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♍♎1关于机经，浅尝辄止，非正道也！你的文笔和流畅度，都不会因为仅知道这个话题而改变。
2 机经仅解决破题问题，看过不准备，中了也没用——准备好答案，背熟，实属正道也!3最后，奉劝各位托福小主，温馨提示不要把机经当投机，否则，too young too simple,sometimes naive.♌♋目录独立写作 (2)综合写作 (64)独立写作1.What is the most important action for the government to take for the protection ofenvironment problems?(1)Fund researches on new energy sources such as solar and wind power;(2)Protect forests and natural wildlife species;(3)Pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollutionScore 5:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional energy sources, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the primary task for the government is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s top priority. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. According to a recent survey, the haze is mainly caused by the waste gas emission from vehicles and large-scale industries in areas surrounding the city. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Score 4:Nowadays, human beings are facing more challenges and environmental issues, such as the scarcity of traditional resource, global warming, and pollution as well. Some people believe that the most urgent problems for the government to solve is to invest more on researching new energy sources, such as solar and wind power; whereas others argue that protecting forests and natural wildlife species should be the government’s primary task. To my understanding, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.Indeed, in order to protect the environment, funding research studies on new energy sources is important because the pervasion of clean energy could help reduce the emission of waste gas and other types of pollution in the future. However, scientific research usually takes years or even decades. It will be too late to make use of those scientific achievements if the problem of pollution continues to become too severe to solve. Similarly, protecting forests and natural wildlife species cannot solve the most urgent problem of pollution either. Though the government should spend money and effort on forests and wildlife preserves as a long-term practice to protect the earth, this action cannot handle the most serious pollution problem immediately.In fact, the main cause of the pollution problem’s threatening our life is that there lacks strong laws and supervisions to reduce the pollution. In order to minimize the amount of pollution, the most urgent need is to enforce laws and make sure that large-scale industries and individuals follow the laws. Take the air pollution in Beijing for example. Beijingers have been suffering from the haze, also known as PM 2.5 for a long time. If there could be laws and supervisions to limit the number of cars and the amount of waste that factories are allowed to produce per day, I believe that the air pollution problem could be solved to a large extent, which definitely contributes the most to our environment, at least for now.Based on the above discussion, the most important action for the government to take to protect our environment is to pass and enforce laws to reduce the pollution.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people should not spend a lot oftime on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages.Score 5:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life.Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings.Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider seriously the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji and thus the communications become less effective. For example, some people only “like” others’ picturesand sharing on Facebook without any comments. It is inevitable that people feel more and more isolated from each other by simply “liking” each other’s postings online without meeting in person.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we could meet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others. Besides, we should make use of our leisure time to do some beneficial activities instead of staring at the screen of our cellphones or computers all the time.Score 4:With the development of modern technologies, people today are enjoying communicating through social media and text messages, which is convenient compared to scheduling face-to-face meetings. However, some people argue that people should not spend too much time on communication using technological devices. I totally agree with this viewpoint for the following reasons.To begin with, communicating through social media reduces the time people meet in real life. Convenient it might seem, in fact, this type of communication could isolate people from each other. To illustrate, while chatting through social media, we usually choose to type and send text messages, which lacks tones, intonations, and facial expressions to show our feelings. Even if we could use emoji, the emoji still fails to express our true feelings because those symbols and pictures are identical in everyone’s computer screens or cellphones. Gradually, people will not consider the feelings conveyed by texts and emoji seriously and thus the communications become less effective.Moreover, always sticking to our cellphones or sitting in front of computers is harmful to our physical health. For instance, many people have found themselves suffering from muscle pain because of a sedentary lifestyle. On the contrary, if people meet in person, they might hang out and take a walk while taking to each other. Though different from doing exercises in gyms, this in person meeting at least enables people to relax and even sweat a little bit.In addition, during spare time, people could choose to schedule a short trip, do some exercises, or simply read some books that they are interested in. The above types of activities are beneficial for our physical health, and could help broaden our horizons. In order not to become addicted to social media, it is necessary for us to limit the time we spending on our cell phones as well as the Internet.Based on the above discussion, people should not spend a lot of time on communication by technologies, such as through social media or with text messages. On the contrary, we couldmeet in person, which could help us maintain social relationship with others.3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology designed to makeour life simpler actually makes our life more complicated.Score 5:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient life today. People have been enjoying high-tech products such as smart phones, car navigation system, and laptops, to name a few. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated today as illustrated in the following parts.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expect. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. It seems that car navigation system is far more convenient than printed maps. However, in order to install the system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and make sure that our destinations are recognizable.If the system fails to recognize the destination, it sometimes does not stop navigating, but lead us to somewhere else. Once I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path and led me to a small town that I had never heard of. Fortunately, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the correct way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall, because we could stay at home and check out with several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicated returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting, which usually takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as we expect. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so. I believe that modern technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more and more comfortable and convenient in the future.Score 4:It cannot be denied that technology enables people to live a better and more convenient lifetoday. However, it does not mean that those high-tech tools make our life easier now than in the past. In fact, technology makes our life far more complicated for the following reasons.High-tech tools can save lots of labor work, but sometimes they are not as “smart” as we expected. I would like to use car navigation system as an example. In the past, people could only refer to printed maps to find ways to their destinations. Nowadays, car navigation system can automatically find the right path for us. However, in order to use the navigation system, we need to download the digital maps before ahead and to make sure that our destinations are recognizable. Once when I was driving from California to a Native American Reservation in Arizona, the car navigation failed to find the right path. Luckily, I found a gas station and the employees there showed me the way. My own experience shows that high-tech products might not be always as reliable as we expect.Another example of how technology has made our life more complicated is online shopping.Nowadays, more and more people choose to shop clothes online, so to save time and efforts.Admittedly, shopping online is convenient to some extent compared with going to a shopping mall because we could stay at home and check out with a several clicks. All we need to do then is to wait until our new clothes are delivered to us. However, many people had terrible shopping experience in that the colors and designs of those clothes are not exactly the same as they are described online. Moreover, the size might not fit us, which is not expected either.In this case, we need to follow a complicate returning process, completing forms needed for returning and going to the local express service to send the clothes back. The process of returning is extremely daunting and sometimes it takes a long time for us to get our money back.Based on the above discussion, it could be concluded that sometimes technology is not as convenient as it should be. Should we just refuse to use high-tech products? I do not think so.I believe that technology is still developing, and it will definitely make our life more andmore comfortable and convenient in the future.4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: people now are more interestedin improving the neighborhood (the area that they live) than in the past.Score 5:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still beli eve that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms ofstudents, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. This phenomenon is especially true in Asian where students’ academic performance is referred to as the standard of good students or bad students. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments, such as playing online games, traveling, shopping, to name a few. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.Score 4:There is an old saying in Chinese that our neighbors could offer us greater help than our relatives when we are in trouble. This saying shows that neighbors have been playing an indispensible part of people’s life in China. Nowadays, some people still believe that the majority of us are interested in improving the neighborhood. However, in my opinion, people today neither have the time nor the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.To begin with, people today have intensive schedule of study or work, thus they have little time to spend on improving the neighborhood. For workers who need to financially support their families, they need to complete demanding assignments during workdays; sometimes they even need to work overload and overtime. Therefore, workers will be exhausted after five days of working, and might simply relax at home during the weekends. In terms of students, they usually do not hang out with friends as students in the past did, because they need to write numerous papers in order to earn credits and prepare for the college entrance exam. In this sense, students do not have time to play with their peers, let alone maintain relationship with neighbors.Moreover, even if people have the spare time to do something, they prefer to develop their own interests or travel with friends rather than improving the neighborhood. With the development of the society and modern technology, people could enjoy different types of entertainments. Those activities occupy most of people’s leisure time today; on the contrary, entertainment activities were very limited in the past, and people then did not have too many choices to kill time except for visiting their neighbors. Based on the above discussion, it could be seen that people today are less interested in improving the neighborhood.To sum up, because of the busy life and the pervasion of various types of entertainment activities, people today lack the time and the willingness to maintain their relationship with neighbors.5.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? In order for a business tosucceed, it must put more money in advertising.Score 5:In order to gain profits and occupy a larger portion of market, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company cannot achieve success unless they invest more money on advertising. However, the effectiveness and influence of an advertisement does not solely depend on how much money was put in it; also, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, and Coca-Cola seems to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of the same kind. It is the idea and content of Coca-Cola’s advertisem ent matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrity designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free samples may be a better strategy than those posters on walls for advertising. In addition, sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to emphasize too much on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.Score 4:In order to achieve profits, companies have developed many ways to increase their market share, including spending money on advertising. Some people believe that a company must put more money into advertising in order to achieve success. However, there are several circumstances that a business should cut down its budgets on advertising and invest more on other projects.To begin with, low-cost advertisements could be attractive enough for customers and help companies to occupy a large portion of the market. For instance, there are advertisements of Coca-Cola everywhere around the world, which seem to be the most competitive brand among companies selling beverages. Coca-Cola’s advertisements are perceived as more interesting and attractive than the ones of Pepsi and other companies of thesame kind. It is the idea and content of the advertisement matter instead of how much money being put into the advertisement. A simple cartoon with fancy ideas which come from ordinary people instead of a celebrated designer may have greater influence than scenes that got shot on famous spots with all kinds of post-processing.Moreover, some small companies in lack of the money to create widespread advertisements need to invest on other things first such as the quality of their products and marketing. When it comes to shops that sell cookies, for example, they should improve the flavors of their products first. Then, letting customers taste their free yummy cookies may bea better strategy than those posters on walls printed with yummy samples. In addition,sometimes companies suffering from crisis should put more money on human resources and adjusting the configuration of different departments within the companies. Unless they have solved the crisis, they have no reason to focus their attention and pay more on advertising.Based on the above discussions, a company has many choices other than investing more on advertising to make a business to be successful. Admittedly, advertising investment is so important that it is often a decisive factor to the success of a company; however, it is not always the predominant factor.6.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Workers would be muchhappier if they are doing different types of tasks during their workday than doing the same task.Score 5：In today’s workplace, employees are assigned with more demanding tasks than in the past. It is common that workers sometimes need to complete multiple types of task rather than to repeat the same type of task. Despite the fact that doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are distributed to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments, and thus become much happier. While working on multiple types of tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with colleagues from different departments, and learn about the company’s cu ltures and values as well. During this process, it is very likely that workers find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and then develop a sense of belonging. As a result, workers become more self-motivated and more willing to devote themselves to their work. In this sense, workers will definitely feel much happier because they are self-driven when doing their assignments.Furthermore, working on various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries, which will undoubtedly lead to happiness. As it is mentioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills related to differe nt types of tasks could be improved if they continue working on those tasks. Once employees become professionals in multiple fields, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities,compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure.There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted.It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with repeating the same task all the time.Score 4：Nowadays, employees are assigned with more difficult tasks than in the past. Sometimes, workers need to complete multiple types of task rather than repeat the same type of task.Although doing repeated works is easier for most employees, I believe that employees would be happier if different types of tasks are assigned to them.Working on different types of tasks could help workers develop a sense of belonging in the company, which will make workers become more self-motivated to do their assignments.While working on those tasks, workers could develop varied skills, meet with different colleagues, and learn about the company’s cultures and values as well. During this process, workers will find themselves an indispensible part in the company, and develop a sense of belonging. Thus, workers become more self-motivated and will definitely feel happy.Furthermore, doing various types of tasks, workers have more opportunities to get promoted and therefore earn higher salaries. As it is m entioned in the previous paragraph, employees’ skills of different types of tasks could be improved if they keep working on those tasks. Once they become professionals in completing those tasks, the company will offer them more promotion opportunities, compared with those who are simply skillful in a single field. In this sense, employees could earn higher salaries and become much happier.Admittedly, it is easier for one to repeat one type of task all the time. However, if workers keep repeating the same task everyday, they will feel bored and less motivated soon. It seems that workers have to meet with the same group of people and follow the same procedure everyday. There is little hope to receive more training and develop new skills, let alone to get promoted. It is not difficult to imagine that workers will become unhappy in this situation.To sum up, working on different types of tasks could enable workers to become more motivated and to earn higher salaries in the future. Therefore, workers would be much happier while doing those tasks, compared with doing the same task all the time.7.The opinions of celebrities, such as entertainers and athletes, are more important to theyounger people than they are to the older people.Score 5:Today’s celebrities, suc h as entertainers and athletes, usually show up on TV or post their。
2010年10月~11月王京竹预测口语机经1、09．01．23NA1 描述一个学习过程2 看新闻or不看新闻3 letter图书馆借书本数应受限不应受限①research paper要查很多书②学校要信任学生不会丢书4 vertical migration 水中动物的一种生存方式：晚上到水面吃食，白天躲到水底，避predators5 short story course 很多人想报，因此要交一篇short story①交一篇，但要准备考试，没时间,②交篇以前写的诗歌看看行不行!6古人要使火不灭①技术上要学会往火里加木头②social skill 要学会轮班加木头2、09.02.27NA1、讲你国家的development.2、讲是否同意父母是我们最重要的老师3、讲学校要为学生的艺术课找个director女生反对，1、那个人没时间管那么多学生，2、就是这个director并没有增加学生上课的人数，因为大家都不知道这个鸟人是谁，男生说嘿阿嘿阿，我也不晓得他是哪里的神仙。
4、5、听的不是很好，大概是说女生没办法带孩子去博物馆，因为没有向导2个建议: ①自己去，没有向导，但是显然有向导好，因为女生懂的没向导多②重新scheldue另外的时间6、讲生物保护自己的2个方法，一是变形、2是行为。
距离，一个XXX会装死。
3、09.04.03NA1. An important thing that you learned in your childhood.2. busy schedule or a lot of free time?3. elimination of art and entertainment newsletter/newspaperreading：1.students can go to computer site and read newspaper online; 2. no volunteer to write news.conversation: 1. inconvenient. 在咖啡馆mailbox里放着newspaper学生很容易看并且方便。
2010.10.09—2010.10.31参考范围（王京竹2010年10月备考方案 Beta0919）12. 2009.05.30NA（阅读不考）13. 2009.02.21NA（听力口语不考）14. 2009.01.17NA（听力不考）15. 2009.09.25NA16. 2009.10.10NA17. 2009.10.17NA18. 2009.10.23NA12. 2009.05.30NA2009.5.30NAReading第一篇在历史上的几次生物大规模灭绝现象第二篇关于人们用一种新的办法来储存雨水，代替了弊端多多的造大坝，举了印度的例子第三篇讲欧洲中世纪的权利制度词汇题Boon，remarkable， gradually， compelling， speculate，exempt for，collective Listening听力1 学生找售书的，书本里的内容不是封面内容。
学生要急着用这个textbook，售书员建议到online website，但是只可以在校园内电脑access1、售书员为什么说自己工作了5年事件在这里？2、售书员为什么说：你是第一个但不是最后一个听力2 心理学课，说人的两种记忆，一种是记得（比如很多小时候学的常识）；一种是个人经历（就是记得时间地点等等）；然后主要讨论动物具不具有这第二种记忆，做鸟的试验。
结果发现动物有类似记忆，但结论不明确。
听力3 说ceres和veras听力4 学生找教授，比较两人，教授说他们不是同一时期的，应该选择同一时期的比较听力5 关于玛雅文化听力6SpeakingTask 1 Talk about an activity you enjoyed doing with your family when you were a child.Describe the activity and explain why it was enjoyable to do this activity with yourfamily.Task 2 Some students prefer to study or work on difficult class assignments early in the morning. Other students prefer to do this type of work in the evening. 你的选择及原因Task 3 【学校通知】：取消写作课，说science专业的不需要练习write。
托福阅读经典加试题机经汇总资料说明：托福阅读或听力部分，会在考试时要求考生多完成一篇阅读或者二篇听力，作为题目难以度的检测，一般而言加试阅读的数量为两篇文章，加试听力则是加三个听力段子。
随着热心考生的增多，这些试题，包括原文，题目和答案都被回忆整理出来了，叫做托福经典加试题机经。
本文档是托福阅读经典加试题部分。
扫描二维码加托福名师刘文勇老师微信，可参加免费空中课堂乐闻携尔官网托福培训咨询电话4000-182-178Necessary Evil开篇明义：我并不中意“机经”。
“机经”这个说法，最早可能源于机考GRE的年代——在那段时间内的多次考题是可能完全重复的（一般以“自然月”为周期）。
常出现的情形是：月末参加考试的同学遇到的试题，居然与月初的试题完全一致。
所以，尽管我们在参加这些标准化考试之前都需先“签字画押”（签订保密协议，同意绝不将试题内容透露给任何第三方），但仍有“热心”的同学愿意在网络上回顾、分享自己考过的试题，这也就给后来参加考试的同学们创造了提前熟悉某些将要考到的真实考题的机会。
与之类似，机经在新托福（iBT）考试出现后，也逐步流行了起来，因为自从托福将纸笔考试（PBT）改革成计算机考试之后，也出现了重复出题的现象（尽管它并不是以自然月为周期的，但总归是重复了很多次，还是有规律可寻的）。
按照陈睿老师的说法，科班出身的理工科专业人才使用STATA或SPSS等统计软件来“处理数据、总结规律”的能力还是不可小觑的。
于是同学们总能看到诸多预测机经，也总能够听到我们的机经预测命中的消息。
这看上去貌似是一件皆大欢喜的事情。
但事实上，若同学们有缘读到这篇小短文，我最想对大家说的一句话却是“机经可能并不如你想象中的那么有用”。
尽管我们制作的“机经材料”经常命中考题，但我却时常在各类讲座中宣传“机经无用论”。
因为在一个真正经过了精心设计、目的是考查学生语言能力的测试中，出题者并不是那么在意学生是否已经提前了解了部分试题。
12 月 21 日托福考试小范围机经预测-口语很多同学拿到口语机经之后，就开始按照刷题的方式进行练习，每道题做的非常精细，反复录音，反复充实内容，结果花了不少时间。
其实，如果是常规练习，我们非常推荐这个方式；但是考前，我们没有太多的时间去充分研究口语机经，所以只能利用有限的时间，尽可能的多接触一些独立题目，形成自己的答题模式，万一在考试的时候真正遇到了原题，能够让我们以更加轻松，从容的心态来应对。
这里给大家总结了独立口语机经的正确使用方式，以便让大家更高效的利用考前有限的时间来进行独立口语练习：1.按照机经话题的分类，把每道题目逐一过一遍，了解具体内容；2.在脑海中构思每道独立题目的答题逻辑，建议按照“观点+理由 1+例子 1+理由 2+例子2”的结构进行构思；（如果想不到合适的例子，先想出 2 个理由即可）3.尝试以句子为单位，按照之前的构思，输出独立口语答案，不要求例子等细节内容丰富，但要求结构完整。
独立口语参考思路题目：Do you agree or disagree that celebrities such as artists and athletes should be the role model for people?结构：Structure:Topic sentenceReason + examples and detailsConclusion思路：Choosing agree : Set up examples for young peopleAchievement realize our dreams : hard work and efforts ; never give up Examples:famous pianist Langlang : practice playing for over 8 hours everydaygained international fame at 17Kobe Bryant: outstanding basketball player, got up at 4:30, practicing piano for 9hours everyday and never gave upContribution to societySample AnswerYes，I do agree with the following statement.First, many successful celebrities have demonstrated that if young people want to realize their dreams and achieve their goals, they have to pay great efforts.Like the famous pianist Lang lang, who started to learn to play the piano since three years old. He practiced playing for over eight hours every day before he gained international fame. Kobe Bryant, one of the most successful Basketball players, practiced playing basketball for twelve hours, and seven days a week. Second, many celebrities have made great contribution to society, especially they made donations to charity, or to people who are in need. Through the examples，young people can learn the importance of saving money and realize they should have responsibility for society.附 1：考前独立口语小范围预测：➢教育类：1.Some people prefer to go to college right after the graduation of high school whileothers prefer to take some time off before college. Which do you prefer and why.2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: it is never too late to get adegree in university.3.Which one do you prefer? Review your notes after class and keep doing this throughoutthe whole semester or just review at the end of the semester?4.Some people prefer to prepare for assignments long before the due date while othersprefer to do it just before the deadline, which do you prefer and why?5.Agree or disagree that students should take some additional courses so that they canget their credits more quickly?6.Some people think that those children who do not want to keep learning a musicalinstrument course should be required to keep learning the course; While others thinkthat those children should be allowed to make decisions by themselves(they can still do exercises by themselves).➢生活类：7.There are two invitations. One is from a party with your friends and the other is thathaving a dinner party with your parents. Which one would you prefer and why?8.Some people prefer to buy new books while some people would like to buy used books,what is your opinion?9.Do you agree or disagree: Government should not allow violence and bad language intelevision programs.10.Some people go to take exercise outside or go to gym each day, while others takeexercise or go to gym when they have free time. Which opinion would you prefer to and give your reasons.11.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It’s impolite to make calls orsend text messages on a diner table. Explain in details.12.Is it better to use your extra money to buy some objects like clothes or electronicproducts, or is it better to use the extra money to increase your experience like going for a vacation or a concert?13.Some people prefer to make a schedule with friends about social activities in advance,however others prefer to figure out what to do when the time comes. What do you prefer and explain why?➢工作类：14.In order to be successful, one has to make enemies? Do you agree and disagree?15.Some are willing to own and manage their own company, and some prefer to work inothers’ company. Which do you prefer and why?16.Some students think it is good to choose the future career before entering theuniversity. Others think it is good to take a few university classes before choosing the future career. Which do you think is better and explain why.17.Some people prefer take a job with a single task, others prefer to do multiple tasks ona job. Which do you prefer?18.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: a boss or a manager should notform close friendship with their employees.19.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is acceptable that someoneuses other’s influence to get a job.20.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? All workers should be requiredto stop working and retire by age 65. Use details and examples to explain your opinion.附 2：2019 年 8 月托福考试改革后独立口语题目汇总1.To enrich their after-school lives and covering living expenses, many collage students tend to seek part-time jobs. Some universities worry that work might cut into students' study time. Therefore, they set a limit on the numbers of hours per week that students spend on part-time jobs. Do you agree or disagree with this policy? Why or why not? （2019.08.03）2.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: children at an early age should learn independent living skills.（2019.08.10）3.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Employees shouldn’t send personal text or emails during work hours. explain why.（2019.08.24 下午）4.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is disrespectful for tourists to take photos of strangers without their permission.（2019.08.24 上午）5.Some people prefer to do shopping in large grocery stores or department stores. Others prefer to do shopping in small specialty stores. Which do you prefer and why? Use specific reason and example to support your response. （2019.08.25）6.Imagine that you have been accepted by two different universities. One is well-known for its excellent academic program, but it’s expensive, while the other one is less well- known, but can offer you scholarship. Which university would you prefer to go and explain why. （2019.09.01）7.Some people think historical sites should be open to the general public, but some people think historical sites should only be open to experts and researchers. Which do you think is better? （2019.09.07 上午）8.Some people think parents should allow their kids to make mistakes, but other people think parents shouldn’t do that. Which do you agree?（2019.09.07 下午）9.Do you agree or disagree. Nowadays many students have laptop. Do you think it is necessary to close the computer lab. Tell the reasons and details（2019.09.21 上午）10.Which one do you prefer when you have a disagreement with your friends: speaking directly face to face or sending an email and a text message? （2019.09.21 下午）11.When travelling outside, some people prefer to keep connection with their family members or friends, other people do not prefer to do this, which do you prefer? （2019.09.22）12.Some people spend their vacation visiting just one place. Others prefer to spend their vacation visiting several different places and spending a shorter amount of time in each. Which do you prefer and why. (2019.10.12 上午)13.Some companies are controversial and criticized by their business practices. Is it acceptable to get a job in those companies in spite of a good pay? (2019.10.12 下午) 14.Some people want to change their appearance, by surgery. Do you agree or disagree? (2019.10.13 上午)15.Some people like to work independently an enjoy more freedom, while others like to have a supervisor to tell them what to do. Which do you prefer? Why? (2019.10.19)16.Some people think that risk-taking activities such as rock-climbing and skydiving require a lot of bravery. While others think this is not brave, but simply foolish. Which view do you agree with and explain why. (2019.10.26)17.Your community has received money from the government to build a building in an open area. Which would you prefer, a company offering more jobs or a park? Use specific examples and details to support your answer. (2019.10.27)18.Some schools teach students world history, as much as teach students history of their own country. Which do you agree? (2019.11.02)19.Do you agree or disagree that school should record large lectures and upload it to the school website (for students to watch)? (2019.11.03)20.Do you prefer to read positive news or negative news?（2019.11.09 上午）21.Do you prefer experienced teachers or new teachers?（2019.11.09 下午）22.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Good luck is as important as working hard in achieving success.（2019.11.10）23.Do you think we should learn about the news overseas? Why or why not, please use details and example to explain.（2019.11.16）24.Do you agree or disagree with the statement that it is a great idea to select government leaders from the ordinary people?（2019.11.17）25.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement.?Parents should have control over their children on using social media. （2019.12.01）26.Should post graduates teach some basic courses, or should they be professor’s assistants and not teach courses? （2019.12.07）27.Which kind of movie do you prefer to watch, exciting and entertaining movies or serious and informative movies? （2019.12.08）28.Which one do you prefer？go to the museum alone or with colleges and friends to talk? （2019.12.14）12 月 21 日托福考试小范围机经预测-写作有过托福学习经历的同学都知道，托福独立写作的文章逻辑，大部分都是按照“中心论点+分论点+举例”的行文模式来展开。
第一篇英国工业的发展关于英国经济的兴起，主要是由于工业化后出口量（volume of exports）大增。
商业(commerce; trade; business)以棉花的发展为 lead，次要是煤、丝等，之後 coal replace the wood成了主要的 fuel。
英国之所以成了欧洲重心的原因有：英国国内政治稳定统一，语言一致，没有internal tariff(关税)，有标准化的xx，得益于bank and finance investment 的发达（推动贷款(loan)，減少 tax）（题目，排除题，选 tariff）。
英国有便捷的交通和有力的地理位置，所有的城市都离海不远，最远不过 70 mile，水运方便，raw(自然状态的) material 和 goods 运输顺畅（运铁），即使到 Ireland 的edinburgh（爱丁堡）也只需 60 小时车程。
其他欧洲国家当时都没有这些特点。
英国有皇家海军的保护，政府采取低税收（题目，但是对 high-quality woolen 收税），政府会出面与他国谈判低进口税。
英国从印度等殖民地（colony; plantation; settltment）廉价進口rm，然后出口 finished goods。
（一名学者adam 不支持这个理论）。
第二篇艺术与地点的关系讲 art 与 location（place）的关系，以其历史发展来说，art 刚开始时都必须依附 location，它们是紧密联系（contact; connection; integrate）的，painting 和sculpture 是不能动的，只能固定在某个地方，例如古代的洞穴壁画(cave painting)、教堂顶(church roof)的壁画，后来发明了 ease painting，随着portable(便于携带的，手提的，轻便的)东西的出现，例如 vase（花瓶）、雕像（statue）、小饰品(accessory)，可以带着到处创作，教堂的玻璃画也是画好了再加上去的，渐渐地 art 和 location 开始分离了。
2022年12月12日大陆托福机经回忆阅读部分：第一篇第二篇是关于蛇的舌头为什么分叉的。
前半部分是关于一个教授的理论的当时被很多人接受，但后来一个谁谁通过解剖还是显微镜什么的观察舌头结构推翻了他的理论。
还有去契合嘴里的VNO(我记不清了这块，一大堆生词),然后说经过某-ray鉴定,这假设不对,那舌头放的位置不是VNO那里,而是忘偏下部放置化学物质.然后后文讲这蛇啊蜥蜴啊等动物有这种舌头,这种舌头非常敏感啊,可以同时辨别两种物质,又可以干嘛干嘛的.结尾说其它动物也有类似的器官有相似的作用呃,然后举例什么的。
中间有一段说这个新的研究提出了四点，其中一个貌似是舌头的两个叉收集的信息不同，可以综合到一起，还有一点是这两个叉分别和蛇大脑的两个半球相连接什么的，记不清了。
第三篇是讲专利，解释专利权还有什么的发明，有了专利权，发明人就可垄断该项技术。
古代没有专利权，因此很多人即使有了发明也不会说出去，让它成为一个秘密。
后来在欧洲的一个国家，第一步专利权法案诞生，规定发明人可在10年内垄断该技术（好像是）该国发现专利法案颁布后，发明创造的出现与社会经济发展有相互作用，随后英国也颁布了权利法案，但当时其殖民地却很少实施该法案原因有两个：1人们不了解这个法案2申请专利权过程太繁琐，发明人必须亲自去到位于英国的办事处什么的（有题问实施不了的原因）美国独立后也颁布了以英国专利权法案为基础的法案，其保证了无论艺术，科技，机器等只要是origin并1公众有权了解新发明，包括其详细信息及原理（具体的忘了），专利权法案阻碍信息的获取。
2申请条件的第三条比较无理，所有想法都是建立在以前的知识上什么的。
阅读词汇：fabricate=producepledge=promieecrete=produceephemeral=hort-livedinherently=eentiallyconjecture=concluionprominent=outtandingforage=erachforfoodthu=conequentlyunophiticated=imple听力部分：Converation1：男童鞋VS学校工作人员(欧巴桑）有关campubu的topic童鞋询问大妈campubu能不能提供学校到airport的服务大妈说noproblem需要StudentID而且免费然后立刻发觉不对改口说到airpoert有pecialfee一天两个班次早上一班，晚上一班对话后面确认了时间早上9:00晚上19:00童鞋询问回程问题大妈说也有不过错过的话要等下一班会很久童鞋担心因为自己航班特别晚大妈提议train（我觉得是有题）线路正好符合经过学校的童鞋问butop在哪儿大妈说：我就知道你会问！（有题因为很重要）说就在library前面大体是这样欢迎补充Lecture1:女profeor介绍coldblood动物也就是Ectotherm说这种动物其实就是蜥蜴什么的是靠外界环境维持体温的比如阳光等有一种动物体温可以维持在37度左右和人差不多所以说它们是冷血动物其实不太准确（此处有题）然后介绍一种动物应该是某种蜥蜴记不清了生活在一个小岛上（具体在哪儿忘了好像是南美不过没题无所谓了）此岛环境极为恶劣没有plant 可以吃它们每天起来先啥日光浴吸收热量会很惬意的tretch四肢充分吸收太阳越来越毒持续暴晒它们到后来姿势也有所收敛并且也会找阴凉地方休息它们需要跳到海中进食吃eaweed等东西但是海水温度很低会严重影响他们的生理状态（有题）等它们上岸的时候热量丧失很严重机能下降无法进行正常新陈代谢甚至无法消化食物会一直休息到太阳落山到dark的时候才能缓过来用保存起来的仅有的热量混过去后面讲Endotherm也就是warm-blood动物但是民以食为天这种不吃肯定不行所以生存能力相比Ectotherm有时还差一点吃进去的东西80%的卡路里都用于维持自身热量了虽然Ectotherm给人感觉比较原始初级但是少量进食可以urvive其实比较高效Lecture2:男profeor讲filmtudyilentfilm的历史（有题）profeor先说现在的技术很牛了blabla然后说不妨看看最初的情况吧切到ilentfilm时代问问大家对这时代电影有啥看法点名前面坐着的黑大个黑大个说：啊Idon'tknow倒是挺intereting的（有题应该选c吧不能显得批判太狠）profeor说至少你说了实话不过也承认takeeffort才能看得进去然后介绍ilentfilm虽然受到很多技术局限但和现在的人们不搭调主要还是tate问题不同时代的人欣赏角度不同么走出真人表演就是很重要的一步了介绍了一部叫battlehip某某的电影说拍了船舰的技术在当时算不错了（有题）但是演员都不是专业的所以显得糙又说film和muicdancing的不同后者都是从一开始就挺牛的最初就发展了但film的优点或者说独特的地方就是现代人还可以欣赏到最初的作品比如ilentfilm（有题）我们觉得那个时代表演太夸张太滑稽问原因（有题）是因为他们是从戏院出来的（我个人观点）介绍了一个那时很牛的女演员演了很多各种各样的角色一些技术很出色（有题）Converation2：男童鞋VS女profeor有关童鞋的文学termpaper教授先问他自己怎么看他说自己写完后看过一遍觉得没写出自己想写的东西（有题）他的题目是Dicken的一部著作好像是catleof某某教授说你这写得确实不怎么样这是问题之一学生的文章一定要和aignment的要求对应你跑题了另外重大问题就是完全没有中心思想就是堆砌了很多知识看不出purpoe（以上双选）然后教授讲了讲应该怎么写举例说明比如要写Dicken的朋友就从一个他具体的朋友开始写（有题）一个女他俩关系很复杂既是iterinlaw又是朋友总之女人在他生命中扮演多重角色可以写这种relationhip在他作品里的体现童鞋问需不需要重写paper教授说你想重写我不拦你但是也可以把精力放在下一个paper上讨论的著作不一样但用的方法应该是差不多的童鞋怕分数最后受影响还是想重写教授说可以重写不过你至于么还有4-5个paper最后分数最低的一个可以去掉的童鞋恍然大明白说也是啊多谢了Lecture3:男profeor（眼镜男）讲collagraphy也就是拼贴画技术挺有意思的之前他让同学做了一个collage的project比较imple现在要教新的东西了collagraphy是collage的进阶要复杂一点然后开始讲制作的步骤首先是material:collage只是magazine的photo的拼接collagraphy什么都能用最好能用各种不同te某ture的当然如果用flowerleave什么的比较容易腐烂最好能用omething:thintrongdurable(有题）还举了个他觉得很好的作品一个人选urbanetting为背景做collagraphy使用了分layer设计houe是一层window在不同层还用了teelwire （有题）选好材料之后就是具体的制作流程了（有排序题）裁剪之后glueintoplate（这个plate的材料选择也提到了其实很方便有题）eal起来然后涂上ink这个应该dry得很快20min但是要wipeplate的为了让ink显示明暗差异等然后装进pre(这里要小心用printer就一个profeor和学校抗议一年了也没多买有题）然后coverpaper在上面（这个不是100%确定是不是最后一步）最后说这次只能做单色的以后有机会再多色Lecture4:profeor（不好意思忘了这位性别）讲ga冰箱为啥不如电冰箱流行（有题）product的推广其实不仅仅看产品的质量和很多其他因素有关比如ga冰箱相对于电冰箱是有很多优势的很委屈的却输掉了竞争优势包括比较quiet然后不是movable就是液态ammonia灌进去蒸发以后会冷却储藏的食物这样反复循环讲了一下大致的原理但没出题但是ga冰箱没有用电如何使得蒸发及冷却进行的呢？此时有同学接茬:gaoline教授说正是又说了ga冰箱是怎么通过gaoline工作的这个原理为懒得说了因为没题还是比较清楚简单的电线比较容易leak那时电路还不稳很容易breakdown所以ga稳定一些noie还小而且不会轻易动其实相对于电冰箱是有优势的为啥输掉市场竞争呢切回开头话题了因为电气公司大啊富啊有钱生产特别多电冰箱价格就便宜而且你不买电冰箱也得从他们那儿买电不是？而生产ga冰箱的公司就没有这种实力了不多的公司要是当初能好好投资就不至于这么被淘汰了后面介绍的这部分有题。
08.1.27北美08.9.5北美09.11.17北美08.2.2大陆08.3.15大陆08.4.27大陆08.5.17大陆09.5.31大陆大陆08.3.3008.9.6大陆08.9.28大陆08.12.13大陆09.2，22大陆2008 年4 月27 日第一篇生命起源也是生物学的文章。
关于巴斯德（曲颈瓶的发明者，反对生命自然发生说）以及米勒的实验（将碳氢化合物分子，如甲烷、氨和氢等与水混合，一起灌入到一个特殊的玻璃装置中，给瓶内混合物加热，使之不断沸腾，产生气体。
气体经过一个装有两个电极的小室，室内连续产生火花，犹如大自然的闪电和火山爆发，然后经过冷却又变成液体回到原处。
最后产生了组成现代生命的蛋白质结构中的几种氨基酸成分）。
文章首先说人们认为微生物是自然发生的，巴斯德却认为微生物本来就存在于空气中，像尘埃一样到处飘。
为了验证他的观点，就做了一个实验：把一锅汤煮沸然后密封，多天之后汤没有变质，说明没有产生微生物。
反对者又说必须要与大气接触才会有化学反应从而出现微生物，于是巴斯德设计了一种曲颈瓶，(这里有提到这个人的前老板，说给了一个crucial idea，问指什么，我选的是这个曲颈瓶，但是不确定是不是正确)瓶内的液体可以接触外界空气，但是空气中微生物无法进入瓶中。
巴斯特将汤盛入这种曲颈瓶中，多天以后，也没有变质，从而证明了他自己的观点。
（这里也有题，说第二次试验巴斯德用的是什么，我选择untreated air，仅供参考）尔后，文章又说，虽然巴斯德是正确的，但是地球起初并没有任何生命，所以肯定至少有一次，(这里也有题目，问什么忘记了，我选的是他的理论在逻辑上有问题，因为没有第一次产生空气中哪里漂浮微生物嘛)生命是自然发生的。
后面还有一题问地球初期与我们现在的有什么区别（我选的是好像是没那么多氧气，但此题毫无把握，完全靠猜）于是就说了米勒的那个实验。
证明了生命始有可能自然发生的。
最后一段讲米勒的这个实验要是没有发现xxx （具体不记得了），也就不会那么著名了，后面有题目考的1. 问问什么第一个科学家要进行那个初次试验。
