部分动词后接不定式和或动名词作宾语和宾补时用法辨析

★分词、不定式作宾补用法要点非谓语动词是高中阶段的重点和难点，历来为学生所困惑，所畏惧。

学生对非谓语动词的各种形式的用法不甚了解，或知道他们的用法但自己不会用，稍微变一下形式就不知所措，一头雾水。

究其原因，还是对非谓语动词的不熟悉，了解的不透，对他们的一般用法掌握的不透彻，似懂非懂。

针对这一现象，首先要让学生对几种非谓语动词的基本结构完全了如指掌，还要熟练掌握他们的各种时态语态，各种变形。

一方面要让学生懂得他们的基本用法，基本概念，另一方面要多操练，适当的一定量的练习是必不可少。

所谓孰能生巧。

一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1．感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词。

现在分词表主动或正在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。

如：I heard her sing an English song just now.刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。

I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。

I heard the English song sung many times.我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。

注意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态。

如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. (状态)I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. (完成)2．leave 后接三种形式作宾补时，其中的leave 保留了原来之义“留下”，但表达的确切之义应是“使……处于某种状态）。

动词不定式、动名词的用法和区别动词不定式：动词不定式是由to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。

1. 动词不定式作主语：To mast a language is not an easy thing. / To teach English is my favorite.动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。

It's very kind of you to have given us much help.2. 动词不定式作宾语：某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.I like to help others if I can.3. 动词不定式作宾语补语。

We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。

/ Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。

4. 动词不定式作表语：What I should do is to finish the task soon. / The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.5. 动词不定式作定语：There are many ways to solve the problem. / I have something important to tell you.6. 不定式作状语：We went to the hospital to see our teacher. / She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.动词不定式的否定形式：not + to + 动词原形The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。

动词后接动词不定式／动名词作宾语用法小结动词是英语中最活跃的词性之一，其主要作用是在句中作谓语。

在谓语动词后接动词作宾语时，主要分为两种情况：Ⅰ动词加动词不定式能以不定式做宾语的动词很多，常见的有：want，hope，wonder，wish，agree，try，manager，offer，decide，fail，refuse，ask，pretend，intend，attempt，teach，discuss等。

例如：I have learned to drive the car.They refused to accept my suggestion.He promised to come.Ⅱ动词加动名词在enjoy, appreciate, admit, consider, mind, avoid., miss, can’t help, deny, practise, allow, finish, imagine, forbid, suggest等这些动词之后要求用动名词作宾语。

例如：Have you finished repairing your car?She suggested spending another week in the country.Do you feel like taking a walk.通常要后接动名词作宾语的动词英语中有些动词后接另一个动词作宾语时，通常要用不定式，不用动名词，这类动词主要admit(承认), advise(建议), allow(允许), appreciate(感激), avoid(避免), consider(考虑), delay(推迟), discuss(讨论), dislike(不喜欢), enjoy(喜爱), escape(逃脱), excuse(原谅), fancy(没想到), finish(完成), forbid(禁止), forgive(原谅), give up(放弃), imagine(想像), keep(保持), mention(提及), mind(介意), miss(没赶上), pardon(原谅), permit(允许), practise(练习), prevent(阻止), put off(推迟), report(报告), resist(忍住), risk(冒险), stop(停止), suggest(建议), understand(理解)等。

怎么区别动词非谓语动词的时态非谓语动词非谓语动词（不能作谓语用）包括不定式、分词及动名词。

动词不定式1．常用形式：一般主动式to do, 一般被动式to be done完成主动式to have done, 完成被动式to have been done进行式to be doing2．语法功能：可作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语（即除谓语之外的各种成分）。

例如：1）主语：To master a foreign language is very important.2）表语：My job is to drive them to the company every day.3）宾语：Do you want to visit the Great Wall?Can you give us some advice on what to do next?宾补：The teacher advised us to have a rest first.I didn´t notice them come in.注：see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等动词后作宾补的动词不定式不带to, 但变为被动语态以后（即不定式作主补时）要带to, （其中let sb. do sth. 变为被动式为sb. is let do sth.）help（帮助）后作宾补的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to. 即help sb.(to)do sth. 定语：不定式位于所修饰的名词，代词之后，如：Who was the first one to set to the top of the hill yesterday? /He is the man to depend on/to believe in.6）状语：in order toA．目的状语：She reads China Daily every day so as to improve her English. to注：in order to 可以位于句首或句中，so as to 不能位于句首。

动词不定式和动名词作宾语动词不定式和动名词均可在及物动词后面作宾语,但在使用过程中应注意以下几点: 一､依照惯用法, agree, choose, decide, hope, fail, wish, refuse, expect, manage, plan, intend, pretend, promise, offer, afford, demand和arrange等及物动词后面常接动词不定式作宾语｡例如:What did they decide to do? 他们决定干什么?She failed to come to school yesterday. 她昨天没来上学｡I hope to be back soon. 我希望早点回家｡二､依照惯用法, finish, enjoy, mind, keep, miss, avoid, consider, imagine, practise, delay, escape, excuse, allow, suggest等及物动词后面常接动名词作宾语｡例如:We can finish building the bridge before the end of next month. 我们可以在下个月底之前建好这座桥｡Would you mind opening the window? 请您开一下窗户,好吗?三､依照惯用法, prefer, hate, begin, start, continue, cease等及物动词后面跟动词不定式与跟动名词作宾语,意义上没有多大的差别｡例如:After the teacher left the classroom, the students began to do/doing their homework. 老师离开教室后,学生们开始做作业｡They continued to read/reading English. 他们继续读英语｡但在下列情况下,宜用动词不定式作宾语,而不用动名词｡1. like, love, prefer, hate等与would或should连用时｡例如:I’d prefer to stay home to watch TV. 我宁可呆在家里看电视｡2. begin, start, continue等本身用的是进行体时｡例如:She was starting to do her homework. 她开始做作业｡3. begin, start, cease, continue的主语是物而不是人时｡例如:It began/started to rain. 天开始下雨｡The ice ceased to melt(融化) in winter. 冬季冰不再融化｡4. begin等及物动词后接know, understand, realize等表示心理状态的动词｡例如: They began to realize the importance of learning a foreign language well. 他们开始意识到学好一门外语的重要性｡四､下列动词后面既可接动词不定式作宾语,也可接动名词作宾语,但两种结构的意义有区别:1. remember, forget, regret等后接动词不定式作宾语时,说明动词不定式表示的动作发生在后, remember等动词表示的动作发生在前;这些动词后接动名词作宾语时,说明动名词表示的动作发生在前, remember等动词表示的动作发生在后｡试比较:She told me to go and lock the door. She didn’t remember locking the door after supper. 她叫我去锁门,她不记得晚饭后锁过门了｡Remember to turn off all the lights when you leave the classroom. 你离开教室时,别忘记把所有的灯关掉｡2. try, mean, can’t help, go on等动词后接动词不定式和动名词时,意义有明显的差别: 1) try后面的动词不定式是作目的状语, try to do sth意为“尽力做某事”; try后面的动名词是作宾语, try doing sth意为“尝试做某事”｡例如:He tried not to be late for the meeting. 他争取开会不迟到｡The soup is a little salty. Try adding some water to it. 汤咸了点,加点水试试看｡2) mean后面的动词不定式和动名词都是作宾语｡mean to do sth意为“打算(意图)做某事”; mean doing sth意为“意味着做某事”｡例如:They didn’t mean to go and help you. 他们不打算去帮助你们｡His words meant going to help you without delay. 他的话意味着他将毫不迟疑地前去帮助你们｡3) help后面的动词不定式和动名词都是作宾语｡can’t help to do sth意为“不能帮忙做某事”; can’t help doing sth意为“禁不住去做某事,情不自禁地做某事”｡例如:I’m sorry I can’t help to clean the room. 对不起,我不能帮助打扫房间｡They couldn’t help laughing when they heard the joke. 听到这个笑话,他们不禁大笑起来｡4) go on后面的动词不定式是作目的状语｡go on to do sth意为“接下去做另一件事”; go on后面的动名词是作宾语｡go on doing sth意为“继续做同一件事”｡例如:They went on to do some exercises after reading the text. 读完课文后,他们接着做练习｡We went on doing our homework after he left. 他走后我们继续做作业｡五､need, want, require等动词后面跟动名词的主动形式和跟动词不定式的被动式,都表示被动意义｡试比较:Your house needs repairing/to be repaired. 你的房子需要维修｡The problem requires solving/to be solved immediately. 这个问题需要立即予以解决｡六､stop之后的动名词为宾语, stop之后的动词不定式为目的状语｡试比较:We stopped working. 我们停止工作｡We stopped to have a rest. 我们停下来休息一下｡When it began to rain, we stopped working to have a rest. 天开始下雨,我们停止工作,休息一下｡在英语中，某些动词后面只能跟动词不定式作直接宾语。

动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较一，作主语⒈不定式作主语动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:(1)把不定式置于句首．如:To gｅt theｒe ｂy ｂiｋe will ｔake us haｌf aｎhouｒ.(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中．如:①Iｔ+be+名词+tｏdoIｔ＇s ouｒｄuty tｏｔake gooｄcare of tｈe oｌd.②It ｔakｅs sｂ+somｅtiｍｅ+ｔo doHowｌｏng did iｔtａkｅyouｔo ｆiｎish thｅｗork③It+be+形容词+foｒsb +to doIt ｉsｄiffｉcuｌｔfor ｕｓtoｆinisｈwriｔinｇｔheｃompoｓition iｎaｑｕarter ｏｆａn hｏｕr.④It＋be+形容词+of sb＋to dｏIt iｓstｕｐid of you to write down eｖerythinｇthe ｔeacｈｅr saｙｓ．⑤It seems（appｅaｒs)+形容词+tｏdoＩt sｅemed imｐossｉble ｔo save ｍｏｎey.在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficulｔ，easｙ, haｒｄ，ｉmpｏrtａnt, impossible, necesｓary等；在句型④中,常用carelｅss，clever，gｏod,ｆoolish, ｈonest,kinｄ, laｚｙ，ｎiｃe, right, siｌｌｙ,sｔuｐid,wisｅ等表示赞扬或批评的词．在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sｂis＋形容词+to do句式,如:It'sｋiｎd oｆyｏu tｏheｌｐmｅwith mｙＥｎglisｈ．＝You arｅkind to heｌp me with my Englｉsh.⒉动名词作主语Leａｒniｎｇwiｔhout prａcticｅｉｓｎo good.动名词作主语时,也常用Ｉt句式．如:①It's +nｏgood(no uｓｅ, ｆun， a ｐｌｅasure， a waste of timｅ)+doing…It's nｏgｏod reaｄｉng in diｍｌｉghｔ.Iｔ＇s nｏuｓe sitting heｒe waiｔing.②It＇s＋形容词+doinｇIt's dangeroｕs sｗimmｉｎｇｉｎtｈe sea iｎwindｙｄａys.这样用的形容词有exｐensive, nice，tiriｎg等,但imｐoｒtanｔ, necｅssary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:Iｔ's impｏrtant for you ｔo keep ｆｉt.③There iｓnｏ+ ｄoingThere iｓｎｏｓayiｎｇｗhａt wilｌhａpｐen next.在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语，相当于＂Ｉt'ｓimｐossibｌｅｔｏ…"结构.⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如：It's nｏgooｄeatｉng too ｍuｃｈfａｔ.Ｉt＇s no gｏod fｏr ｙoｕｔo ｅat so ｍｕcｈｆａt.②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语．如:Iｔ's ｎo use ｙour prｅteｎdｉngｔhat you didn't know the rules.二,作宾语⒈不定式作宾语①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如：agree, asｋ，aiｍ，aｒrａnge, cｈooｓe, decide，deｍａｎd，eｘpeｃt，ｆａｉl , helｐ,ｈopｅ,lean，lｏng, manage, ofｆer, ｐla ｎ, prｅpａre，preｔeｎｄ, proｍise, ｒefｕｓe, wisｈ等,这些词大部分可接thａt引导的从句.如:I deｃｉdeｄto ａsk foｒｍy ｍｏney bａck.I deciｄｅd ｔhat I wｏulｄａｓｋfｏｒmy moｎｅy ｂack.When oｕr vｉsiｔto the faｒm ｗａs ｏver, ｗｅexpecteｄto stａrt bａck ｏｎfoot.When ouｒｖiｓｉt tｏthe ｆａrm was ｏveｒ, we exｐecteｄｔhaｔwe woｕld stａrtｂacｋon ｆｏot.②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即：主语+动词+ｉt+补语＋to dｏ句式.如:We tｈink iｔquiｔe impｏrtant ｆoｒus tｏlｅarn a foreiｇn lanｇｕage wｅll.Hｅfeels it hｉs dｕty tｏｈelp the pｏoｒ．③介词but, exｃept,besｉdｅｓ+tｏdo(ｄｏ)在这种句型中，如介词前有动词dｏ,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接tｏ不定式，即带do不带tｏ,带tｏ不带dｏ.如:The eｎeｍｙｓoldieｒs had no choicｅbｕt to ｇivｅｉｎ.On Ｓunday afｔeｒnoon I haｄnｏｔhiｎg to dｏｂuｔwａtcｈTV．⒉动名词作宾语①以下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语,如:aｄmｉt，appreciａte, ｃｏnsｉder，delay，enjoy，finish, keeｐ, imaｇine，mind, miss, practise, ｒｅsｉst，ｒiｓｋ，ｓaｖe, su ｇgeｓｔ, dｏｎ＇t mind, give ｕp,iｎsist,on, put ｏfｆ等.如:Ｉsuggesｔspending ｏur summer vａcation in a sｅaside toｗn．Ｙou ｍust giveｕp ｓmokiｎg，fｏｒｉt does too muｃｈharm to your hｅalｔｈ．②动名词作介词的宾语Ｉshoｕld ｇo ｔｏattｅnd thｅｂｉｒthday ceｌｅbration insteａｄof stayinｇat hｏme.Wｈat aｂｏuｔｉnvitiｎｇＬｉJun to mａke ａspeech动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:haｖe dｉｆfｉculty(ｉn)doing, have ｎo ｔroｕble(in）doinｇ,lｏse no ti me(in)ｄoing,prevｅnｔ／stop…（froｍ）doｉng, tｈｅre is ｎo uｓe(iｎ)doing等．⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin, coｎtinue, s ｔａｒt,hat e, lｉkｅ,loｖe, nｅed, ｒｅqｕire, wａnｔ等.在nｅed,requirｅ，wａnt后接-ing形式,表示被动意义，也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Yｏur ｈaｎｄwriｔing nｅeｄｓimｐrｏｖｉng (tｏbe impｒovｅd). hａte, ｌoｖｅ,ｌiｋe接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为．在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:①ｈaｔe,likｅ, love前有wouｌｄ(ｓhoｕld)时,如：I'd ｌike ｔo havｅa cｕｐof c ｏffeｅ.②当谓语动词beｇin,continue，ｓtａｒｔ等是进行式时,如:Tｈe studeｎts ａre sｔa ｒｔinｇｔo work ｏn ｔｈe diｆfiｃuｌt mathsｐroｂｌｅm．③beｇiｎ，ｃontinue,ｓtａrt与knoｗ, uｎderstaｎd等状态动词连用时，如:I soｏn began to underｓtaｎd whatｗaｓhappeｎing.⒋aｄvisｅ, aｌlow, ｅncourａｇe, ｆorbiｄ, ｐermit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如:Ｏur tｅachers ｄon't perｍiｔｏur swimｍｉng in theｌake.Ouｒｔeacｈers don'ｔpｅrmitｕｓｔo swimｉｎthｅｌａke.⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用．①fｏrgｅt, remember，regreｔ后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生．如:Don'ｔforget fo ｐost the letter foｒｍe.Ｈaｖe yoｕfｏrgｏtｔｅn meeting ｈeｒin BｅｉjinｇAiｒｐoｒtReｍeｍbeｒtｏclose thｅwｉnｄows beｆore you leavｅ．Ｉrｅmember ｗriting him a ｌｅtter a year ago.Wｅrｅgret to tell yoｕthat aｌl of you are ｎot iｎvited tｏatteｎｄthｅｍee ｔｉng.They regretted oｒdering ｔhese ｂooks frｏm abrｏａd.②meａn to ｄo 打算做某事doｉng 意味着……Ｉmeaｎt ｔo cａtcｈup wiｔh the eaｒｌy buｓ．Ｔhis meansｗaｓtｉnｇa loｔｏｆｍonｅy.③try to do 设法尽力做某事doｉng 试着做某事You sｈｏuld tｒｙｔo overcome yoｕr shorｔｃoｍings.Tｒyｗorｋing ｏuｔtｈeｐｈysics pｒoblem ｉn ａｎotｈeｒwａy．④stoｐto do停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)doiｎg 停止做某事On ｔhe wａy to the aｉrport，I stoｐｐed tｏbuy aｐapeｒ.Yoｕ'd beｔtｅｒsｔopａrguing and do as yｏu are ｔｏld.⑤caｎ＇ｔhｅlp doing 禁不住……to ｄo不能帮助干……Ｔｈｅy coｕlｄｎ't hｅｌｐjumpｉng ｕp at the ｎews.Soｒｒy Iｈａve lots of ｗｏrk tｏdｏ. So I can＇t help tｏmake ｕｐｔhe rｏom for you.⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事ｄoing 继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续He wenｔon to talｋabout woｒlｄｓiｔuatｉon．他接着又谈了世界形势．Ｗe＇ｌl gｏoｎfｉghting so ｌoｎg as theｒe is opｐｒessioｎin the world.⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么(目的状语)doiｎg停下某事It＇s timeｔo leave ｏｆf talｋinｇand tｏstarｔacting.Thｅy lｅftｏff to go fishing．三,做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为．①To beｋind to ｔｈe eｎeｍy is to ｂe cruｅl to thｅpeople.②My ｃhiｅf purｐose is ｔo point out thｅｄifficｕlties of the matｔer.③Ｗhat I wｏuｌｄsｕｇｇｅｓt iｓtｏｐut ofｆｔhe meｅtinｇ.当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①).当主语是aiｍ, duty, hope，idea, mｉstake,plａn, purposｅ，sｕgｇeｓtion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以ｗhａt引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容．④Our ｗorｋiｓｓerviｎg the peopｌe.⑤Whａt he likeｓis takｉng a ｗaｌk after suppeｒ．⑥Thｅsｔoｒｙｔoｌd by Mr. Ｗanｇis intｅresｔｉｎg.④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Servinｇthe peopｌe ｉs ouｔwoｒｋ, 而⑥句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质，状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来.四,作定语⒈不定式作定语不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如：①Thｅnext tｒaｉｎｔo arrive isｆrｏm Washingｔｏn.②Hａvｅyｏｕaｎythiｎｇｔｏbe taｋen to yｏur siｓｔeｒ③Dｏyou haｖe anythｉnｇto sａy on the quｅstiｏｎ④Ｗoulｄyｏu pｌease give me sｏmｅpapｅｒtｏwrite on⑤Ｍy wiｓｈtoｖiｓiｔFｒanceｈaｓｃomｅtrueａt lａst.不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:（１）表示将来的动作(例①).(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词(例④).(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态（例②).(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①ｔo arｒｉve=thaｔwilｌarrive.⒉动名词作定语①Thiｓpassage caｎｂe ｕsed ａs lｉｓtｅnｉng ｍateriaｌs.②The readiｎg ｒoom oｆour sｃhooｌliｂrary caｎｈolｄ8０0peopｌe.③Alｌmoｖing boｄiｅs have eneｒｇy.①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如:The man standｉng at ｔhe schooｌgate is Profesｓor Hｕａ. 五，不定式作补足语⒈作宾语补足语一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为，状态，特征，这时意思才相对完整.(1）常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:alｌｏw，ask, aｄvｉｓe, beｇ, cａuｓｅ,drｉve（强迫),encｏurａge, ｅxpect，ｆｏrbid, ｆorｃe,get,woulｄlike(lovｅ, hａｔe）, orde ｒ，pｅrmiｔ, peｒsｕade, teach, ｔell, wanｔ,warｎ, wｉsh等．如:①Woｕｌｄｙou like mｅtoｇive youｒreｇａrds to Ｍarｙ②Ｉwaｎt ｙｏu to uｎdersｔandｔhe whole ｐassage clｅarly.（2)部分动词后常接ｔo ｂe+形容词,名词短语等形式,有时to be可省略,如：belieｖｅ, consider, discoveｒ, finｄ(=coｎsiｄer）, feｅl（＝thｉｎk), ｉmａginｅ, judgｅ,ｋnｏw, provｅ, think, sｕppｏse,see(＝unｄeｒsｔand), uｎｄersｔａｎｄ等．①Ｗe ａll beｌｉeve Ｊohn（to be)ｈonesｔ．②I ｃoｎｓider him(to ｂe)ｏｎｅof the bｅsｔbiｏlogy teacherｓof No. 1 Middle Schｏol.但当不定式是完成式时,tｏ不能省略,如:Ｗｅｃoｎsider him to ｈave beeｎｆoｏlｉｓh.(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.①I didn't ｈear aｎｙｏｎe say anything about iｔ.②Ｔhey maｋｅthe sｔudents do tｏo much homework every day．这种句式在变为被动语态时,ｔo不能省略,如第②句:The sｔudｅnts are maｄｅto do toｏｍｕch hｏｍewoｒk ｅvery ｄaｙ.(４）help,knoｗ后面的"tｏ"可有可无.如:Ｗoｕld you pｌeaseｈelｐme(ｔo) filｌin ｔhe taxｆｏｒｍI'vｅｎever known her(ｔｏ)bｅlate ｂｅfoｒe.但:He was knowｎto hａve beeｎｔｏFrａｎｃe bｅfore.(5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如:Yoｕｍay ｄepend on tｈem to ｂe there ｅａrｌｙ.The Ｐaｒty caｌlsｏｎus to ｉnｃreasｅprodｕction anｄpractise econｏmy.常这样用的短语动词有：ask fｏr,ｃaｒｅfor，call on, ｃouｎt oｎ,dｅpenｄon, ｗaｉｔfor, loｎg foｒ(渴望），prepare ｆｏr, wish foｒ等.⒉作主语补足语不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系．如:①He was noｔａｌｌowｅｄto enｔerｔhe clａｓsroｏｍfｏr ｂｅinｇlate.②Ｔhe youｎｇunｉveｒsiｔy stuｄent is ｃonsiｄeｒed ｔｏhave gｒeaｔpromis ｅ.六,不定式作状语⒈作目的状语(1)①I staｙed there to see ｗhａt ｗouｌｄhaｐｐen.②Ｈenryｈas dｅcideｄtｏgo to the ｈospiｔaｌtｏbe eｘamiｎｅｄｂy ｔhe docｔoｒ.(2）有时为了强调,不定式前可加in orｄeｒ或so aｓ.如:Bｏｂtooｋdoｗn my tｅleｐhone number ｓｏas(in oｒder)nｏt ｔo fｏrget ｉt. 有时为强调目的状语可把iｎｏrder ｔo或不定式置于句首,但so ａs to不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为so ｔhat, ｉn order that，成为目的状语从句,如：I stayeｄtheｒe ｓｏｔｈａｔ（ｉn ordeｒthａt)I ｃoｕｌd sｅe whａt ｗould ｈa ｐｐｅｎ.(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词,过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如:astonｉsｈｅd, glad，happy, laugｈ，pleａｓed, sａd,smｉlｅ，ｓoｒry, sｕｒprisｅd等.①Wｅaｒe ｇlad ｔo heaｒthe ｎews.②I was sｕrprisｅd to seｅtｈat ａtｈree-yｅaｒ－olｄｂabｙcould wriｔｅso well.在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如:The question ｒaisｅd bｙｔｈeｓtｕｄent iｓdifficuｌt to answｅr.Ｔhe room is rｅａlly comfoｒｔable to lｉve in.常这样用的形容词有:cｏmfoｒtaｂle，easｙ, dangｅrｏｕｓ, ｄiffiｃult，expensｉve, fit, iｍpossｉblｅ等．⒉作结果状语We came home afｔeｒoｕr hｏｌidaｙｔo fｉｎd our gaｒden neat ａnd ｔidy.不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如：①so…asｔo; sｕch…ａs toI＇m nｏｔso sｔupiｄ(ａfool）ａs to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来. Ｉ'm ｎot ｓucｈａstupidｆoｏl as ｔo put it ｉn ｗritｉng．②ｅｎｏｕｇh…ｔoThｅｓpeed iｓhigh ｅｎoｕgh for us ｔｏcatchｕp with the ｆｉrｓｔliner.③ｏnly tｏJanｅｈｕｒｒieｄback only tｏfind hｅr mothｅr dying in tｈe hospｉｔaｌ.④too…toI'ｍtoo tired to sｔａy up loｎgｅｒ.但在下列结构中，toｏ…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如：①I＇m onlｙtoｏgｌaｄｔｏhａve pasｓed tｈe exaｍ.考试及格我太高兴了.(too 修饰glad to hａve…,相当于vｅry)②Wｅhave toｏmuchｔｏleaｒn．我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）.⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首,句中或句末.如：Toｔell the ｔｒｕth，tｈe play waｓa great diｓａpｐｏinｔment tomｅ.常见的短语有toｂe exact(确切地说)，ｔo begin with(首先）,to do him jｕstice（说句对他公道的话)，ｔｏｂe sｕｒe(真的)等等．七,动词不定式,动名词的其它用法⒈疑问词+不定式结构疑问词ｗho, wｈat, which, when, wherｅ, whether, ｈow后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语，宾语,表语等.如:①Ｗｈen to leａve ｆｏr Lonｄoｎhas ｎoｔbeen deciｄｅｄyｅt.②Mr. Smitｈdidn't know whetｈer tｏleavｅor stay ｔｈere.③I asｋeｄProfｅssｏｒXu how ｔo leaｒｎEnglisｈwell.④Thｅquｅstioｎwas wｈerｅtｏｇｅt the mｅdiｃinｅneeded.以上例句中疑问词+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式．如：①When ｗe shall leave…③…how Iｃould ｌearｎ…经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：ｃonsidｅｒ，dｅcide,ｄiｓcoveｒ，explaｉn, fi ｎd oｕt,foｒｇet，heａr, ｋnｏｗ,ｌeａrn, observe, undｅrstaｎd，ｗondｅr 等.⒉动词不定式的时态，语态(1)时态①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生.如:I hope tｏbeｃoｍe a unｉｖerｓity stｕｄent thiｓyｅaｒ.(to becｏme发生在hoｐe 之后）We often hearＤicｋplaｙthe piａｎｏin tｈe neｘt rｏｏm.(plａy和ｈear同时发生)②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:I＇m sorｒy ｔo hａve kｅpｔyou waiｔing.We arｅtoｏｙoｕng to have seeｎthｅold sｏｃiety.③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如:The ｔeacｈer happenｅd to be correcｔｉng our papｅｒsｗhen I caｍe ｉn.Theｙsｅｅｍed ｔoｂe discｕssｉnｇsｏmething imｐorｔaｎｔ．(2)语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如:It's a ｇｒeａt honoｕrｔｏｂe iｎvｉted to Mary＇s biｒthday party.(不定式作主语）Ｉt ｗas impossｉble ｆor lost time tｏbe madｅup．(不定式作主语)Ｉwisｈto bｅｓent tｏwork iｎtｈｅcoｕｎｔrｙ.(不定式作宾语）Can yoｕｔｅlｌme whｉch is thｅcar to bｅreｐaiｒed (不定式作定语)Heｗeｎｔtｏthe hospiｔal to ｂe examined．(不定式作状语)在There be结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如:There are stiｌl ｍａny tｈｉnｇs tｏtakeｃａre of(toｂe takｅn ｃarｅof）.但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:These is nｏthing tｏdo nｏw.( We have nothing to do now.）There ｉｓnothing to ｂe donｅnｏw.(Ｗe cａｎdo noｔhiｎg nｏｗ.)⒊动名词的时态,语态(1)时态①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前,之后．如:Wｅare iｎｔｅrested in coｌｌｅcting stａmps．I sｈaｌl neverｆorget sｅeing tｈｅGｒeat Wａll ｆoｒtｈe firｓｔtｉme.We aｒe noｔaｆraid ｏf dｙing.②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如:Ｉmagｉnｅhａvinｇｔrａveｌled ｏn thｅmｏｏn.Wｅｗerｅpraised fｏr ｈaving finiｓhｅｄthｅwork ahead of time.（２)被动语态①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分．如:Thｅyoｕｎg man ｃaｍe in ｗithout beｉnｇｎoｔicｅｄ.Hｅｐrided himself on havｉng ｎｅｖeｒbeen ｂeａtenｉn cｌass．②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义．如：Ｔhe bike neｅds repairiｎg.Ｉf a thｉng is worth doing, iｔｉsｗoｒthｄoｉngｗell.⒋在口语中，为避免重复,常用"tｏ＂代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把tｏ省略.如:①-Did ｙou ｇo to visit the Great Wall-No，I waｎｔed to, buｔtherｅｗａsn＇t enoｕghｔimｅ．②－Ｗoulｄｙoｕlike tｏcoｍe to a paｒty－I'd lovｅto.③－Doｎ't make any misｔａkes in your hoｍewoｒｋ, ｗill yoｕ-I'll ｔry ｎｏt ｔo.④－Try to ｂｅbacｋby1２, woｎ＇t yｏu-OK，I'll try．另外,be gｏingｔo, ought to，useｄto等也常用于这一结构中.⒌在wｈy引起的问句中,省略"tｏ"．如:Why speｎd ｓuch ａlｏt of ｍｏneyWｈy not waiｔｆoｒa couplｅof ｄays⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to"．如:It'sｑuite necesｓａrｙfｏr uｓｔo read more aｎｄhave more pｒactice.⒎"to＂在下列短语中是"介词",后接动名词或名词形式.如:ｄevoｔe…to, fａce up to(勇敢地面对)，lｏｏkｆｏrward to(盼望)，objeｃt to(反对）,ｔａｋe ｔｏ(养成习惯,对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动),be used to（习惯于）等. 含有:不定式:ｌikｅto do sth 喜欢做某事(有时）want to ｄo stｈ想要做某事waｎtｓｂtｏｄｏｓｔh 想要某人做某事turn tｏsb ｆor hｅlp求助于某人(这算不定式？）heｌｐsb (to)dｏstｈ帮助某人做某事It ｉs daｎgｅrous to do sth 做……是危险的waｎｔto be希望从事什么职业sｔop to doｓｔh 停下来去做某事remeｍbｅr to do stｈ记得去做某事forｇet to do sth 忘记去做某事loｖe ｔo do sth 喜爱做某事woｕｌd liｋｅto do sｔh 想要做某事ｗｏuldｌiｋe ｓb to do sth 想要某人做某事(I would＝I'd)praｃtice doｉng ｓth 练习做某事spｅnｄ(timｅ/money）ｉn ｄoinｇstｈ花时间或钱做某事ｓｐend补充ｓpend...ｏｎsｔｈ在某物上花多少钱go tｏdｏsth去做某事ｗaｔch sｂｄo sth (省略ｔo）看见某人做某事(全过程）It's time tｏdｏsｔｈ做……事的时间到了（=It＇s tｉｍe for ｓｔh)ｄeｃｉｄe tｏdｏsth 决定做某事aｇrｅe ｔo ｄoｓth 同意做某事hａve to dｏsth 不得不做某事动名词ｌike doing sｔh喜欢做某事（经常）eｎjｏｙdoｉnｇsｔh 喜欢做某事ｂe ｂｕsｙdoinｇsth忙于做某事(=bｅbｕsｙdoinｇsｔｈ)be doing ｓth （现在进行时)tｈａnk sb fｏr doing ｓth 谢某人做了某事(=ｔhａｎk sｂforｓtｈ)reｍember doing stｈ记得做过某事forgｅt doｉng sth 忘记去做某事stｏp doｉng stｈ停止做某事huaｎfun dｏing stｈ做某事有乐趣do soｍe +V.iｎｇ做某事Wｈａt ａbout doing sth 做某事怎么样？（=How aｂout doinｇstｈ)watcｈｓb doing sth 看见某人正在做某事ｆind ｓb/sｔhｄoing sth 发现某人/物在做某事（这个有点疑问,参考书上说强调结果，一般不用进行时态？）dｉsｃｕsｓdｏｉng sth 讨论做某事ｇｏdoinｇ去做某事Whａt do ｙｏu think of doｉng stｈ你认为做某事怎么样?原形ｌeｔsｂdo stｈ让某人做某事make sb dｏsth让某人做某事help sb (to）dｏsth 帮助某人做某事1、动名词做主语往往表示普通的、一般的行为,不定式做主语常表示某次具体的行为。

一、动名词1. 英语中有些动词后面跟动词时，只能跟动名词而不能接不定式，这些动词有：admit，acknowledge 承认appreciate 感激,赞赏; consider,考虑avoid 避免complete 完成consider 认为delay 耽误deny 否认detest 讨厌endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱prevent阻止fancy 想象finish 完成imagine 想象mind 介意 miss(错过) miss 想念postpone 推迟practise 训练recall 回忆resent 讨厌resist 抵抗resume 继续risk 冒险suggest 建议face 面对include 包括stand 忍受understand 理解forgive 宽恕keep 继续例如：Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught.Have you considered going abroad for your education?They don’t want to risk losing their lives.一些动词词组后也只能接动名词：feel like，admit to，prefer…to，be(get) used to, be accustomed to，lead to，devote oneself to，object to，stick to，contribute to， pay attention to，look forward to(to为介词) It's worth…,as well as, be busy, can't help, It's no use /good，be tired of, be fond of, be capable of,be afraid of, be proud of, think of / about,hold off, put off, keep on,insist on, count on / upon, set about, be successful in, succeed in,be good at, take up,give up, burst out, prevent … from…,He is used to living in the countryside.It’s no use talking too much.The joke is so funny that I can’t help laughing.I am tired of working here.2. worth的用法worth，worthy，worth-while 都为形容词。

不定式与动名词的区别不定式和动名词是英语语法中常用的两种名词形式，它们在使用和功能上有一些区别。

本文将详细介绍不定式和动名词的区别。

一、定义不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由“to + 原型动词”构成，可以用作名词、形容词或副词。

例如：“to eat”、“to sleep”。

动名词是动词的一种非谓语形式，以-ing 结尾，可以用作名词。

例如：“eating”、“running”。

二、用途1. 不定式的用途（1）作主语：To travel broadens the mind.（旅行可以开拓眼界。

）（2）作宾语：She likes to swim.（她喜欢游泳。

）（3）作宾补：He wants to be a doctor.（他想成为医生。

）（4）作定语：This is a place to relax.（这是个休闲的地方。

）（5）作状语：He came here to talk with you.（他来这里和你谈话。

）2. 动名词的用途（1）作主语：Studying English is important.（学习英语很重要。

）（2）作宾语：I enjoy reading books.（我喜欢读书。

）（3）作宾补：I consider it worth trying.（我认为值得一试。

）（4）作定语：She's afraid of flying.（她害怕坐飞机。

）（5）作状语：He made money by selling paintings.（他靠卖画赚钱。

）三、区别与辨析1. 动作性与名词性不定式具有动词的动作性质，可以表示动作的进行或完成；动名词则具有名词的性质，可以作主语、宾语等。

比较：（1）I want to go to the park.（不定式作宾语，表示目的）（2）Going to the park is my favorite activity.（动名词作主语，表示活动本身）2. 是否能够接宾语不定式可以接宾语，通常在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中用于表示一个完整的动作；动名词不能直接接宾语，需要借助介词来连接。

易错点07 非谓语动词易错考点【01】后加动词不定式与动名词的固定用法辨析及其否定结构好多学生因为对一些固定用法掌握不牢，而用错动名词或不定式。

中考常考后接动词不定式的常考词有：begin，choose，continue，decide，expect，fail，forget，hate，help，hope，learn，manage，mean，need，offer，plan，prefer，pretend，promise，refuse，try，afford，agree，start，like等。

后加动名词的可以借助口诀来帮助记忆：完成练习值得忙（finish，practice，be worth，be busy）继续习惯别放弃（keep on，be used to，give up）考虑建议不禁想（consider, suggest, can't help, feel like）；喜欢思念要介意(enjoy, miss, mind)动词不定式的否定结构：not to do sth.动名词的否定结构：not doing sth.易错考点【02】动词不定式和动名词的作主语用法辨析动名词主语多表习惯或一般，Reading in the sun is bad for our eyes.不定式作主语时,一是表目的，二是多用it 做形式主语。

It’s adj to do sth.To get there faster, you can take the taxi.易错考点【03】现在分词与过去分词的辨析1.语态区分：现分表主动或正在进行，如a moving film, developing countries过分表被动或已完成,如the moved people, the risen sun2.作宾补：宾补现分作宾补，主动关系，I heard him singing in the classroom.过分作补，被动关系。