2014年山东大学汉语言文字学考博真题

2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题第一篇：2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题2014年山东大学博士研究生入学考试博士试题一、名词解释epicranial aponeurosis椎前筋膜iliotibial tract奇静脉肋膈隐窝二、面侧深区的境界及内容三、胸锁乳突肌区的境界及内容四、上纵隔的层级结构五、腹横筋膜和腹膜外筋膜的延续及临床意义六、盆筋膜壁层和盆筋膜壁层的配布七、肩关节及肩袖的组成八、胸部交感干的形成及节前节后纤维的走向九、上运动神经元和下运动神经元的鉴别十、肾筋膜的延续和临床意义第二篇：复旦大学博士研究生入学考试试题复旦大学——文史哲综合2004年博士研究生入学考试试题04复旦考博入学试题——文史哲综合名词解释（6*5）：魔幻现实主义；类书；玄言诗；“形而上”；词汇学；？填空（10*1’）：[古今中外都有，难度不大，关键是范围广，不易复习，感觉只能靠平时积累] 选择（15*1’）：[感觉与填空差不多，如1969诺贝尔文学奖获得者是哪一位？] 论述（8题选三，3*15’）：1、请对儒家的几个代表人物的思想说说你的看法及其现实意义；2、谈谈人文学科对于科技和经济的导向作用；3、试述“垮掉的一代”创作思潮的特点及其对于中国青年文学的影响；4、乾嘉学派在文献整理方面的成就；5、民族和国家的文化交流对古代文学的影响；复旦大学——文史哲专业2003年博士研究生入学考试试题2003复旦博士入学中文系、古籍所各专业文史哲试卷题目该卷适用于古代文学、文艺理论、比较文学、现当代文学、语言学、中国古典文献学等六个方向。

一、名词解释：（6*5=30分）相对真理文字资治通鉴新感觉派五经元杂剧二、填空（1*15=15分）1、反映论是----的认识论。

2、意识和物质的相互关系体现人的-------。

3、《文赋》和《诗品》作者4、乾嘉学派发生年代5。

同光体发生年代6。

三言是指7。

甲骨文以前的成体系文字是------8。

古汉：
一、简答
1、根据六书理论，分析几个字的汉字构造。

2、注解术语填空，之言、犹、貌、谓、曰
3、写出古韵三十部的入声韵，说明特点
4、分析几句话中的加点词用法
5、写出七言律诗仄起平收的平仄格式
6、宾语前置的类型，举例分析
二、阅读文字回答问题
1、庄子齐物论的一段话，找出所有代词，分析
2、债唐韵集韵韵会...... 句读，文中说法是否正确
三、翻译
《大同》大道之行也....
《胠箧》第三段
现汉和语言
一、用国际音标写出两句话声母
二、写出所有齐齿呼，并举出例字
三、辨析几组单元音
四、单句、复句分析
五、层次分析五句话
六、简答
1、社会方言和地域方言的区别
2、语言和思维的关系
3、辅音、元音区别
4、什么是语系
七、论述
1、从研究对象、方法等角度谈对语法和修辞的看法
2、”黑板“、”公路“是可以论证的，说明语言符号不具有任意性，这说法对吗？加以论述。

汉语言, 文字学, 2014。

2014年山东大学翻译硕士考研真题解析各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

终于考完了，觉得会轻松，可是累的现在还没有缓过来。

下午还要期末考。

翻译硕士英语第一题就是单选，考单词和语法，专八单词背两遍，所有的单词都认识。

不多说了，在后面经验贴再写吧。

阅读也很简单，篇幅很短，一篇是家庭生产和市场生产，一场是奥运会引发不好的竞争。

两篇简答都能从原文找到答案。

一共四个简答，三个是从原文找，一个是用自己的话总结飓风是什么。

作文写的是，ZF应不应该投资保护仅有几个人说的语言。

英语翻译基础这个我把所有的题都给你们抄出来了！！！！这门考试最变态，15个词组互译是2011年原题！原题！原题！1. CIF2. NASA3. Jerusalem4. INTERPOL5. QDII6. microbe7. migrant worker8. general administration of sport9. Nobel Laureate10. microfinance11. international Maritime organization12. All-China Sports Federation13. Terra-Cotta Warriors14. gender disparity15.我好像少抄了一个，16.针灸疗法17.聘礼18.双面绣19.儿童文学20.普通法21.杂货商店22.法律援助23.学前儿童24.小康25.综合国力26.三农27.半导体28.重症监护室29.国企30.网页英译汉Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness-that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss. I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined. This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what-at last-I have found.With equal passion I have sought knowledge. I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have wished to know why the stars shine…A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.汉译英中国自身的古白话是何时开始转化为欧化白话的？这要归结到近代来华的西方传教士，他们创作了最早的欧化白话文。

课程测试试题（A卷）I、命题院（部）：文学与新闻传播学院II、课程名称：古代汉语III、测试学期：2014－2015学年度第1学期IV、测试对象：文学院中文专业2014 级V、问卷页数（A4）： 4 页VI、答卷页数（A4）： 4 页VII、考试方式：闭卷（开卷、闭卷或课程小论文，请填写清楚）VIII、问卷内容：（请老师在出题时安排紧凑，填空题象征性的留出一点空格，学生将所有的答案做在答题纸上的规定位置，并写清楚大题、小题的题号）一、填空题（10分，每个空为1分）1、东汉许慎的《说文解字》是我国也是世界上第一部字典，他对会意的定义是：“比类合谊，以见指㧑，武信是也”；他对转注的定义是：“建类一首，同意相受，考老是也。

”2、直音法是用同音字字来注音的。

3、在《康熙字典》中查“陛”和“郭”字要分别查部首阜和邑。

4、“昔召康公命我先君大公曰”句中的“召”字读若绍，“大”字读作tài。

“急”字和“首”字分别属于六书中的形声和象形。

二、选择题(10分，每个小题1分)下列句子中带·号的词各是用的什么意义，请在提供的备选答案中选择正确项，并将答案序号填入题后的括号中，只限一项，多填不给分。

备选答案：①本义；②引申义；③假借义1、曷．为久居此危城之中而不去也？（）2、夫人将启．之。

（）3、天行有常，不为尧存，不为桀亡．。

（）4、譬如田猎，射御贯，则能获．禽。

（）5、将．袭郑。

（）6、公乘．无人，卒列无长。

（）7、先生恶．能使梁助之耶？（）8、豹视，顾．谓三老、巫祝、父老曰。

（）9、孙武既死，后百余岁．有孙膑。

（）10、孟子，吾见师．之出而不见其入也。

（）1、①2、①3、②4、①5、②6、②7、③8、①9、② 10、①三、简答题(10分，每个小题1分)1、简要说明下列各句中带·号词的本来词性、句中用法和句中意义。

①若阙地及泉，隧．而相见，其谁曰不然？②王无异．于百姓之以王为爱也。

③赵王之子孙侯．者，其继有在者乎？④无生．民心。

2014博士资格考试试卷（文字学）
考试时间：2014年9月26日
一、填空。

（1*35）
1.写出下列古文字的楷体，写出楷体的小篆。

（1*11）
多申相巫郭
至攻益印武（还有一个字实在想不起来了）
2.列出清代至民国的四位研究方言的学者及其一部代表著作。

（1*8）
3.写出十三经注疏中注和疏的作者。

（1*8）
4.《尔雅》篇名排序。

（1*4）
5.四部韵书按成书年代排序。

（1*4）
二、选择。

（2*5）
1.哪一项不属于周有光《世界文字发展史》中所举的古典文字。

2.哪种词性不属于《马氏文通》中的助词。

3.哪一项不属于偏正结构。

4.哪一项所列的韵部全属于上古音中的阴声韵。

5.哪一项不属于唐兰的三书。

三、名词解释。

（3*5）
隶变娘日归泥造意语法化程瑶田
四、简答。

（4*10）
1．释读一片甲骨。

2．简述段玉裁《说文解字注》中的词义引申研究。

3．举例说明因声求义在训诂中的运用。

4.举例说明汉字与中国传统文化的关系。

2014年山东大学翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)全部题型 3. 名词解释5. 应用文写作8. 命题作文名词解释1．督脉正确答案：督脉：是中国传统医学中的奇经八脉之一，首见于《素问.骨空论》。

“督”有总揽之义，它是诸阳脉之纲，诸阳经均交会于此，故称为“诸阳之海”。

督脉主干起于小腹内，向后沿脊柱内上行，人脑，上头顶，由前额中间下行，至龈交穴止。

它与任脉、冲脉相通，又与足太阳、足少阴相合，与心、肾、脑联系。

2．天伦正确答案：天伦：一可指父子、兄弟等天然的亲属关系，如天伦之乐；二可指自然的道理、天理；三可指天然伦次，指兄弟。

3．晏子正确答案：晏子：即晏婴，字平仲，齐国夷维(今山东高密)人，是春秋时期著名政治家。

他曾在齐国为相，节俭力行、谦恭下士、勤于国事、政绩卓著，与管仲并称“管宴”。

后世常借以称美当朝重臣。

后人依托晏婴的言行编辑成《晏子春秋》。

4．《逍遥游》正确答案：《逍遥游》：是中国古代哲学家庄周的代表作《庄子》中的一篇，代表了庄子思想和学说的最高境界。

庄子借用大鹏和小鸠、大椿和朝菌的比喻，说明任何事物都不能超越自己本性和客观环境，论证了一切逍遥都是受客观条件制约的，反映了庄子对现实世界人与物、物与物相互联系的认识。

5．《兰亭集序》正确答案：《兰亭集序》：是晋代书法家王羲之所作，有“天下第一行书”之称，是中国晋代书法成就的代表。

王羲之与众多名流、文士在兰亭修禊宴聚，《兰亭集序》便是作者为与会者所作诗篇的集子撰写的序文。

文章描写兰亭明丽的春景及修禊聚会的盛况，转而兴怀世事、感慨生死，表现出作者对短暂人生的执着热爱与深切感伤。

6．岳飞正确答案：岳飞：字鹏举，谥武穆，后改谥忠武，南宋著名的抗金名将，中国历史上杰出的民族英雄。

因坚持抗金、反对议和，被秦桧等人以“莫须有”罪名诬陷谋害。

岳飞著有《岳忠武王集》，其中《满江红》尤为后世所传诵。

7．《掷铁饼者》正确答案：《掷铁饼者》：一是指公元前5世纪希腊现实主义的雕塑名作，是著名雕塑家米隆的代表作。

官方网址 北大、人大、中财、北外教授创办 集训营、一对一保分、视频、小班、少干、强军育明教育【温馨提示】现在很多小机构虚假宣传，育明教育咨询部建议考生一定要实地考察，并一定要查看其营业执照，或者登录工商局网站查看企业信息。

目前，众多小机构经常会非常不负责任的给考生推荐北大、清华、北外等名校，希望广大考生在选择院校和专业的时候，一定要慎重、最好是咨询有丰富经验的考研咨询师！山东大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试模拟题（2）科 目：汉语国际教育基础 满 分：150分考试时间：180分钟 出题时间：2012年9月说明：所有答案写在答题纸上，不要做任何标记。

此试题由育明教育提供，仅供育明教育学员参考。

第一部分 文化（40分）一、填空（5分，每题1分）1、世界上第一部系统的法医学专著是_____________。

2、中国最早的一部比较详细记录所经地理环境的游记，也是世界上最早记述岩溶地貌并详细考证其成因的书籍是______________。

3、清末___________(人)把书法，绘画，篆刻结合在一起。

4、我国最早的历史地图集是_____________。

5、西汉时期，皇帝或官员直接征聘有名望的人担任职务，这在当时叫______制。

二、 名词解释（15分，每题5分）1、诗经2、金紫银绯3、启蒙运动三、简答题（20分，每题10分）A 简述孔子的主要思想B 中国画的审美特征第二部分 心理学（30分）一、填空 （5分，每题1分）1、斯金纳认为行为分为两类，分别是___________和_____________2、在维纳的三维度归因模式中，任务难度属于________、__________、___________。

3、个体执行任务时追求成功的内在驱动力称为__________。

2014年山东大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Most good writers use every means at their______to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A．willB．disposalC．requestD．convenience正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。

没有at one’s will的搭配，而是at will“任意，随意”；at one’s disposal“可自行支配”；at one’s request“应某人请求”；at one’s convenience“在某人方便时”。

根据句意，只有B项符合题意。

2．John was so______in his book that he did not hear the doorbell ring.A．engagedB．occupiedC．absorbedD．concentrated正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。

absorbed“全神贯注的”，只用于表示精力的集中，多用作表语，有be absorbed in(全神贯注于)这样一个搭配；concentrated“决心要做的，全力以赴的，集中的，密集的，浓缩的”，多用作定语。

concentrated表示精力的集中之意时，侧重于表示决心。

根据句中的was so的结构，absorbed更符合句意。

故答案为C。

3．Too much______to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A．exposureB．disclosureC．contactD．connection正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。

乐学山东大学考研网
《2014山东大学813综合考试考研复习精编》
历年考研真题试卷
山东大学2007年招收硕士学位研究生入学考试试题
科目代码：813 科目名称：综合考试（文）
（答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在试卷上无效）
一、名词解释（20分）
1、语法意义
2、书面语
3、心理批评
4、作品
二、简答题（40分）
1、语言符号的特点。

2、划分音位的原则。

3、文学再现性质应从那些方面理解？
4、怎样理解滑稽？
三、论述题（40分）
1、在语言学中要区分语言义和言语义，分别说说语言义和言语义的性质。

2、文学与经济基础的关系。

四、文学评论（50分）
是摘自《八十年代访谈录》中对北岛的提问。

大概是：有人说，八十年代是一个理想主义，现代主义的时代，有很多作家在商业浪潮的冲击下都转文从商，……你说，一切都会在商业中消解……根据以上材料写一篇文学评论，不少于800字。

2014年山东大学考博英语完型填空和阅读试题Passage Four（2004年6月）Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.When we worry about who might be spying on our private lives, we usually think about the Federal agents. But the private sector outdoes the government every time. It’s Linda Tripp, not the FBI, who is facing charges under Maryland’s laws against secret telephone taping. It’s our banks, not the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), that pass our private financial data to telemarketing firms.Consumer activists are pressing Congress for better privacy laws without much result so far. The legislators lean toward letting business people track our financial habits virtually at will.As an example of what’s going on, consider U.S. Bancorp, which was recently sued for deceptive practices by the state of Minnesota. According to the lawsuit, the bank supplied a telemarketer called Member Works with sensitive customer data such as names, phone numbers, bank-account and credit-card numbers, Social Security numbers, account balances and credit limits.With these customer lists in hand, Member Works started dialing for dollars-selling dental plans, videogames, computer software and other products and services. Customers who accepted a “free trial offer” had 30 days to cancel. If the deadline passed, they were charged automatically through their bank or credit-card accounts. U.S. Bancorp collected a share of the revenues.Customers were doubly deceived, the lawsuit claims. They, didn’t know that the bank was giving account numbers to MemberWorks. And if customers asked, they were led to think the answer was no.The state sued MemberWorks separately for deceptive selling. The company denies that it did anything wrong. For its part, U.S. Bancorp settled without admitting any mistakes. But it agreed to stop exposing its customers to nonfinancial products sold by outside firms. A few top banks decided to do the same. Many other banks will still do business with MemberWorks and similar firms.And banks will still be mining data from your account in order to sell you financial products, including things of little value, such as credit insurance and credit-card protection plans.You have almost no protection from businesses that use your personal accounts for profit. For example, no federal law shields “transaction and experience” information-mainly the details of your bank and credit-card accounts. Social Security numbers are for sale by private firms. They’ve generally agreed not to sell to the public. But to businesses, the numbers are an open book. Self-regulation doesn’t work. A firm might publish a privacy-protection policy, but who enforces it?Take U.S. Bancorp again. Customers were told, in wr iting, that “all personal information you supply to us will be considered confidential.” Then it sold your data to MemberWorks. The bank even claims that it doesn’t “sell” your data at all. It merely “shares” it and reaps a profit. Now you know.36. Contrary to popular belief, the author finds that spying on people’s privacy________.A) is practiced exclusively by the FBIB) is more prevalent in business circlesC) has been intensified with the help of the IRSD) is mainly carried out by means of secret taping37. We know from the passage that ________.A) the state of Minnesota is considering drawing up laws to protectprivate informationB) most states are turning a blind eye to the deceptive practices ofprivate businessesC) legislators are acting to pass a law to provide better privacyprotectionD) lawmakers are inclined to give a free hand to businesses to inquireinto customers’ buying habits38. When the “free trial” deadline is over, you’ll be charged without notice for aproduct or service if ________.A) you happen to reveal your credit card numberB) you fail to cancel it within the specified periodC) you fail to apply for extension of the deadlineD) you find the product or service unsatisfactory39. Businesses do not regard information concerning personal bank accounts asprivate because ________.A) it is considered “transaction and experience” informationunprotected by lawB) it has always been considered an open secret by the general publicC) its sale can be brought under control through self-regulationD) its revelation will do no harm to consumers under the currentprotection policy40. We can infer from the passage that ________.A) banks will have to change their ways of doing businessB) “free trial” practice will eventually be bannedC) privacy protection laws will soon be enforcedD) consumers’ privacy will continue to be invaded36. B 37. D 38. B 39. A 40. D1997年6月Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes then the face will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye then the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants to not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves-to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the `precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are ________.A) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideasB) something through which one can see a person’s inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debate37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person ________.A) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a maskC) whose face is seen from the sideD) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversationpartner’s neck because ________.A) they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they don’t think it polite to have eye contactD) they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eyecontact in babyhood39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may breakdown due to ________.A) one temporarily glancing away from the otherB) eye contact of more than one secondC) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants________.A) not to wear dark spectaclesB) not to make any interruptionsC) not to glance away from each otherD) not to make unpredictable pauses36. A 37. C 38. D 39. C 40. A1998年1月A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don’t count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not so beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The datasuggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists have caught us mouthing pieties (虔诚) while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group-college students, or teachers or corporate personnel mangers-a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire (追求) to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing acareer as a manager ________.A) a person’s property or debts do not matter muchB) a person’s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that ________.A) people do not realize the importance of looking one’s bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC) good looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individualson certain attributes ________.A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual’saccomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women” (Line 1, Para. 5) means that________.A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for womenD) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women inmanagerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business world ________.A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractivewomen areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually doquite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eyeusually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for men21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. A2000年6月Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called “footwear for yuppies (雅皮士,少壮高薪职业人士)”. They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children’s shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics (健身操) or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the upmarket (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company’s view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limitson the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok’s exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok’s managerial personnel don’t like their shoes to becalled “footwear for yuppies” is that ________.A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different agegroupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok’s view that “consumers judge the quality of the brand by the qualityof its distribution” (Line 5, Para. 2) implies that ________.A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the storeselling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell itD) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold byhigh-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ________.A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling itsorders, it ________.A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike’s distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze onthe market.36. A 37. D 38. A 39. C 40. DPassage 8（2001年考研英语）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that canbe given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairmanof the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which saidthat self-regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introductionof the Human Rights Bill, which 43the European Convention on Human Rightslegally 44 in Britain, laid downthat everybody was 45 to privacyand that public figures could go to court toprotect themselves and their families."Press freedoms will be in safe hands46 our British judges," he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 tohave received payments for telling theirstories to newspapers. Concerns were raised49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdict.31.[A] as to [B] for instance [C] in p32.[A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focu33.[A]sketch [B] rough [C]preliminary [D] draft34.[A]illogical [B] illegal [C] impr35.[A]publicity [B] penalty [C] popu36.[A]since [B] if [C]before [D] as37.[A]sided [B] shared [C] comp38.[A]present [B] offer [C]manifest [D] indicate39.[A]Release [B] Publication [C] Prin40.[A]storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flas41.[A]translation [B] interoperation [C] exhi42.[A]better than [B] other than [C] rath43.[A]changes [B] makes [C] sets [D] turn44.[A] binding [B] convincing [C] rest45.[A] authorized [B] credited [C] enti46.[A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47.[A] impact [B] incident [C] infe48.[A] stated [B] remarked [C] said49.[A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensu 31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [D] 34. [B] 35. [A]36. [C] 37. [D] 38. [B] 39. [B] 40. [A]41. [B] 42. [C] 43. [B] 44. [A] 45. [C]46. [A] 47. [D] 48. [C] 49. [D] 50. [C]。