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第三单元：计算机语言与编程课文A：编程语言一、引言在计算机科学中，编程语言是用于编写可由计算机运行的一系列指令（计算机程序）的人工语言。
与英语等自然语言相类似，编程语言有词汇、语法和句法。
然而，自然语言不适合为计算机编程，因为它们会引起歧义，也就是说它们的词汇和语法结构可能被用多种方式进行解释。
用于计算机编程的语言必须有简单的逻辑结构，它们的语法、拼写和标点符号规则必须精确。
编程语言在复杂性和通用程度上差异很大。
一些编程语言是为了处理特定类型的计算问题或为了用于特定型号的计算机系统而编写的。
例如，FORTRAN和COBOL等编程语言是为解决某些普遍的编程问题类型而编写的——FORTRAN是为了科学领域的应用，而COBOL是为了商业领域的应用。
尽管这些语言旨在处理特定类型的计算机问题，但它们具有很高的可移植性，也就是说它?103f强梢杂美次 嘀掷嘈偷募扑慊 喑獭Ｆ渌 挠镅裕 缁 饔镅裕 俏?一种特定型号的计算机系统，甚至是一台特定的计算机，在某些研究领域使用而编写的。
最常用的编程语言具有很高的可移植性，可以用于有效地解决不同类型的计算问题。
像C、PASCAL和BASIC这样的语言就属于这一范畴。
二、语言类型编程语言可分为低级语言和高级语言。
低级编程语言或机器语言，是编程语言中最基础的类型，可以被计算机直接理解。
机器语言视计算机制造商与型号不同而有所区别。
高级语言是必须首先翻译成机器语言计算机才能理解和处理的编程语言。
C、C++、PASCAL和FORTRAN都是高级语言的例子。
汇编语言是中级语言，非常接近于机器语言，没有其他高级语言所表现出的语言复杂程度，但仍然得翻译成机器语言。
1、机器语言在机器语言中，指令被写成计算机能够直接理解的1和0（称作位）序列。
一条机器语言指令一般告诉计算机4件事：（1）到计算机主存（随机存储器）的什么位置去找一两个数字或简单的数据片；（2）要执行的简单操作，如将两个数字相加；（3）在主存的什么位置存放该简单操作的结果；（4）到什么位置去找下一条要执行的指令。
计算机英语第3版刘艺王春生编下面是店铺整理的计算机英语介绍，希望对大家有帮助。
内容推荐本书涉及计算机与计算机科学的基础知识、计算机体系结构、计算机语言与编程、软件开发、数据库、计算机通信、计算机网络、因特网、计算机文化、电子商务、计算机安全等深刻影响我们生活的信息技术。
本书以计算机领域英语时文和经典原版教材为基础，通过大量精心挑选的阅读材料，配以相应的注释和练习，使读者能够快速掌握计算机领域的大量专业词汇以及相关的语法等，并提高阅读和检索计算机原版文献资料的能力。
本书选材广泛、图文并茂，采用双色印刷，极大方便了读者的学习和查阅。
书后还附有词汇表和缩略语表。
本书可作为高等院校计算机及相关专业“计算机英语”课程的教材，也可供参加计算机水平考试的考生、IT行业的工程技术人员以及其他有需要的读者学习参考。
目录前言使用说明Unit 1 Computer and Computer Science(计算机与计算机科学) Section A Compur OverviewSection B WhatIs CompurScienceSection C PDA Prizefight：Palm Vs.PocketPCUnit 2 Computer Architecture(计算机体系结构)SectionA Compu~rHardwareSectionB Components ofan OperatingSystemSection C System OrganizationUnit 3 Computer Language and Programming(计算机语言与编程)SectionA Programming LanguageSectionB TheJavaLanguageSection C ArraysUnit 4 Software Development(软件开发) Section A Compu~r ProgramSectionB VS.J2EESection C Distributed SyswmsUnit 5 Software Process(软件过程)Section A Software Process ModelsSection B Model Driven DevelopmentSection C WhatIsaDesignPatternUnit 6 Database(数据库)Sectwn A Database 0verviewSection B Maintaining Database Integrity Section C .NET Data Access ArchitectureUnit 7 Computer Communications(计算机通信) Section A Telecommunications and Computer Section B Communicating with Other Devices Section C ATMandItsAdvantagesUnit 8 Computer Network(计算机网络)Sectwn A Network FundamentalsSection B A Guide to Network Topology Section C Network Connecting DevicesUnit 9 The Internet(因特网)SectionA TheInternetSectionB TheLayeredApproachtoInternetSoftware Section C WebBasicsUnit 10 Cyberculture(计算机文化)SectionA Using E-MailSection B Designing WebsitesSection C Web2.0andItsEconomicImplications Unit 11 Electronic Commerce(电子商务)Sectwn A Electronic CommerceSection B Basic Functions ofElectronic Commerce Software Section C OnlineShoppingUnit 12 Computer Security(计算机安全)Section A Computer SecuritySection B Antivirus SoftwareSection C ThroughaHacker'sEyesGlossary(词汇表)Abbreviations(缩略语表)。
UNIT 1Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emergingworld community and whose actions contribute to building this community'svalues and practices. Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially on and each individual has the power to change things. In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other. Global citizenscare about education, disease, poverty, and environmental issues around the world. Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some peopleidentify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to aworld community. This growing global identity in large part is made possibleby the forces of modern information, communications and transportation technologies. Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their ownaction. Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessaryskills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be pro-active in makinga positive difference in the world.世界公民是指一个人认可自己是新兴的全世界社区的一分子，并且其行动对全世界社区的价值打造和实践活动有所贡献。
Unit Eight: Computer NetworksUnit Eight/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. MAN2. open; closed3. bus4. token5. Ethernet6. client/server7. equals; temporary8. networkII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. file server 文件服务器2. carrier sense 载波检测，载波监听3. protocol suite 协议组，协议集4. peer-to-peer model 对等模型5. bus topology network 总线拓扑网络6. inter-machine cooperation 机器间合作，计算机间合作7. Ethernet protocol collection 以太网协议集8. proprietary network 专有网络9. utility package 实用软件包，公用程序包10. star network 星形网络11. 局域网local area network (LAN)12. 令牌环token ring13. 无线网络wireless network14. 封闭式网络closed network15. 环形拓扑结构ring topology16. 客户机/服务器模型client/server model17. 网络应用程序network application18. 进程间通信interprocess communication19. 打印服务器print server20. 广域网wide area network (WAN)III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:Computers can communicate with other computers through a series of connections and associated hardware called a network. The advantage of a network is that data can be exchanged rapidly, and software and hardware resources, such as hard-disk space or printers, can be shared. Networks also allow remote use of a computer by a user who cannot physically access the computer.One type of network, a local area network (LAN), consists of several PCs or workstations connected to a special computer called a server, often within the same building or office complex. The server stores and manages programs and data. A server often contains all of a networked group’s data and enables LAN workstations or PCs to be set up without largestorage capabilities. In this scenario (方案), each PC may have “local”memory (for example, a hard drive) specific to itself, but the bulk of storage resides on the server. This reduces the cost of the workstation or PC because less expensive computers can be purchased, and it simplifies the maintenance of software because the software resides only on the server rather than on each individual workstation or PC.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备。
计算机英语教程(第3版)推荐文章计算机英语实用教程(第四版)目录介绍热度：计算机专业英语教程阅读热度：新编计算机英语教程热度：计算机英语基础教程热度：计算机英语术语热度：下面是店铺整理的计算机英语教程(第3版)，欢迎大家阅读!基本介绍作者：司爱侠张强华丛书名： 21世纪高等职业教育信息技术类规划教材出版社：人民邮电出版社ISBN：9787115239341上架时间：2011-4-15出版日期：2011 年4月开本：16开页码：300版次：3-1内容简介《计算机英语教程(第3版)》为高职高专计算机相关专业的英语教材。
所选内容软件、硬件和网络并重，同时兼顾发展热点。
书中提供了适当的开放性练习，以培养学生的创造性学习能力。
《计算机英语教程(第3版)》体例上以unit为单位，每一unit由以下几部分组成：课文——这些课文选材广泛、风格多样、切合实际;单词——给出课文中出现的新词，读者由此可以积累计算机专业的基本词汇;词组——给出课文中的常用词组;缩略语——给出课文中出现的、业内人士必须掌握的缩略语;难句讲解——讲解课文中出现的疑难句子，培养读者的阅读理解能力;习题——既有针对课文的练习，也有一些开放性的练习;阅读材料——进一步扩大读者的视野。
《计算机英语教程(第3版)》旨在切实提高读者实际使用计算机英语的能力，帮助读者学到目前最常用的、最新的计算机专业英语知识。
《计算机英语教程(第3版)》作为高等专科院校、高等职业院校的专业英语教材，也可供优秀的中等专科学校和职业高中选用。
目录《计算机英语教程(第3版)》unit 1 1text the elementary components of pc (1) 1new words 6phrases 7abbreviations 7notes 8exercises 9reading material ipad 11unit 2 17text the elementary components of pc (2) 17new words 21phrases 22abbreviations 22notes 22exercises 23reading material the hp dvd-writer dvd100i 25unit 3 30text the laptop computer 30new words 35.phrases 36abbreviations 36notes 37exercises 38reading material the network device 40unit 4 45text the personal printers 45new words 48phrases 49abbreviations 49notes 49exercises 51reading material network switch 52unit 5 58text motherboard 58new words 62phrases 63abbreviations 63notes 64exercises 65reading material bios tuning: maximum power 67 unit 6 73text the tft guide 73new words 75phrases 77abbreviations 77notes 78exercises 78reading material firewall 80unit 7 85text windows xp 85new words 88phrases 89abbreviations 90notes 90exercises 91reading material frontpage 93unit 8 100text microsoft word 100new words 102phrases 103abbreviations 104notes 104exercises 105reading material excel 2000/xp 107 unit 9 114text microsoft powerpoint 114new words 116phrases 117abbreviations 118notes 118exercises 119reading material microsoft outlook 121 unit 10 125text microsoft access 125new words 128phrases 130abbreviations 130notes 130exercises 131reading material autocad 133unit 11 138text the basics of c++ 138new words 141phrases 142abbreviations 142notes 142exercises 143reading material edi, e-business, and erp 145unit 12 150text arpanet 150new words 153phrases 154abbreviations 155notes 156exercises 157reading material wireless lan, wap and bluetooth 159 unit 13 163text java technology 163new words 167phrases 168abbreviations 169notes 169exercises 170reading material understanding the world wide web 172 unit 14 180text object-oriented programming concepts 180new words 183phrases 185abbreviations 185notes 186exercises 186reading material introduction to tcp/ip 188unit 15 195text the short history of computer 195new words 199phrases 201abbreviations 202notes 202exercises 204reading material the various generations of processors over the past 20 years 206附录一参考译文 214附录二词汇总表 255。
Unit Eight: Computer NetworksUnit Eight/Section AI. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text:1. MAN2. open; closed3. bus4. token5. Ethernet6. client/server7. equals; temporary8. networkII. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa:1. file server 文件服务器2. carrier sense 载波检测，载波监听3. protocol suite 协议组，协议集4. peer-to-peer model 对等模型5. bus topology network 总线拓扑网络6. inter-machine cooperation 机器间合作，计算机间合作7. Ethernet protocol collection 以太网协议集8. proprietary network 专有网络9. utility package 实用软件包，公用程序包10. star network 星形网络11. 局域网local area network (LAN)12. 令牌环token ring13. 无线网络wireless network14. 封闭式网络closed network15. 环形拓扑结构ring topology16. 客户机/服务器模型client/server model17. 网络应用程序network application18. 进程间通信interprocess communication19. 打印服务器print server20. 广域网wide area network (WAN)III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:Computers can communicate with other computers through a series of connections and associated hardware called a network. The advantage of a network is that data can be exchanged rapidly, and software and hardware resources, such as hard-disk space or printers, can be shared. Networks also allow remote use of a computer by a user who cannot physically access the computer.One type of network, a local area network (LAN), consists of several PCs or workstations connected to a special computer called a server, often within the same building or office complex. The server stores and manages programs and data. A server often contains all of a networked group’s data and enables LAN workstations or PCs to be set up without largestorage capabilities. In this scenario (方案), each PC may have “local”memory (for example, a hard drive) specific to itself, but the bulk of storage resides on the server. This reduces the cost of the workstation or PC because less expensive computers can be purchased, and it simplifies the maintenance of software because the software resides only on the server rather than on each individual workstation or PC.IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:在计算机科学中，网络是指由通信设备连接在一起的一组计算机及其相关设备。
第一章A computer is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions, or program, and then carry out this program by performing calculations in numerical data or by manipulating other forms of information. 计算机是一种电子设备，它能接收一套指令或一个程序，然后通过对数字数据进行运算或对其他形式的信息进行处理来执行该程序。
The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the development of the computer. Different types and sizes of computers find uses throughout society in the storage and handling of data, from secret government files to banking transactions to private household accounts. Computers have opened up a new era in manufacturing through the techniques of automation, and they have enhanced modern communication systems.要不是由于计算机的发展，现代的高科技世界是不可能产生的。
不同类型和大小的计算机在整个社会被用于存储和处理各种数据，从保密政府文件、银行交易到私人家庭账目。
计算机通过自动化技术开辟了制造业的新纪元，而且它们也增强了现代通信系统的性能。
幻灯片1II. Measures to Protect Computer Security1. Encrypting Messages2. Restricting Access3. Anticipating Disasters4. Backing up Data5. Security for Microcomputers幻灯片2II. Measures to Protect Computer SecuritySecurity is concerned with protecting information, hardware, and software. Security measures consist of encryption, restricting access, anticipating disasters, and making backup copies.二、保护计算机安全的措施安全与信息、硬件和软件的保护有关。
安全措施包括加密、限制访问、预防灾难和制作备份。
幻灯片31. Encrypting MessagesWhenever information is sent over a network, the possibility of unauthorized access exists. The longer the distance the message has to travel, the higher the security risk is. For example, an e-mail message on a LAN meets a limited number of users operating in controlled environments such as offices. An e-mail message traveling across the country on the National Information Highway affords greater opportunities for the message to be intercepted.1、给信息加密每当信息通过网络发送，总是存在越权访问的可能性。
Abstract machine 虚拟机Address bus 地址总线artificial intelligence 人工智能Artificial language人工语言Artificial neural network人工神经网络Assembly language汇编语言Audio signal 视频信号Bar chart条形图Bit pattern 字节模式Cathode ray tube阴极射线管Code generator 代码生成器Computer architecture计算机体系结构Configuration item配置项Context switch上下文转换Data declaration数据声明Data field 数据域difference engine差分机Dot-matrix printer点阵打印机Flatbed scanner平台型显示器Frequency array频率配置Function key 功能键Function statement函数语句Graphical representation图形表示Header file头文件Human-computer interface 人机界面instruction set指令集Intermediate language中间语音Interrupt handler 中断处理Knowledge representation知识表达Learning curve学习曲线Main memory 主存Malicious code恶意代码Multidimensional array多维数组Multithreaded program多线程编程Native code本地码neural network神经网络Object-oriented language面向对象语言optical computer 光计算机paper tape reader 纸带阅读机Parallel connection并行连接parallel processing并行处理Program editor程序编辑器Program statement程序语句Relational language关系语句Robust computer programsilicon substrate硅基SQL结构化查询语句（structural query language）Storage register存储寄存器Third-party solution第三方解决办法Touch-sensitive region触感区vacuum tube真空管versatile logical element通用逻辑元素Video game视频游戏Virtual memory 虚拟存储器V oice recognition module声音识别模块编程结构programming structure操作系统operating system操作指令operation instruction超大规模集成电路VLSI程序模块program modules程序设计环境Programming environment程序设计语言programming language串行连接Serial connection磁盘驱动器disk drive存储和检索信息storage and information retrieval复制语句copy statement个人计算机personnel computer海量存储器Mass storage函数式语言functional language汇编码assembly code机器码machine code基本输入输出系统basic input output system激光打印机Laser Printers及其语言machine language计程表meter计算机程序员computer programmer计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Design开始按钮Start button可执行程序executive program类层次class hierarchy逻辑语言logical language模拟计算机visual computer喷墨打印机Inkjet Printers软件包software package时间片time slice视频显示器Video display视频压缩与解压缩video compression and decompression 手写体识别系统Handwriting recognition system输入设备input equipment数据的存储与处理data storage and processiong 数据结构data structure数据冗余data redundancy数据总线data bus数值分析data analysis数字计算机digital computer特洛伊木马程序Trojan条件语句conditional statement通用计算机General computer图形用户界面graph user interface外围设备Peripheral下标形式Subscript form虚拟现实Virtual Reality液晶显示器LCD Monitor一维数组one_dimensional array易失性存储器Volatile memory用户视图user view运行计算机程序Run the computer program制定输入区Development of input area中央处理器CPU字符集Character SetAbstract machine 虚拟机Address bus 地址总线artificial intelligence 人工智能Artificial language人工语言Artificial neural network人工神经网络Assembly language汇编语言Audio signal 视频信号Bar chart条形图Bit pattern 字节模式Cathode ray tube阴极射线管Code generator 代码生成器Computer architecture计算机体系结构Configuration item配置项Context switch上下文转换Data declaration数据声明Data field 数据域difference engine差分机Dot-matrix printer点阵打印机Flatbed scanner平台型显示器Frequency array频率配置Function key 功能键Function statement函数语句Graphical representation图形表示Header file头文件Human-computer interface 人机界面instruction set指令集Intermediate language中间语音Interrupt handler 中断处理Knowledge representation知识表达Learning curve学习曲线Main memory 主存Malicious code恶意代码Multidimensional array多维数组Multithreaded program多线程编程Native code本地码neural network神经网络Object-oriented language面向对象语言optical computer 光计算机paper tape reader 纸带阅读机Parallel connection并行连接parallel processing并行处理Program editor程序编辑器Program statement程序语句Relational language关系语句Robust computer programsilicon substrate硅基SQL结构化查询语句（structural query language）Storage register存储寄存器Third-party solution第三方解决办法Touch-sensitive region触感区vacuum tube真空管versatile logical element通用逻辑元素Video game视频游戏Virtual memory 虚拟存储器V oice recognition module声音识别模块编程结构programming structure操作系统operating system操作指令operation instruction超大规模集成电路VLSI程序模块program modules程序设计环境Programming environment程序设计语言programming language串行连接Serial connection磁盘驱动器disk drive存储和检索信息storage and information retrieval复制语句copy statement个人计算机personnel computer海量存储器Mass storage函数式语言functional language汇编码assembly code机器码machine code基本输入输出系统basic input output system激光打印机Laser Printers及其语言machine language计程表meter计算机程序员computer programmer计算机辅助设计Computer Aided Design开始按钮Start button可执行程序executive program类层次class hierarchy逻辑语言logical language模拟计算机visual computer喷墨打印机Inkjet Printers软件包software package时间片time slice视频显示器Video display视频压缩与解压缩video compression and decompression 手写体识别系统Handwriting recognition system输入设备input equipment数据的存储与处理data storage and processiong数据结构data structure数据冗余data redundancy数据总线data bus数值分析data analysis数字计算机digital computer特洛伊木马程序Trojan条件语句conditional statement通用计算机General computer图形用户界面graph user interface外围设备Peripheral下标形式Subscript form虚拟现实Virtual Reality液晶显示器LCD Monitor一维数组one_dimensional array易失性存储器Volatile memory用户视图user view运行计算机程序Run the computer program 制定输入区Development of input area中央处理器CPU字符集Character Set。
