Tintinnid diversity in the tropical West Pacific O

tropical rainforestTropical RainforestIntroduction:A tropical rainforest is a distinctive biome characterized by high temperatures, abundant rainfall, and a dense canopy structure. Found in the equatorial regions of the world, they are incredibly diverse and fascinating ecosystems that support a wide array of plant and animal species. In this document, we will delve into the features, importance, threats, and conservation efforts associated with tropical rainforests.Features of Tropical Rainforests:Tropical rainforests are usually found near the equator, within the tropics. They typically receive high annual rainfall and experience uniformly warm temperatures throughout the year. These regions are lush and green, with a dense canopy formed by tall trees that often exceed 100 feet in height. The diverse vegetation includes numerous species of trees, plants, and vines. The rainforest floor is dark and damp, with little sunlight filtering through the canopy above.Biodiversity:Tropical rainforests are renowned for their incredible biodiversity. They support an estimated 50% of all plant and animal species on Earth, despite only covering approximately 6% of the planet's surface. Their unique climatic conditions and stable environment provide habitats for countless species. The rainforests are home to iconic animals like jaguars, toucans, monkeys, sloths, and countless insect species. They also harbor a remarkable diversity of plant life, including orchids, bromeliads, and the towering canopy trees.Importance of Tropical Rainforests:Tropical rainforests are vital for the health of the planet and its inhabitants. They play a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate by absorbing massive amounts of carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis. The rainforests also serve as important watersheds, providing clean water for nearby communities and supporting freshwater ecosystems.Furthermore, tropical rainforests are often referred to as the \。

高二英语海洋科学单选题40题1. The ______ of the whale is one of the most amazing spectacles in the ocean.A. migrationB. hibernationC. reproductionD. digestion答案：A。

本题考查海洋生物的行为。

选项A“migration”意思是迁徙，鲸鱼的迁徙是海洋中令人惊叹的景象之一。

选项B“hibernation”指冬眠，鲸鱼通常不冬眠。

选项C“reproduction”是繁殖，虽然鲸鱼繁殖也是重要的生命活动，但不如迁徙具有壮观的景象。

选项D“digestion”是消化，与题干描述的壮观景象不符。

2. Some species of sea turtles can live up to 100 years. The underlined part means ______.A. kindsB. groupsC. numbersD. qualities答案：A。

“species”常见释义为“物种；种类”。

选项A“kinds”有“种类”的意思，符合。

选项B“groups”是“组；群”。

选项C“numbers”是“数量”。

选项D“qualities”是“质量；品质”。

3. The color of the octopus can change to blend in with its ______.A. environmentB. companionC. predatorD. competitor答案：A。

本题考查海洋生物的生存策略。

“blend in with”表示与......融合。

选项A“environment”环境，章鱼能变色与环境融合。

选项B“companion”同伴。

选项C“predator”捕食者。

选项D“competitor”竞争者。

章鱼变色主要是为了适应环境，而非同伴、捕食者或竞争者。

Seasonal dynamics of ciliated protozoa and their potential foodin an eutrophic estuary (Bay of Biscay)In ~aki Urrutxurtu a ,Emma Orive a,*,Alejandro de la Sota baLaboratory of Ecology,Science Faculty,University of Basque Country,Apdo.644,48080Bilbao,Spain bBilbao Bizkaia Water Consortium,EDAR Galindo,Vega Nueva s/n,48910Sestao,SpainReceived 31October 2002;accepted 10February 2003AbstractCiliate assemblages,together with phytoplankton and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)as their potential food,have beensurveyed monthly along the salinity gradient of the Nervion River estuary from March 2000to March 2002.A total of 135taxa of ciliate have been identified corresponding to 20orders.Scuticociliates,naked choreotrichs and oligotrichs were the most abundant groups,distributed throughout a broad range of salinity.In addition to these groups,which were the dominant taxa in the middle estuary,tintinnids were characteristic of the ciliate assemblages of the outer estuary whereas in the innermost part naked choreotrichs and oligotrichs decreased in number,being substituted by sessilids,hymenostomatids,peniculids and cyrtophorids.Total ciliate concentrations were among the highest reported in the literature for other estuaries and coastal waters,frequently reaching 105cells l ÿ1.Meanwhile,tintinnid concentrations were comparable with those of other estuarine and coastal waters.Based on a principal component analysis (PCA)three main groups were delineated,with ciliates and their potential food sources as variables.One was that constituted by freshwater ciliate such as sessilids,hymenostomatids,cyrtophorids and pleurostomatids,which appear in low numbers in the innermost part,mainly in winter.Another group contained diatoms,chlorophytes,flagellates,euplotids and scuticociliates,all of them broadly distributed along the estuary and reaching their maximum density in late spring–summer.The third group was made up of taxa mainly appearing at the seaward end such as dinoflagellates,cyanobacteria,haptorids,tintinnids,naked choreotrichs and oligotrichs,which reached the highest densities in summer and early autumn.Ciliatesdo not seem to be food limited in the Nervion River estuary or much controlled by metazoan grazing.Ó2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:ciliates;distribution;seasonal dynamics;potential food;Nervion River estuary;Bay of Biscay 1.IntroductionCiliates are a major component of the pelagic foodwebs in freshwater and marine systems where they play an important role in the transfer of carbon from the picoplankton and nanoplankton to the metazoans (Hadas et al.,1998;Pierce &Turner,1992).The impor-tance of ciliates was initially associated mainly with the microbial loop and corresponding microbial web,but now there is increasing evidence that these protists are also a crucial part of the herbivorous web,consuming awide spectrum of particle sizes from bacteria to large diatoms and dinoflagellates as well as other ciliates.As a consequence,in the past decades,much research effort have been devoted to finding factors affecting ciliate abundance and distribution and their trophic behaviour in different environments.Among these factors,tem-perature and food availability as well as predator den-sity seems to be of paramount importance as bottom-up and top-down control factors,respectively (Levinsen,Nielsen,&Hansen,2000;Nielsen &Kiorboe,1994;Verity,1985).Selective feeding by both mechanosensory and chemosensory clues has been observed in ciliates.This permits them to select the size and the composition of food particles (Ayo et al.,2001;Bernard &Rassoul-zadegan,1990;Kamiyama &Arima,2001),and exert*Corresponding author.E-mail address:gvporage@lg.ehu.es (E.Orive).Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 57(2003)1169–11820272-7714/03/$-see front matter Ó2003Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/S0272-7714(03)00057-Xa strong influence on the dynamics of the other com-ponents of the microplankton.Estuaries are known to contain higher concentrations of nutrients and organics than most aquatic ecosystems. Although estuaries have generally lower specific di-versity than their adjacent marine or freshwater rela-tives,planktonic euryhaline species both autotrophic and heterotrophic forms may grow in these rich systems to bloom proportions when unchecked by other control-ling factors(Cloern,2001).The Nervio n River is a nutrient rich estuary,that receives large amounts of dissolved and particulate organic matter from the catchment basin and from a wastewater treatment plant(WTP).Recently,the water quality has experienced a remarkable improvement lead-ing to increased water transparency that has permitted the development and growth of the phytoplankton. Meanwhile,the estuary presents features of eutrophic waters with high levels of ammonia and low oxygen concentration together with high concentrations of bacteria and organics(Bilbao-Biscay Water Consortium, personal communication).On the other hand,recent studies on the sediment have revealed the existence of an impoverished invertebrate fauna,reduced to a few oligochaeta(Gonza lez-Oreja,personal communication). Besides,rotifers,cladocera and copepods,which are major consumers on ciliate,are almost absent from the estuary(Uriarte,personal communication).The aim of this paper was to know the relationships between ciliate distribution and abundance and their potential food sources along the salinity gradient of an eutrophic estuary.It is hypothesised that despite the strong longitudinal changes in salinity within the estuary,other factors such as availability of bacteria and heterotrophic nanoflagellates(HNF),and the size classes distribution of the phytoplankton must also playa major role in the structure of ciliate assemblages.2.Material and methodsThe study was carried out at the Nervio n River estuary,a small estuary(17km long and20–150m wide) draining into the Cantabric Sea in the Bay of Biscay (43 209N,3 009W)(Fig.1).It is entirely channelled, ending in a semi-enclosed embayment,and receives con-siderable amounts of sewage from a waste treatment plant situated in the middle estuary.Surface water samples were collected monthly from March2000to March2002at8stations(Stations1–8)located along the longitudinal axis of the estuary.At each sam-pling site salinity,temperature and dissolvedoxygen Fig.1.Study area in the Cantabrian Sea(Bay of Biscay).Location of sampling stations and WTP.1170I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science57(2003)1169–1182concentration were measured with a WTW LF197salino-meter and a YSI58(5739)oxymeter.For phytoplankton,HNF and ciliate enumeration, samples were preserved in0.1%glutaraldehyde(final concentration)and stored in the dark at4 C.Samples were examined within2weeks of collection,by settling 10–50ml subsamples(depending on the seston content of the water),following the Utermo hl method.For phytoplankton counts,several transects were analysed at400Âmagnifications counting at least100cells of the most abundant taxa.For ciliates,the whole chamber area was examined at100Âor400Âmagnification with a Nikon Diaphot TMD inverted microscope,equipped with phase contrast and bright-field illumination.Live samples were also examined to facilitate species identi-fication as well as to observe ciliate trophic behaviour. Aloricate ciliates were determined to species level,when possible,following Foissner and Berger(1996).Tin-tinnids were identified following Marshall(1969).In the water column,ciliates can be free swimmers or be attached to particles,mainly to organic macroaggregates of detritus,bacteria and HNF,which in this microen-vironment attain higher sizes than their respective free forms(Artolozaga et al.,2000).In this study,all ciliates encountered in the water samples have been considered as pelagic,despite some of them having been reported as benthic in the literature.Autotrophic and HNF as well as cyanobacteria were observed and enumerated at1000Âmagnification from DAPI-stained samples(Porter&Feig,1980)using a Leica DMRB epifluorescence microscope.Additional water samples(250–1000ml)werefiltered through Whatman GF/Ffilters and kept refrigerated in the dark to quantify chlorophyll a(Chl a)concentration fol-lowing Parsons,Maita,and Lalli(1989).After being extracted in90%acetone for24h,pigments were measured using a Shimadzu UV-160A Spectrophoto-meter.Chl a concentration was estimated by means of the equations of Jeffrey and Humphrey(1975).According to Leakey,Burkill,and Sleigh(1994), samplesfixed with glutaraldehyde(1%final concentra-tion)lost31%of the total ciliate community and45% of the aloricate ciliates compared with samples pre-served in0.4%final concentration of acid Lugol’s iodine paring with5%Bouin’s solution Leakey et al.(1994)observed losses of about16%for the total community and23%for aloricate ciliates.To know the effect of the differentfixatives on the abundance of ciliate population,in this study the samples taken from May2000to September2000at all stations werefixed in parallel with both glutaraldehyde and5%final concen-tration of Bouin’s solution.On the other hand,between March2001and March2002samples were also pre-served in glutaraldehyde as well as in2%acid Lugol’s iodine solution.No significant differences were observed in ciliate abundance betweenfixatives(ANOVA,p>0:05)which agrees with Pitta,Giannakourou,and Christaki(2001)who obtained similar results when com-paring water samplesfixed with both formaldehyde and acid Lugol’s iodine solution.Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS7.5.1 statistical package.Cell concentrations were logðxþ1Þtransformed prior to the principal component analysis (PCA).3.Results3.1.Environmental conditionsSurface water temperature exhibited the typical sea-sonal pattern of warm temperate waters,with maximum values up to22 C in summer and minimum of9 C in winter.Temperature showed higherfluctuations in the inner than in the outer estuary.Surface salinity,measured using the Practical Salinity Scale,ranged from0.2to34.8depending on the river flow conditions,and reflected well the residence time of the water,much longer in summer.After heavy rains (November2000,April2001and February2002)surface salinity decreased drastically along the entire estuary, but especially in the inner zone where salinity dropped to less than0.5.Generally,a polyhaline water mass (>30)of marine origin,penetrated in the estuary through the river bed,creating a marked halocline in the inner estuary.Chl a concentration varied from0.11l g lÿ1in Decem-ber2001to22.55l g lÿ1in September2001.The higher concentrations were observed during late spring–sum-mer in the inner estuary,coinciding with water tempera-tures above18 C.Dissolved oxygen concentration remained relatively high from November to May,decreasing drastically in June,mainly in the middle estuary,where it remained at low levels during all the summer.Values below 1.5mg lÿ1were registered in this zone during summer, although this seasonal decrease was less marked the second year.3.2.Total ciliate abundance and distributionCiliate abundance ranged from100cells lÿ1in Octo-ber2000at Station7to5.4Â105cells lÿ1in June2000at Station4.In this study,we observed noticeable differ-ences in ciliate abundance between the two seasonal cycles.During both years,the highest densities(above 105cells lÿ1)were registered in late spring–summer, although thefirst year ciliate abundance was more than two-fold higher and more evenly distributed along the estuary than the second year.Ciliate abundancefluctuated markedly on a seasonal as well as on a spatial scale.Cell concentrations were1171I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science57(2003)1169–1182relatively low from autumn to early spring,blooming in late spring and maintaining or increasing their density in summer.The highest concentrations appeared at Station 4,in the middle estuary,and decreased to the inner and outer parts of the estuary.3.3.Ciliate community structureDuring the study period,a total of135taxa were identified,most of them to species level,and assigned to 20orders according to Small and Lynn(1985):Hetero-trichida,Armophorida,Choreotrichida,Oligotrichida, Stichotrichida,Prostomatida,Prorodontida,Haptorida, Pleurostomatida,Pharyngophorida,Cyrtophorida,Exo-genida,Endogenida,Evaginogenida,Microthoracida, Peniculida,Euplotida,Hymenostomatida,Scuticocilia-tida,Sessilida and Plagiopylida(Table1).The order Choreotrichida was further divided into two subgroups: tintinnids and naked choreotrichs.Scuticociliates,oligotrichs and naked choreotrichs dominated the community in terms of number.These groups were present all around the estuary and through-out the sampling period,contributing about95%to total ciliate abundance.Fig.2shows the average ciliate abundance and the percentage contribution of the most abundant taxa along the estuary.In the outer estuary(Stations1and2), the polyhaline conditions(>30)favoured the presenceTable1List of ciliate taxa found in the Nervio n River estuary from March2000to March2002Ciliate taxaAcineria incurvata Holosticha pullaster Stichotricha aculetaAcineta tuberosa Laboea strobila Strombidinopsis acuminatum Amphileptus procerus Lacrymaria coronata Strombidinopsis elongata Askenasia volvox Leegaardiella sp.Strombidinopsis minima Aspidisca cicada Lembadion lucens Strombidium conicum Aspidisca lynceus Litonotus alpestris Strombidium cornucopidae Aspidisca fusca Litonotus cygnus Strombidium virideAspidisca steini Litonotus lamella Strombilidium caudatum Astylozoon fallax Lohmaniella spiralis Strombilidium conicum Balanion sp.Loxophyllum helus Strombilidium elegans Blepharisma sp.Mesodinium pulex Strombilidium minimum Caenomorpha sp.Metacineta sp.Stylonychia mytilus complex Carchesium polypinum Metacylis jo¨rgensenii Stylonychia pustulata Chaetospira sp.Metopus contortus Tachysoma pellionellum Cinetochilum margaricetum Monodinium balbiani Tetrahymena pyriformis complex Cinetochilum marinum Myrionecta rubra Tiarina fususCodonella elongata Opercularia articulata Tintinnopsis balticaColeps hirtus Opercularia coarctata Tintinnopsis beroidea Cothurnia sp.Oxytricha hymenostoma Tintinnopsis campanula Cyclidium glaucoma Paramecium caudatum Tintinnopsis cylindrica Cyrtostrombidium sp.Paramecium putrinum Tintinnopsis levigata Dadayiella ganymedes Paramecium trichium Tintinnopsis parvaDictyocysta elegans Phascolodon vorticella Tokophrya infusionum Didinium gargantua Placus luciae Tontonia appendiculariformis Diophrys appendiculata Plagiopyla sp.Tontonia gracillima Discocephalus minimus Pleuronema coronatum Trachellophyllum apiculatum Drepanomonas sp.Podophrya sp.Trichophrya sp.Dysteria sp.Prodiscophrya sp.Trithigmostoma cucullulus Epistylis chrysemydis Proplectella claparedei Trithigmostoma steiniEpistylis coronata Proplectella parva Urocentrum turboEpistylis hentscheli Prorodon ellipticus Uroleptus lacteusEuplotes spp.Prorodon marinus Uronema nigricansEutintinnus latus Prorodon niveus Uronychia transfugaFavella ehrenbergii Pseudochilodonopsisfluviatilis Urotricha agilisFavella serrata Pseudovorticella monilata Urotricha armataFrontonia acuminata Salpingella decurtata Urotricha globosaFrontonia atra Spathidium sp.Vaginicola ingenitaGlaucoma scintillans Spaherophrya magna Vorticella aquadulcis complex Halteria sp.Spirostomum minus Vorticella campanula Helicostomella subulata Spirostomum teres Vorticella convallaria complex Heliophrya rotunda Steenstrupiella steenstrupii Vorticella infusionum complex Holophrya discolor Stenosemella nivalis Vorticella microstoma complex Holophrya ovum Stenosemella ventricosa Vorticella octavaHolosticha kessleri Stentor niger Vorticella pictaHolosticha monilata Stentor roeselii Zoothamnium procerius1172I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science57(2003)1169–1182of large tintinnids (commonly Tintinnopsis spp.)andhaptorid ciliates (Mesodinium spp.).However,these two groups only contributed between 2.4and 4.5%to total ciliate community in this area,whereas Scuticociliates of the genera Uronema and Cyclidium ,small oligotrichs of the genus Strombilidium and naked choreotrichs of the genus Strombidium were the most abundant taxa.In the middle estuary (Stations 3–5),where the high-est average ciliate abundance was registered,the commu-nity was almost exclusively dominated by scuticociliates,small oligotrichs and naked choreotrichs.Euplotids,although to a much lesser extent in terms of number,were also a noticeable component of the ciliate commu-nity in this area.The lowest ciliate abundance was found in the inner estuary (especially in Stations 7and 8),where Scutico-ciliatida was also the most important group.However,in contrast to the other estuarine segments,oligotrichs and naked choreotrichs decreased in importance,being substituted,among others,by sessilids which appeared in this estuarine segment in noticeable concentrations,comprising up to 22%of the total community at Sta-tion 8.Besides,large species belonging to the orders Hymenostomatida such as Glaucoma scintillans and Tetrahymena pyriformis complex,Peniculida with Para-mecium spp.and Cyrtophorida with Dysteria spp.and Trithigmostoma spp.,were restricted to this area.In Fig.3the percentage abundance of the main ciliate groups as well as the total ciliate abundance have beenrepresented for each sampling station during the two years cycle.Scuticociliates,oligotrichs and naked chor-eotrichs dominated the seaward end (Stations 1,2and 3).A peak of abundance was registered in July 2000due to these three groups with a minor peak in summer 2001.The relative importance of other groups,such as tintinnids,sessilids,haptorids,prorodontids and euplo-tids were only evident during the periods of low cili-ate abundance.The importance of tintinnids decreased from Station 1to 3,the latter being the limit of the distribution of this group within the estuary.Scuticociliates,oligotrichs and naked choreotrichs also dominated in the middle estuary during the peaks of ciliate abundance.Other groups,such as sessilids,euplotids,prorodontids and pleurostomatids increased their relative importance during the minima of ciliate.Peaks of abundance were recorded in summer and the highest ciliate abundance of the whole estuary was mea-sured at Station 4.Ciliate abundance decreased towards the inner estuary (Stations 6,7and 8).Although scuticociliates,oligotrichs and naked choreotrichs were the most abundant taxa,the presence of other groups was more relevant than in the previous stations.3.4.Seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of selected ciliate groupsFig.4shows the spatial and temporal distribution of the dominant ciliate groups in the estuary.DuringtheFig.2.Percentage spatial contribution of the most important ciliate taxa from March 2000to March 2002,in the Nervion River estuary.1173I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 57(2003)1169–1182sampling period,20species of Tintinnina were foundin the Nervion River estuary.Tintinnid ciliates showed a seaward distribution,being restricted to the outer part (Stations 1–3),where salinity was generally above 25.Their highest densities were observed in July of both years and in September and October 2000and 2001,respectively (Fig.4A ),the latter with 7.4Â103cells l ÿ1.Despite appearing mainly in summer,some species of the genus Stenosemella such as S.nivalis and S.ventricosa appeared in winter,with temperatures below 13 C.The agglutinated genus Tintinnopsis was the most common and diverse,with T.baltica ,T.beroidea,Fig.3.Percentage seasonal contribution of ciliate taxa and total ciliate abundance (103cells l ÿ1)in each sampling station.Note the different scale of ciliate abundance between stations.Note also the difference in the temporal scale of Station 1,which lacks 6months data.1174I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 57(2003)1169–1182T.campanula ,T.cylindrica ,T.levigata ,T.parva and Tintinnopsis sp.T.beroidea was the most abundant tintinnid,accounting for up to 75%of the total tintinnid abundance.Hyaline species such as Favella ehrenbergii ,Helicostomella subulata or Eutintinnus latus were only observed in low densities.Oligotrichs and aloricate choreotrichous ciliates were present throughout the sampling period but they bloomed in summer,with densities close to 1.2Â105cells l ÿ1(Fig.4B ).The group was dominated by small sized taxa (<40l m)such as Strombidium sp.,S.conicum and Strombilidium elegans .Large speciessuchFig.3(continued )1175I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 57(2003)1169–1182as Strombidinopsis acuminatum and Strombidinopsis elongata were commonly observed in the outer estuary,but always in low concentrations.Mixotrophic spe-cies,represented by Laboea strobila ,Strombidium viride ,Tontonia apendiculariformis and Tontonia gracillima were rather scarce.Scuticociliatida was the most abundant group in theNervion River estuary,reaching 4.9Â105cells l ÿ1in June 2001at Station 4.This group was characterised by small sized ciliates like Cyclidium glaucoma and Uronema nigricans ,which were the most abundant species.Scuti-cociliates were present throughout the sampling period along the entire estuary.They showed a strong sea-sonal variability,predominating in the middle estuary (Stations 2–5)and reaching their maxima in summer (Fig.4C ),when water temperature exceeded 18 C.Euplotids only reached relatively high concentrations (3.6Â103cells l ÿ1)in September 2000and August 2001(Fig.4D ),coinciding with elevated water temperature (>20 C)and salinity (>24)in the middle estuary (Stations 4and 5).Euplotes spp.,Aspidisca cicada and Aspidisca lynceus were the dominant taxa.Sessilids were mainly observed in the inner estuary (Fig.4E ),although they extended to the outer part dur-ing the rain pulses of April 2000and November 2001.Vorticella was the most abundant and common genus with V.aquadulcis complex,V.campanula ,V.convallaria complex,V.infusionum complex,V.microstoma com-plex,V.octava and V.picta ,although species of Epistylis and Opercularia such as E.chrysemydis ,E.coronata ,E.hentscheli ,O.articulata and O.coarctata were also present although in lower concentrations.Hymenostomatids,peniculids and cyrtophorids showed a similar distribution pattern.They were res-tricted to the inner part of the estuary (Stations 7and 8),and showed the highest densities in February and December 2001,when water temperatures were 11.5 C and between 6and 6.4 C,respectively (Fig.4F ).Maximum densities of these groups were observed in February 2001with 2.7Â103cells l ÿ1for hymenostoma-tids and 3.8Â103cells l ÿ1for cyrtophorids.Other ciliate groups were not so abundant,their den-sities being normally below 5Â102cells l ÿ1.Among them,haptorids,represented mainly by Askenasia volvox and Mesodinium pulex ,appeared in summer in the outer estuary (Stations 1–3).The autotrophic species Myrionecta rubra (formerly Mesodinium rubrum )was very rare.Prostomatids and prorodontids did not show any clear spatial or temporal trends along the estuary during the sampling period,Balanion sp.and Urotricha spp.being the most common organisms.Pleurostoma-tids with Litonotus spp.and Acineria spp.,stichotrichs with Holosticha spp.,heterotrichs with Stentor spp.and armophorids with Caenomorpha sp.and Metopussp.Fig.4.Seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of the most important ciliate groups in the Nervion River estuary from March 2000to March 2002.Abundance (103cells l ÿ1)of (A)Tintinnina,(B)Oligotrichida and naked choreotrichida,(C)Scuticociliatida,(D)Euplotida,(E)Sessilida and (F)Hymenostomatida and Cyrtophorida.1176I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science 57(2003)1169–1182as the main representatives,were related to freshwater and restricted to the inner part of the estuary.Among suctorids,the endogenid Acineta tuberosa was the most common species.This group appeared mainly in the middle and inner estuary,always in low concentrations. Drepanomonas sp.was the only microthoracid ciliate present in the Nervio n River estuary.It was restricted to the inner part and appeared in winter.Plagiopylida was the less common ciliate group,with only one taxa (Plagyopila sp.)that appeared only once throughout the sampling period at Station4.3.5.Abundance and distribution of potential food sources for ciliateIn addition to bacteria,ciliates may consume phytoplankton,HNF as well as other ciliates.Among phytoplankton,the following groups have been de-lineated during the two years survey in the Nervio n River estuary:dinoflagellates,cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus,diatoms,green algae and autotro-phicflagellates.HNF have also been evaluated.All these groups showed a clear seasonal dynamic,peaking in late spring–summer.Dinoflagellates and Synechococcus were restricted to the outer estuary(Stations1–3),denoting their marine origin.The former reached their maximum densities (3.3Â106cells lÿ1)in late summer(Fig.5A),Prorocen-trum minimum,with2.8Â106cells lÿ1,being the most abundant species.The genus Heterocapsa,with H. Pygmaea,was also abundant.The most abundant dinoflagellates were small sized species.In live samples, the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina was observed in great numbers in the middle estuary.The cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus was the most abundant group in terms of number,reaching values up to2Â107cells lÿ1in August2001(Fig.5B).Dinoflagel-lates and cyanobacteria only penetrated up the estuary in September2000and August2001,coinciding with a deep intrusion of marine water.Green algae were mainly from freshwater origin and showed a clear seasonal distribution,reaching the highest cell concentrations also in late spring–summer (Fig.5C).Higher densities,above5Â105cells lÿ1,were recorded in the inner part(Stations6–8).Various Ankistrodermus and Scenedesmus species were the more abundant taxa.Diatoms formed one of the most important groups in the Nervio n River estuary.They were present through-out the entire sampling period being widely distributed along the estuary due to the high concentrations reached by freshwater species,mainly Thalassiosira weissflogii and Cyclotella meneghiniana and marine species,among which Pseudo-nitzschia seriata and Skeletonema costa-tum were the most abundant and recurrent species(Fig. 5D).The latter was the most abundant diatomduring Fig.5.Seasonal and spatial distribution of the phytoplankton assemblages in the Nervio n River estuary during the sampling period.Abundance (104cells lÿ1)of(A)dinoflagellates,(B)Synechococcus sp.,(C)diatoms,(D)green algae,(E)autotrophicflagellates and(F)heterotrophicflagellates.1177I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science57(2003)1169–1182the sampling period,reaching values above4Â106 cells lÿ1in July and August2001.Also widely distributed along the estuary were small flagellates,both autotrophic and heterotrophic forms. Autotrophic nanoflagellates(ANF)reached the highest densities in summer,and were more abundant in the middle and outer estuary(Fig.5E),with concentrations above3Â106cells lÿ1.HNF were more abundant than autotrophic forms and,in contrast with these,their highest concentrations were recorded in the inner and middle estuary(Fig.5F). Maximum cell concentrations of this group were close to 107cells lÿ1.Dominantflagellates were the prasinophyte Nephroselmis minuta and the cryptophytes Teleaulax acuta and Hemiselmis sp.The raphidophyte Hetero-sigma akashiwo was found in the middle estuary in bloom proportions in June2000.This species was ob-served in other occasions although in lower numbers.4.Discussion4.1.The study areaPeculiar features of the Nervio n River estuary,which might affect the pelagic communities directly as well as indirectly throughout their affect on benthic communi-ties,are that it lacks intertidal shallows,being entirely channelled,and that it receives the effluent of a domestic WTP,which drains in the middle estuary,near Station4.As a consequence,the estuary is eutrophic and ex-periences episodic events of hypoxia or even anoxia in summer(Uriarte,personal communication),resulting in an impoverished benthic invertebrate fauna(Gonza lez-Oreja,personal communication).This author observed that the macrozoobenthos,which was dominated by Oligochaeta,reached relatively high concentrations only in the outer estuary,with densities up to1.1Â104indi-viduals mÿ2.In the middle and inner estuary macro-zoobenthos density ranged between total absence and 80individuals mÿ2.In these conditions,it is presumed that the pelagic webs are the main trophic pathways in the estuary and remain unchecked by benthicfilter-feeders for most of its length.4.2.Ciliate community structure and distributionScuticociliates,oligotrichs and choreotrichs were the dominant taxa in the estuary and were characterised by small sized taxa(<40l m)all along the rger taxa were more frequent in the outer estuary but in low numbers.The dominance of scuticociliates,oligotrichs and choreotrichs seems to be a common feature in estuaries and coastal waters(Dolan,1991;Laybourn-Parry,Rogerson,&Crawford,1992;Muylaert,Van Mieghem,Sabbe,Tackx,&Vyverman,2000;Sherr& Sherr,1987)as well as in freshwater systems(Hadas and Berman,1998).Small aloricate ciliates<20l m were also dominant in a nearby coastal area of the southern Bay of Biscay,contributing about63%to total ciliate abundance(Quevedo&Anado n,2000).The size of the ciliate assemblages has been related to the trophic status of the water,with small forms,mainly bacterivorous, dominating in eutrophic conditions whereas large bodied forms,mainly phytophagous,are characteristic of oligotrophic waters(Beaver and Crisman,1982).The dominance of small sized ciliates denotes the eutrophic condition of the Nervio n River estuary,especially in the middle part.During the survey,20species of tintinnids were identified in the outer estuary.In agreement with the typical estuarine pattern,tintinnids were more abundant at the seaward,although Dolan&Gallegos(2001) found,in contrast with this trend,a maximum of tintinnids abundance and diversity in the mesohaline (14–17)part of the Chesapeake Bay.Tintinnid species richness was comparable to that found in other coastal waters(Dolan et al.,2001;Kamiyama&Tsujino,1996).Meanwhile,tintinnid abundance in the Nervio n River estuary compares well with other data reported for estuarine and coastal waters(Kamiyama&Tsujino, 1996;Pierce&Turner,1994).The latter authors ob-served that the abundance of many tintinnids were as-sociated with temperature,the<20l m size fraction of chl a and the water column stability.Pierce and Turner (1994)also found that temperature seems to exert a major influence on species succession around the year although temperature does not appear to directly cor-relate with total tintinnids abundance.In the present study,tintinnids appeared in the estuary during the warmer period,although a direct relationship with temperature cannot be established from this parallelism.The ciliate concentrations registered in the Nervio n River estuary are among the highest reported in the literature for other estuaries and coastal waters(Dolan &Coats,1990;Pierce&Turner,1992;Sime-Ngando, Gosselin,Roy,&Chanut,1995;Vincent&Hartmann, Table2Ciliate population densities(cells lÿ1)at different locationsLocationCiliate density(cells lÿ1)ReferenceFlorida(hypereutrophicpond)Max.214000Beaver and Crisman(1982)Limfjorden1000–160000Andersen and Sorensen(1986)Chesapeake Bay3000–23000Dolan and Coats(1990) Priest pot3700–52000Berninger,Wickham,and Finlay(1993)Lake Kinneret3000–47000Hadas and Berman(1998) Furuike pond22000–3500000Nakano et al.(1998) Schelde estuary Max.450000Muylaert et al.(2000) Nervio n Riverestuary100–537000This study1178I.Urrutxurtu et al./Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science57(2003)1169–1182。

Nature is a treasure trove of beauty and wonder,and it is our responsibility to respect and cherish it.From the towering mountains to the vast oceans,from the lush forests to the serene deserts,the natural world offers a myriad of breathtaking sights that inspire awe and admiration.One of the most striking aspects of natures beauty is its diversity.Each ecosystem is unique,teeming with a variety of flora and fauna that have adapted to their specific environments.For example,the tropical rainforests are home to countless species of plants and animals,many of which are found nowhere else on Earth.Similarly,the Arctic tundra supports a completely different set of organisms,all of which have evolved to survive in the harsh,cold conditions.Another aspect of natures beauty is its ability to change and adapt over time.Seasons bring about a constant cycle of growth,decay,and renewal.In spring,flowers bloom and trees sprout new leaves,painting the landscape with vibrant colors.In autumn,the leaves turn golden and red,creating a picturesque scene that is both melancholic and beautiful. Winter blankets the earth in a layer of pristine snow,while summer brings warmth and life to the world.Moreover,natures beauty is not just visual it can also be experienced through sound, smell,and touch.The soothing sound of a babbling brook,the fresh scent of a pine forest, or the sensation of cool ocean waves on ones skin all contribute to the sensory richness of the natural world.However,it is crucial that we respect and preserve this beauty,as it is fragile and can be easily damaged by human activities.Pollution,deforestation,and climate change are just a few of the threats that endanger the delicate balance of ecosystems.By reducing our carbon footprint,conserving resources,and supporting conservation efforts,we can help ensure that future generations will continue to marvel at the splendor of nature.In conclusion,the beauty of nature is a gift that we must appreciate and protect.It is a source of inspiration,solace,and wonder,and it is our duty to treat it with the reverence it deserves.By respecting and preserving the natural world,we can ensure that its beauty will continue to flourish for generations to come.。

松江区2023学年度第二学期模拟考质量监控试卷高三英语（满分140分，完卷时间120分钟）2024.4 考生注意：1．本考试设试卷和答题纸两部分，试卷包括试题与答题要求，所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。

2．答题前，务必在答题纸上填写学校、班级、姓名和考号。

3．答题纸与试卷在试题编号上是一一对应的，答题时应特别注意，不能错位。

Ⅰ．Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1．A．At 8:00. B．At 8:15. C．At 8:30. D．At 8:45.2．A．A professor. B．A coach. C．An engineer. D．A nurse.3．A．In a restaurant. B．In a hairdres ser’s.C．At a cinema. D．At a tailor’s. 4．A．Ways to visit a university. B．Two student tour guides.C．A tour of Fudan University. D．The campus of Fudan University.5．A．They did not make it there finally.B．They were not well received there.C．They experienced something unpleasant on the way.D．They had a wonderful time before they arrived there.6．A．Excited. B．Interested. C．Confused. D．Annoyed. 7．A．Practice the presentation in front of him. B．Watch how he makes a presentation. C．Reduce the time spent in practicing. D．Find out who her audience will be.8．A．She is always absent-minded. B．She forgot to tell the man about it.C．She is unclear about Sophie’s plan.D．She slipped in the neighboring town. 9．A．Because it took him much time to go to work.B．Because he had to save money for his journey.C．Because the job arranged many business journeys.D．Because he considered it unlucky to have that job.10．A．Buy a new printer with less noise. B．Ask the man to borrow a printer.C．Read a book on how to fix the printer. D．Get someone to repair the printer.Section BDirections: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.11．A．How encores came into existence. B．How bands perform encores properly.C．Why audiences used to need encores. D．Why encores are part of a performance. 12．A．The 17th century. B．The 18th century. C．The 19th century. D．The 20th century. 13．A．French people were more interested in encores than others.B．Bands usually prepare more than two encores for each show.C．Recording technology boosted audiences’ needs for encores.D．Musicians can get recharged during the break before encores.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14．A．Because of the rule for the class. B．Because of the course materials.C．Because the speaker changed his topics. D．Because the speaker disliked technology. 15．A．The students do not assess the speaker’s class fairly.B．The students are satisfied with the class environment.C．The speaker did not favor leaving technology at the door.D．The speaker were worried about students’ evaluation on him.16．A．It will stop students getting on well together.B．It may help students better understand themes.C．It will improve teaching effect by giving students more help.D．It may distract students from digging deep within themselves.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17．A．Doctor and patient. B．Salesman and customer.C．Teacher and student. D．Employer and employee.18．A．Fishing industry. B．Statistics. C．Computer modeling. D．Note-taking. 19．A．She is good at making model computers. B．She has decided on the title of the essay. C．She is uninterested in coping with statistics. D．She has always been weak at note-taking. 20．A．Learn to take notes immediately. B．Find out possible strategies alone.C．Read for more useful information. D．Work on her weaknesses by herself. Ⅱ．Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Remote Work Slows Senior Housing Market RecoveryWith the rise of remote work, the market for senior housing has met with problems in its recovery. Only a few old people choose to live in senior-living communities （21）______the growing senior population and the cancelation of COVID-19 restrictions once making family visits difficult.（22）______ this trend suggests is that people’s shift to remote work contributes to the slow rebound of the senior housing market. That is, remote work is keeping many older Americans from moving into senior-living communities once warmly （23）______（welcome）.When more adults began working remotely during the pandemic（流行病）, they were able to check in on aging parents easily —they （24）______ take care of their parents’ issues on short notice.Experts have been analyzing the phenomenon in different ways. Some found that the greater flexibility to care for parents （25）______（mean）people’s delay in sending aged parents to expensive senior-housing accommodations. Therefore, markets with high levels of people working from home usually have lower senior-housing occupancy rates. Others said remote work might have some effect but also pointed to different factors. For instance, many seniors think that their family wallets are getting thinner, making some of them reluctant （26）______（send）to senior-living communities.The age at which people enter senior housing is also increasing, （27）______serves as another sign that shows people are choosing to delay transitioning. The rising cost of senior living weighs heavily on that decision. The CPI （consumer-price index）for nursing homes and adult day services rose 4.5% last May compared with （28）______in May, 2022.Still, many senior-housing operators are optimistic. When （29）______（illustrate）their point, they showed an increase in the number of people turning 80 years old over the following years and the actual wealth they have collected. Moreover, they find remote work arrangements are decreasing in some parts of the country, （30）______ employees there have seen their lowered productivity while working from home.Section BDirections: After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.A．accompanied B．allowed C．feasibly D．fueled E．intensity F．option G．prompting H．routine I．surgically J．underlying K．variedBrain Signals for Lasting PainBrain signals that reveal how much pain a person is in have been discovered by scientists who say the work is a step towards new treatments for people living with lasting pain.It is the first time researchers have decoded the brain activity 31 patients’ lasting pain. That has raised the hope that brain stimulation treatment alre ady used for Parkinson’s and major depression can help those running out of any other 32 . “We’ve learned that lasting pain can be tracked and predicted in the real world,” said Prasad Shirvalkar, lead researcher on the project at the University of California.Lasting pain affects nearly 28 million adults in the UK alone, and the causes are 33 . ranging from cancer to back problems. That being the case, lasting pain has 34 a rise in taking powerful painkillers. But nomedical treatments work well for the condition, 35 experts to call for a complete rethink in how health services handle patients with lasting pain.For the latest study, Shirvalkar and his colleagues 36 implanted electrodes（电极）into four patients with lasting pain hard to deal with after the loss of legs. The devices 37 the patients to record activity and collect data in two brain regions—the ACC and the OFC—at the press of one button on a remote handset. Several times a day, the volunteers were asked to complete short surveys on the 38 of pain, meaning how strong the pain was, and then record their brain activity. These scientists, armed with the survey responses and brain recordings, found they could use computers to predict a person’s pa in based on the electrical signals in their OFC. “We found very different brain activity 39 severe pain and have developed an objective biomarker for that kind of pain,” said Shirvalkar. The finding may explain, at least in part, why 40 painkillers are less effective for lasting pain. “The hope is that we can use the information to develop personalized brain stimulation treatment for the most severe forms of pain.”Ⅲ．Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.The way of recording things has never ceased to develop. In the 1980s, as sales of video recorders went up, old 8mm home movies were gradually replaced by VHS （video home system）tapes. Later, video tapes of family holidays lost their appeal and the use of DVDs 41 . Those, too, have had their day. Even those holding their childhood memories in digital files on their laptops now know these files face the risk of 42 .Digitising historical documents brings huge benefits—files can be 43 and distributed, reducing the risk of their entire loss through physical damage caused by fire or flooding. And developing digital versions reduces44 on the original items. The International Dunhuang Project, 45 , has digitised items like manuscripts（手稿）from the Mogao caves in China, enabling scholars from around the world to access records easily without touching the real items.But the news that the Ministry of Justice of the UK is proposing to scan the 110 million people’s wills it holds and then destroy a handful of 46 after 25 years has shocked historians. The ministry cites this as a way of providing easier access for researchers. But that only justifies digitisation, not the 47 of the paper copies. The officials note the change will be economically efficient （saving around £4.5m a year）while keeping all the essential information.Scholars 48 . Most significantly, physical records can themselves carry important information — the kind of ink or paper used may be part of the history that historians are 49 . and error s are often made in scanning. Besides, digital copies are arguably more 50 than the material items, just in different ways. The attack from the Internet on the British Library last October has prevented scholars from 51 digitised materials it holds: imagine if researchers could not return to the originals. Some even think digitised information can easily be lost within decades no matter what 52 are put in place.The government says that it will save the original wills of “famous people for historic record”, such as that of Princess Diana’s. However, assuming that we know who will 53 to future generations is extraordinarilyproud. Mary Seacole, a pioneering nurse who now appears on the national school course in the UK, was largely54 for almost a century.The digitisation of old documents is a valuable, even essential measure. But to destroy the originals once they have been scanned, is not a matter of great 55 , but of huge damage.41．A．paused B．boomed C．recovered D．disappeared 42．A．getting outdated B．coming into style C．being fined D．making an error 43．A．deleted B．named C．copied D．altered 44．A．fight or flight B．life or death C．wear and tear D．awe and wonder 45．A．unfortunately B．additionally C．in summary D．for example 46．A．the originals B．the essentials C．the visualised D．the digitised 47．A．preservation B．classification C．publication D．destruction 48．A．applaud B．disagree C．discriminate D．withdraw 49．A．revising B．abandoning C．uncovering D．enduring 50．A．meaningful B．favourable C．resistant D．delicate 51．A．inventing B．adjusting C．accessing D．damaging 52．A．outcomes B．safeguards C．deadlines D．byproducts 53．A．matter B．respond C．lose D．live 54．A．spared B．discussed C．forgotten D．protected 55．A．sacrifice B．courage C．efficiency D．admirationSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.（A）Charles Robert Darwin was born on 12 February 1809 in Shropshire, England. Darwin’s childhood passion was science, and his interest in chemistry, however, was clear; he was even nicknamed ‘Gas’ by his classmates.In 1825, his father sent him to study medicine at Edinburgh University, where he learned how to classify plants. Darwin became passionate about natural history and this became his focus while he studied at Cambridge. Darwin went on a voyage together with Robert Fitzroy, the captain of HMS Beagle, to South America to facilitate British trade in Patagonia. The journey was life-changing. Darwin spent much of the trip on land collecting samples of plants, animals and rocks, which helped him to develop an understanding of the processes that shape the Earth’s surface. Darwin’s analysis of the plants and animals that he gathered led him to express doubts on former explanations about how species formed and evolved over time.Darwin’s work convinced him that natural selection was key to understanding the development of the natural world. The theory of natural selection says that individuals of a species are more likely to survive when they inherit （经遗传获得）characteristics best suited for that specific environment. These features then become more widespread and can lead eventually to the development of a new species. With natural selection, Darwin argued how a wide variety of life forms developed over time from a single common ancestor.Darwin married his cousin, Emma Wedgwood, in 1839. When Darwin’s eldest daughter, Annie, died from a sudden illness in 1851, he lost his belief in God. His tenth and final child, Charles Waring Darwin, was born in 1856．Significantly for Darwin, this baby was disabled, altering how Darwin thought about the human species. Darwin had previously thought that species remained adapted until the environment changed; he now believed that every new variation was imperfect and that a struggle to survive was what drove species to adapt.Though rejected at the beginning, Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection is nowadays well acc epted by the scientific community as the best evidence-based explanation for the diversity and complexity of life on Earth. The Natural History Museum’s library alone has 478 editions of his On the Origin of Species in 38 languages.56．What made Darwin reconsider the origin and development of species?A．Examining plants and animals collected.B．His desire for a voyage to different continents.C．Classifying samples in a journey to South America.D．His passion for natural history at Edinburgh University.57．We can learn from paragraphs 1 to 3 that Darwin ______.A．used natural selection to develop new speciesB．enjoyed being called nicknames related to scienceC．learned some knowledge about plants when studying medicineD．argued with others over the diversity of life forms for a long period58．Which of the following changed Darwin’s view on the human species?A．That he had ten children in all. B．His youngest son’s being disabled.C．That he lost his eldest daughter. D．His marriage with Emma Wedgwood.59．This passage is mainly about ______.A．Darwin’s passion for medical science B．Darwin’s theory and experimentsC．Charles Darwin’s changing interest D．Charles Darwin’s life and work（B）Welcome to Muir Woods! This rare ancient forest is a kingdom of coast redwoods, many over 600 years old. How to get here?People using personal vehicles must have reservations before arriving at the park. （Details at.）Muir Woods National Monument is open daily, 8 a. m. to sunset. Stop by Visitor Center to get trails（路线）and program information, and to take in exhibits.What’s your path?Enjoy a walk on the paved Redwood Creek Trail （also called Main Trail）. Choose short, medium, or long loops（环线）. Other trails go deep into Muir Woods and Mount Tamalpais State Park.（Refer to the map of Muir Woods on the right for details.）Ready to explore more?Muir Woods is part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which includes Marin Headlands, Alcatraz, the Presidio, and Ocean Beach. Download the app at /goga.Stay safe and protect your park.Wi-Fi and cell service are not available. ·Watch for poisonous plants and falling branches. ·Do not feed or disturb animals. ·Fishing is prohibited in the park. ·Do not mark or remove trees, flowers, or other natural features. ·Go to the park website for more safety tips and regulations.AccessibilityWe make a great effort to make facilities, services, and programs accessible to all. For information, go to Visitor Center, ask a ranger, call, or check our website.More InformationMuir Woods National Monument /muwo Mill Valley, CA 94941-269660．Muir Woods will probably attract ______.①redwood lovers ②hunting lovers ③fishing lovers ④hiking loversA．①②B．③④C．①④D．②③61．What can be learned from the passage?A．Muir woods is surrounded by highland and ocean beaches.B．Visitors can read electronic maps using Wi-Fi in Muir Woods.C．Visitors are advised to call Visitor Center for safety tips and regulations.D．Reservations should be made if visitors drive private cars to Muir Woods.62．According to the map of Muir Woods, ______.A．Bridge 4 is the farthest from the parking lots of all bridgesB．Mill Valley is located on the southwest side of Muir BeachC．Bootjack Trail can lead one to Visitor Center from Bridge 3D．food and gifts can be bought on various sites in Muir Woods（C）Precognitive dreams are dreams that seemingly predict the future which cannot be inferred from actually available information. Former US President Abraham Lincoln once revealed the frightening dream to his law partner and friend Ward Hill Lamon, “…Then I heard people weep… ‘Who is dead in the White House?’ I demanded. ‘The President,’ ‘he was killed!’…” The killing did happen later.Christopher French, Professor in the Department of Psychology at Goldsmiths, stated the most likely explanation for such a phenomenon was coincidence（巧合）. “In addition to pure coincidences we must also consider the unreliability of memory”, he added. Asked what criteria would have to be met for him to accept that precognitive dreams were a reality, he said, “The primary problem with tests of the claim is that the subjects are unable to tell when the event（s）they’ve dreamed about will happen.”However, some claimed to make such tests practicable. Professor Caroline Watt at the University of Edinburgh, has conducted studies into precognitive dreaming. She stated that knowing future through dreams challenged the basic assumption of science — causality （relationship of cause and effect）.Dick Bierman, a retired physicist and psychologist, who has worked at the Universities of Amsterdam, Utrecht and Groningen, has put forward a theory that may explain precognitive dreams. It is based on the fact that when scientists use certain mathematical descriptions to talk about things like electromagnetism（电磁学）, these descriptions favour the belief that time only moves in one direction. However, in practice the wave that is running backwards in time does exist. This concept is called the time symmetry, meaning that the laws of physics look the same when time runs forward or backward. But he believes that time symmetry breaks down due to external conditions. “The key of the theory is that it assumes that there is a special context that restores th e broken time-symmetry, if the waves running backwards are ‘absorbed’ by a consistent multi-particle（多粒子）system. The brain under a dream state may be such a system where broken time-symmetry is partially restored. This is still not a full explanation for precognitive dreams but it shows where physics might be adjusted to accommodate the phenomenon,” he explains.Although Bierman’s explanation is still based on guesses and has not accepted by mainstream science, Watt does think it is worth considering. For now, believing that it’s possible to predict future with dreams remains an act of faith. Yet, it’s possible that one day we’ll wake up to a true understanding of this fascinating phenomenon. 63．According to French, what makes it difficult to test precognitive dreams?A．Unavailability of people’s dreams.B．That coincidences happen a lot in reality.C．That criteria for dream reliability are not trustworthy.D．People’s inability to tell when dreamt events will happen.64．Believers in precognitive dreams may question the truth of ______.A．the assumption of causality B．the time symmetryC．memories of ordinary people D．modern scientific tests65．We can infer from the passage that ______.A．Lincoln was warned of the killing by his friendB．Watt carried out several experiments on causalityC．researches on electromagnetism are based on the time symmetryD．time’s moving in two directions may justify precognitive dreams66．Which might be the best title of the passage?A．Should Dreams Be Assessed?B．Can Dreams Predict the Future?C．How Can Physics Be Changed to Explain Dreams?D．Why Should Scientists Study Precognitive Dreams?Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need.A．Labeling poses even more of a problem when it comes to kids.B．It can be helpful for those not quite able to understand why they feel the way they do.C．There seems to be a desire to see negative emotions as something requiring intervention or diagnosis. D．Labeling leads to children’s overcoming their addiction to what is posted online.E．Someone has had only a certain experience and judges all behavior with that experience.F．The basic function of a diagnosis is to give you a name for those behaviors once felt unusual.Addiction to LabelingMaybe you’ve noticed it in the comments section of popular social media posts about anxiety. depression or things alike, with a number of people claiming to pick these labels for themselves.These days, labeling is everywhere. （67）______ However, the negative part is that it’s easy for someone to identify with the characteristics without truly recognizing the context in which these characteristics would require diagnosis, according to Charlotte Armitage, a registered integrative psychotherapist and psychologist.If you have done your research and genuinely feel that you have some form of mental health concern, then finally having a name for your behaviors can be great. But the risk is that many people will seek labels and intervention for any behavior, pattern or emotion that is outside of the permanent happy group that society has set as the norm. “（68）______ Then the saying ‘a little bit of knowledge is dangerous’ springs to my mind,” Armitage adds.（69）______“Children are still developing and evolving, and many childhood behavioral features may seem like those of a disorder when there’re other potential explanations for that behavior,” Armitage notes. Ideally, a diagnosis for a child should be carried out by a qualified mental health professional. So it is with an adult.Nevertheless, the most important thing to bear in mind is that diagnosis doesn’t mean to indicate that you are broken or less capable.（70）______ And if you go deeper, it can alert you to the fact that you are not alone, and that many people experience life in the same way as you do.Ⅳ．Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point（s）of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.71．Why Willing to Wait?First it was the fried chicken. Then a variety of fancy milkshakes. No matter what time it is or how bad the streets smell, there are plenty of people waiting in line for hours to get their hands on the food that everyone’s talking about. If you are not the type of person crazy for trendy foods, you probably wonder why someone would like to wait in a long line just to get a taste of a popular cream tea. There is a bit of psychology behind the craze of waiting before getting one’s chopsticks on a trendy food.People are born curiosity hunters, especially for fresh ideas, according to some experts. At the sight of a long waiting line, they just can’t help having a try. And when the trendy foods are novel in looks and favors, even innovative in their sales environment, the desire for them is upgraded. All those stimulate people to investigate more—to deal with their curiosity.In addition, having access to something that is sought out but hard to possess equips people with a feeling that improves their self-definitions. When someone is envied due to something he gained with efforts, his self-worth gets enhanced. Although it is yet to be determined whether the number of likes he receives on the photos of foods he’s posted online is connected with the level of envy from on-lookers, that feeling automatically becomes stronger.Even more, “mob psychology” comes into play: when many people are doing something—waiting in line for the sought-after milkshakes, for instance —others are eager to be part of the group and share such a type of social familiarity, kind of like the natural pursuit of a sense of belonging. Tasting the same wait-worthy food has something in common.Ⅴ．TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.72．大多数中国人喜欢在生日的时候吃碗面。

如何保护海洋生物多样性的措施英语作文How to Protect the Ocean's Amazing CreaturesThe ocean is one of the most incredible places on Earth. It's like a whole other world under the water, filled with animals and plants that are fascinating, colorful, and sometimes downright bizarre-looking! From tiny shrimp to massive whales, the diversity of life in the ocean is mind-boggling.Unfortunately, many ocean creatures are in trouble because of things that humans have done. Pollution, overfishing, and climate change are putting lots of marine species at risk. Some experts estimate that around one million species are threatened with extinction, many of them from the ocean.Losing that much ocean life would be disastrous. The ocean provides food for billions of people. It generates much of the oxygen we breathe. And it helps regulate the planet's climate and weather patterns. Plus, the diversity of ocean life is simply amazing - we'd be losing wondrous corals, sharks, dolphins, and so many other awe-inspiring creatures.Clearly, we need to do everything we can to protect ocean biodiversity - the variety of marine life. Here are some of the key things we can do:Stop Plastic PollutionOne major threat to ocean creatures is plastic pollution. Huge amounts of plastic trash end up in the ocean each year, harming or killing millions of marine animals. Things like plastic bags, bottles, and packaging can be mistaken for food by species like sea turtles, dolphins, whales, and seabirds. The plastic gets stuck in their stomachs and they can starve.Plastic also breaks down into tiny microplastics that get consumed by filter feeders like oysters, mussels, and tiny fish at the base of the food chain. Those microplastics can work their way up the food chain, accumulating in larger predators like tuna, sharks, and seals. This plastic pollution poisons and sickens huge numbers of marine creatures.We need to reduce plastic waste drastically by cutting down on single-use plastics. Things like plastic straws, bags, bottles, utensils, and packaging should be replaced with reusable or biodegradable alternatives wherever possible. And we have to make sure plastic trash is properly disposed of so it doesn't end up in the ocean. Recycling and proper waste management are key.Stop OverfishingAnother major threat is overfishing - catching too many fish, shellfish, and other marine species faster than they can reproduce and replenish their populations. This has already led to the collapse of some fish stocks around the world.Overfishing doesn't just impact the target species. By removing massive amounts of marine life from the ecosystem, it disrupts the entire food web. It threatens many other marine species that depend on those fish or shellfish populations as a food source, like seabirds, sharks, whales, dolphins, and seals.We need to enforce stronger regulations and quotas to restrict overfishing, especially for endangered species. Some areas of the ocean need to be designated as marine protected areas or reserves where fishing is limited or prohibited to allow fish populations to recover. Better monitoring is needed, as well as a shift to sustainable aquaculture (fish farming) to meet demand.Reduce Coastal PollutionA lot of the pollution damaging the ocean originates on land and gets carried into coastal waters by rivers, streams, surface runoff, and sewer overflows. Things like chemical fertilizers, pesticides, industrial waste, sewage, oil spills, and other contaminants put marine life at risk.This coastal pollution creates dead zones depleted of oxygen that suffocate marine life. It exposes creatures to toxic chemicals. It promotes algal blooms that are harmful to fish and shellfish. And it degrades vital coastal habitats like coral reefs, mangroves, and seagrass beds that support abundant marine biodiversity.We have to control this source pollution better through improved sewage treatment, reducing agricultural chemical runoff, better regulation of industrial discharges, and more sustainable coastal development practices. Green infrastructure like rain gardens can help filter pollutants. And we need strict regulations and enforcement to prevent oil spills.Reduce CO2 EmissionsArguably the biggest threat to the ocean is climate change driven by human-caused emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2). The ocean absorbs a huge amount of this excess CO2, causing it to become more acidic over time in a process called ocean acidification.This acidification makes it harder for creatures like corals, oysters, clams, and plankton to build their shells and skeletons. It stresses and can even dissolve these vital shelled organisms atthe base of the ocean food chain. It damages coral reefs which provide habitat for one-quarter of all marine life.Rising CO2 levels also cause the ocean to absorb more heat, leading to rising temperatures that bleach and kill coral reefs, disrupt marine ecosystems and food webs, and contribute to increasing sea levels from melting glaciers and ice sheets. This sea level rise destroys coastal habitats like wetlands and mangroves that provide nurseries for marine life.To protect the ocean, we have to urgently transition away from fossil fuels toward clean renewable energy to slash our CO2 emissions. We need policies to promote energy efficiency, solar, wind, nuclear, and other low-carbon power sources. We also have to protect carbon sinks like forests that absorb CO2, and support efforts to remove excess CO2 from the atmosphere through technologies and practices like direct air capture and improved agricultural techniques.Those are some of the key actions we can take to safeguard the beautiful and vital diversity of life in the ocean - preventing plastic pollution, stopping overfishing, reducing coastal pollution, and urgently fighting climate change by slashing our carbon emissions. By taking these steps, we can preserve the ocean's amazing biodiversity for generations to come. It's up to all of usto be good stewards and protectors of our planet's vast, life-sustaining ocean!。

Diversity in Tropical Rain Forests and Coral Reefs High diversity of trees and corals is maintained only in a nonequilibrium state.about author➢Joseph H.Connell：did many researches in the field of ecology.His numerous researches gave a solid background in understanding ecology today.Connell is known as the first scientist to test hypothesis about tropical diversity.Much of his studies are focused on determining community structure that are based on physical factors,actions and interaction of species that are involved in competition,predation,and recruitment.➢Joseph H.Connell;Ralph O.Slatyer.Mechanisms of Succession in Natural Communities and Their Role in Community Stability and Organization.The American Naturalist,Vol.111,No.982.(November-December1977),pp.1119–1144.➢Joseph H.Connell.The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle Chthamalus stellatus.Ecology42(4)(October1961),710-723.Background➢1在热带雨林和珊瑚礁中有着大量的物种分布➢2如何能够使得这样高的物种多样性能保持一种平衡状态➢3热带的物种的形成是现在和过去物种竞争的结果，在没有受到扰动的情况下，该物种就会被保留下来，在有扰动的情况下，该物种就会恢复到最原始的水平➢4在近年来的研究当中发现自然的扰动和环境改变的速率比自然恢复要快得多。

高二生物多样性英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>The tropical rainforest is one of the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. It is home to an incredibly wide variety of plant and animal species. The lush vegetation provides a habitat for countless organisms.The biodiversity of the tropical rainforest is truly remarkable. There are thousands of different species of plants, many of which have unique characteristics and uses. Some plants have developed special adaptations to survive in the harsh conditions of the rainforest. For example, some have thick bark to protect against pests and diseases, while others have large leaves to capture more sunlight.The animal life in the tropical rainforest is equally diverse. There are countless species of insects, birds, mammals, and reptiles. Many of these animals are highly specialized and have evolved unique behaviors and adaptations. For example, some birds have brightly colored feathers to attract mates, while others have long beaks to reach nectar deep within flowers.However, the tropical rainforest is facing many threats. Deforestation is one of the biggest threats. As more and more land is cleared for agriculture, logging, and urban development, the habitat of many speciesis being destroyed. Climate change is also having an impact on the rainforest. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can disrupt the delicate balance of the ecosystem.To protect the tropical rainforest and its biodiversity, several measures can be taken. Conservation efforts can focus on protecting existing forests and restoring degraded areas. Sustainable logging practices can be implemented to ensure that forests are harvested in a way that does not cause permanent damage. Education and awareness campaigns can also play an important role in promoting the importance of protecting the rainforest.1. The tropical rainforest is known for its ___.A. limited biodiversityB. harsh conditionsC. remarkable biodiversityD. few plant species答案：C。

高一英语生物多样性与保护阅读理解30题1<背景文章>The tropical rainforest is one of the most fascinating and important ecosystems on Earth. It is a place of extraordinary beauty and diversity, home to countless species of plants and animals.The rainforest is characterized by its lush vegetation and high levels of rainfall. The tall trees form a dense canopy that blocks much of the sunlight from reaching the forest floor. This creates a unique environment where many species have adapted to live in the shade. Underneath the canopy, there is a rich variety of smaller plants, fungi, and insects.The biodiversity of the tropical rainforest is truly remarkable. It is estimated that more than half of the world's species of plants and animals live in these forests. From colorful birds and butterflies to rare and exotic mammals, the rainforest is a treasure trove of life.However, the tropical rainforest is facing many threats. Deforestation is one of the most serious problems. Logging, agriculture, and urban expansion are all contributing to the destruction of these precious ecosystems. Climate change is also having an impact, as rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns can disrupt the delicate balance of the rainforest.In addition to these threats, illegal hunting and poaching are also endangering many species. Some animals are hunted for their fur, meat, or other body parts, while others are captured for the illegal pet trade.Protecting the tropical rainforest is essential for the future of our planet. It not only provides a home for countless species but also plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate. By conserving these forests, we can help to ensure the survival of many unique and beautiful species.1. The tropical rainforest is characterized by ___.A. dry climateB. low levels of rainfallC. lush vegetation and high levels of rainfallD. few species of plants and animals答案：C。