeting.7)Presenting a pair or 2 of something as gifts will be welcome.8)Never call your superiors by their names, esp. when they are much older than you.9)Don’t break anything on New Year’s Eve or New Year’s Day.10)Don’t stick the chopsticks in a bowl of rice.11)Never return your purchase in the morning if you don’t like it or if it’s faulty.c.Exe.4 Group discussion and then ask for a short presentation. It would be interesting and alot of fun.Sample:The British people are polite, gentlemanlike, but British food is probably the worst in the world.The French people are poor in manufacturing, but French cuisine is wonderful.The Italians are romantic and they are great lovers, but they are not well organized.The Germans are good at manufacturing and German products are of high quality and very popular worldwide, but Germans are stern, and sometimes stubborn.The Swiss are good organizers, but they are not romantic.4. Part Four: Writing and TranslationGive some general idea on the translation of idioms.5. homework：a. the translation practice of the idiomsb. Write a composition on the topic “Dining Customs in China”based on the result of thepreceding discussion. It should be written in at least 120 words. This assignment is to be graded and filed as a basis of the accumulated marks.V. Period 7-8 View , Listen and Speak (100 min)1. Part One Viewing, Understanding and Speaking5 minutes for students to get familiar with the word list. Make sure they know the correctpronunciation.Watch the video and finish Exe.2.3.4.2. Part Two Listening, Understanding and SpeakingListening I Exe.1.2.3Listening II Exe.1.23. Part Three More ListeningPractice One, Two & FourPractice Three for self-learning4. Part Four Testing YourselfSelf- learning assignment. Finish after the class and report the marks to the group leaders.。

Unit 6 FoodUseful InformationFood is a basic necessity, so every culture has important norms and customs related to it. Ever since they adopted settled lifestyles centuries or millennia ago, most cultures have emphasized daily meals in households or family units. Some members provide the food, some members prepare the food, and all members must eat. The providers and the preparers may not be the same, depending partly on gender roles and specialization. And the status of individuals in the eating process may not be the same, depending partly on their age and gender, and whether the household contains servants or guests. Servants rarely eat with others, while honored guests may be wined and dined like visiting royalty. Elders and males may also be treated ceremonially.Formal meals may take hours in some cultures or households, while in others people may eat hastily while traveling to their next destination on foot or by car. Some people eat while working or use eating as a form of recreation. In most cultures the feeding of friends, relatives, and others is a way of meeting, socializing, entertaining, and showing respect. Some cultures permit or encourage the use of alcoholic or caffeinated beverages with food, while others discourage or even prohibit this. Most cultures have food preferences and food taboos, so they find different ways to achieve balanced diets.Eating away from home in restaurants, taverns, inns, or hotels has long been an option in most cultures, but the variety of these choices is rapidly increasing today as the fast pace of modern life encourages more people to “eat on the run”. This also tends to blur the traditional distinction between providers and preparers of food, especially in families where both parents work full-time outside the home. In such cases both parents may eat out at noon, the children may eat at school, and anyone may pick up pizza or hamburgers on the way home or phone for pizza to be delivered. In the U.S., Chinese restaurants do a big take-out business and microwa ved “TV dinners” are very popular. Some busy families rarely eat formal meals together, even when they all eat at home. Refrigeration has also changed eating habits, and “raiding the refrigerator” is often a substitute for preparing meals. As eating habits have changed, table manners have tended to decline, though proper etiquette is still needed on formal occasions.Mealtimes differ considerably from culture to culture or from household to household. In agrarian cultures rural families tend to eat their first two meals earlier in the day, while in industrial cultures urban families often have them later. The time of the third meal depends on several factors such as whether there is a nap after lunch and whether food or beverages are typically consumed in the mid-to-late afternoon as snacks or social events.In some cultures “tea” in the afternoon is almost a fourth meal. Some people have their supper in the late afternoon or early evening, while others may have it in the mid-to-late evening. For some people the second meal of the day is the largest, while for others the third meal is the largest. This causes considerable confusion as to whether lunch or supper is more appropriately referred to as “dinner.” Further confusion is caused by people who skip brea kfast and others who prefer “brunch” instead. Brunch is especially popular on weekends, when it may last from mid-morning to early afternoon.The biggest recent change in eating habits and food-related lifestyles is the advent of fast food. This permits many people to eat conveniently away from home, or to bring food home to eat without having to prepare it. But it also makes family-style meals less likely to be, and it is not always very nutritious. The clever marketing of fast food such as McDonald’s ha mburgers and KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken) may cause some youngsters to dislike their parents’ cooking and some college students to dislike the more nutritious food available on campus. Eating fast food while driving is also a cause of traffic accidents. So ciologist George Ritzer uses the metaphor of “McDonaldization” to criticize the entire cultural trend toward standardized pre-packaged products which can be quickly consumed. He claims the quality of life is diminished by what he calls the “McDonaldization of society,” and that we should voice our protest by eating in local “mom and pop” restaurants rather than patronizing national or international fast-food chains. Despite Ritzer’s advice, McDonald’s and other fast-food chains are probably here to stay. They are getting more similar to one another all the time, with hamburger chains offering chicken, chicken chains offering hamburgers, and all of them offering milk shakes and fries.Nutritionists have been warning that the typical fast-food diet is unhealthy if eaten too often. Consequently, some of the fast-food chains, such as McDonald’s, are now including healthier options for their customers along with the traditional hamburgers. Various healthy salads are now appearing on the menu boards, along with low fat salad dressing options. For children, fresh apple slices with a low fat caramel dipping sauce can now be chosen in the place of French fries in the children’s meal, and apple juice or low fat white and chocolate milk can be chosen instead of a cola. Bottled water also can now be purchased instead of a soft drink if one so chooses. Most people believe that this trend of healthier eating will continue.Part One Preparation2. How Much Do You Know about Food?1. A2. B3. C4. C5. B6. A7. C8. B9. C 10. A3. Comparing DietsSTEP ONESamples1) --This is not a healthy diet. First, he eats too much. Second, he has too much sugar, which may change into fat and accumulate in the body.--This is generally speaking a healthy diet. Apart from the fact that the food is too much for a 10-year-old boy, his diet includes most of the nutrients necessary for a healthy body.2) Diet of a 10-year-old Chinese boy on a typical day:Breakfast: one or two pieces of bread, one egg, a cup of milk, etc.;Lunch: rice, fish or meat, vegetables, etc. (or noodles);Supper: rice, fish or meat, vegetables, soup, etc.;Snacks during the day: some fruit, candies, chocolates, drinks, etc.3) Differences between the British boy and a Chinese boy:A. The British boy eats a wider variety of things.B. The British boy eats much more than a Chinese boy.STEP TWOSamples1) Different DietsAt school:Student ABreakfast: two steamed rolls (or baozi), some porridgeLunch: rice, fish or meat, some vegetablesSupper: rice, fish or meat, some vegetables; noodles; or jiaozi (dumplings)Snacks during the day: an apple or a pear, some biscuitsStudent BBreakfast: a cup of milk, one boiled egg, some rice cakesLunch: rice, fish or meat, some vegetablesSupper: rice, fish or meat, some vegetables; noodles; or jiaozi (dumplings)Snacks during the day: some biscuits, cookies, or cakes, some preserved fruit.At home (for both):A much wider variety of foods like seafood, more snacks, more fruit, etc.2) Advice on the improvement of the diet:A. Student B should have some fruit every day; otherwise the lack of vitamin C may cause sickness.B. Student A should drink some milk every day, since milk provides certain minerals, vitamins, etc., which are necessary for a healthy body.C. Both students should add some variety in their diets, because different foods contain different nutrients the body needs. Besides, their diets at school and at home shouldn’t be too different.Part Two Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class ReadingI. Pre-ReadingSamples:1. ― I like fresh fruit, vegetables, pork, seafood, all kinds of nuts, etc.. I don’t l ike beef, lamb, chicken and pickles.― Although I’m not a vegetarian, I like vegetables and fruit most. I eat a lot of them. I also like seafood because I was born in a city on the coast. I’ve been exposed to seafood ever since my childhood. I don’t eat me at, any kind of meat.2. ― The reason why I eat certain foods or don’t eat certain foods is simple: taste. In other words, I eat what tastes good, and don’t eat what doesn’t. But there is one exception. I’ve never tried snake because I’m scared by the c reature. The mere mention of the word “snake” makes my skin crawl.― I think our eating habits were formed at home when we were very young. For example, my mother is an excellent cook, especially good at cooking seafood and vegetables. I ate a lot of them at home. Gradually I’ve become used to this diet.3. Yes. People in Guangzhou eat rats, snakes and many other birds or animals. It is said that they eat anything with 2 legs except human beings and anything with 4 legs except tables. Although it is an exaggeration, it shows they really eat a wide range of things. Many people think that’s strange because rats and snakes are nauseating. I also find eating raw fish strange, because I think raw fish contains a lot of bacteria.II. Passage ReadingWords, Phrases and Grammatical Points1. be sick (l.5), vomit, nauseate (l.3)“Be sick” can mean “feel ill as if one is going to vomit”.e.g. She was sick after she ate too much chocolate.Lucy felt sick (= felt likely to vomit) the morning after the party.Other uses include: airsick, carsick, seasick.“Nauseate” comes from the word “nausea” which means “a feeling of illness in the stomach, often making one feel as if one is going to vomit.” It’s a formal word and often used in passive form.e.g. He is nauseated by the smell of meat cooking.“Vomit” means “bring food or drink up from one’s stomach through one’s mouth, because one is sick.”In spoken English, “be sick” is more often used to mean “throw up all the contents in the stomach through the mouth” than “be generally ill”.e.g. If one eats too many sweets one will be sick.The more formal word in British and American English is “vomit”, and the less formal expression is “throw up”.Compare: be sick of … (=be very annoyed about…) 对……感到厌烦的e.g. I’m sick of the way you’re behaving.2. The term “sacred cow” (l. 23) is also used derogatorily to refer to an idea, practice, etc. that is so much accepted that not even the slightest doubts about it are allowed.e.g. I) The need for secrecy has become a kind of sacred cow.II) They did not dare to challenge the sacred cow of parliamentary democracy.2) ―When I see people eat things I don’t like, my first reaction is disgust. I just can’t understand how people can eat such nauseating things. Sometimes I feel that people are cruel when they eat some animals which are a help to human beings.―I don’t mind what other people prefer eating. People can have different likes and dislikes in different aspects. Nowadays a variety of foods are available in most places of the country and people can have a good choice. Many of us even enjoy foods from other countries. But we have to think about our environment as well as health before eating. Sars has already taught us a good lesson in eating.Vocabulary1. 1) common 2) appropriate 3) forbidden 4) supplies 5) related 6) evidence 7) requires 8) raise 9) spread 10) sufficiently2. 1) disgusting 2) habit 3) insects 4) reasonable 5)relatively6) animals 7) harvested 8) grow 9) nearly 10) other11) altogether 12) consumed 13) avoided 14) popular 15) offers16) served 17) would 18) enjoyed 19) considered 20) reject3. 1) G 2) F 3) B 4) C 5) H 6) E 7) I 8) D 9) A 10) JTranslation1. We regard him as one of the best players in the game.2. The scientist picked up those little pieces of rock and carefully put them into a box.3. The population of China is almost five times as large as that of the United States.4. The reason why grass is green was once a mystery to the little boy.5. She was standing by the window, apparently quite calm and relaxed.6. Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales.7. She put on dark glasses as a protection against the strong light.8. He could no longer be trusted after that incident.Part Three Further Development1. Jokes and Riddles about FoodTask One1) Pear. 2) Mushroom.2. Food Proverbs1) d: Half a loaf is better than none. 有一点总比没有好。