The VI framework program in Europe some thoughts about Speech to Speech Translation researc

[作者简介]俞莹,女,北京物资学院外语系助教,研究方向:语言学与语言教学。

On Cho m sky sM i n i m a list Program○Yu Ying(Foreign L anguage D epa rt m ent,B eijing M aterials Institute,B eijing,China 100149)　[Abstract]　I n the devel opment of generative gra mmar,the p rinci p le of Govern ment and B inding used t o hold a con 2tr olling positi on .But as the weaknesses of Princi p les and Parameters show up,the M ini m alist Pr ogra m gradually takes its p lace .The M ini m alist Pr ogra m ai m s t o si m p lify the gra mmar and pushes for ward the devel opment of syntax by inviting s ome more advanced parameters .A s a newly generated ter m inol ogy,the M ini m alist Pr ogra m does have great achieve ments .A t the sa me ti m e,because of its young age,the M ini m alist Pr ogra m is still a p r ogra m,or app r oach,not a theory,thus it re 2ceives a l ot of criticis m s .　[Key words]　Chom sky;M ini m alist p r ogra m (MP );Govern ment and B inding (G B );move ment　[中图分类号]H314 [文献标识码]A [文章编号]167228610(2007)022*******I 1I n troducti onI n 1981,Chom sky gave his lectures on Govern 2ment and B inding,which is the sy mbol of the begin 2ning of the Princi p les and Para metersModel .I n 1986,he published B arrier ,which conducted Government Theory and B inding Theory thr ough the concep t of Bar 2rier .Then generative gra mmar undert ook great innova 2ti on since 1990s,a mong which is A M ini m alist Pr o 2gra m of L inguistic Theory (1992).I n the book TheM ini m alist P rog ram (1995)[1],Chom sky further dis 2cussed the p rinci p les and all the related para meters .Juan U riagereka wr ote a B ook R evie w (1999)[2],whose main f ocus was t o compare the theory of gra m 2mar p resented in MP and its assump ti ons t o its p rede 2cess or G B ,with which it shared s o much and fr om which it was s o distant (1999:267).Yes,M ini m alist Pr ogra m will never be separated fr om Government and B inding which set up a series of p rinci p les and techni 2cal means .So me are sublated;s ome are re mained .Besides,MP re 2ex p lains the whole theory,re 2inter 2p rets the whole syste m ,raises doubts t o a large scale,and generalizes and su mmarizes theoretically (Rad 2ford,2000:F11)[3].There are t w o distincti ons in MP .Firstly,there were s ome p rinci p les,widely used and p r ofoundly functi oned,which could hardly include in Universal Gra mmar .Secondly,in G B ,p rinci p lesgeneralize language but para meters all ow only the vari 2ati on bet w een languages .U riagereka,als o in his book revie w,regards MP as both revoluti onary and frustra 2ting (1999:267).On one hand,he p raised highlyMP s achieve ments;on the other hand,he pointed out the p r oble m s re mained,such as the actual meaning of move ment or mechanis m s .I n su mmary,MP is not only Chom sky s own op ini on,but a reflecti on of all the fruit 2ful researches (Cheng,1998:1)[4].It is really a p r o 2gress in the study of linguistics .II 1A M i n i m a list Program of L i n gu isti c Theory I n this secti on,the paper ai m s t o illustrate,brief 2ly,whatMP is .Besides the incomp lete content of the syste m ,s ome backgr ound infor mati on and the motiva 2ti on of the Pr ogra m are als o described .211Backgr ound inf or mati onIt is well known for those pursuing linguistic stud 2ies that Chom sky s final ai m of researches on linguistics is t o exp lain,fully and reas onably,the language phe 2nomenon,like modern physics,bi ol ogy,and s ome other sciences .Chom sky e mphasizes the generality of language and it is UG s characteristics t o highly su m 2marize language .That s why syntax has al w ays been in a maj or positi on a mong linguistic system (Zhang,2005:95)[5].Bef ore MP,it is Princi p les and Para me 2ters,under G B ,which is in a leading situati on .I ni 259tially,it was just trying t o generalize a syste m of rules a mong s pecific languages.Then,when Princi p les and Para meters ca me int o use,G B wanted t o find a general rule of hu man language thr ough the contrast a mong lan2 guages.Now,when we discuss MP,we find that MP manages t o find out the interface which can match F L and how it does s o.It was a welcome noti on t oo,since that s ort of thing is obvi ously unp leasant t o a connec2 ti onist:you don t really expect unifying noti ons that e2 merge in the interacti ons of random ly ranked con2 straints;why should Case constraints care aboutMove2 ment constraints(U riageraka,1999:269).Naturally, in the next subsecti on,Iwill discuss what on earth mo2 tivatesMP.212Motivati onsConsidering the devel opment of generative gra m2 mar,we can conclude that the sche me of generative gra mmar is a kind of hist ory si m p lifying theory and contr olling generative ability.Theref ore,there is no ne wer change substantially.Secondly,MP is the out2 come of vari ous researches in1980s.A t the sa me ti m e of modifying G B,it is gradually f ound that G B has,as a theoretical fra me work,many shortcom ings.I n the course of study,researchers feel confused when they are confr onting with s o many para meters. That s because,first,generative gra mmar takes the ex2 p lanati on of children s language acquisiti on as its ai m, s o the exp l orati on of universal p rinci p le should be put in p ri m ary,but actually,every para meter is a descri p2 ti on of fact in a certain s pecific language;second, studies have shown that children only take the positive evidence,but there are a l ot of para meters who don t have the foundati on of positive evidence;third,the setting of para meters,unli m itedly,als o brings s ome theoretical puzzles.Thus,it is quite urgent t o recontr ol the para meters(Cheng,1998:123).Chom sky held the op ini on that linguistic theories are al w ays changing,s o he argued:actually all of these fact ors were relevant in the e mergence of a Prin2 ci p les and Para meters app r oach.Note that it is not re2 ally a theory,it s an app r oach,a fra me work that accel2 erated the search f or redundancies that should be eli m i2 nated and p r ovided a ne w p latf or m fr om which t o p r o2 ceed,with much greater success,in fact(Chom sky et al.,2002:96).Finally,he of course made certain comment on both the achieve ments as well as weaknes2 ses.I n fact I think it is fair t o say that more has been learned about language in the last t w enty years than in the p receding2,000years.(Chom sky et al.,2002: 95).213Content of MPI n MP,Chom sky confir m s the independence of language a way fr om concep tual syste m,the theory of p rag matic syste m,and the modularmethod on language facts.The syste m is not well designed in many func2 ti onal res pects.But there s a t otally separate questi on: is it well designed with regard t o the internal syste m s with which it must interact?That s a different pers pec2 tive and a ne w questi on;and that s the questi on that the M ini m alist Pr ogra m tries t o ans wer(Chom sky et a l.,2002:108).Then,Chom sky thought of the sys2 tem as essentially inserted int o already existing external syste m:external t o the language faculty,internal t o the m ind(Chom sky et a l.,2002:108).W e can ask whether the language is well designed t o meet the conditi on of accessibility t o the syste m s in which it is e mbedded(Chom sky et a l.,2002:108). Since MP is a p r ogra m,not a theory,it is independent of one particular app r oach t o language,over a wide range.The M ini m alist Pr ogra m of Cogniti on(I did not find the l onger versi on of the book on I nternet nor the date of publishing excep t in p ress ),point out that the task of MP is t o clarify the noti ons that enter int o the Str ong M ini m alist Thesis and t o deter m ine how cl osely the thesis can be app r oached.Now,let us take a l ook at the step s t owards M in2 i m alis m(Cook,2000:318)[6]:a)Some noti ons de2 vel oped within G B have a distinct m ini m alist flavor and hence suggest a p r ogra m of research in which the gra mmar is restricted t o the bare m ini m um;b)Some devel opments in G B caused tensi ons within the fra me2 work that suggest abandoning the m as unsustainable;c)A tte mp ts t o s olve certain p r oble m s within G B led t o assu mp ti ons that enable si m p lificati on of the gra mmar. That is,the theory atte mp ts t o reduce the gra mmar t o its m ini m u m,reconstructing the effects of the gra mmat2 ical mechanis m s that it abandons on the basis of more funda mental,and theref ore more exp lanat ory,consid2 erati ons(Cook,2000:318).I n the foll owing,Iwill intr oduce s ome maj or seg2 ments briefly.2.3.1Princi p le of economyThe best illustrati on of the bluntest move ofMP is the concep t of economy(U riagereka,1999:270). Generally s peaking,economy mainly concerns about the type of move ment,and at a certain phase,a cer2 tain ty pe of move ment should undertake.The criteri on is the p rice of move ment.I n Chom sky s op ini on,any move ment should take its p rice,s o it is better not t o move if possible,not t o menti on,useless move ment. So the Princi p le of Economy app lies t o both rep resenta269ti onsand derivati on .W ith regard t o the for mer,we may take the econo my p rinci p le t o be nothing other than F I :every sy mbol must receive an “external ”in 2ter p retati on by language 2independent rules (Chom sky,1995:200).I n Cook and Ne ws on s book Cho m sky s U 2niversa l Gramm ar ,we can find:the Princi p le of Econ 2omy is a more general require ment fr om which all rep 2resentati ons and p r ocesses used t o derive the m t o be as econo m ical as possible .It is fairly easy t o see ho w the Princi p le of Econo 2my leads t o m ini m alis m:if the linguistic syste m needs t o be as econo m ical as possible,in ter m s of both ho w it rep resents and generates structures,clearly the s mallest possible set of devices t o account f or language pheno me 2na should be used —the defining characteristic of the M ini m alist Pr ogra m.Econo my of rep resentati on requires that rep resentati ons of syntactic structure contain no more than the required ele ments (P .3122313).Though,the theory is not s o econo m ical,at least,is a 2bout a more econo m ical object (U riageraka,1999:271).2.3.2Move mentW hen the MP ca me int o use,move ment t ook the p lace of move -α,and the entity of move ment has been converted int o mor phol ogical features .The ai m of move ment is t o let the mor phol ogical features fade out gradually s o its manner changes naturally .Chom sky p r oposed a radical ref or mulati on which si m p lified the structure down t o its bare m ini m um.The operati on which moved ele ments about is called si m p ly Move (Cook &Ne ws on,2000:324).Practically,there is no difference bet w een Move in MP and move -αin G B ,but they are actually quite different:Move cannot be made at will .So how do we make move ment in MP?Basically,there are t w o ways .One is t o reduce the cost of necessary move,and the other is t o f orbid un 2necessary move .And the p rinci p le thatMove foll o ws is Princi p le of economy,i .e .shortest move .214D ifferences bet w een G B and MPA s part of Princi p les and Para meters,GB does not have substantial difference fr o m MP .Further more,many hypotheses in MP come fr om G B.MP is not far a way fr om G B ,it has just stride in technics .I n the t op ic of B inding,we can say that under a certain set of assump ti ons it is possible t o reject argu ments that D -and S -structure are necessary parts of the gra mmar and t o cap ture phenomena that were thought t o hold at these levels by mechanis m s holding at the interface lev 2els;“all conditi ons are interface conditi ons;a linguis 2tic exp ressi on is the op ti m al realizati on of such inter 2face conditi ons ”(Chom sky,1993,p.26) (Cook &Ne ws on,2000:3322333).A s f or Govern ment,what we can say is the idea is that all structural relati ons should be li m ited t o a s mall number of very basic rela 2ti ons,s pecifically those that fall directly out of the X 2bar fra me work such as head 2comp le ment and s pecifier 2head relati ons (Cook &Ne ws on,2000:333).Then let s come t o the ter m MP .MP succeeds the structure of G B and makes use of functi onal ele ments t o a large scale .W hat is different fr om G B is thatMP regards the functi onal ele ments as the innate ele ments in language,or,let s say,the positive ele ments in UG .No w,let us exa m ine s o me detailed differences .First,MP uses the widely 2used co mputati on t o take the p lace of universal gra mmar in G B.Second,universal gra mmar,and the concept and conditi ons related,are all taken place by Princi p le of Econo my in MP .Universal Gra mmar in MP,then,consists of the Econo my Princi 2ple,the Pr ocrastinati on Princi p le,and the Greed Princi 2ple .Third,in the ter m s of variati on,it is αthat ismoved in G B,but inMP,it is a certain pr operty .Forth,inMP,structures are built up piece meal .‘I n G B,D 2structure was p resented as a co mp lete structure and not much was said about the internal pr ocess of ho w it was f or med:it was an “all 2at 2once ”operati on (Cho m sky,1993,p.21) (Cook &Ne ws on,2000:323).S o,in MP,move is part of the co mputati onal syste m.III 1Advan t ages and D is advan t agesCompared with its p revi ous one,Government and B inding,MP contains a l ot of advantages,as well as disadvantages .Bef ore going int o its advantages let s take a l ook at G B s p r oble m s .Cook and Ne ws on (2000)make this very clear:The M ini m alist Pr ogra m is als o in part a reacti on t o s o me of the p r oble m s that have p lagued G B theory .One p r oble m that the G B pers pective could only s olve by fairly unconvincing sti pulati on is the definiti on of A 2and A 2bar 2positi ons,…Under the early assu mp ti ons of G B theory,this distincti on was unp r oble matic:an A 2positi on was a potential θ2positi on,that is t o say a posi 2ti on t o which θ2r oles may be assigned,such as co mp le 2ment of V;an A 2bar 2positi on such as s pecifier of CPcould not have a θ2r ole assigned t o it .…A second G Bp r oble m is the concep t of govern ment,which,des p ite having considerable e mp irical motivati on,is none the less an arbitrary syntactic relati on (Lasnik,1993,p.3).Moreover there are many different noti ons of gov 2ern ment,s ome working better than others for certain pheno mena;unf ortunately,no versi on is perfect f or all pur poses .A more seri ous p r oble m is that,under these assu mp ti ons,AG R g overns,and theref ore can assign79Case t o,the s pecifier of TP.I f this is s o,there needs t o be an exp lanati on why the subject moves int o the s peci2 fier of AG RP t o receive No m inative Case instead of sta2 ying in the s pecifier of TP.The m ini m alist s oluti on t o the p r oble m is t o abandon g overn ment as a funda mental noti on of the theory.Of course,given that s o much of G B theory is based on the noti on of govern ment,this is a radical move.Again,the argu ment is that the effects of govern ment can be reduced t o more funda mental rela2 ti ons,as we see shortly.O ther devel opments within G B theory itself als o paved the way f or the devel opment of the M ini m alist Pr ogra mme(p.3142316).Then let s see whatMP takes for ward.3.1AdvantagesGenerative researchers tend t o be si m p le nowa2 days,s o MP re mains s ome characteristics and at the sa me ti m e becomes more rati onal.Princi p le of Econo2 my,the basic ele ment of language design,is intr o2 duced int o generative gra mmar.Moreover,on the basis of Princi p le of Economy,modern p rag matics and func2 ti onal gra mmar were established(Cheng,1994)[7]. To be more obvi ous,MP takes a further step than G B. First,Chom sky clearly divides syntax int o lexicon and computati on,and parameter variati ons are within lexi2 con.Second,para meter variati ons are li m ited in the combinati on of meaning and s ound,and mor phol ogical characteristics.Variati ons are li m ited in lexicon,and para meters are contr olled in mor phol ogical characteris2 tics.They are the sy mbolic revoluti on of MP(Cheng, 1998).U riagereka(1995)used t o concludes:There are senses in which the e merging theory in MP is better than G B,less levels of rep resentati on,less modules, less reference t o non2trivial relati ons,and less of just about everything else(p.271).3.2D isadvantagesW hen we turn t o the other side ofMP,we can al2 s o find a l ot of p r oble m s t o be s olved and many difficul2 ties re mained.The first p r oble m was p resented as the M ini m alist Pr ogra m by Chom sky,Hauser,and Fitch, in Appendix.They clai m ed that the Pr ogra m was cor2 rect in only one res pect.Early work in MP did suggest that generati on involves comparis on of derivati ons, leading t o co mputati onal comp lexity in a linear syste m. U riagereka als o has s ome doubts in MP:Obvi ous questi ons re main:what does it mean t o have move ment,variati on,mor phol ogy alt ogether? W hy are syntactic objects arranged in ter m s of Merge and its hist ory?W hat are syntactic features and catego2 ries?W hy does the syste m involve uninter p retable mechanis m s?How tight is the connecti on t o the inter2 face syste m s,in what guise does it come,how many ofthose really exist?They are only the ti p of the iceberg (1999:272).Fr om all these we can see that as a ne w linguistic as pect,MP is still a p r ogra m,which re mains a l ot of p r oble m s uns olved,not a theory,which is more au2 thoritative.Perfect design is not perfect usability(Lan2 dau,2003)[8].Excep t the disadvantages and p r ob2 lem s,MP als o receives s ome criticis m s,s ome of which are very critical.I n the next secti on,I will intr oduce s ome of the m.I V1Cr iti c is m sThere is at least one thing f or sure:there is no ex2 peri m ental evidence which suggests that m erge and m ove are real.Generative linguists typ ically res pond t o call f or evidence f or the reality of their theoretical con2 structs by clai m ing that no evidence is needed over and above the theory s ability t o account f or patterns of gra mmaticality judg ments elicited fr om native s peakers (Edel m an and Christiansen,2003:60)[9].Edel m and and Christiansen,in their essay Ho w Seriously Should W e Take M ini m alist S yntax?further clai m:First,such judg ments are inherently unreliable because of their unavoidable meta2cognitive overt ones, because gra mmaticality is better described as a graded quantity,and f or a host of other reas ons.Second,the outcome of a judg ment(or the analysis of an elicited utterance)is invariably br ought t o bear on s ome dis2 tincti on bet w een variants of the current generative theo2 ry,never on its foundati onal assump ti ons.Of the lat2 ter,the reality of m erge and m ove is but one exa mp le; the full list includes assu mp ti ons about language being a computati onally perfect syste m,the copy theory of traces,the existence of Logical For m structures,and innate general p rinci p les of economy.Unf ortunately, these foundati onal issues have not been subjected t o p sychol ogical investigati ons,in part because it is not clear how t o turn the assump ti ons int o testable hypothe2 ses(2003:60).Lasnik is op ti m istic thatM ini m alis m can be devel2 oped int o an articulated theory of hu man linguistic abil2 ity (Edel m an and Christiansen,2003:60).But we are sur p rised t o see thatM ini m alis m is not on the list of Questi ons f or future research .This m ight exp lain why M ini m alis m is not even menti oned in recent revie ws and op ini ons on vari ous as pects of language research in this j ournal,ranging fr om sentence p r ocessing and p r o2 ducti on and syntactic acquisiti on t o the brain mecha2 nis m s of syntactic comp rehensi on(Edel m an and Chris2 tiansen,2003:61).And,when we l ook at s omething fr om a m ini m al289ist pers pective,everything seem s t o subject t o ques2 ti on,f or instance,maybe govern ment does not exist. But I don t think that is s o unusual.this is just the u2 sual situati on.Even in the advanced sciences al m ost everything is questi onable(Chom sky et al.,2002:1512 2).Chom sky wouldn t expect stability.I f there s sta2 bility,it means we are not going t o get very far,be2 cause,in the stage where we are now,there are just t oo many mysteries.So if the field re mains stable,that means there are going t o re main mysteries(Chom sky et al.,2002:152).Maybe that s the reas on why MP re2 ceives s o many criticis m s and why it is al w ays putting for ward.V1Conclusi on sThe M ini m alist Pr ogra m is t o reduce the gra mmar t o its essentials and t o si m p lify the structure t o its most funda mental bones,with no more sti pulati on than abs o2 lutely necessary(Cook&Ne ws on,2000:344).I f suc2 cessful,the M ini m alist Pr ogra m will achieve high standards of exp lanati on,with most phenomena ac2 counted f or by a very s mall number of assu mp ti ons a2 bout the structure of the gra mmar,most of which are necessary f or any gra mmar(Cook&Ne ws on,2000: 344).A s a more devel oped linguistic ter m inol ogy,su2 peri or t o G B(if I should say s o),MP exp resses more advanced revoluti on.Chom sky concluded as f oll ows: the p r ogra m has been pursued with s ome success.Sev2 eral related and desirable conclusi ons see m within reach:a.A linguistic exp ressi on is a pair generated by an op ti m al derivati on satisfying interface conditi ons.b.The interface levels are the only levels of lin2 guistic rep resentati on.A ll conditi ons exp ress p r operties of the interface levels,reflecting inter p retive require ments.UG p r ovides a unique computati onal syste m,with derivati ons driven by mor phol ogical p r operties t o which syntactic variati on of languages is restricted.Economy can be given a fairly narr ow inter p reta2 ti on in ter m s of F I,length of derivati on,length of links,Pr ocrastinate,and Greed(Chom sky,1995: 212).Radf ord used t o say that syntax can da mage your health (2000:F32),I couldn t agree more!W hat I a m confused is even MP tries t o make things easier and si m p ler.I still have p r oble m s about the p r ogra m itself, its syste m,and its exp lanati on,etc.A t all costs,lin2 guistics is just a live entity which needs our continuous exp l orati on s o that one day it can reach a satisfact ory end.【References】[1]Chom sky,N.the M ini m alist Program[M].Ca mbridge,Mass:M I T Press,1995.[2]U riagereka,J.Book Revie w[J].L ingua,1999,107∶2672273.[3]Radford,A.Syntax:A M ini m alist Introduction[M].Bei2jing:Foreign Language and Research Press,2000.[4]程工.Chom sky最简方案形成的理论动因[J].外语教学与研究,1998(1):127.[5]张连文.原则与参数系统的科学论述[J].M odern ForeignL anguages(Q uarterly),2005,28(1):95298.[6]Cook,Z.&Ne ws on,M.Cho m sky’s U niversal Gramm ar:A n Introduction(2nd)[M].Beijing:Foreign Languageand Research Press,2000.[7]程工.Chom sky新论:语言学理论最简方案[J].国外语言学,1994(3)∶1291[8]Landau,I.Recent M ini m alis m:Chom sky(2000,2001)[J].Introduction to Syntax,2003.[9]Edel m an,S.&Christiansen,M.How Seri ously ShouldW e Take M ini m alist Syntax?[J].TRENDS in CognitiveSciences,2003,7(2):60261.论乔姆斯基的最简方案俞　莹(北京物资学院外语系,北京　100149)[摘　要]　在生成语法的发展过程中,支配/约束理论曾经占据主导地位。

1.6 S.E. Tasks and ResearchContent1.6.1 Software Characteristicsis not manufactured evidently Softwaredoesn’t “wear out”is decomposable and expansible1.6.2 Software Development difficulties①Productivity: Low;②Reliability: Low;③Maintainability: Low;④Management: Difficult;⑤Cost: High.Boehm:Software engineering is used as m o d er n s c i e n c e t e c h n o l o g y knowledge to design,construct c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m ,a n d essential relative documents in development,operation and m a i n t e n a n c e t h e p r o g r a m.1) Software Engineering Definition 1.6.3 Software Engineering FrameIEEE (p19):Software engineering :(1)The application of a systematic,d i s c i p l i ne d,q u a n t if i a b l eapproach to the development,operation,and maintenance ofsoftware;that is,the applicationof engineering to software.(2)The study of approaches as in(1).Webster:Software engineering is application of science and mathematics,through which,making up computer devices abilities with the aid of computer p r o g r a m,p r o c e s s a n d r e l a t i v e documents into useful thing for human.Fairley:Software engineering is the systematic development and maintenance technology and management subject that enable a software product to be developed and corrected at the limited cost on time.Frith Bauer (p18):Software engineering is the establishment and use of sound engineering principles in order to obtain economically software that is reliable and works efficiently on real machines.R.S.Pressman (p1):The technology encompasses a process, a set of methods, and an array of tools that we call software engineering.Software Engineering A Layered Technology Software Engineering a “quality” focusprocess modelmethodstoolsGoals of SEImprove the productivity of the development process Improve the comprehension of the developed software systems Improve the quality of the software product at all levels ReliabilityEfficiency (Speed, resource usage)User-friendly (user acceptance)Maintainability (comprehensive design and documentation) General goal:to produce quality software which is economic and useful and safe for people.Concerns of SEProductsSoftware products, test drivers (internal and external)Paper documents (internal and external)ProcessesHow software is created (plan, tools, techniques)How the quality is evaluated and ensuredToolsCASE tools, editors, project management tools, etc.PeopleTechnical, social, and managerial skillsPrinciplesProviding repeatability, guidelines and maturity in the software development process2) Software Engineering FramePrinciplesSupport ValidateCodeDesignAnalyzeSelect appropriate development modelAdopt appropriate design methodProvide high quality engineering supportPay attention to development process managementUsability CorrectnessWorthiness12A Common Process FrameworkCommon process frameworkFramework activitieswork taskswork productsmilestones & deliverablesQA checkpointsUmbrella ActivitiesUmbrella ActivitiesSoftware project managementFormal technical reviewsSoftware quality assuranceSoftware configuration management Document preparation and production Reusability managementMeasurementRisk management2) Software engineering methodologySoftware Engineering TheoryStructureMethodsToolsbaseLink,Promote each other1) Software normalization and standard 1.6.4 Research Content and MethodsRepresentationFormalInformal DefinitionStructured declaration Documentation3) Software tools and support environment①Software toolSoftware tool is a set of programs that aid to develop,test,analyze,maintain o t h e r c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m s a n d documents,to implement automatization of software product process,to improve the software productivity,reliability,and to reduce the software product cost.Requirements analysis tools Array Design toolsSoftware toolsCoding toolsValidation toolsMaintenance toolsⅠ) What’s the software environment Software environment is defined as a set of tools that are effective for entire software life cycle.Ⅱ) Software environment iscomposed of databasea set of tools call mode②Software support environmentⅢ) Characteristics①tightness②firmness③adaptability④portability4）Software project management Plan managementCost managementQuality managementOrganization managementExercisesTranslate the following definitions in to Chinese:(1)Software engineering is the discipline concerned with the application of theory,knowledge,and practice for effectively and efficiently building software system that satisfies the requirements of users and customers.S.E.is applicable to small,medium,and large-scale system.It encompasses all phases of the life cycle of a software system.S.E.employs engineering methods,processes,techniques,and measurement.It benefits from the use of tools for managing software development;analyzing and modeling software artifacts;assessing and controlling quality;and for ensuring a disciplined,controlled approach to software evolution and reuse.The elements of software engineering are applicable to the development of software in any computing application domain where professionalism,quality,schedule and cost are important in producing software system.(2)An international set of standards that can be used in the development of a quality management system in all industries is called ISO9000.ISO9000standards can be applied to a range of organizations from manufacturing to service industries.ISO 9001is the most general of these standards and applies to organizations concerned with the quality process in organizations that design,develop and maintain products.A supporting document(ISO9000-3)interprets ISO9001for software development.Several books describing the ISO9001standard are available(Johnson,1993;Oskarsson andGlass,1995;Peach,1996;Bamford and Deibler,2003).The ISO9001standard isn’t specifically aimed at software development but sets out general principles that can be applied to software.The ISO9001standard describes various aspects of the quality process and lays out the organizational standards and procedures that a company should define.These should be documented in an organizational quality manual.The process definition should include descriptions o f t h e d o c u m e n t a t i o n r e q u i r e d t o demonstrate that the defined processes have been followed during product development.（3）Software engineering is an engineering discipline whose focus is the cost-effective development of high-quality software systems.Software is abstract and intangible. It is not constrained by materials，or g o v e r n e d b y p h y s i c a l l a w s o r b y manufacturing processes.In some ways，this simplifies software engineering as there are no physical limitations on the potential of software.However,this lack of natural constraints means that software can easily become extremely complex and hence very difficult to understand.Chapter 2 Software Project Planningcustomerplannerplansystem specificationNeed ……,Want ……,Wehave ……What?Who?When?How many?TasksSoftware scopeResourcesSoftware Cost EstimationSoftware Project Scheduling2.1 Software scopeFunctions Performance Constraints Interfaces Reliability Describe in some languageSoftware scopeUnderstandableplannerSoftware scope1.Functions:the more detail we describe, the better we get the functions description;2.Performance:must be considered with functions simultaneously,because the same function can precipitate an order of magnitude difference in development effort when considered in the context of different performance bounds;3.Constraints:identify limits placed on the softwareby external hardware,available memory or other existing systems.Constraints must be evaluated together with functions and performance;4.Interfaces:hardware,software,people andprocedures;5.Reliability:we can use the nature of the project to aid in describing the software reliability.(1)hardware (e.g., processor, peripherals) that executes the software and devices (e.g., machines，displays) that are indirectly controlled by the software；(2)software that already exists (e.g., databaseaccess routines，reusable software components, operating system) and must be linked to the new software；(3)people who make use of the software via keyboard, mouse or other I/O devices, and(4)procedures that precede or succeed the software as a sequential series of operations．In each case the information transfer across the interface mustbe clearly understood.See you next!。

SOM304RD-VI Development Kitwith 5S/ 4 USB/ VGA/ LCD/ LAN / 2GPIO/ PWMx24256MB DDR2 OnboardUser’s Manual(Revision 1.0A)CopyrightThe information in this manual is subject to change without notice for continuous improvement of the product. All rights are reserved. The manufacturer assumes no responsibility for any inaccuracy that may be contained in this document and makes no commitment to update or to keep current information contained in this manual.No part of this manual may be reproduced, copied, translated or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the ICOP Technology Inc.Copyright 2008 ICOP Technology Inc.Manual No. IUMSOM304RD-VI000-01 Ver.1.0A June, 2012Trademarks AcknowledgmentVortex86DX is the registered trademark of ICOP Technology Inc.Other brand names or product names appearing in this document are the properties and registered trademarks of their respective owners. All names mentioned herewith are reserved for identification purpose only.T a b l e o f C o n t e n t sT a b l e o f C o n t e n t s ............................................................. i iiC h a p t e r 1 Introduction (1)1.1 Packing List (1)1.2 Product Description (2)1.3 Specifications (2)1.4 Board Dimension (5)C h a p t e r 2 Installation (8)2.1 Board Outline (8)2.2 Connectors & Jumpers Location .................. .. (10)2.3 Connectors & Jumpers Summary (11)2.4 Pin Assignments & Jumper Settings (12)2.5 System Mapping (24)2.6 Watchdog Timer (29)2.7 GPIO (30)2.8 SPI flash (31)2.9 PWM (32)3.0 IDE to SD (33)C h a p t e r 3 Driver Installation (34)Appendix (35)A. TCP/IP library for DOS real mode (35)B. SOM304RD-VI & SOMDX-DEV-VI Schematic (36)C. BIOS Default Setting (37)Warranty (38)This page is blankC h a p t e r 1Introduction1.1 Packing ListProduct Name PackageSOM304DX-DEV-VI SOM304DX-DEV-VI x 1HDD 40P (2.54mm) x 1HDD 44P (2.0mm) x 1RS232 cable (2.54mm) x 4GPIO cable (2.54mm) x 2USB (2.54mm) x 1Print cable (2.54mm ) x 1GPIO cable x 2Product NamePackage SOM304RD-VI SOM304RD-VI CPU Module x11.2 Product DescriptionThe System on Module is a core module with the processor, memory and I/O that would contain the following benefits in the respect of system design.800MHz Vortex86DX System-On-Chip 256 / 512MB DDR2 system memory 4 USB Ver. 2.0 (host)Up to 5 serial ports (TX RX x1)16-bit GPIO x2ISA bus2 watchdog timerEnhanced IDE (UltraDMA-100/66/33) JTAG interfacePWM 24~32 channelsAMI BIOS4MB SPI flashSingle voltage +5V DCSupport extended operatingtemperature range of -20°C to +70°SOM304RD-VI is suitable for broad range of data-acquisition, Industrial automation, Process control, Automotive controller, AVL, Intelligent Vehicle management device,Medical device, Human machine interface, Robotics and machinery control.SOM304RD-VI measured at only 70mm (L)*70mm (W)*10.5mm (H), is designed particularly as the kernel for the diverse expandable applications. Through 8 rows of38pin connector, SOM304RD-VI is able to provide multiple functions, such as ISA BUS, RS-232, IDE, LAN, USB and GPIO.To assist users easily adapt SOM304RD-VI Module into their applications, ICOP offers a complete development board and referential circuit diagram for SOM304RD-VI Module in order to reduce users’ time.Please visit the website below for furtherinformation /tech/vortex86dx/As to the referential circuit drawing, please contact *************.tw1.3 SpecificationsSOM304RD-DEV-VIFeatures SOM304DX-DEV-VI Bus Interface ISA Bus standard compliantConnectors 1.27mm 76-pin header for signal x4 2.54mm 40-pin header for IDE x1 2.54mm 26-pin header for Printer x1 2.54mm 20-pin header for GPIO x22.54mm 10-pin header for USB x12.54mm 10-pin header for RS-232 x42.0mm 44-pin header for IDE x12.0mm 44-pin header for LCD x198-pin slot for ISA x1104-pin box header for PC/104 x1External RJ-45 connector for Ethernet x1External USB connector x2External 15-pin D-Sub female connector for VGA x1 External 9-pin D-Sub male connector for RS-232 x2 External 6-pin Mini DIN connector for Keyboard x1 External 6-pin Mini DIN connector for Mouse x1 External PHONEJACK for Audio x1Power Requirement Single Voltage +5V @80mA Dimension 170 X 170 mm (6.69 x 6.69 inches) Weight 280gOperating Temperature -20o C ~ +70o C-40°C ~ +85°C (Optional)SOM304RD-VIFeatures SOM304RD-VICPU DM&P SoC CPU Vortex86DX- 800MHzReal Time Clock with Lithium Battery BackupCache L1:16K I-Cache, 16K D-Cache L2 Cache 256KBBIOS AMI BIOSBus Interface ISA bus standard compliantSystem Memory 256 / 512MB DDR2 onboardWatchdog Timer Software programmable from 30.5 us to 512 seconds x2sets(Watchdog 1 fully compatible with M6117D)VGA XGI VOLARI Z9s ChipsetVGA and TFT Flat Panel Interface SupportOnboard 32MB VGA Memory, support resolution up to1280x1024, 16M colorsLAN Integrated 10/100Mbps EthernetFlash Disk Support Onboard 4MB SPI Flash DiskOnboard SST Flash Disk (512MB/1GB/2GB/4GB areoptional)MSTI EmbedDisk Module (16MB and above)44-pin IDE to Micro SD (Optional)PWM 24~32 ChannelsI2C Controlled by GP 34/35Serial Console Controlled by GP 36/37I /O Interface Enhanced IDE port (UltraDMA-100/66/33) x1RS-232 port x5 (TX RX x1)USB port x4Parallel port x116-bit GPIO port x210/100Mbps Ethernet port x1Connectors 1.27mm 76-pin box header for signal x41.25mm 6-pin Wafer for JTAG x1Power Requirement Single Voltage +5V @ 600mADimension 70 mm (L) x 70 mm (W) x 10.5 mm (H) (With Cover) Weight 25gOperating Temperature -20o C ~ +70o C-40°C ~ +85°C (Optional)1.4 Board DimensionS OM304DX-DEV-VISOM304RD-VIC h a p t e r 2Installation 2.1 Board OutlineSOM304DX-DEV-VIOM304RD-VIS2.2 Connectors & Jumpers LocationConnectorsSOM304DX-DEV-VI2.3 Connectors & Jumpers SummarySOM304DX-DEV-VINbr Description Type of Connections Pin nbrs.J1 IDE Connector Box Header, 2.0∅ ,22x2 44-pinJ2 IDE Connector Box Header, 2.54∅ , 20x2 40-pinJ3 USB 2/ USB 3 Box Header, 2.54∅ , 5x2 10-pinUSB1A USB 0/ USB 1 USB connector8-pinUSB1B Ethernet LAN RJ45 Connector 8-pinJ7A PS/2 Keyboard Mini-DIN Female6-pinJ7B PS/2 Mouse Mini-DIN Female6-pinJ9 TTL/RS232 Mode Selector Pin Header, 2,54∅,1x2 2-pinJ10 COM1/P4/PWM Box Header, 2.0∅ 5x2 10-pinJ11 GPIO ( P0 / P1 /PWM) Box Header, 2.0∅ ,10x220-pinJ12 GPIO (P2/P3/ SPI/2C/PWM) Box Header, 2.0∅ ,10x220-pinJ13 TTL/RS232 Mode Selector Pin Header, 2,54∅,1x2 2-pinJ14 COM2 Box Header, 2.0∅ 5x2 10-pinJ16 ATX Power ATX header 20-pinJ17 Power Connector Terminal Block 5.0∅,2x1 2-pinJ18 COM3 TTL Mode Box Header, 2.0∅ 5x2 10-pinJ19 Print Box Header, 2.0∅ , 13x2 26-pinJ20 COM4 TTL Mode Box Header, 2.0∅ 5x2 10-pinJ21A ISA Slot1 ISA Slot 98-pinJ35A PC104 Connector – 64 pin Box Header, 2.54∅ 32x2 64-pinJ35B PC104 Connector – 40 pin Box Header, 2.54∅ 20x2 40-pinJ37 LCD Box Header,2.0∅ ,22x2 44-pinJ38 VGA D-Sub Female 15-pinJ45A COM1 D-Sub Male 9-pinJ45B COM2 D-Sub Male 9-pinJ46A Audio Line-Out 1.25mm Phone JackJ46B Audio Mic-In 1.25mm Phone JackSP1 BUZZERSW2 ResetIDE- LED IDE Active LED (Green ) LED-SMDPWR-LED Power Active LED (Red) LED-SMDMTBF-LED MTBF-Out (Orange) LED-SMD2.4 Pin Assignments & Jumper SettingsSOM304DX-DEV-VI J1: IDE (44 Pins)J2: IDE (40 Pins)Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name 1 IDERST 2 GND 3 IDED7 4 IDED8 5 IDED6 6 IDED9 7 IDED5 8 IDED10 9 IDED4 10 IDED11 11 IDED3 12 IDED12 13 IDED2 14 IDED13 15 IDED1 16 IDED14 17 IDED0 18 IDED15 19 GND 20 VCCPin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name 1 IDERST 2 GND 3 IDED7 4 IDED8 5 IDED6 6 IDED9 7 IDED5 8 IDED10 9 IDED4 10 IDED11 11 IDED3 12 IDED12 13 IDED2 14 IDED13 15 IDED1 16 IDED14 17 IDED0 18 IDED15 19 GND 20 NC 21 IDEREQ 22 GND 23 IDEIOW 24 GND 25 IDEIOR 26 GND 27 ICHRDY 28 GND 29 IDEACK 30 GND 31 IDEINT 32 NC 33 IDESA1 34 IDECBLID 35 IDESA0 36 IDESA2 37 IDECS-0 38 IDECS1 39 IDELED 40 GND 41 VCC 42 VCC 43 GND 44 NC21 IDEREQ 22 GND23 IDEIOW 24 GND25 IDEIOR 26 GND27 ICHRDY 28 GND29 IDEACK 30 GND31 IDEINT 32 NC33 IDESA1 34 IDECBLID35 IDESA0 36 IDESA237 IDECS0 38 IDECS139 IDELED 40 GNDJ3: USBPin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 VCC2 VCC3 LUSBD0-4 LUSBD1-5 LUSBD0+6 LUSBD1+7 GND 8 GND9 GGND 10 GGNDNote:USB port 0, 1 will be occupied if audio function is available USB1A: USB0/1Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 VCC2 VCC3 -DATA4 -DATA5 +DATA6 +DATA7 GND 8 GNDUSB1B: Ethernet LANPin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 TD+2 TD-3 RO+4 NC5 NC6 RO-7 NC 8 NCJ7A: PS/2 KeyboardPin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 KBDATA2 NC3 GND4 VCC5 KBCLK6 RO-J7B: PS/2 MousePin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 TD+2 TD-3 RO+4 NC5 NC6 RO-J9: TTL/RS232 Mode Selector (Open: On, Close: Off) Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 GND2 VCCJ10: COM1/P4/PWMPin # SignalNamePin # Signal Name1 DCD12 RXD13 TXD14 DTR15 GND6 DSR17 RTS1 8 CTS19 RI1 10 TXDEN1/VCCJ11: GPIO (P0/ P1/ PWM)Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 GND2 VCC3 GP004 GP105 GP016 GP117 GP02 8 GP129 GP03 10 GP1311 GP04 12 GP1413 GP05 14 GP1515 GP06 16 GP1617 GP07 18 GP1719 VCC 20 GNDJ12: GPIO (P2/ P3/ SPI/ I2C/PWM)Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 GND2 VCC3 GP204 SPICS5 GP216 SPICLK7 GP22 8 SPIDO9 GP23 10 SPIDI11 GP24 12 GP3413 GP25 14 GP3515 GP26 16 GP3617 GP27 18 GP3719 VCC 20 GNDNote:If you Enable 4M SPI flash Disk on the BIOS setting, you cannot use GP30~GP37 Pins.J13: TTL/RS232 Mode Selector (Open: On, Close: Off)Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 GND2 VCCJ14: COM1/P4/PWMPin # SignalNamePin # Signal Name1 DCD2 2 RXD23 TXD24 DTR25 GND6 DSR27 RTS2 8 CTS29 RI2 10 TXDEN2/VCCJ17: Power Connector (Terminal Block 5.0mm) Pin # Signal Name1 +5V2 GNDJ18: COM3 TTL ModePin # SignalNamePin #SignalName1 DCD32 RXD33 TXD34 DTR35 GND6 DSR37 RTS3 8 CTS39 RI3 10 VCCJ19: PRINTPin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 STB- 14 AFD-2 PD0 15 ERR-3 PD1 16 INIT-4 PD2 17 SLIN-5 PD3 18 GND6 PD4 19 GND7 PD5 20 GND8 PD6 21 GND9 PD7 22 GND10 ACK- 23 GND11 BUSY 24 GND12 PE 25 GND13 SLCT 26 NC J20: COM 4 TTL ModePin # SignalNamePin #SignalName1 DCD42 RXD43 TXD4 4 DTR45 GND6 DSR47 RTS4 8 CTS49 RI4 10 VCCJ35A: PC104 Connector – 64pin Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 IOCHCHK *2 GND3 SD74 RSTDRV5 SD6 6 VCC7 SD5 8 IRQ99 SD4 10 -5V11 SD3 12 DRQ2 13 SD2 14 -12V15 SD1 16 OWS 17 SD0 18 +12V 19 IOCHRDY 20 GND21 AEN 22 SMEMW * 23 SA19 24 SMEMR * 25 SA18 26 IOW * 27 SA17 28 IOR * 29 SA16 30 DACK3 * 31 SA15 32 DRQ3 33 SA14 34 DACK1 * 35 SA13 36 DRQ1 37 SA12 38 REFRESH * 39 SA11 40 SYSCLK41 SA10 42 IRQ7 43 SA9 44 IRQ6 45 SA8 46 IRQ5 47 SA7 48 IRQ4 49 SA6 50 IRQ3 51 SA5 52 DACK2 * 53 SA4 54 TC 55 SA3 56 BALE 57 SA2 58 VCC 59 SA1 60 OSC 61 SA0 62 GND 63 GND 64 GND J35B: PC104 Connector – 40pin Pin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 GND2 GND3 MEMCS16 *4 SBHE *5 IOCS16 * 6 SA237 IRQ10 8 SA229 IRQ11 10 SA21 11 IRQ12 12 SA20 13 IRQ15 14 SA19 15 IRQ14 16 SA18 17 DACK0 * 18 SA17 19 DRQ0 20 MEMR * 21 DACK5 * 22 MEMW * 23 DRQ5 24 SD8 25 DACK6 * 26 SD9 27 DRQ6 28 SD10 29 DACK7 * 30 SD11 31 DRQ7 32 SD12 33 VCC 34 SD13 35 MASTER * 36 SD14 37 GND 38 SD15 39 GND 40 NCJ37: LCDPin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 +3.3V2 +3.3V3 LG24 LG35 LG46 LG57 NC 8 NC9 LR0 10 LR111 LR2 12 LR313 LR4 14 LR515 GND 16 NC17 NC 18 NC19 NC 20 GND21 NC 22 NC23 LB0 24 LB125 LB2 26 LB327 LB4 28 LB529 NC 30 NC31 LG0 32 LG133 GND 34 GND35 NC 36 LCLK37 NC 38 LDE39 NC 40 LHSYNC41 NC 42 LVSYNC43 LBACKL 44 LVDDENJ38: VGAPin # Signal Name Pin # Signal Name1 R OUT2 G OUT3 B OUT4 NC5 GND6 GND7 GND 8 GND9 VCC 10 GND11 NC 12 DDCDAT13 HSYNC 14 VSYNC15 DDCCLKJ45A: COM 1Pin # SignalNamePin #SignalName1 DCD12 RXD13 TXD14 DTR15 GND6 DSR17 RTS1 8 CTS19 RI1J45B: COM 2Pin # SignalNamePin #SignalName1 DCD2 2 RXD23 TXD24 DTR25 GND6 DSR27 RTS28 CTS29 RI2J1/J2/J3/J4:SOM304RD-VI Signal Assignment2.5 System MappingMemory MappingAddress Description Usage 0000:0000 - 9000:FFFF System RAM *A000:0000 - A000:FFFF EGA/VGA Video MemoryB000:0000 - B000:7FFF MDA RAM, Hercules graphics display RAMB000:8000 - B000:FFFF CGA display RAMC000:0000 - C000:7FFF EGA/VGA BIOS ROMC000:8000 - C000:BFFF Boot ROM enableC000:C000 - C000:FFFF Console Redirection enableD000:0000 - D700:FFFF Expansion ROM spaceD800:0000 - DB00:FFFF SPI FLASH Emulation Floppy A EnableDC00:0000 - DF00:FFFF Expansion ROM SpaceE000:0000 - E000:FFFF USB Legacy SCSI ROM spaceF000:0000 - F000:FFFF Motherboard BIOS * FEFA:D000 - FFFF:F000 Standard OpenHCD USB Host Controller * FEFA:F800 - FFFF:FF00 Standard OpenHCD USB Host Controller * FEFA:F400 - FFFF:FF00 On board Ethernet Adapter * FEFA:E000 - FFFF:F000 Standard Enhanced PCI to USB Host Controller * FEFA:FC00 - FFFF:FF00 Standard Enhanced PCI to USB Host Controller *I/O MappingI/O Address Owner Usage 0000h - 000Fh DMA 8237-1 * 0010h - 0017h COM 90020h - 0021h PIC 8259-1 *0022h - 0023h Indirect Access Registers (6117D configuration port)*002Eh - 002Fh Forward to LPC BUS0040h - 0043h Timer Counter 8254 * 0048h - 004Bh PWM counter 8254 * 004Eh - 004Fh Forward to LPC BUS0060h Keyboard / Mouse data port * 0061h Port B + NMI control port * 0062h - 0063h 8051 download 4k address counter * 0064h Keyboard/ Mouse status/ command port * 0065h WatchDog0 reload counter * 0066h 8051 download 8bit data port * 0067h WatchDog1 reload counter * 0068h - 006Dh WatchDog1 control counter * 0070h - 0071h CMOS RAM port * 0072h - 0075h MTBF control register * 0078h - 007Ch GPIO port 0,1,2,3,4 default setup * 0080h - 008Fh DMA page register * 0092h System control register * 0098h - 009Ch GPIO direction control *00A0h - 00A1h PIC 8259-2 * 00C0h - 00DFh DMA 8237-2 * 00E0h - 00EFh DOS 4G Page access * 0170h - 0177h IDE1(IRQ 15)01F0h - 01F7h IDE0 (IRQ 14) * 0220h - 0227h COM8 Forward to LPC BUS0228h - 022Fh COM7 Forward to LPC BUS0238h - 023Fh COM6 Forward to LPC BUS0278h - 027Fh Printer port (IRQ7, DMA 0) * 02E8h - 02EFh COM4 (IRQ 11) * 02F8h - 02EFh COM2 (IRQ3) * 0338h - 033Fh COM5 Forward to LPC BUS0376h IDE1 ATAPI device control write only register * 03E8h - 03EFh COM3 (IRQ 10) * 03F0h - 03F7h Floppy Disk (IRQ6, DMA2)03F6h IDE0 ATAPI device control write only register * 03F8h - 03FFh COM1 (IRQ 4) * 0480h - 048Fh DMA High page register * 0490h - 0499h Instruction counter register * 04D0h - 04D1h 8259 Edge / level control register * 0CF8h - 0CFFh PCI configuration port * DE00h - DEFFh On board LAN * FC00h - FC05h SPI Flash BIOS control register * FC08h - FC0Dh External SPI BUS control register *IRQ# Description Usage IRQ0 System Timer * IRQ1 Keyboard Controller * IRQ2 Cascade for IRQ8 – 15IRQ3 Serial Port 2 * IRQ4 Serial Port 1 * IRQ5 USB * IRQ6 USB * IRQ7 Printer Port * IRQ8 Real Time Clock * IRQ9 USB/ Ethernet 10/100M LAN * IRQ10 Serial Port 3 * IRQ11 Serial Port 4 * IRQ12 Mouse * IRQ13 Math Coprocessor * IRQ14 Hard Disk Controller#1 * IRQ15 Hard Disk Controller#2 *DMA# Description Usage DMA0DMA1DMA2 Floppy Disk ControllerDMA3DMA4DMA5DMA6DMA72.6 Watchdog TimerThere are two watchdog timers in Vortex86SX/DX CPU. One is compatible with M6117D watchdog timer and the other is new. The M6117D compatible watchdog timer is called WDT0 and new one is called WDT1.We also provide DOS, Linux and WinCE example for your reference. For more technical support, please visit: /tech or download the PDF file:/tech/vortex86dx/2.7 GPIO (General Purpose Input / Output)40 GPIO pins are provided by the Vortex86SX/DX for general usage in the system. All GPIO pins are independent and can be configured as inputs or outputs, with or without pull-up/pull-down resistors.We also offer DOS, Linux and WinCE example for your reference. For more technical support, please visit: /tech or download the PDF file:/tech/vortex86dx/2.8 SPI flash (Serial Peripheral Interface)As SPI Flash (Serial Peripheral Interface) offers many benefits including: reduced controller pin count, smaller and simpler PCBs, reduced switching noise, less power consumption, and lower system costMany of users may consider using a formatted SPI flash to boot for the system or emulate SPI flash as Floppy (A: Driver or B: Driver). Then you must know how to set for this condition in CMOS Setup and boot up under DOS 6.22, X-DOS, DR-DOS and Free DOS.For more technical support, please visit: /tech or download the PDF file: /tech/vortex86dx/2.9 PWM (Pulse-width modulation)Pulse-width modulation (PWM) of a signal or power source involves the modulation of its duty cycle, to either convey information over a communications channel or control the amount of power sent to a load.The popular applications of pulse width modulation are in speed control of electric motors, volume control of Class D audio amplifiers or brightness control of light sources and many other power electronics applications.The Vortex86DX SoC integrated 32 channels of PWM interface enabling the Automation, robotic industry to a New Age x86 SoC platform and we also offer the sample code of PWM which will guide the engineer to control the PWM functionality smoothly.For more inquire of this sample code that please contact our sales team or mail to:*************.tw3.0 IDE to SD (Micro-SD)Vortex86DX SoC also built-in simulation circuit to adapt SD to IDE in order to allow your system to recognize Micro-SD card as C: or D: DriverSD-1917: 44 pins IDE to SD Adapter is an ideal solution for industrial PC or embedded system and 44 pins IDE to SD Adapter can be easily installed on all Vortex86DX-63xx CPU boards. You or your customers just do the BIOS setting and use SD-1917 to connect IDE connector of Vortex86DX-63xx directly.For further inquiries of SD-1917, please contact ICOP sales team or mail to: *************.tw for your request.<BIOS setting>Get into the BIOS setup UtilityChoose Primary IDE Pin Select: SD cardPress “F10” to Save configuration changes and exit setupSD-1917SD-1917: /pddetail.aspx?id=125&pid=4C h a p t e r 4Driver InstallationVGAThe Vortex86DX processor also uses external Display Card ““Volari™ Z9s” which is an ultra low powered graphics chipset with total power consumption at around 1-1.5 W. It is capable in providing VGA display output upto 1600x1200. With DVO interface, developers could easily connect flat Panel to support TFT and LVDS output.Please download the Driver: /sd/sd_download.aspLANThe Vortex86DX processor also integrated 10/100Mbps Ethernet controller that supports both 10/100BASE-T and allows direct connection to your 10/100Mbps Ethernet based Local Area Network for full interaction with local servers, wide area networks such as the Internet.The controller supports: Half / Full-Duplex Ethernet function to double channel bandwidth, auto media detection.Operating system supportThe SOM304RD-VI CPU module provides the VGA and LAN drivers for DOS 6.22 Windows CE 5.0, CE 6.0, Windows 98, Windows XP Professional, Windows Embedded standard (XPE) and Windows 2000 (SP4).Please get the drivers from the Driver CD which attached with the standard packing ofSOM304RD-VI CPU module or please get it from DMP official website:/tech/vortex86dx/SOM304RD-VI CPU module also supports most of the popular Linux distributions, for more detail information, please visit DMP official website: /tech/vortex86dx/AppendixA. TCP/IP library for DOS real modeDSock is a TCP/IP library for DOS real mode, which is used by RSIP. It provides simple C functions for programmer to write Internet applications. ICOP also provide Internet examples using DSock: BOOTP/DHCP, FTP server, SMTP client/server, HTTP server, TELNET server, Talk client/server, etc.DSock provides a lot of example source code. Programmer can add Internet functions to their project easily and save development time. With a utility "MakeROM”, programmer also can make a ROM image to fit their application, those examples can be seen in the following Application systems: Mity-Mite Serial Server,Web Camera Tiny Server and RSIP Serial Server.DSock is free for All ICOP products using M6117D/Vortex86/Vortex86SX/Vortex86DX CPU and ICOP also provide the business version of DSock for those customers who are using other x86 CPUs.If you would like to use DSock or business version of DSock, Please mail to *************.tw or contact your regional sales.Please download the trial DSock software and Utilities from our website:/tech/dmp-lib/dsock/B. SOM304RD-VI & SOM304DX-DEV-VI SchematicSchematic information can help baseboard designer to optimize exactly how each of these functions implements physically. Designer can place connectors precisely where needed for the application on a baseboard designed to optimally fit a system’s packaging.Please contact or e-mail our regional sales to get SOM304RD-VI CPU module andSOM304DX-DEV-VI Schematic.C. BIOS Default settingIf the system cannot be booted after BIOS changes are made, Please follow below procedures in order to restore the CMOS as default setting.Press “End” Key, when the power onPress <Del> to enter the AMI BIOS setupPress “F9” to Load Optimized DefaultsPress “F10” to Save configuration changes and exit setupWarrantyThis product is warranted to be in good working order for a period of one year from the date of purchase. Should this product fail to be in good working order at any time during this period, we will, at our option, replace or repair it at no additional charge except as set forth in the following terms. This warranty does not apply to products damaged by misuse, modifications, accident or disaster. Vendor assumes no liability for any damages, lost profits, lost savings or any other incidental or consequential damage resulting from the use, misuse of, originality to use this product. Vendor will not be liable for any claim made by any other related party. Return authorization must be obtained from the vendor before returned merchandise will be accepted. Authorization can be obtained by calling or faxing the vendor and requesting a Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA) number. Returned goods should always be accompanied by a clear problem description.。

Text Most radio and television stations in the United States are commercial stations,_____26____is tosay, they earn their money from____27____or commercials. Private companies purchase, radio and television ____ 28____from the commercial stations in order to ____ 29 ____ their products. Cable television sta-tions are also ____ 30 ____ stations, though they do not usually have advertisements.____ 31 ____ watch cablestations, people must pay the cable TV company a certain amount of money each ____ 32____. Public radio and television stations, on the ____ 33 ____ hand, do not have advertisements and peo-ple do not have to ____ 34 ____ to watch them. These stations gain their money ____ 35 ____the govern-ment, private companies, and from some of the ____ 36 ____ who watch or listen to their programs.The ____ 37 ____ government and some large corporations give ____ 38 ____ , large gifts on money, to thepublic stations. Small businesses and people also ____ 39 ____ money to their local public radio and television stations. ABC, CBS, and NBC are the three ____ 40 ____ commercial radio and television ____ 41 ____ in the UnitedStates. Most local commercial radio and TV stations ____ 42 ____ their programs from one of these na-tional networks. ____43____example, each network has a TV news program in the evening, ____ 44____thelocal stations broadcast in addition to their ____ 45 ____ local news programs. 26. [A]that [B]this [C]it [D]which 27. [A]products [B]programs [C]produce [D]governments 28. [A]place [B]time [C]period [D]hour 29. [A]sell [B]purchase [C]buy [D]advertise 30. [A]national [B]public [C]commercial [D]local 31. [A]In order to [B]So to [C]As to [D]So as to 32. [A]program [B]month [C]advertisement [D]piece 33. [A]one [B]another [C]other [D]others 34. [A]provide [B]offer [C]buy [D]pay 35. [A]from [B]on [C]in [D]with 36. [A]factories [B]businesses [C]companies [D]audiences 37. [A]Central [B]Federal [C]Official [D]Public 38. [A]pay [B]income [C]grants [D]loans 39. [A]donate [B]take [C]bring [D]carry 40. [A]mature [B]major [C]minor [D]mere 41. [A]programs [B]projects [C]nets [D]networks 42. [A]take [B]get [C]borrow [D]sell 43. [A]As [B]To [C]In [D]For 44. [A]which [B]that [C]who [D]what 45. [A]personal [B]private [C]own [D]public Text 1 "Family" is of course an elastic word. And in different countries it has different meanings. Butwhen British people say that their society is based on family life, they are thinking of "family"in itsnarrow, peculiarly European sense of mother, father and children living together in their own houseas an economic and social unit. Thus, every British marriage indicates the beginning of a new and in-dependent family--hence the tremendous importance of marriage in British life. For both man andwoman, marriage means leaving one’s parents and starting one’s own life. The man’s first duty willthen be to his wife, and the wife’s to her husband. He will be entirely responsible for her financialsupport, and she for the running of the new home. Their children will be their common responsibilityand their alone. Neither the wife’s parents nor the husband’s, nor their brothers or sisters, aunts oruncles, have any right to interfere with them-they are their own masters. Readers of novels likeJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice will know that in former times, marriage among wealthy families were arranged by the girl’s parents, that is, it was the "parents' duty tofind a suitable husband for their daughter, preferably a rich one, and by skillful encouragement tolead him eventually to ask their permission to marry her. Until that time, the girl was protected andmaintained in the parents' home, and the financial relief of getting rid of her could be seen in theirgiving the newly married pair a sum of money called a dowry (嫁妆). It is very different today.Most girls of today get a job when they leave school and become financially independent before theirmarriage. This has had two results. A girl chooses her own husband, and she gets no dowry. Everycoin has two sides; independence for girls is no exception. But it may be a good thing for all of thegirls, as their social status are much higher and they are no longer the subordinate(部下，下级) oftheir parents and husbands. 46. What does the author mean by "Family is of course an elastic word"? [A]Different families have different ways of life. [B]Different definitions could be given to the word. [C]Different nations have different families. [D]Different times produce different families. 47. For an English family, the husband’s duty is________ [A]supporting the family while the wife is working out [B]defending the family while the wife is running the home [C]providing financial support while the wife is running the home [D]independent while his wife is also independent 48. Everything is decided in a family________ [A]by the couple [B]with the help of their parents [C]by brothers and sisters [D]with the help of aunts and uncles 49. What is TRUE conceming the book Pride and Prejudice? [A]It is the best book on marriage. [B]It is a handbook on marriage. [C]It gives some idea of English social life in the past. [D]It provides a lot of information of former-time wealthy families. 50. With regard to marriage in Britain, present-day girls differ from former-time girls in________ [A]the right family [B]more parental support [C]choosing husbands [D]social position Text 2 Steveland Morris is a household name in America. Ask Steveland Morris and he' 11 tell you thatblindness is not necessarily disabling. Steveland was born prematurely(过早地, 不到期地) and total-ly without sight in 1950s. He became Stevie Wonder composer, singer, and pianist. The winner often Grammy awards, Stevie is widely acclaimed(喝彩) for his outstanding contributions to the musicworld. As a child, Stevie learned not to think about the things he could not do, but to concentrate onthe things that he could do. His parents encouraged him to join in his sighted brothers as many activi-ties as possible. They also helped him to sharpen his sense of heating, the sense upon which the usu-ally disabled are so dependent. Because sound was so important to him. Stevie began at an early age to experiment with differ-ent kinds of sound. He would bang things together and then imitate the sound with his voice. Oftenrelying on sound for entertainment, he sang, beat on toy drums, played a toy harmonica(⼝琴) ,andlistened to the radio. Stevie soon graduated from toy instruments to real instruments. He first learned to play thedrums. He then mastered the harmonica and the piano. He became a member of the junior churchchoir(唱诗班) and a lead singer. In the evenings and on weekends, Stevie would play different in-struments and sing popular rhythm and blues tunes on the front porches (⾛廊) of neighbors' homes.One of Stevie’s sessions was overheard by Ronnie White, a member of a popular singing groupcalled The Miracles. Ronnie immediately recognized Stevie’s talent and took him to audition (试听)for Berry Gordy, the president of Hitsville USA, a large recording company now known as Motown.Stevie recorded his first smash hit "Fingertips" in 1962 at age twelve, and the rest of Stevie’s story ismusic history. 51. This passage could be entitled________ [A]The Music World [B]Stevie Wonder [C]Great Musicians [D]Blind People 52. Which of the following is NOT true about Stevie's childhood? [A]Stevie often told people that a blind person was not necessarily disabled. [B]He learnt to concentrate on things that he could do. [C]He played as often as possible with his brother, who had normal sight. [D]He tried very hard to train his sense of heating. 53. By saying "Stevie soon graduated from toy instruments to real instruments", the author means that________ [A]Stevie finished tiis study at a toy instruments school [B]Stevie began to study in a real instruments school [C]Stevie gave up all his toy instruments and began to buy many real instruments [D]Stevie started to play real instruments 54. The author mentions all the following facts EXCEPT that________ [A]Stevie’s neighbors could often enjoy his playing and singing [B]it was Ronnie White that recognized S t e v i e s t a l e n t a n d l e d h i m t o a s u c c e s s f u l c a r e e r / p > p b d s f id = " 2 0 4 " > 0 0 [ C ] Be r r y C o r d y h e l p e d h i m t o s e t u p h i s o w n r e c o r d i n g c o m p a n y / p > p b d sf i d = "2 0 5 " > 0 0 [ D ] S t e v i e s p a r e n t s p l a y e d a v e r y i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n t r a i n i n g h i s s e n s e o f h e a r i n g / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 6 " > 0 0 5 5 . T h e " F i n g e r t i p s " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 7 " > 0 0 [ A ] r e c o r d e d S t e v i e s m u s i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e t h a t w o n h i m i n s t a n t f a m e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 8 " > 0 0 [ B ] w a s a r e c o r d t h a t t u r n e d o u t t o b e a g r e a t s u c c e s s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 9 " > 0 0 [ C ] c a r r i e d t h e m e s s a g e t h a t t h e b l i n d c o u l d w o r k m i r a c l e s w i t h t h e i r f i n g e r t i p s / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 0 " > 0 0 [ D ] a l l o f t h e a b o v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 1 " > / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 2 " > 0 0 T e x t3 / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 1 3 " > 0 0 F i s h i n g a d d s o n l y a b o u t o n e p e r c e n t t o t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y , b u t o n a r e g i o n a l b a s i s i c a n c o n t r i b u t e e x t r e m e l y t o h u m a n s u r v i v a l . M a r i n e f i s h e r i e s c o n t r i b u t e m o r e t o t h e w o r l d s s u p p l y o f p r o t e i n t h a n b e e f , p o u l t r y o r a n y o t h e r a n i m a l s o u r c e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 14 " > 0 0 F i s h i n g t y p i c a l l y d o e s n o t n e e d l a n d o w n e r s h i p , a n d b e c a u s e i t r e m a i n s , g e n e r a l l y , o p e n t o a l l , i t i s o f t e n t h e e m p l o y e r o f l a s t r e s o r t i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d a n o c c u p a t i o n w h e n t h e r e a r e n o o t h e r c h o i c e s . W o r l d w i d e , a b o u t 2 0 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e r e l y o n f i s h i n g f o r t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d s . W i t h i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a a l o n e , o v e r f i v e m i l l i o n p e o p l e f i s h f u l l t i m e . I n n o r t h e r n C h i l e f o r t y p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n l i v e s o f f t h e o c e a n . I n N e w f o u n d l a n d m o s t e m p l o y m e n t c a m e f r o m f i s h i n g o r s e r v i c i n g t h a t i n d u s - t r y - - u n t i l t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e c o d f i s h e r i e s i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 s t h a t l e f t t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e o u t o f w o r k . / p >。

㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀绝密 考试结束前2023年10月高等教育自学考试外刊经贸知识选读试题课程代码:00096㊀㊀1.请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案涂㊁写在答题纸上㊂㊀㊀2.答题前,考生务必将自己的考试课程名称㊁姓名㊁准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上㊂选择题部分注意事项:㊀㊀每小题选出答案后,用2B铅笔把答题纸上对应题目的答案标号涂黑㊂如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其他答案标号㊂不能答在试题卷上㊂一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个可以替代句中划线的单词或词组,请将其选出并将答题卡(纸)的相应代码涂黑㊂错涂㊁多涂或未涂均无分㊂1.The withdrawal of Soviet economic and technical aid in the early1960s caused trade to shift away from the USSR and its Comecon partners towards Japan and Western Europe.A.move awayB.keep awayC.stay awayD.hold away2.The following years,a tax law for joint ventures was promulgated.A.bannedB.canceledC.proclaimedD.ceased3.Its boom radiates from Guangdong,its richest province,but it has spread as far west as Xinjiang.A.crisisB.fast growthC.depressionD.fast decrease4.An increase in China s growth rate helped to sustain high rates of growth in the East Asia region.A.forfeitB.loseC.missD.maintain5.The strongest signal came last week,when Mickey Kantor moved quickly to cite the12-nation European Community for intolerable discrimination against panies seeking government contracts with the Community.A.fair treatmentB.different treatmentC.friendly treatmentD.certain treatment6.The European Community s languishing Maastricht Treaty for deeper political and economic integration is the obvious example cited.A.consolidationB.separationC.destructionD.break7.Its policy is to open some Japanese markets by setting import targets.A.refusingB.buildingC.rejectingD.canceling浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第1页(共5页)8.Sooner or later they will begin to lose their edge,much as the U.S.did against Japan.A.inferiorityB.shortcomingC.advantageD.weakness9.In the two years since Iraq was ousted from Kuwait,peace and prosperity have returned to the Gulf region.A.economic policyB.economic stagnationC.economic conflictD.economic growth10.The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight.paniesB.trainingsC.matchesD.banquets11.To secure sales of its F-5jet fighter to the Swiss government,the Northrop Cor.agreed to help the Swiss expand export markets for＄200million worth of goods.A.unsureB.ensureC.waverD.hesitate12.The big guys will press bottlers to drop competing brands to make way for their new products.A.give wayB.make blockC.give strikeD.make at13.Fresh hen eggs,however,are the most popular item.A.unmarketableB.saleableC.inactiveD.disgusting14.Prices are in many cases at historical lows in real terms as markets struggle to cope with floods of surplus produce.A.lessB.fewerC.excessiveD.short15.Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold.A.steadyB.firmC.fixedD.variable二㊁判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂判断下列各题,在答题卡(纸)相应位置正确的涂 A ,错误的涂 B ㊂Passage1U.S.Is Prepared to See Trade Relations Worsen㊀㊀Some of the Clinton administration s tough talk appears tactical,intended to pressure trading partners into offering concession and to unblock stalled negotiations on several fronts.But it appears that officials are prepared to turn up the temperature on trade and live with the consequences. In some ways,Mr.Clinton and his advisers are following the same well-trod path as the Bush administration,which threatened sanctions against the Community last year and walked away from GATT negotiations rather than sign an agreement that would provide only small gains for U.S. companies.The same political pressures from trade hawks in Congress that the Bush officials felt are 浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第2页(共5页)now bearing down on the Clinton team.A broad review of trade policy issues is just beginning within the administration,but officials said the underpinnings of Mr.Kantor s decision were plainly found in Mr.Clinton s trade speeches during the campaign,particularly the demand for open markets abroad.The reactions to these first signals from the Clinton team has been sharply divergent.16.The purpose of Clinton administration s tough talk is to make concession to the trade partners.17.The officials will accept the consequences of tough trade negotiation.18.The trade policy by Clinton team is completely different with to that of Bush s.19.The Community threatened to make trade sanctions to the United States.20.Clinton team faced political pressures from trade hawks in Congress.Passage2Economic Troubles Cloud New Market s FutureBut perhaps the major reason is the dark economic clouds now hanging over Europe.One of the central justifications for the single market was its ability to create greater prosperity,but it is making its debut just as Europe traverses one of its roughest economic storms in years.We are going to wind up1992with just about the same level of unemployed nearly10per cent community wide that we had before this project, says an aide to Mr.Delors.In addition, economic growth is skidding to an anticipated1per cent next year,all of which adds up to consumer and business confidence sinking to the same lows recorded during the pre-single market days of Europessimism.Both EC and independent analysts say that business anticipated the economic benefits of the single market,so that much of the burst of economic activity in preparation for the new market has already occurred.Business investment,which had been flat for the five years preceding the decision in1985to create the single market,soared to a7per cent annual growth rate from1985-1990.21.The economic trouble in Europe is the major reason.22.The single market has brought prosperity to the European economy.23.The unemployment rate was10%in1992.24.The economic growth rate next year is expected to be about1%in European Community.25.Business investment increased at5%growth rate in1990s.浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第3页(共5页)非选择题部分注意事项:㊀㊀用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上㊂三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.合资企业27.外汇储备28.优先权29.国内生产总值30.北美自由贸易协定31.贸易报复32.企业经理人员33.筹措资金34.破坏经济35.经销商四㊁将下列英语单词或词组译成中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.national income37.pipe dream38.container plant39.rental housing40.trade sanctions41.managed trade42.brain trust43.current account44.economic growth45.money market五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage1China s cautious approach to foreign borrowing is to be maintained,at least for the time being. The debt problems confronting a number of developing countries have reinforced China s determination to introduce foreign technology by means of direct investment and concessionary finance rather than by raising substantial sums of money on the international capital markets.Foreign 浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第4页(共5页)investment is advantageous insofar as it facilitates the transfer of technology and skills and avoids creating an overhang of debt.The authorities do not consider it appropriate to incur large amounts of external debt until a number of practical bottlenecks in the economy,such as an inadequate transport network and energy constraints,have been tackled.China s access to substantial sums of money from the World Bank also reduces the need to borrow on commercial terms.46.What is the meaning of cautious ?47.What are the practical bottlenecks in the context?48.What does borrow on commercial terms imply?Passage2China is reaping the rewards of reforms first launched by Deng Xiaoping in1979.Foreign investment is now welcome.Special Economic Zones are booming.The opening of securities and real-estate markets have created new opportunities.Clearly,China s economy is a work in progress, nowhere near realizing the potential of its billion-plus population.Its gross domestic product last year was,according to the official measure,＄420billion no more than that of southern California. China remains primarily a nation of farmers,and the transition to an industrial free market is much like the traffic on Highway204 unpredictable.Few state-owned firms have been sold,and most are laggard behemoths.Growth is driven by new joint ventures,collectives and private businesses, which now account for more than50%of China s industrial production.49.What is the meaning of opportunities ?50.What is China s GDP last year?.51.Who created half of China's industrial output?六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52.Output for the developing countries advanced by1.9%during1991–comparable to the weak performance they registered in1990.In terms of per capita income,real output in developing countries apparently eased somewhat,by–0.1%.A number of factors some broad-based, others more specific–contributed to the weakness of performance.Despite the slowdown in the industrial countries particularly in the U.S. improvements in economic performance in Latin America were widespread.The region s GDP rose by3.0%in1991,thus reversing the slide in annual per capita income that had taken place over the past decade.Growth rates were in excess of4%in Argentina,Chile,and Mexico and reached a high of9.1%in Venezuela. Policy reforms covering fiscal adjustment,trade and investment liberalization,the financial sector,and public-enterprise restructuring and privatization,supported by debt restructuring, have helped to moderate inflation in the region and strengthen domestic demand.浙00096#外刊经贸知识选读试题第5页(共5页)绝密 启用前2023年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考(课程代码㊀00096)一㊁单项选择题:本大题共15小题,每小题2分,共30分㊂1.A2.C3.B4.D5.B6.A7.B8.C9.D10.C 11.B12.A13.B14.C15.D二㊁判断题:本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分㊂Passage116.B17.A18.B19.B20.A Passage221.A22.B23.A24.A25.B三㊁将下列中文词组译成英文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂26.joint venture27.foreign exchange reserves28.preferred status29.GDP(或Gross Domestic Product)30.NAFTA(或North America Free Trade Agreements)31.trade reprisal32.executive33.financing34.wreck the economy35.distributor四㊁将下列英语单词或词组译中文:本大题共10小题,每小题1分,共10分㊂36.国民收入37.白日梦38.集装箱工厂39.出租房屋40.贸易制裁41.管理贸易42.智囊团㊀㊀顾问班子43.经常项目44.经济增长㊀㊀经济发展45.货币市场外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考第1页(共2页)五㊁简答题:本大题共6小题,每小题3分,共18分㊂Passage146.being careful47.an inadequate transport network and energy constraints48. commercial carries the meaning of having profit-making as the aimPassage249.chance to do something possible50.It was＄420billion.51.new joint ventures,collectives and private businesses六㊁翻译题:本大题12分㊂52.1991年,发展中国家的产出增长了1.9%,与1990年的疲软表现相当㊂就人均收入而言,发展中国家的实际产出明显有所下降,下降了0.1%㊂许多因素 有一些广泛,另一些更具体 导致了业绩的疲软㊂尽管工业国家特别是美国的经济增长放缓,但拉丁美洲的经济表现普遍改善㊂1991年,该地区的GDP增长了3.0%,从而扭转了过去十年来人均年收入的下滑趋势㊂阿根廷㊁智利和墨西哥的增长率超过4%,委内瑞拉的增长率高达9.1%㊂在债务重组的支持下,涵盖财政调整㊁贸易和投资自由化㊁金融部门以及公营企业重组和私有化的政策改革,有助于缓和该地区的通货膨胀,增强内需㊂外刊经贸知识选读试题答案及评分参考第2页(共2页)。

1. Management with a geocentric orientation viewing the entire world as a potential market and striving to develop an integrated world market strategy.2. Marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on determining the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction more effectively and efficiently than competitors do.3. Product concept is such an idea that consumers will favor products that offer the most quality performance and features, and that the organization should therefore devote its energy to making continuous product improvement.4. The production concept is such a philosophy that consumers will favor products that are available and highly affordable and that management should therefore focus on improving production and distribution efficiency.5. The goal of differentiation principle is to create competitive advantage.6. What does global localization mean? Thinking globally and acting locally.7. EPRG Framework consists of Ethnocentric orientation, Polycentric orientation, Regiocentric Orientation, Geocentric Orientation.8. Three principles of marketing includes value principle, differentiation principle, focus principle.9. Which management philosophy holds that achieving organizational goals need to determine the needs and wants of target markets. Marketing concept, social marketing concept.10. Marketing is a social and manager process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others.√对1. European union is a kind of Economic Unions.2. Two or more countries agree to abolish all internal barriers to trade among themselves, Then they establish a Free trade areas.3. Power distance index(PPDI Refers to the extent to which the less powerful member of a society accept- even expect- that power is to be distributed uniquely.4. Lower middle income countries, also known as less developed countries/LDCs.5. Expropriation is a kind of political risk.6. High income countries also known as advanced industrialized postindustrial or first world countries.7. Self -reference criterion(SRC) refers to the unconscious reference to one's own cultural values.8. Market Allocation relies on consumers to allocate resources.9. Which of the following belongs to the most of delusion of equity control?Expropriation, Confiscaction, Nationalization, Creeping expropriation.10. In a high context country lawyers is less important , a person's word is his or her bond, responsibility for organizational error is taken by highest level, people breathe on each other.11. Sovereignty refers to the spring and independent political authority of a country.12. There are three types of economic systems, namely capitalist, sociologist, and mixed.13. There are four stages of market development, namely low income countries, lower middle income countries, upper middle income countries, and high income countries.14. Culture can be explained by ways of living built up by a group of human beings which are transmitted from one generation to another.15. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a useful theory of human motivation that helps explain cultural universals.1. Segmentation is defined as the process of dividing the world market into distinct success of consumers that behave in the same way or have similar needs.2. Demographic segmentation is dividing the world based on measurable characteristics of populations, such as age, gender, income, national income, education and occupation, etc.3. Behavior segmentation focus on whether people buy or use a product, how often and how much they use it.4. Targeting is the act of evaluating and comparing the identified segments in order to select one or more of them as prospects with the highest potential.5. Differentiated global marketing entails targeting two or more distinct segments with different marketing mixes.6. Positioning is the location of a product in the mind of its customers，that is positioning is what happens in the mind of the customer.7. High-tech positioning is a kind of positioning strategy for products which are ppurchased on concrete product features; Bears already have processed or wish to acquire considerable technical Information.8. Core product consists of the core, problem solving benefits that consumers seek when they buy a product.9. Product life cycle is the cause of a product's sales and profits over its lifetime.10. Then company sells exactly the same product or service with the same advertising as used in the home country ,in some or all world market countries or segments, we say the company chooses a dual expansion strategy for global product expansion.11. Transfer pricing refers to the pricing of goods and services bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a single company.12. Price escalation is the increase in a product's price as transportation ,duty and distributor margins are added to the factory price.13. Distribution channel refers to an organized network of agencies and institutions which in combination perform all the activities required to link producers with users to accomplish the marketing task.14. The width of distribution channel is depending on the number of intermediaries in each level of channel.15. Promotion refers to all forms of communication used by organizations to inform ,remaind,explain, persuade, and influence the attitudes and buying behavior of customers and other persons.16. Advertising refers to any sponsored paid message placed in a mass medium.17. The goal of public relations is to build good relations with company's various publics.18. Personal selling is the interpersonal art of the promotion mix, which involves two -way ,personal communication between salespeople and individual customers-whether face to face ,by telephone,through video conferences ,or by other means.19. Sales promotion refers to any consumers or trade program of limited duration that is tangible value to a product or brand.20. The goal of sales promotion is to encourage the purchase our sale of a product or service through the short term incentives.21. ST p refers to segmentation positioning and targeting.22. Consumer products contains of convenience, shopping, specialty ,and unsought products on the basis of how they are purchased.23. Sure, when the design product. We need to consider such factors as preferences, cost, laws and regulations ,compatibility and so on.24. What are the factors influencing price setting? Pricing objectives, competitive prices, demand for the product, cost.25. Which of the following a new product pricing strategies? Market skimming pricing, Market penetration pricing.《国际技术贸易》习题2一、单项选择题1.《马德里协定》生效的时间是（）2.国际合作生产的主体（）。

国际商务选择题Chapter1The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to asa) economic integrationb) economic interdependencyc) globalizationd) internationalizationThe merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known asa) global market facilitationb) cross-border tradec) supranational market integrationd) the globalization of marketsFirms that are involved in international business tend to bea) largeb) smallc) medium-sizedd) large, small, and medium-sizedWhich is not a factor of production?a) tradeb) landc) capitald) energyThe sourcing of good and services from around the world to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production is calleda) economies of scaleb) the globalization of productionc) global integrationd) global sourcingWhich organization is responsible for policing the world trading system?a) the International Monetary Fundb) the United Nationsc) the World Trade Organizationd) the World BankWhat is the single most important innovation to the globalization of markets and production?a) advances in transportation technologyb) the development of the microprocessorc) advances in communicationd) the InternetWhich of the following trends is true?a) the United States is accounting for a greater percentage of world trade than ever beforeb) the United States is accounting for a greater percentage of foreign direct investment than ever beforec) the share of world trade accounted for by developing countries is risingd) the share of foreign direct investment by developing countries is decliningWhich of these is not a concern of anti-globalization protesters?a) globalization raises consumer incomeb) globalization contributes to environmental degradationc) globalization is causing a loss of manufacturing jobs in developing countriesd) globalization implies a loss of national sovereigntychapter2A political system that stresses the primacy of collective goals over individual goals is calleda) individualismb) collectivismc) a democracyd) a market economy_____ believe (s) that socialism can only be achieved through violent revolution and totalitarian dictatorship.a) communistsb) social democratsc) social republicansd) PlatoA form of government in which one person or political party exercises complete control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties isa) a democracyb) a representative democracyc) totalitarianismd) socialism______ is found in states where political power is monopolized by a party according to religious principles.a) tribal totalitarianismb) right-wing totalitarianismc) theocratic totalitarianismd) communist totalitarianismIn which type of economic system are all productive activities privately owned?a) a mixed economyb) a command economyc) a representative economyd) a market economyWhich type of law is based on tradition, precedent, and custom?a) civil lawb) common lawc) theocratic lawd) contract lawWhich country among the four is the most corrupt?a) Indiab) Indonesiac) Italyd) BrazilDesign and names by which merchants or manufacturers designate and differentiate their products are calleda) trademarksb) copyrightsc) patentsd) name brandschapter3Which is not a primary determinant of a nation’s rate of economic development?a) its political systemb) its economic systemc) its geographyd) its currencychapter5Which is not an area where multinational firms are concerned about ethics?a) Human rightsb) Trade regulationsc) Environmental regulationsd) CorruptionAll of the following except ____ contribute to unethical behavior by international managers.a) Decision-making processesb) Leadershipc) Personal ethicsd) National cultureAccording to ________, a company’s home-country standards of ethics are the appropriate ones to follow in foreign countries.a) the righteous moralistb) the na?ve immoralistc) the Friedman doctrined) cultural relativism________ recognize that human beings have fundamental rights and privileges which transcend national boundaries and cultures.a) Kantian ethicsb) Utilitarian approachesc) Straw mend) Rights theoriesThe _____ suggests that everyone is imagined to be ignorant of all his or her particular characteristics.a) tragedy of the commonsb) veil of ignorancec) code of ethicsd) the Universal Declaration of Human RightsWhat is a company’s formal statemen t of ethical prioritiescalled?a) Mission statementb) Code of ethicsc) Code of valuesd) Organizational culturechapter6All of the following theories advocated free trade excepta)Mercantilismb)Comparative Advantagec)Absolute Advantaged)Hecksher-OhlinWhich theory suggested that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments?a) mercantilismb) absolute advantagec) Heckscher-ohlind) comparative advantageWhich theory suggests that as products mature the optimal production location will change?a) Mercantilismb) Comparative Advantagec) Absolute Advantaged) Product life-cycleEconomies of scale and first mover advantages are important to which trade theory?a) Mercantilismb) Product life cyclec) New trade theoryd) Comparative advantagePorter’s diamond of competitive advantage includes all ofthe following excepta) Factor endowmentsb) Demand conditionsc) First-mover advantagesd) Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry_________ refer to the nature of home demand for the industry’s product or service.a) Demand conditionsb) Factor endowmentsc) Firm strategy, structure, and rivalryd) Related and supporting industrieschapter7When tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported, they are calleda) Specific tariffsb) Ad valorem tariffsc) Tariff rate quotasd) Transit tariffsA ________ demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domesticallya) subsidyb) quota rentc) voluntary export requirementd) local content requirementWhich of the following is not a political argument for government intervention?a) protecting jobsb) protecting infant industriesc) protecting industries deemed important for national securityd) protecting consumers from “dangerous”productsWhat is the most common political reason for trade barriers?a) To protect infant industriesb) Strategic trade policyc) To protect jobsd) To protect industries that are important for national securityWhich theory suggests that in cases where there may be important first mover advantages, governments can help firms from their countries attain these advantages?a) The infant industry argumentb) Strategic trade theoryc) Comparative advantage theoryd) The Leontief paradoxAll of the following except _____ are key issues on the table at the Doha Round.a) Anti-dumping policiesb) Protectionism in agriculturec) Intellectual property rightsd) Infant industry protectionchapter8The establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreign country is calledA) an acquisitionB) a mergerC) a greenfield investmentD) a multinational ventureThe amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period is known asA) the flow of FDIB) the stock of FDIC) FDI outflowD) FDI inflowMost FDI is direct towarda) developed countriesb) emerging economiesc) the United Statesd) ChinaAdvantages that arise from using resource endowments or assets that are tied to a particular location and that a firm finds valuable to combine with its own unique assets area) First mover advantagesb) Location advantagesc) Externalitiesd) Proprietary advantagesBenefits of FDI include all of the following excepta) The resource transfer effectb) The employment effectc) The balance of payments effectd) National sovereignty and autonomyWhich of the following is not a cost of outward FDI for host countries?a) the initial capital outflow required to finance the FDIb) when FDI is a substitute for direct exportsc) gains from learning valuable skills from foreign marketsd) the effect on employment is FDI is a substitute for domestic productionchapter9All barriers to the free flow of goods and services between member countries are removed, and a common policy towardnonmembers is established in aa) Free trade areab) Customs unionc) Common marketd) Economic unionNAFTA is an example of a(n)a) Free trade areab) Customs unionc) Common marketd) Economic unionWhen higher cost suppliers within the free trade area replace lower cost external suppliersa) The bloc as a whole benefitsb) There is trade creationc) There is trade diversiond) External suppliers benefit_______ is the ultimate decision making body of the European Union.a) Council of the European Unionb) European Parliamentc) Court of Justiced) European Commission_______ is responsible for proposing EU legislation.a) Council of the European Unionb) European Parliamentc) Court of Justiced) European CommissionWhich of the following is not true of NAFTA?a) It created a free trade area of nearly 800 million peopleb) It created the background for increased political stabilityin Mexicoc) Several other Latin American countries have indicated their desire to eventually join NAFTAd) Its participants are the United States, Canada, and Mexicochapter10The ________ is the rate at which one currency is converted into another.a) Exchange rateb) Cross ratec) Conversion rated) Foreign exchange marketThe _______ is the rate at which a foreign exchange dealer converts one currency into another currency on a particular day.a) Currency swap rateb) Forward ratec) Specific rated) Spot rateWhich of the following does not impact future exchange rate movements?a) A country’s price inflationb) A country’s interest ratec) A country’s arbitrage opportunitiesd) Market psychologyWhen a government of a country allows both residents and non-residents to purchase unlimited amounts of foreign currency with the domestic currency, the currency isa) Nonconvertibleb) Freely convertiblec) Externally convertibled) Internally convertibleThe extent to which a firm’s future international earning power is affected by changes in exchange rates is calleda) Accounting exposureb) Translation exposurec) Transaction exposured) Economic exposureFirms that want to minimize transaction and translation exposure can do all of the following excepta) buy forwardb) have central control of exposurec) use swapsd) lead and lag payables and receivableschapter11A ________ exchange rate system exists when the foreign exchange market determines the relative value of a currency.a) Fixedb) Floatingc) Peggedd) MarketWhat type of exchange rates system was the gold standard?a) Fixedb) Floatingc) Peggedd) MarketWhich agreement deemed floating exchange rates to be acceptable?a) The Bretton Woods Agreementb) The Gold Standardc) The Jamaica Agreementd) The Louvre AccordWhich type of exchange rate system do most IMF countries follow today?a) Free floatb) Managed floatc) Fixed pegd) Adjustable pegA _________ is a situation in which a country cannot service its foreign debt obligations, whether private sector or government debt.a) currency crisisb) banking crisisc) foreign debt crisisd) foreign exchange crisisManagers need to understand the implications of changing exchange rates from all of the following perspectives exceptA) corporate-governance relationsB) business strategyC) foreign relationsD) currency managementChapter12Which of the following are market makers?a) commercial banksb) pension fundsc) insurance companiesd) governmentsCompared to developed nations, less developed nations havea) smaller capital marketsb) more investment opportunitiesc) similar costs of capitald) greater liquidityWhich of the following is not true of global capital marketsa) they benefit borrowersb) they benefit sellersc) they raise the cost of capitald) they provide a wider range of investment opportunitiesIn 2006, the stock of cross-border bank loans was abouta) $3,600b) $7,800c) $17,800d) $33,600Historically, the most tightly regulated industry has beena) agricultureb) consumer electronicsc) automotivesd) financial servicesThe term eurocurrency refers toa) the currency used by the European Union countriesb) any currency banked outside its country of originc) currencies purchased in the international equities marketd) bonds sold outside the borrower’s country that are denominated in the currency of the country in which they are issuedchapter13What is the rate of return the firm makes on its invested capital?a) Profit growthb) Profitabilityc) Net returnd) Value createdWhich of the following is not an example of a primary activity?a) Logisticsb) Marketing and salesc) Customer serviced) ProductionWhat is created when different stages of a value chain are dispersed to locations where value added is maximized or where the costs of value creation are minimized?a) Experience effectsb) Learning effectsc) Economies of scaled) A global webWhich of the following is not a pressure for local responsiveness?a) Excess capacityb) Host government demandsc) Differences in consumer tastes and preferencesd) Differences in distribution channelsWhich strategy tries to simultaneously achieve low costs through location economies, economies of scale, and learning effects, and differentiate the product offering across geographic markets to account for local differences?a) Internationalizationb) Localizationc) Global standardizationd) TransnationalWhich strategy makes sense when pressures are high for local responsiveness, but low for cost reductions?a) Global standardization strategyb) International strategyc) Transnational strategyd) Localization strategychapter14The norms and value systems that are shared among the employees of an organization are calleda) processesb) organizational culturec) control systemsd) incentivesWhich of the following is not an advantage of centralized decision-making?a) It facilitates coordinationb) It motivates employeesc) It gives top-level managers the means to bring about organizational changed) It avoids duplication of activitiesMost firms begin their international expansion with a(n) ________ structure.a) Matrixb) Worldwide product divisionc) Worldwide area divisiond) International divisionWhich type of organization structure has a dual decision-making system?a) Matrixb) Worldwide product divisionc) Worldwide area divisiond) International divisionWhich is not one of the four types of control systems?a) Cultural controlb) Personal controlc) Input controld) Bureaucratic controlWhich type of organizational structure is often associated with a transnational strategy?a) worldwide area divisionb) worldwide product divisionc) matrixd) international divisionchapter15_______ refers to the time and effort spent learning the rules of a new market.a) First mover advantagesb) Strategic commitmentsc) Pioneering costsd) Market entry costsHow do most firms begin their international expansion?a) with a joint ventureb) with a wholly owned subsidiaryc) with licensing or franchisingd) with exportingIf a firm wants the option of global strategic coordination, the firm should choosea) franchisingb) joint venturesc) licensingd) a wholly owned subsidiaryAll of the following are advantages of acquisitions excepta) they are quicker to executeb) it is easy to realize synergies by integrating the operationsof the acquired entitiesc) they enable firms to preempt their competitorsd) they may be less riskyWhich of the following is not important to a successful strategic alliance?a) establishing a 50:50 relationship with partnerb) creating strong interpersonal relationshipsc) a shared visiond) learning from the partnerchapter16Which of the following is not a common pitfall of exporting?a) a product offering that is customized to the local marketb) a poor understanding of competitive conditions in he foreign marketc) poor market analysisd) problems securing financingA _______ is an order written by an exporter instructing an importer to pay a specified amount of money at a specified time.a) letter of creditb) draftc) bill of ladingd) confirmed letter of creditWhich of the following is not a purpose of the bill of lading?a) It is a contractb) It is a document of titlec) It is a form of paymentd) It is a receiptWhich type of countertrade arrangement involves the use of a specialized third-party trading house?a) a buybackb) an offsetc) a counterpurchased) switch tradingCountertrade is attractive for all of the following reasons excepta) It may involve the exchange of unusable or poor-quality goods that the firm cannot dispose of profitablyb) It can give a firm a way to finance an export deal when other means are not availablec) It can be a strategic marketing weapond) It can give a firm an advantage over firms that are unwilling to engage in countertrade arrangements________ is the most restrictive countertrade arrangement.a) counterpurchaseb) switch tradingc) barterd) offset。