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高鸿业西方经济学（宏观部分）（第5版）课后习题（含考研真题）第一部分复习笔记一、宏观经济学的特点1．宏观经济学的研究对象宏观经济学研究的是社会总体的经济行为及其后果，即对经济运行的整体，包括整个社会的产量、收入、价格水平和就业水平进行分析。
测量宏观经济运行情况的最重要指标有国民收入及其增长率、失业率、物价水平及其变动即通货膨胀率。
其他比较重要的指标还有政府财政预算赤字及贸易赤字的变动、利率等。
2．宏观经济学和微观经济学的异同（1）宏观经济学和微观经济学的相同点宏观经济学与微观经济学的主要相同之处就在于它们有着相同的供求曲线形状，它们的交点决定着价格和产量。
（2）宏观经济学和微观经济学的不同点微观经济学研究的是个体经济活动参与者的行为及其后果，而宏观经济学研究的是社会总体的经济行为及其后果。
微观经济学中的价格和产量是一个个具体商品的价格和产量，而宏观经济学中的价格和产量是整个社会的价格水平和产出水平，这里价格水平用价格指数表示，产出水平用货币衡量的市场价值（国内生产总值）表示。
具体而言，微观经济学和宏观经济学的区别主要体现在以下几个方面：①研究对象不同。
微观经济学的研究对象是单个经济单位，如家庭、厂商等。
而宏观经济学的研究对象则是整个经济，研究的是整个经济的运行方式与规律，是从总量上分析经济问题。
②解决的问题不同。
微观经济学要解决的是资源配置问题，即生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题，并最终实现个体效益的最大化。
宏观经济学则把资源配置作为既定的前提，通过研究社会范围内的资源利用问题，来实现社会福利的最大化。
③研究方法不同。
微观经济学的研究方法是个量分析，即研究经济变量的单项数值如何决定。
而宏观经济学的研究方法则是总量分析，即对能够反映整个经济运行情况的经济变量的决定、变动及其相互关系进行分析。
因此，宏观经济学又称为总量经济学。
④中心理论和基本内容不同。
微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论，其所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的。
第12章国民收入核算————计算题1.宏观经济学的研究对象。
宏观经济学研究的是社会总体的经济行为及其后果。
研究社会总体经济行为就是研究国民收入，即研究如何使国民收入稳定地（没有通胀和衰退）以较合适的速度增长。
2.宏观经济学研究的基本问题有哪些。
①经济波动及与此相联系的就业与失业问题；②价格水平及与此相联系的通胀问题；③经济增长问题。
两者之间的联系主要表现在：(1)需求曲线都是向右下方倾斜，供给曲线都是向右上方倾斜。
都是通过需求曲线和供给曲线的交点决定价格和产量。
（2）相互补充。
经济学研究的目的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。
为此，既要实现资源的最优配置，又要实现资源的充分利用。
微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题，而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。
它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。
(3)微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主要的分析和研究方法。
(4)微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究，即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。
（或者：(1)二者既密切相关，但又是不同的研究领域。
微观经济学侧重于个体和个量，而宏观经济学则侧重于整体和总量。
(2)二者就像树木与森林的关系。
总量（森林）是由个体（树木）集合而成的。
）4.影响宏观经济学发展的主要著作。
（围绕宏观经济学的主要思想流派）《就业、利息和货币通论》5.什么叫GDP？理解这一概念应注意哪些方面的问题？（名词解释）国内生产总值GDP是指经济社会（即一国或以地区）在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值。
注意：1、GDP是一个市场价值的概念。
（市场价值=市场单价*生产数量）2、GDP测度的是最终产品的价值，中间产品价值不计入GDP，否则会造成重复计算。
3、GDP是一定时期内（往往为一年）所生产而不是所销售卖掉的最终产品价值。
高鸿业《西方经济学（宏观部分）》（第5版）习题答案第十二章国民收入核算1.宏观经济学和微观经济学有什么联系和区别？为什么有些经济活动从微观看是合理的，有效的，而从宏观看却是不合理的，无效的？解答：两者之间的区别在于：（1）研究的对象不同。
微观经济学研究组成整体经济的单个经济主体的最优化行为，而宏观经济学研究一国整体经济的运行规律和宏观经济政策。
（2）解决的问题不同。
微观经济学耍解决资源配置问题，而宏观经济学耍解决资源利用问题。
（3）中心理论不同。
微观经济学的中心理论是价格理论，所有的分析都是围绕价格机制的运行展开的，而宏观经济学的屮心理论是国民收入（产出）理论，所有的分析都是I韦I绕国民收入（产出）的决定展开的。
（4）研究方法不同。
微观经济学采用的是个量分析方法，而宏观经济学采用的是总量分析方法。
两者之间的联系主要表现在：（1）相互补充。
经济学研究的冃的是实现社会经济福利的最大化。
为此，既耍实现资源的最优配置，又要实现资源的充分利用。
微观经济学是在假设资源得到充分利用的前提下研究资源如何实现最优配置的问题，而宏观经济学是在假设资源已经实现最优配置的前提下研究如何充分利用这些资源。
它们共同构成经济学的基本框架。
（2）微观经济学和宏观经济学都以实证分析作为主耍的分析和研究方法。
（3）微观经济学是宏观经济学的基础。
当代宏观经济学越来越重视微观基础的研究，即将宏观经济分析建立在微观经济主体行为分析的基础上。
由于微观经济学和宏观经济学分析问题的角度不同，分析方法也不同，因此有些经济活动从微观看是合理的、有效的，而从宏观看是不合理的、无效的。
例如，在经济生活屮，某个厂商降低丁资，从该企业的角度看，成本低了，市场竞争力强了，但是如杲所有厂商都降低工资，则上面降低工资的那个厂商的竞争力就不会增强，而且职工整体工资收入降低以后，整个社会的消费以及有效需求也会降低。
同样，一个人或者一个家庭实行节约，可以增加家庭财富，但是如果大家都节约，社会需求就会降低，生产和就业就会受到影响。
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最后最您生活愉快～O（∩_∩）O ~《西方经济学》宏观部分练习题一、名词解释（1）国内生产总值（2)国民生产总值（3)国民收入（4)消费倾向（5）平均消费倾向（6）边际消费倾向 (7)平均储蓄倾向（8) 边际储蓄倾向 (9)资本边际效率 (10)投资边际效率曲线（11）投资乘数（12)加速原理（13)IS曲线 (14) LM曲线（15）均衡国民收入（16）总需求 (17）总需求函数（18)总供给（19)总供给函数（20）失业 (21）摩擦性失业（22)结构性失业 (23）周期性失业（24)奥肯定律 (25）充分就业（26）通货膨胀 (27)菲利普斯曲线（28)滞胀 (29)经济增长（30）经济周期 (31)倾销 (35）经济政策 (36）财政政策 (37）自动稳定器（38）货币政策三、单项选择题C1、国民生产总值中的最终产品是指（）A 有形产品B 无形产品C 既包括有形产品，又包括无形产品D 不能确定D2、国民生产总值是下面那一项的市场价值（）A 一年内一个经济中的所有交易B 一年内一个经济中交换的所有商品和劳务C 一年内一个经济中交换的所有最终商品和劳务D 一年内一个经济中生产的所有最终商品和劳务B3、国内生产总值等于（）A 国民生产总值 B国民生产总值减本国居民国外投资的净收益C 国民生产总值加本国居民国外投资的净收益D 国民生产总值加净出口B4、下列情形中,应该计入当年国内生产总值的是（ )A 去年生产而在今年销售出去的汽车B 当年生产的汽车 C某人去年购买而在今年转售给他人的汽车 D 某汽车生产商当年计划的而明年生产的汽车C5、“面粉是中间产品”这一命题( )A 一定是对的B 一定是不对的C 可能对，也可能不对D 以上全对D6、下列哪一项计入GNP（）A 购买一辆用过的旧自行车B 购买普通股票C 汽车制造厂买进10吨钢材D 银行向某企业收取一笔贷款利息D7、个人收入是（）A 在一定年限内，家庭部门获得的工资总和B 在一定年限内，家庭部门获得收入的总和C 在一定年限内，家庭部门能获得花费的收入总和D 等于国民收入减去家庭未收到的部分、加上来自非生产的收入C8、下列情况中属于政府对居民的转移支付的是（）A 政府对其雇员支付的工资B 政府为购买企业生产的飞机而进行的支付 C 政府为失业工人提供的失业救济金 D 政府为其债券支付的利息A9、在一个有家庭、企业、政府和国外部门构成的四部门经济中，GNP 是（）A 消费、总投资、政府购买和净出口 B消费、净投资、政府购买和净出口 C消费、总投资、政府购买和总出口 D 工资、地租、利息和折旧C10、边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向之和等于1，这是因为（ )A 任何两个边际量相加总是等于1B MPC曲线和MPS曲线都是直线C 国民收入的每一元不是用于消费就是用于储蓄D 经济中的投资水平不变C11、消费函数的斜率等于（）A 平均消费倾向 B平均储蓄倾向 C 边际消费倾向 D 边际储蓄倾向C12、在两部门经济模型中，如果边际消费倾向值为0.8，则自发性支出乘数必是( ）A 1.6B 2.5C 5D 4A13、投资乘数等于（）A 收入变化除以投资变化B 投资变化除以收入变化C 边际消费倾向的倒数D (1-MPS)的倒数B14、在下列4种情况中，投资乘数最大的是（ )A 边际消费倾向为0。
第十二章国民收入核算8.下列项目是否计入GDP，为什么？(1)政府转移支付；(2)购买一辆用过的卡车；(3)购买普通股票；(4)购买一块地产。
解答：(1)政府转移支付不计入GDP，因为政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收(包括社会保险税)把收入从一个人或一个组织手中转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中，并没有相应的货物或劳务的交换发生。
例如，政府给残疾人发放救济金，并不是因为残疾人创造了收入；相反，是因为他丧失了创造收入的能力从而失去了生活来源才给予其救济的。
(2)购买用过的卡车不计入GDP，因为卡车生产时已经计入GDP了，当然买卖这辆卡车的交易手续费是计入GDP的。
(3)买卖股票的价值不计入GDP，例如我买卖了一万元某股票，这仅是财产权的转移，并不是价值的生产。
(4)购买一块地产也只是财产权的转移，因而也不计入GDP。
10.如果甲乙两国合并成一个国家，对GDP总和会有什么影响(假定两国产出不变)？解答：如果甲乙两国合并成一个国家，对GDP总和会有影响。
因为甲乙两国未合并成一个国家时，双方可能有贸易往来，但这种贸易只会影响甲国或乙国的GDP，对两国GDP总和不会有影响。
举例说，甲国向乙国出口10台机器，价值10万美元，乙国向甲国出口800套服装，价值8万美元，从甲国看，计入GDP的有净出口2万美元，从乙国看，计入GDP的有净出口－2万美元；从两国GDP总和看，计入GDP的价值为零。
如果这两国并成一个国家，两国贸易就变成两地区间的贸易。
甲地区出售给乙地区10台机器，从收入看，甲地区增加10万美元；从支出看，乙地区增加10万美元。
相反，乙地区出售给甲地区800 套服装，从收入看，乙地区增加8万美元；从支出看，甲地区增加8万美元。
由于甲乙两地属于同一个国家，因此，该国共收入18万美元，而投资加消费的支出也是18万美元，因此，无论从收入还是从支出看，计入GDP的价值都是18万美元。
11.假设某国某年发生了以下活动：(a)一银矿公司支付7.5万美元工资给矿工开采了50千克银卖给一银器制造商，售价10万美元；(b)银器制造商支付5万美元工资给工人加工一批项链卖给消费者，售价40万美元。
•宏观经济学导论•国民收入核算与决定•失业、通货膨胀与经济增长•货币市场与资本市场均衡目录•开放经济条件下宏观经济政策•总供给-总需求模型及其应用•当代宏观经济问题与挑战01宏观经济学导论研究对象任务研究方法宏观经济学采用总量分析方法，即通过对整个国民经济的活动总量进行综合考察，来研究整个经济的运行状况。
特点宏观经济学具有综合性、整体性和动态性的特点。
综合性体现在它研究的是整个国民经济活动，整体性体现在它考察的是经济总体运行过程中的各种经济现象之间的内在联系，动态性体现在它揭示的是经济总体运行过程中的发展规律及发展趋势。
发展脉络宏观经济学的发展经历了古典宏观经济学、凯恩斯主义宏观经济学、新古典宏观经济学和新凯恩斯主义宏观经济学等阶段。
流派古典宏观经济学强调市场机制的自动调节作用，主张自由放任的经济政策；凯恩斯主义宏观经济学强调国家干预经济的必要性，主张政府通过财政政策和货币政策来调节经济；新古典宏观经济学强调市场机制的完善性，主张政府应减少干预，让市场机制充分发挥作用；新凯恩斯主义宏观经济学则强调市场的不完全性和价格粘性的存在，主张政府应采取适当的干预措施来纠正市场失灵。
宏观经济学发展脉络及流派02国民收入核算与决定1 2 3生产法支出法收入法国内生产总值核算方法国民收入决定理论古典经济学派认为供给会自动创造需求，国民收入的决定取决于劳动、资本等生产要素的供给和有效需求。
凯恩斯主义学派认为有效需求不足是导致经济萧条的原因，主张通过政府干预来刺激总需求，以达到充分就业和经济增长的目标。
新古典综合学派将古典经济学和凯恩斯主义的理论结合起来，认为市场机制和政府干预都是必要的，主张政府在经济中发挥调节作用。
乘数效应与加速原理乘数效应加速原理03失业、通货膨胀与经济增长摩擦性失业结构性失业由于经济结构变化、产业转型升级等原因导致的失业。
总需求不足工资刚性实施积极的财政政策完善劳动力市场提高劳动者素质需求拉上型通货膨胀总需求超过总供给，导致物价上涨。
高鸿业《宏观经济学》配套习题宏观经济学习题第一章西方国民收入核算一、名词解释国民生产总值实际国民生产总值名义国民生产总值国民生产净值国民收入个人收入个人可支配收入政府转移支付二、判断是非题1、宏观经济学以收入和就业为分析中心，故又可称收入理论或就业理论。
2、GNP被定义为经济社会在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部产品的市场价值。
3、一个在日本工作的美国公民的收入是美国GDP的一部分，也是日本GNP的一部分。
4、GNP中扣除资本折旧，就可以得到NNP。
5、个人收入即为个人可支配收入，是人们可随意用来消费或储蓄的收入。
6、三部门经济的投资储蓄恒等式为I=S+（T-G）。
7、GNP折算指数是实际GNP与名义GNP的比率。
8、国民收入核算体系将GNP作为核算国民经济活动的核心指标。
9、政府转移支付应计入国民生产总值GNP 中。
10、若某企业年生产50万＄的产品，只销售掉40万＄的产品，则当年该企业所创造的GNP 为40万＄。
11、某出租车司机购买了一辆产于1992年的小轿车，该司机为此付出的10万￥的购车费应计入1996年的GNP中。
12、用支出法核算GNP时，政府公债利息不应计入GNP中。
13、用收入法核算国民生产者总值时，资本折旧应计入GNP中。
14、只有经济处于充分就业时，I=S恒等式才成立。
三、选择题1、用支出法核算GNP时，应包括的项目有A 居民消费支出B 政府转移支付C 政府购买D 居民对债券的支出2、以下不能计入国民收入（NI）的有A 政府转移支付B 工资C 资本折旧D 间接税3、宏观经济学研究的中心是A 收入及增长分析B 收入与就业分析C 失业与通货膨胀分析D 通货膨胀与增长分析4、下列产品中不能计入当年GNP的有A 纺纱厂购入的棉花B 某人花10万元买了一幢旧房C 家务劳动D 某企业当年生产没有卖掉的20万元产品5、属于GNP但不属于NI的项目有（或按收入法计入GNP的有）A 政府转移支付B 企业转移支付C 间接税D 直接税6、GNP与NNP之间的差别是A 间接税B 折旧C 直接税D 净出口7、国民收入核算体系中包括如下哪些总量A GNPB NNPC NID PI8、用收入法核算的GNP应包括A 工资、利息、租金和非企业主收入B 公司税前利润C 企业转移支付及企业间接税D 资本折旧9、已知C=6亿，I=1亿，间接税=1亿，g=1.5 亿，X=2 亿，M=1.8亿，则A NNP=8.7亿B GNP=7.7 亿C GNP=8.7亿D NNP=5亿10、用支出法计算的GNP的公式为A GNP=C+I+G+（X-M）B GNP=C+S+G+（X-M）C GNP=C+I+T+（X-M）D GNP=C+S+T+（M-X）11、以下可以计入GNP的有A 购买一辆用过的卡车B 居民购买粮食C 政府转移支付D 政府购买办公用品12、用收入法核算GNP时，应包括A 折旧B 间接税C 出售股票的收入D 工资13、用支出法核算GNP时，应包括A 政府转移支出B 消费者对消费品的指出C 企业投资D 政府购买14、NI包括的项目有A 利润B 间接税C 业主收入D 企业转移支出15、当GNP大于GDP时，则本国居民从国外得到的收入（）外国居民从本国取得的收入A 大于B 等于C 小于D 可能大于也可能小于四、计算题1、根据下表计算：生产阶段产品价值中间产品成本增值羊毛1500毛线180毛衣30填表并计算最终产品毛衣的总增加值是多少？2、根据下表计算：1982年名义的GNP1992年名义的GNP香蕉上衣15万单位×1美元=15万美元5万单位×40美元=200万美元20万单位×1.5美元=30万美元6万单位×50美元=300万美元合计215万美元330万美元求：1992年实际的GNP3、根据下表计算GNP、NNP、NI。
WHAT’S NEW:The In the News box on “Mr. Index Goes to Hollywood” has been updated and is now a Case Study with a Web site reference where students can obtain continually updated information. There is also a new In the News box on “A CPI for Senior Citizens.”LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:how the consumer price index (CPI) is constructed.why the CPI is an imperfect measure of the cost of living.how to compare the CPI and the GDP deflator as measures of the overall price level.how to use a price index to compare dollar figures from different times.the distinction between real and nominal interest rates.KEY POINTS:1. The consumer price index shows the cost of a basket of goods and services relative to thecost of the same basket in the base year. The index is used to measure the overall level of prices in the economy. The percentage change in the price level measures the inflation rate.2. The consumer price index is an imperfect measure of the cost of living for three reasons.First, it does not take into account consumers’ ability to substitute toward goods that become relatively cheaper over time. Second, it does not take into account increases in thepurchasing power of a dollar due to the introduction of new goods. Third, it is distorted by unmeasured changes in the quality of goods and services. Because of these measurement problems, the CPI overstates annual inflation by about 1 percentage point.3. Although the GDP deflator also measures the overall level of prices in the economy, it differsfrom the consumer price index because it includes goods and services produced rather than goods and services consumed. As a result, imported goods affect the consumer price index but not the GDP deflator. In addition, while the consumer price index uses a fixed basket ofMEASURING THE COST OFLIVINGgoods, the GDP deflator automatically changes the group of goods and services over time as the composition of GDP changes.4. Dollar figures from different points in time do not represent a valid comparison of purchasingpower. To compare a dollar figure from the past to a dollar figure today, the older figure should be inflated using a price index.5. Various laws and private contracts use price indexes to correct for the effects of inflation.The tax laws, however, are only partially indexed for inflation.6. A correction for inflation is especially important when looking at data on interest rates. Thenominal interest rate is the interest rate usually reported; it is the rate at which the number of dollars in a savings account increases over time. By contrast, the real interest rate takes into account changes in the value of the dollar over time. The real interest rate equals the nominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. The Consumer Price IndexA.Definition of Consumer Price Index (CPI): a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer .B.How the Consumer Price Index is Calculated1.Fix the basket.a.The Bureau of Labor Statistics uses surveys to determine a representative bundle of goods and services purchased by a typical consumer.b.Example: 4 hot dogs and 2 hamburgers.2.Find the prices. a.Prices for each of the goods and services in the basket must be determined for each time period.b. Example:3.Compute the basket’s cost.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.a.By keeping the basket the same, only prices are being allowed change. This allows us to isolate the effects of price changes over time. b.Example:Cost in 2001 = ($1 × 4) + ($2 × 2) = $8. Cost in 2002 = ($2 × 4) + ($3 × 2) = $14. Cost in 2003 = ($3 × 4) + ($4 × 2) = $20.4. Choose a base year and compute the index.a. The base year is the benchmark against which other years arecompared.b.The formula for calculating the price index is:c.Example (using 2001 as the base year):CPI for 2001 = ($8)/($8) × 100 = 100. CPI for 2002 = ($14)/($8) × 100 = 175. CPI for 2003 = ($20)/($8) × 100 = 250.a.Definition of Inflation Rate: the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period .b.The formula used to calculate the inflation rate is:c.Example:Inflation Rate for 2002 = (175 – 100)/100 × 100% = 75%. Inflation Rate for 2003 = (250 – 175)/175 × 100% = 43%.C.Another Important Price Index: The Producer Price Index 1.Definition of Producer Price Index: a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms .2.Because firms pass on higher costs to consumers in the form of higher prices on products, the producer price index is believed to be helpful in predicting changes in the CPI.D.FYI: What Is in the CPI’s Basket?1. Figure 23-1 shows the make-up of the market basket used to compute the CPI.2. The largest category is housing, which makes up 40% of a typicalE. In the News: Shopping for the CPI1. There are approximately 300 employees of the Bureau of Labor Statisticswho gather information on prices.2. This is an article that appeared in The Wall Street Journal about theseindividuals.F. Problems in Measuring the Cost of Living1. Substitution Biasa. When the price of one good changes, consumers often respondby substituting another good in its place.b. The CPI does not allow for this substitution; it is calculated usinga fixed basket of goods and services.c. This implies that the CPI overstates the increase in the cost ofliving over time.2. Introduction of New Goodsa. When a new good is introduced, consumers have a wider varietyof goods and services to choose from.b. This makes every dollar more valuable, which means that thereis an increase in the purchasing power of the dollar.c. Because the market basket is not revised often enough, thesenew goods are left out of the bundle of goods and servicesincluded in the basket.3. Unmeasured Quality Changea. If the quality of a good falls from one year to the next, the valueof a dollar falls; if quality rises, the value of the dollar rises.b. Attempts are made to correct prices for changes in quality, but itis often difficult to do so because quality is hard to measure.4. The size of these problems is also difficult to measure.5. The issue is important because many government transfer programs(such as Social Security) are tied to increases in the CPI.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.6.Most studies indicate that the CPI overstates the rate of inflation by approximately 1 percentage point per year.G. In the News: A CPI for Senior Citizens1. Senior citizens generally do not spend their budgets in the same proportions as younger individuals.2.In fact, senior citizens spend a great deal on medical care, which has risen in price by a much larger than amount than the prices of most other consumer products.3.This is an article from The New York Times discussing the debate over creating a separate price index for this group.H.The GDP Deflator Versus the Consumer Price Index 1. The GDP deflator reflects the prices of all goods produced domestically, while the CPI reflects the prices of all goods bought by consumers.2.The CPI compares the prices of a fixed basket of goods over time, while the GDP deflator compares the prices of the goods currently produced to the prices of the goods produced in the base year. This means that the group of goods and services used to compute the GDP deflator changes automatically over time as output changes.3. Figure 23-2 shows the inflation rates calculated using the CPI and the GDP deflator.II. Correcting Economic Variables for the Effects of Inflation A.Dollar Figures from Different Times1.To change dollar values from one year to the next, we can use this formula:2. Example: Babe Ruth’s 1931 salary in 1999 dollars:Salary in 1999 dollars = Salary in 1931 dollars × price level in 1999price level in 1931Salary in 1999 dollars = $80,000 × (166/15.2). Salary in 1999 dollars = $873,684.3. Case Study: Mr. Index Goes to HollywoodHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.a.Reports of box office success are often made in terms of the dollar values of ticket sales.b.These ticket sales are then compared with ticket sales of movies in the past.c.However, no correction for changes in the value of a dollar are made.d.Table 23-2 shows a table of the top 20 films with the estimated box office gross in 1998 dollars. The winner: Gone with the Wind .B. Indexation1. Definition of Indexation: the automatic correction of a dollaramount for the effects of inflation by law or contract .2.As mentioned above, many government transfer programs use indexation for the benefits. The government also indexes the tax brackets used for federal income tax.3.There are uses of indexation in the private sector as well. Many labor contracts include Cost-of-Living-Allowances (COLAs).C.Real and Nominal Interest Rates 1. Definition of Nominal Interest Rate: the interest rate as usuallyreported without a correction for the effects of inflation .2. Definition of Real Interest Rate: the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation .ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Your father graduated from school and took his first job in 1972, which paid a salary of $7,000. What is this salary worth in 1999 dollars?CPI in 1972 = 41.8 CPI in 1999 = 166Value in 1999 dollars = 1972 salary × (CPI in 1999/CPI in 1972)Value in 1999 dollars = $7,000 × (166/41.8) = $7,000 × 3.97 = $27,7903. Figure 23-3 shows real and nominal interest rates from 1965 to thepresent. Note that in the late 1970s, the real interest rate was negativebecause the inflation rate exceeded the nominal interest rate. ADJUNCT TEACHING TIPS AND WARM-UP ACTIVITIES:1.Have students ask their parents (or grandparents) how much they paid for their first car andin what year they bought it. (If there are older students in the class, ask them to remember how much they paid for their first car.) Students can then determine how much they would have to pay in current dollars using the consumer price index.2.Ask for a volunteer to search the internet to find out average medical care prices for the pasttwenty to fifty years. Make a graph and compare the rising medical prices with rising prices in general using the CPI for the same period.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. The consumer price index tries to measure the overall cost of the goods and servicesbought by a typical consumer. It is constructed by surveying consumers to fix a basketof goods and services that the typical consumer buys, finding the prices of the goods and services over time, computing the cost of the basket at different times, choosing a baseyear, computing the index, then computing the inflation rate.2. Since Henry Ford paid his workers $5 a day in 1914 and the consumer price index was10 in 1914 and 166 in 1999, then the Ford paycheck was worth $5 ⨯ 166/10 = $83 a dayin 1999 dollars.Questions for Review1. A 10 percent increase in the price of chicken has a greater effect on the consumer priceindex than a 10 percent increase in the price of caviar because chicken is a bigger part of the average consumer's market basket.2. The three problems in the consumer price index as a measure of the cost of living are:(1) substitution bias, which arises because people substitute toward goods that havebecome relatively less expensive; (2) the introduction of new goods, which are notreflected quickly in the CPI; and (3) unmeasured quality change.3. If the price of a Navy submarine rises, there is no effect on the consumer price index,since Navy submarines aren't consumer goods. But the GDP price index is affected,since Navy submarines are included in GDP.4. Since the overall price level doubled, but the price of the candy bar rose sixfold, the realprice (the price adjusted for inflation) of the candy bar tripled.5. The nominal interest rate is the rate of interest paid on a loan in dollar terms. The realinterest rate is the rate of interest corrected for inflation. The real interest rate is thenominal interest rate minus the rate of inflation.Problems and Applications1. a. The price of tennis balls increases 0%; the price of tennis racquets increases50% [=($60-$40)/$40 x 100%]; the price of Gatorade increases 100% [= ($2 -$1)/$1 x 100%].To find the percentage change in the overall price level, follow these steps:1. Determine the fixed basket of goods: 100 balls, 10 racquets, 200Gatorades2. Find the price of each good in each year:3. Compute the cost of the basket of goods in each year:2001: (100 x $2) + (10 x $40) + (200 x $1) = $8002002: (100 x $2) + (10 x $60) + (200 x $2) = $1,2004. Choose one year as a base year (2001) and compute the CPI in eachyear:2001: $800/$800 x 100 = 1002002: $1,200/$800 x 100 = 1505. Use the CPI to compute the inflation rate from the previous year:2002: (150 - 100)/100 x 100% = 50%b. Tennis racquets are less expensive relative to Gatorade, since their price rose50% while the price of Gatorade rose 100%. The well-being of some peoplechanges relative to the well-being of others. Those who purchase a lot ofGatorade become worse off relative to those who purchase a lot of tennisracquets or tennis balls.2. To find the percentage change in the overall price level, follow these steps:a. Determine the fixed basket of goods: 100 heads of cauliflower, 50 bunches ofbroccoli, 500 carrotsb. Find the price of each good in each year:Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.c. Compute the cost of the basket of goods in each year:2001: (100 x $2) + (50 x $1.50) + (500 x $.10) = $3252002: (100 x $3) + (50 x $1.50) + (500 x $.20) = $475d. Choose one year as a base year (2001) and compute the CPI in each year:2001: $325/$325 x 100 = 1002002: $475/$325 x 100 = 146e. Use the CPI to compute the inflation rate from the previous year:2002: (146-100)/100 x 100% = 46%3. Since the CPI rose 637%, that means [CPI(1997)-CPI(1947)]/CPI(1947) x 100% = 637%,so CPI(1997)/CPI(1947) -1 = 6.37, so CPI(1997)/CPI(1947) = 7.37. So if an item costsunder 7.37 times as much in 1997 than it did in 1947, then it's relatively less expensive.The easiest way to see this is to take the 1947 price, multiply it by 7.37, and compare itto the 1997 price.University of Iowa tuition: $130 x 7.37 = $958 < $2,470, so the 1997 cost is highergallon of gasoline: $0.23 x 7.37 = $1.70 > $1.22, so the 1997 cost is lowerphone call: $2.50 x 7.37 = $18.42 > $0.45, so the 1997 cost is lowerday in hospital: $35 x 7.37 = $258 < $2,300, so the 1997 cost is higherhamburger: $0.15 x 7.37 = $1.11 > $0.59, so the 1997 cost is lower4. a. Since the increase in cost was considered a quality improvement, there was noincrease registered in the CPI.b. The argument in favor of this is that consumers are getting a better good thanbefore, so the price increase equals the improvement in quality. The problem isthat the increased cost might exceed the value of the improvement in air quality,so consumers are worse off. In this case, it would be better for the CPI to atleast partially reflect the higher cost.5. a. introduction of new goods; b. unmeasured quality change; c. substitution bias; d.unmeasured quality change; e. substitution bias6. a. ($0.75 - $0.15)/$0.15 x 100% = 400%.b. ($13.84 - $3.35)/$3.35 x 100% = 313%.c. In 1970: $.15/($3.35/60) = 2.7 minutes. In 1999: $.75/($13.84/60) = 3.3minutes.d. Workers' purchasing power fell in terms of newspapers.7. a. If the elderly consume the same market basket as other people, Social Securitywould provide the elderly with an improvement in their standard of living eachyear because the CPI overstates inflation and Social Security payments are tiedto the CPI.Chapter 23 — MEASURING THE COST OF LIVING 11 Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.b. Since the elderly consume more health care than younger people, and sincehealth care costs have risen faster than overall inflation, it's possible that the elderly are worse off. To investigate this, you'd need to put together a marketbasket for the elderly, which would have a higher weight on health care. You'd then compare the rise in the cost of the "elderly" basket with that of the generalbasket for CPI.8.Many answers are possible. A common answer may be that as students, they spend a greater proportion of their income on tuition and books than the typical household. Since the prices of tuition and books have risen faster than average prices, students face a higher inflation rate than the typical household.9. When bracket creep occurred, inflation increased people's nominal incomes, pushingthem into higher tax brackets, so they had to pay a higher proportion of their incomes in taxes, even though they weren't getting higher real incomes. As a result, real tax revenue rose.10. In deciding how much income to save for retirement, workers should consider the real interest rate, since they care about their purchasing power in the future, not the number of dollars they’ll have.11. a. When inflation is higher than was expected, the real interest rate is lower thanexpected. For example, suppose the market equilibrium has an expected real interest rate of 3% and people expect inflation to be 4%, so the nominal interestrate is 7%. If inflation turns out to be 5%, the real interest rate is 7% minus5% equals 2%, which is less than the 3% that was expected.b. Since the real interest rate is lower than was expected, the lender loses and the borrower gains. The borrower is repaying the loan with dollars that are worthless than was expected.c. Homeowners in the 1970s who had fixed-rate mortgages from the 1960sbenefited from the unexpected inflation, while the banks who made the mortgage loans lost a lot of money.。
高鸿业宏观经济学课后答案1、企业专设销售机构发生的办公费应计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.管理费用B.财务费用C.制造费用D.销售费用(正确答案)2、企业2018年6月22日一生产线投入使用，该生产线成本740万元，预计使用5年，预计净残值20万元，采用年数总和法计提折旧的情况下，2018年该设备应计提的折旧为（）万元。
[单选题] *A.240B.140C.120 (正确答案)D.1483、企业生产经营期间发生的长期借款利息应计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.在建工程B.财务费用(正确答案)C.开办费D.长期待摊费用4、行政人员出差回来报销的差旅费，应该计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.管理费用(正确答案)B.财务费用C.制造费用D.销售费用5、．（年浙江省高职考）下列各项中，不属于经济业务的经济活动是（）[单选题] *A采购原材料并验收入库B生产产品领用原材料C支付职工工资D签订产品销售合同(正确答案)6、实收资本的增减与变动超过注册资本的（），应持资金使用证明或者验资证明向原登记机关申请变更登记。
[单选题] *A.10％B.15％C.20％(正确答案)D.30％7、根据准则的规定，企业收到与日常活动无关的政府补助应当计入（）科目。
[单选题] *A.投资收益B.其他业务收入C.主营业务收入D.营业外收入(正确答案)8、按现行企业会计准则规定，短期借款发生的利息一般应借记的会计科目是（）。
[单选题] *A.短期借款B.应付利息C.财务费用(正确答案)D.银行存款9、下列固定资产当月应计提折旧的有（）。
[单选题] *A.以经营租赁方式租出的汽车(正确答案)B.当月购入并投入使用的机器C.已提足折旧的厂房D.单独计价入账的土地10、．（年预测）下列属于货币资金转换为生产资金的经济活动的是（）[单选题] *A购买原材料B生产领用原材料C支付工资费用(正确答案)D销售产品11、．（年浙江省第一次联考）下列各项中，不属于会计核算的前提条件的是（）[单选题] *A持续经营B货币计量C权责发生制(正确答案)D会计主体12、下列各项中，不会引起无形资产账面价值发生增减变动的是（）。
⾼鸿业第五版宏观经济学18-23课后题答案第⼗⼋章失业与通货膨胀1. 摩擦性失业与结构性失业相⽐，哪⼀种失业问题更严重些？解答：⼀般来说，结构性失业⽐摩擦性失业问题更严重。
因为摩擦性失业是由于劳动⼒市场运⾏机制不完善或者经济变动过程中的⼯作转换⽽产⽣的失业。
摩擦性失业的失业者都可以胜任可能获得的⼯作，所以增强失业服务机构的作⽤，增加就业信息，协助劳动者家庭搬家等都有助于减少摩擦性失业。
⽽结构性失业是由经济结构变化、产业兴衰转移⽽造成的失业，是劳动⼒市场失衡造成的失业，⼀些部门需要劳动⼒，存在职位空缺，但失业者缺乏到这些部门和岗位就业的能⼒，⽽这种能⼒的培训需要⼀段较长的时间才能完成，所以结构性失业的问题更严重⼀些。
2. 能否说有劳动能⼒的⼈都有⼯作才是充分就业？解答：不能。
充分就业并不意味着100%的就业，即使经济能够提供⾜够的职位空缺，失业率也不会等于零，经济中仍然会存在着摩擦性失业和结构性失业。
凯恩斯认为，如果消除了“⾮⾃愿失业”，失业仅限于摩擦性失业和⾃愿失业的话，经济就实现了充分就业。
所以充分就业不是指有劳动能⼒的⼈都有⼯作。
3. 什么是⾃然失业率？哪些因素影响⾃然失业率的⾼低？解答：⾃然失业率就是指在没有货币因素⼲扰的情况下，劳动⼒市场和商品市场⾃发供求⼒量发挥作⽤时应有的处于均衡状态的失业率，也就是充分就业情况下的失业率。
通常包括摩擦性失业和结构性失业。
⽣产⼒的发展、技术进步以及制度因素是决定⾃然失业率及引起⾃然失业率提⾼的重要因素。
具体包括：(1)劳动者结构的变化。
⼀般来说，青年与妇⼥的⾃然失业率⾼，这些⼈在劳动⼒总数中所占⽐例的上升会导致⾃然失业率上升。
(2)政府政策的影响。
如失业救济制度使⼀些⼈宁可失业也不从事⼯资低、条件差的职业，这就增加了⾃然失业中的“寻业的失业”；最低⼯资法使企业尽量少雇⽤⼈，尤其是技术⽔平差的⼯⼈，同时也加强了⽤机器取代⼯⼈的趋势。
(3)技术进步因素。
随着新技术、新设备的投⼊使⽤，劳动⽣产率不断提⾼，资本的技术构成不断提⾼，必然要减少对劳动⼒的需求，出现较多失业；同时，技术进步使⼀些⽂化技术⽔平低的⼯⼈不能适应新的⼯作⽽被淘汰。
