1 Literature Survey Auditory Scene Analysis 5

Literature Review英语021 单琴琴With the process of commercialization speeding up, the commercial advertisements now have spilled their influence into every cornor in the world and become practically inescapable. As China has entered into the WTO, more and more commercial advertisements need translating into English urgently. However, there exist a great many errors in the Chinese-English translation of commercial advertisements. Those errors in the commercial advertisements translation have become the obvious obstacles to the booming of China’s foreign trade. Therefore, the task of improving the current Chinese-English translation in commercial advertisements has been put up to agenda. Through two months’ efforts in searching, collecting and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’literature concerning the translation in commercial advertisements, I made a detail analysis of the literature and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.I The Meaning and Purpose of the Research on Chinese-English Translation in Commercial Advertisements:International Business, Environments and Operation by JohnD.&L.Radebaugh. enriches my knowledge about the international business, environments and operation. The authors describe many factors which may have effects on the international business, the complicated environments where the business is operated and different ways of operating the business. Those ideas help me a lot to know about the relationship between the business and the ways of operating the business.On the Functions and Meaning of the Commercial Advertisements in the Modern Social Life by Chen Subin demonstrates the importance of commercial advertisements in the modern social life from many aspects. Thepaper points out that the commercial advertisements have both economic meaning and social meaning. The former contains the macro-economic meaning, that is, the development of the advertisement industry promotes the development of the national economy and realizes the increase of the state’s financial and tax revenues as well as the micro-economic meaning. The latter means the commercial advertisements are full of certain humane factors whether in form or in content, reflects social values and aesthetic values as well as indicates the enterprises’moral values and the products’cultural position. Since the commercial advertisements can develop the people’s nationalism, good values and the mass’s noble aesthetic values, it is quite important to create dood commercial advertisements for the people and the nation. In this sense, good translation in the commercial advertisements is part of the tough task. This paper offers much practical ideas for me to think about the meaning of the research on the Chinese-English translation in commercial advertisements.Chinese-English Translation in Business: A Critical Analysis by Liu Fagong is a book that points out a large number of views on Chinese-English translation in business by making a detail critical analysis of various information and examples. Professor Liu emphasizes that the poor translation need improving as soon as possible and that with China’s expansion of international exchange and cooperation, the task of commercial translation is becoming increasingly heavier and heavier. In the section of advertising translation, the author mentions that the quality of current Chinese-English translation in foreign commercial advertisements and the introductions to the exports has not met the requirements of the international market cycle.II Introduction to the Commercial Advertisement(definition, classification, function and feature):The Advertising Business: Operations, Creativity, Media Planning, Integrated Communications by Jones, John discusses the such aspects ofadvertising business as the operations, creativity, media planning and the integrated communications. The author’s ideas let me better understand the advertising industry and the advertising English.Advertising English by Zhao Jing makes a analysis of many typical advertising examples based on the knowledge of advertising and linguistics in order to make the readers can better understand the advertising languages and the practices of advertising. The author also give a detail about the definition, classification, features, functions and the styles of the advertisements.Guide to Advertising English by Chen Yurong gives a comprehensive explanation of advertising English. The fundamentals of advertising consists of the definition and the functions of advertising as well as the advertising industry. The advertising research exlpains the developmental research, pretesting research, posttesting research and questionnaire construction. The advertising planning discusses the advertising strategy, the advertising budget and the advertising plan. The advertisement creation mentions the copywriting, the art design and the production. The advertising media concludes the media planning, the print media, the electronic media and the support media. The international advertising demonstrates the creation, the media and the laws of the international advertsing.English Advertising by Wang Yanxi collects the latest original information about advertising English and contains a great number of cases and texts which can reflect the richness and newism of the English language so that it offers a vivid and convenient tool for learning English and help me to improve my English competence and performance effeciently in the process of appreciating and understanding the language. In the first chapter, the author talks about the origin, the history, the functions and the media ofthe advertising English. This part help me a lot to collect the data to complement my paper about the basic knowledge of advertising English. Then, the author mainly discusses the styles, the rhetoric devices, the structure and the classification of the advertising English as well as the internet advertising. What does most help to my paper is the chapter about the analysis of examples of good and poor advertisements because this section supplies a lot of good and practical examples for my supporting ideas in my paper.III The Errors in the Chinese-English Translation of Commercial Advertisements:The Translation Practices for Enterprise by Xu Jianzhong probes into the principles for Enterprise Translation and into criteria such as mastering the ideas of the source texts and making them acceptable to the recipient. It tackles problems specific to translation from the angle of its basic features: publicity, science and technology, instantaneity and social cooperation. The author describes and comments on the practice adopted by translators in various parts of the world, especially with regard to the language combination Chinese/English, and summarizes his own experience. In the concluding chapter, the author presents an embryonic stage in a theoretical system for Enterprise Translation and gives the initial impulse to the establishment of Chinese enterprise translatology. In a word, this book is of great help for my paper because its ideas and analysis guide me to figure out the problems in the commercial advertisng translation.On Pragmatic Failures in Advertising Translation from Chinese to English by Fu Hongqiao analyzes some pragmatic failures in advertising translation and provides some new approaches of advertising translation on a basis of previous studies by listing some cases. The author also points out that advertising translation is the outcome of the development of global economy and becomes an important subject on which linguists and translators pay much attention.On Incorrect Spellings in English Commercial Advertisements by Su Xiaoyu makes a detail analysis of numerous incorrect spellings in English commercialadvertisements. The author mentions that although some people denounce it as a cultural perversity, if we look into the nature of language and how language is influenced by legal, economic and social factors, we could find that the breaking of spelling rules in English commercial advertisements has good reasons.On Some Problems in the Chinese-English Translation of Commercial Advertisements by Li Yanrong analyzes the typical existing problems and causes by making a comparison of the language, culture and advertising features between China and western countries. In the concluding part, the author points out views on Chinese-English translating in the commercial advertisements, that is, as CAAC (awareness ,comprehension ,conviction and action) its objective and as the western readers’ position its guide, translating the Chinese advertisements flexibly on the basis of maintaining the fundamental information of the advertisements.IV Causes of Poor Translation in Commercial Advertisements:On Translation With Special Reference to Chinese and English by JinDi and E.A.Nida focuses on translation with special reference to Chinese and English by making an analysis of various examples and cases. All of that information enriches my knowledge about the translation with special reference to Chinese and English which can help me think of the problems in the current translation of commercial advertisements more profoundly.Error Analysis in Translated Advertisements and Improvement by Liu Fagong aims to analyze errors in advertising translation by drawing people’s attention to improper translated advertisements first and pointing out causes of those errors as follows: Translators’ carelessness results in most of the mistakes in advertising translation. These mistakes keep advertisements from expressing the original meanings properly. Therefore, care is what the translators should always keep in mind first in their translation. Sometimes, translators take it for granted that a word of a language in different countries can find its equivalent easily. They choose words for translation without a detailed study. Actually, word meanings are subject to change in different cultures. Using idiomatic expressions well is the most difficult job for translators in translating advertisements. Unique idioms are commonly used in advertisements for vividness. We can not understand idioms well only by consulting dictionaries. Idioms that translators havetranslated are often found widely divergent from what the idioms really imply. Lack of professional knowledge is another reason for translator’s improper translation. These mistakes are often found in the translated versions of technical manuals or brochures, resulting in misunderstanding of certain technical specifications. This essay demonstrates clearly the errors in the translayiong of advertisements and figures out the causes of the errors from many angles all of which is quite beneficial to my graduation paper.What Causes the Multifarious Errors in Publicity-Oriented Chinese-English Translation by Liu Jichun discusses the problems in the publicity-oriented Chinese-English translation and tries to find the effctive means of solving this problem. From the perspective of a translation teacher, the author argues that the root cause lies in the failure of our translation education. Such failure could stem from people’s general misunderstanding of translation and from the translator’s undue faith in the source text. The essay suggests that a long-term solution would be, on the basis of rethinking the existing translation education, establishing a new system for translation textbooks in China.V How to Improve the Chinese-English Translation in the Current Commercial Advertisements:Approach to Translation by Newmark,Peter talks about an abundance of approaches to translation which is a broad subject of various branches almost all the scholars and professors may pay attention to and do researches. Those approaches to translation are a little theoretical, but the ideas can become a guide to understanding the real objectives of good translation and help to master the methods of good translation.Translating as a Purposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Expplained by Nord,Christiane mainly discusses translating as a purposeful activity from different angles. The author’s ideas is more practical with regard to the application of languages and offers many useful approaches to translation. I adopt several views of the author to support my point of view in the paper.Pragmatic Translation from Chinese into English edited by Fang Mengzhi consists of a broad range of content such as the contrast between English and Chinese, the translation in words and phrases, the translation in paragraghs, the translation in science and technology, the translation in economy and trade, the translation in laws, thetranslation in the newspapers and publicity-oriented, the translation in culture and the improvement of translation. All the essays in this book are selected because they place an emphasis on the translating experience and discussing the practical problems but they don’t lack the funny and critical tones. Many of exampls can be absorbed into my paper and help me demonstrate the problem more vividly.On the Cultural Factors in Chinese-English Translation of Commercial Advertisements by Liu Liqin says that owing to the cultural differences, the same concept or information in one culture can be interpreted quite differently, or even opposite to the meaning in another language. Consequently, literal translation of advertisements might lead to failure in fulfilling the purpose of advertising to promote sale. The essay suggests that cultural information should be noted and handled with care in advertisement translation. The author stresses the importance of the culture in the advertising translation.Commercial Advertisement Translation: Nature, Feature and Technique by Jin Hanshen points out that advertising translation is a commercial activity with preset purposes and the work is restricted so much by the product’s marketing strategies, the market conditions, laws and regulations concerned and cultural barriers in the target market countries that in practice it is more creating a new advertising text than conventional translating. The article concludes that advertisement translation has no set patterns and the“translating skills”are just something trying to make the translation closer to bear the features of a commercial advertisement under the prerequisite of conforming to the product’s marketing strategies and having all the restrictive barriers avoided or removed. Linguistically,the most challenging sector of advertisement translation is that of advertisements with poetic features.Having read the above literature concerning the advertising translation, we have no difficulty in finding that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to pay attention to the field of advertisng translation. However, a lot of errors exist in many commercial advertisement translation from Chinese to English. Because of the importance of goodEnglish commercial advertisements for Chinese products in the international market, we should improve the quality of commercial advertisement translation as soon as possible. I’m very interested in exploring the solutions to the problem in the current commercial advertisement translation and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analysing the literature.References (略)。

三类常见的医学论文写作医学论文写作是常见的科研论文写作之一，是医学生、医生及医学科研工作者对自身所学或者多年临床所得经验的总结，亦或者是对某项疾病的探究。

因而医学论文的写作常常与我们的生活息息相关。

那么常见的三类医学论文写作是哪三类呢？一、文献综述以某一专题为中心，查阅、收集大量国内外近期的原始医学文献，经过理解、分析、归纳、整理而写出综述，以反映出该专题的历史、现状、最新进展及发展趋势等情况，并做出初步的评论和建议。

这类医学论文，是以各种文献，只要与研究相关的领域的文献均是初步收集的基本文献，而后对这些文献进行分类处理和归纳整理，得出的能让人在最简短的内容中了解到该领域最前面及最权威的科研研究信息。

1、文献综述的含义文献阅读报告，即“文献综述”，英文称之为“survey”、“overview”、“review”。

是在对某研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该领域研究成果的综合和思考。

一般认为，学术文章没有综述是不可思议的。

需要将“文献综述( Literature Review)”与“背景描述(Backupground Description)”区分开来。

“文献综述”并非一般的“背景描述”，还需要对该领域研究成果的思考。

我们在选择研究问题的时候，需要了解该问题产生的背景和来龙去脉，如“中国半导体产业的发展历程”、“国外政府发展半导体产业的政策和问题”等等，这些内容属于“背景描述”，关注的是现实层面问题，严格讲不是“文献综述”。

“文献综述”是对学术观点和理论方法的整理。

其次，文献综述是评论性的( Review 就是“评论”的意思)，因此要带着作者本人批判的眼光(critical thinking) 来归纳和评论文献，而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。

评论的主线，要按照问题展开，也就是说，别的学者是如何看待和解决你提出的问题的，他们的方法和理论是否有什么缺陷?要是别的学者已经很完美地解决了你提出的问题，那就没有重复研究的必要了。

Auditory Scene AnalysisAuditory scene analysis refers to the process by which our auditory system separates and organizes the complex mixture of sounds in our environment into distinct perceptual objects. It allows us toeffortlessly distinguish between different sound sources and perceive the world around us.The Importance of Auditory Scene AnalysisImagine being in a crowded restaurant, trying to have a conversation with someone amidst the cacophony of voices, clattering dishes, and background music. Despite the overwhelming amount of sound information reaching our ears, we are able to focus on and understand the voice of our conversation partner. This ability is made possible by auditory scene analysis.Auditory scene analysis is crucial for our everyday functioning as it helps us make sense of our auditory environment. It allows us to selectively attend to specific sounds while ignoring others, enhancing our ability to communicate effectively and navigate through complex acoustic environments.Principles of Auditory Scene AnalysisSeveral principles guide auditory scene analysis and contribute to our perception of distinct sound objects:1. Auditory StreamingWhen two or more sounds occur in rapid succession, we tend to group them together as part of the same sound source. This grouping is based on cues such as temporal proximity and similarity in pitch or timbre.For example, when listening to a melody played on a piano, we perceive it as a single continuous stream of sound rather than a series of individual notes.2. Segregation by Harmonic RelationsWhen multiple sounds share harmonic relationships, such as being harmonically related or having common fundamental frequencies, they are more likely to be grouped together as part of the same sound source.For instance, when listening to a choir singing different notes simultaneously, we perceive it as a harmonious blend rather than a dissonant mix of individual voices.3. Spatial SeparationSounds coming from different locations in space are easier to segregate compared to sounds originating from the same location. Our auditory system utilizes interaural time differences and interaural level differences to localize sounds and separate them spatially.For example, if we hear a voice coming from the left and a car honking from the right, we can easily distinguish between the two sources based on their spatial cues.4. Auditory AttentionOur attention plays a vital role in auditory scene analysis. By selectively attending to specific sound sources, we can enhance their perception while suppressing irrelevant or distracting sounds.For instance, in a noisy classroom, we can focus our attention on the teacher’s voice while filtering out the background noise.Neural Mechanisms of Auditory Scene AnalysisAuditory scene analysis involves complex neural processing in various regions of the brain. The primary auditory cortex processes basic acoustic features of sounds, such as frequency and intensity. However, higher-level processing occurs in areas such as the auditory association cortex and prefrontal cortex.These regions integrate information from different sensory modalities (such as vision and audition) to aid in sound source localization, recognition, and segregation. They also rely on memory and cognitive processes to make sense of complex auditory scenes.Applications of Auditory Scene AnalysisUnderstanding how auditory scene analysis works has important implications for various fields:1. Speech Recognition TechnologyBy studying how our brains segregate speech from background noise, researchers can improve speech recognition algorithms used inapplications like voice assistants or hearing aids. This can enhance speech intelligibility and improve communication for individuals with hearing impairments.2. Music Perception and ProductionAuditory scene analysis principles help musicians understand howlisteners perceive their compositions. By manipulating factors like harmony, melody, and spatial effects during music production, musicians can create immersive auditory experiences for their audience.3. Psychoacoustics ResearchPsychoacoustics researchers study how humans perceive sound and applythis knowledge to areas such as architectural acoustics and sound design. Understanding auditory scene analysis aids in designing concert halls, theaters, and public spaces with optimal sound quality andintelligibility.4. Auditory RehabilitationFor individuals with hearing loss, auditory scene analysis plays acrucial role in their rehabilitation. By training the auditory system to segregate sounds effectively, therapists can improve speech understanding and overall hearing abilities.ConclusionAuditory scene analysis is a fundamental process that allows us to make sense of the complex acoustic world we live in. Through principles such as auditory streaming, segregation by harmonic relations, spatial separation, and auditory attention, our brains effortlessly organize sounds into distinct perceptual objects. Understanding the neural mechanisms of auditory scene analysis has diverse applications ranging from speech recognition technology to music production andrehabilitation for individuals with hearing impairments.。

Writing a Literature ReviewA literature review…•Provides an overview and a critical evaluation of a body of literature relating to a research topic ora research problem.•Analyzes a body of literature in order to classify it by themes or categories, rather than simply discussing individual works one after another.•Presents the research and ideas of the field rather than each individual work or author by itself.A literature review often forms part of a larger research project, such as within a thesis (or major research paper), or it may be an independent written work, such as a synthesis paper.Purpose of a literature reviewA literature review situates your topic in relation to previous research and illuminates a spot for your research. It accomplishes several goals:•provides background for your topic using previous research.•shows you are familiar with previous, relevant research.•evaluates the depth and breadth of the research in regards to your topic.•determines remaining questions or aspects of your topic in need of research.Relationship between a literature review and a research projectAcademic research at the graduate level is always part of a dialogue among researchers. As a graduate student, you must therefore indicate that you know where your topic is positioned within your field of study.Therefore, a literature review is a key part of most research projects at the graduate level. There is often a reciprocal relationship between a literature review and the research project for which it is written:• A research project is often undertaken in response to a literature review. Doing the literature review for a topic often reveals areas requiring further research. In this way, writing the literature review helps to formulate the research question.• A literature review helps to establish the validity of a research project by revealing gaps in the existing literature on a topic that offer opportunities for new research.Importance of the research questionOnce identified, the research question will drive the research project. Whatever you read or write should have a clear connection to your question.How to write a strong literature reviewThere are several steps toward writing a strong literature review:1.Synthesize and evaluate information2.Identify the main ideas of the literature3.Identify the main argument of the literature reviewanize the main points of the literature review5.Write literature review1. Synthesize and evaluate informationA literature review requires critical thinking, reading, and writing. You will take the information that you have gathered through your research and synthesize and evaluate it by indicating important ideas and trends in the literature and explaining their significance.Strategies for reading•As soon as you begin reading, take note of the themes or categories that you see emerging. These may be used later to develop a structure for the literature review.•Take note of how other writers classify their data, the literature in their fields, etc. It can be helpful to read literature reviews in your discipline to see how they are structured.Categories for analysis and comparisonA strong literature review examines each work on its own and in relation to other works by identifying and then analyzing them with regards to a number of different research aspects and ideas. Here are some possible categories to use for comparison and analysis.topicargumentresults found and conclusions methodstheoretical approach key wordsOverall, a literature review seeks to answer the following questions:•What does the literature tell you?•What does the literature not tell you?•Why is this important?Questions for analyzing individual works-What is the argument? Is it logically developed? Is it well defended?-What kind of research is presented? What are the methods used? Do they allow the author to address your research question effectively? Is each argument or point based on relevant research?If not, why?-What theoretical approach does the author adopt? Does it allow the researcher to make convincing points and draw convincing conclusions? Are the author’s biases and presuppositions openlypresented, or do you have to identify them indirectly? If so, why?-Overall, how convincing is the argument? Are the conclusions relevant to the field of study? Questions for comparing works-What are the main arguments? Do the authors make similar or different arguments? Are some arguments more convincing than others?-How has research been conducted in the literature? How extensive has it been? What kinds of datahave been presented? How pertinent are they? Are there sufficient amounts of data? Do theyadequately answer the questions?-What are the different types of methodologies used? How well do they work? Is one methodology more effective than others? Why?-What are the different theoretical frameworks or approaches used? What do they allow the authors to do? How well do they work? Is one approach more effective than others? Why?-Overall, is one work more convincing than others? Why? Or are the works you have compared too different to evaluate against each other?The Academic Writing Help Centre offers more information on synthesis and evaluation in the discussion group and accompanying handout on Information Management for a Literature Review.2. Identify the main ideas of the literatureOnce you have begun to synthesize your research, you will begin to identify some main ideas and trends that pervade the topic or that pertain to your research question.Use these main ideas to classify the information and sources that you have read. Later, these ideas can be used as the main topics of discussion in the literature review, and if you have already organized your literature on these topics, it will be easy to summarize the literature, find examples, etc.3. Identify the main argument of the literature reviewJust like any academic paper, the literature review should have a main idea about the literature that you would like the readers to understand. This argument is closely related to your research question in that it presents a situation in the body of literature which motivates your research question.ExampleArgument from a literature review: “Although some historians make a correlation between the Ukrainian Catholic and Orthodox churches and the retention of Ukrainian culture and language by Ukrainian immigrants in Canada, little has been said of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in the development of Ukrainian communities in Canada.”Research question:“How has the Roman Catholic Church shaped Ukrainian-Canadian identity?”4. Organize the main points of the literature reviewAfter identifying the main ideas that need to be presented in the literature review, you will organize them in such a way as to support the main argument. A well-organized literature review presents the relevant aspects of the topic in a coherent order that leads readers to understand the context and significance of your research question and project.As you organize the ideas for writing, keep track of the supporting ideas, examples, and sources that you will be using for each point.5. Write the literature reviewOnce the main ideas of the literature review are in order, writing can flow much more smoothly. The following tips provide some strategies to make your literature review even stronger.Tips for Writing and PresentationGive structure to the literature review.Like any academic paper, a literature review should contain an introduction, a body and a conclusion, and should be centered on a main idea or argument about the literature you are reviewing.If the literature review is a longer document or section, section headers can be useful to highlight the main points for the reader. However, the different sections should still flow together.Explain the relevance of material you use and cite.It is important to show that you know what other authors have written on your topic. However, you should not simply restate what others have said; rather, explain what the information or quoted material means in relation to your literature review.•Is there a relevant connection between a specific quote or information and the corresponding argument or point you are making about the literature? What is it?•Why is it necessary to include this piece of information or quote?Use verb tenses strategically.•Present tense is used for relating what other authors say and for discussing the literature, theoretical concepts, methods, etc.“In her article on biodiversity, Jones stipulates that ….”In addition, use the present tense when you present your observations on the literature.“However, on the important question of extinction, Jones remains silent.”•Past tense is used for recounting events, results found, etc.“Jones and Green conducted experiments over a ten-year period. They determined that it was not possible to recreate the specimen.”BibliographyBell, Judith. Doing Your Research Project: A Guide for First-time Researchers in Education, Health and Social Science.Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press, 2005.Boote, David N. and Penny Beile. “Scholars before researchers: On the centrality of the dissertation literature review in research preparation.” Educational researcher, 34.6 (2005): 3-15.Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Verma, Gajendra K. and Kanka Mallick. Researching Education: Perspectives and Techniques. London: Falmer Press, 1999.The Writing Center, University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill. Literature Reviews. Chapel Hill, NC. 2005. Available /depts/wcweb/handouts/literature_review.html.© 2007 Academic Writing Help Centre, University of Ottawawww.sass.uottawa.ca/writing 613-562-5601 cartu@uOttawa.ca。

LiteratureReview文献综述常用句型-EssayMin关于Literature Review文献综述怎么写？EssayMin来介绍一些必备句型！文献综述LR如何发展一个连贯的结构和论点, 为研究提供明确的理由. EssayMin建议从以下内容出发:Addresses a gap in the literature解决文献中的一个空白Proposes a solution to an unresolved problem对一个尚未解决的问题提出了解决方案Builds on and strengthens existing knowledge with new data用新的数据建立和加强现有的知识Takes a new theoretical or methodological approach to the topic对该主题采取了新的理论或方法学方法.对相关文献的一般性评论The literature on X has highlighted several …关于X的文献强调了几个...Different theories exist in the litera ture regarding …文献中存在不同的理论关于...More recent attention has focused on the provision of …最近的注意力集中在提供...A large and growing body of literature has investigated …大量且不断增加的文献调查了...There is a relatively small body of literature that is concerned with …有一个相对较小的文献机构关注的是...The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.关于这个问题的许多已发表的研究的普遍性是有问题的.Previous research: methodological approaches taken前人的研究所采取的的研究方法Most research on X has been carried out in …以前的研究: 所采取的方法学方法Most researchers investigating X have utilised …大多数关于X的研究都是在 ... 中进行的Using this approach, researchers have been able to …利用这种方法研究人员能够...The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.绝大多数关于X的研究都是定量的What we know about X is largely based upon empirical studies that investigate how …我们对X的了解主要是基于经验性研究这些研究调查了如何 ....Previous research: what has been established or proposed以前的研究: 已经确定或提出的内容Several lines of evidence suggest that …有几条证据表明 ...Previous research has established that …以前的研究已经确定...Data from several studies suggest that …一些研究的数据表明...It is now well established from a variety of studies that …现在各种研究已经充分证明...A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …一些研究推测...之间存在着趋同.Summarising the review or parts of the review对过往文献进行总结Overall, these studies highlight the need for …总的来说这些研究强调了对 ... 的需求Collectively, these studies outline a critical role for…总的来说这些研究概述了一个关键的作用The studies presented thus far provide evidence that …迄今为止所介绍的研究提供的证据表明...Together these studies provide important insights into the …这些研究共同提供了对 ... 的重要见解All of the studies reviewed here support the hypothesis that …这里回顾的所有研究都支持这样的假设 ...Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far: 迄今为止讨论的研究中出现了两个重要的主题.Highlighting limitations of previous studies强调以往研究的局限性Unfortunately, it neglects to explain why ...不幸的是它忽略了解释为什么 ...Other observations indicate that this explanation is insufficient ... 其他观察表明, 这种解释是不充分的 ...The main weakness in their study is that they make no attempt to ... 他们的研究的主要弱点是, 他们没有尝试 ...The major defect in their experiments is that they entail tedious他们的实验的主要缺陷是, 需要进行繁琐的。

Literature Search StrategiesLiterature search strategies are essential for conducting thorough and effective research. Whether you are a student working on an academic paper, a professional conducting a study, or simply an individual looking for information on a particular topic, having the right strategies in place can make a significant difference in the quality and depth of your findings. In this response, I will explore the importance of literature search strategies, discuss different approaches and techniques, and provide insights into how to improve your search skills.One of the key reasons why literature search strategies are crucial is that they enable researchers to access a wide range of relevant information. With the vast amount of data available in various formats and sources, having a systematic approach to searching for literature can help in identifying the most pertinent and reliable sources. This is particularly important in academic and professional settings, where the quality of the research is heavily dependent on the credibility and relevance of the sources used. By employing effective search strategies, researchers can ensure that they are accessing the most current and authoritative literature available.There are several different approaches and techniques that can be used to conduct literature searches. One common strategy is to use online databases and library catalogs to search for scholarly articles, books, and other academic resources. These platforms often provide advanced search options, allowing users to refine their queries by using specific keywords, filters, and sorting options. Another approach is to use search engines such as Google Scholar, which can be a valuable tool for accessing a wide range of scholarly literature. Additionally, some researchers may choose to employ more traditional methods, such as visiting physical libraries or archives to access hard copies of literature.In addition to using online databases and search engines, researchers can also benefit from utilizing citation indexes and reference lists to identify relevant literature. Citation indexes, such as Web of Science and Scopus, allow users to track the citation history of a particular article or author, which can be valuable for identifying seminal works and related literature. Similarly, reviewing the reference lists of scholarly articles and books can help inuncovering additional sources that may be relevant to the research topic. These techniques can be particularly useful for expanding the scope of a literature search and ensuring that no important sources are overlooked.While there are numerous strategies and techniques that can be employed to conduct literature searches, it is important to recognize that the process can be time-consuming and challenging. Searching for literature requires patience, persistence, and critical thinking skills to identify the most relevant and reliable sources. It is not uncommon for researchers to encounter obstacles, such as limited access to certain databases, irrelevant search results, or difficulties in refining search queries. However, by being proactive and adaptable in their approach, researchers can overcome these challenges and ultimately enhance the quality of their research.To improve literature search skills, it is essential for researchers to stay informed about the latest developments in search techniques and tools. Keeping abreast of new databases, search engines, and research methods can help in optimizing the efficiency and effectiveness of literature searches. Additionally, seeking guidance from librarians, research consultants, and experienced scholars can provide valuable insights and recommendations for conducting comprehensive literature searches. By continuously refining their search skills and staying open to new approaches, researchers can enhance their ability to identify and access relevant literature.In conclusion, literature search strategies play a critical role in enabling researchers to access a wide range of relevant and reliable sources. By employing various approaches and techniques, such as using online databases, citation indexes, and reference lists, researchers can enhance the quality and depth of their research. While literature searches can be challenging, staying informed about new developments and seeking guidance from experts can help in improving search skills. Ultimately, by being proactive and adaptable in their approach, researchers can maximize the impact of their research and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields.。

Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。