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Ⅱ. B. Questions on Structure and Style:1. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, isa living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story.2. The topic sentence of paragraph 47 is : He was a torn man. The writer develops the idea expressed in the topic sentence by describing vividly how hard it is for Petey Burch to choose between his girlfriend and raccoon coat. Being very observant and superbly to illustrative examples to develop the theme, the writer successfully to brings forth the scene in which Petey Burch’s desire for the raccoon coat waxes and his resolution not to give his girlfriend wanes. The reader can easily come to the conclusion that it is hard and painful decision for him to make.3. The narrator refers to Pygmalion and Frankenstein because just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he fashioned, the narrator loved Polly Espy, who he had fashioned according to his plan. However, when he begged Polly’s love, he was rejected. He got same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him. In this sense, these allusion are chosen aptly. The whole thing backfired on the narrator when Polly employed all the “logical fallacies” she had been taught to reject his offer. The end of story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own.4. An example of simileMy brain was as powerful as dynamo,as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.(comparing his brain to three different things)(para. 1)An example of metaphorThere follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond lamb’s frontier.(comparing the limitation set by lamb to a frontier)(author’s note)An example of hyperboleIt is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.(hyperbole for effect)(para. 2)An example of metonymyOtherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.(Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called a “Dicto Simpliciter”.)(para. 70)An example of antithesisIt is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make a ugly smart girl beautiful.(“beautiful, dumb and smart” are balanced against “ugly, smart and beautiful”)(para.24) 5. Colloquialisms and used in the text: dumb, pin-up, kid, go steady, date, casual kick, well-heeled, laughs, terrific, magnificent, mad, call it a night, yummy, fire away. Darn.Slang used in the text: nothing upstairs, keen, dal, knock (oneself) out, dreamy, how cute,rat, knot head, jitterbug.6.A freshman at a law school is made the narrator of the whole stroy. It’s from his point of view that the stroy is told. Since the whole stroy is presented as his personal experiences, we the readers tend to rely on what narrator tells us.Ⅲ. Paraphrase1.He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.2.A passing fashion or craze, in my opinion, shoes a complete lack of reason.3.I ought to have known that raccoon coat would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s, came back4.All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don’t know?5.My brain, which is a precision instrument, began to work at a high speed.6.Except for one thing (intelligence) polly had all other requirements.7.She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but i felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.8.In fact, she was in the opposite direction, that is, she is not intelligent but rather stupid.9.If you are no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.10.His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away polly become weaker.11.To teach her to think appeared to be rather big task.12.One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but i decided to try one more time.13.There is a limit to what any human being can bear.14.I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself, but i turned out to be Frankenstein because polly(the result/product of my hard work) ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.15.Desperately i tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.Ⅳ. Practice with words and expressionsA.1.dynamo: a machine that changes some other form of power directly into electricity2.flight : fleeing or running away from3.Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's4.shed: cast off or lose hair5.in the swim: conforming to the current fashions or active in the main current of affairs6.practice: the exercise of a profession of occupation7.pin—up: (American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls8.makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something9.carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner10.go steady: (American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts11.out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation12.deposit: (facetious)put，lay or set down13.brief: a concise statement of the main points of a law case, usually filed by counsel for the information of the court14.1et—up: stopping; relaxingB.1．fashion和fad均为名词。
love-is-a-fallacy-详细讲解-复习Introduction to the text:1. This text is a piece of narrative writing, a story.2. The narrator of the story, Dobie Gillis, a freshman in a law school, is the hero or protagonist(主角，正派角色）. He struggles against two antagonists（反派角色）: Petey Burch, his roommate whose girlfriend he plans to steal; and Polly Espy, the girl he intends to marry after suitable re-education.3. The climax（高潮）of the story is reached in paragraphs147 to150 when Polly refuses to go steady with the narrator because she had already promised to go steady with Petey Burch.4. The denouement（结局）follows rapidly and ends on a very ironic tone.About the Title---The title of the story is humorous and well-chosen. It has two meanings:1. When “fallacy”is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means:There is a deceptive（虚伪的，欺诈的）or delusive（欺瞒的，迷惑的）quality about love.2. When “fallacy”is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means:Love cannot be deduced（推理）from a set of given premises.Perhaps Max Shulman wants the reader, after reading the story, to conclude that “love”is an error, a deception and an emotion that does not follow the principles of logic. But the writer, through this story has succeeded perhaps unwittingly(无意地) in revealing what love may sometimes mean in the affluent society（物质社会）. Girls do not want brilliant, gifted or educated husbands, but want husbands who are rich and wealthy enough to provide all the things necessary in life—home, clothes, cars, etc..Pay attention to his change of emotions:1. favoring her with a smile2. chuckled with amusement3. chuckled with somewhat less amusement4. forcing a smile/ ground my teeth5. croaked, dashed perspireDetailed study of the textenterprising: ad. having or showing enterprise 有事业心的；有胆量的；富于创业精神的It’s very enterprising of them to try and start up a business like that.as…as: a correlative construction used to indicate the equality or sameness of two things.He is as strong as an ox.month of Sundays: (colloquial口语体的) long timeunfettered: ad. (fml. or lit.) free from control; not tied by several rulesThe new city developed quickly, unfettered by the usual planning regulations.limp: ad. drooping; lacking firmness 无力的；易弯的I like lettuce to be crisp, not limp and soggy.我喜欢莴苣是脆的，不喜欢软而湿乎乎的。
Ⅰ．Ruskin：John Ruskin(1819—1900)，English critic and social theorist，was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin’s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine.Ⅱ . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known forhis humor.2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor.3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to reject his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which somespecial circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text.(2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text.(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :"Gregory always votes wisely. ""But howdo you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. "). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter hoc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins?""Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife?").(7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them. Ⅲ.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises."2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance.3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammaticinversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story,4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony.5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him.6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence.7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statueof Galatea.8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good.IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid".2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization.3. The fallacy of "post hoe, ergo propter hoc".4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact.5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoe".6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam.7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization.8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization.V. See the translation of the text.Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy3. flight :fleeing or running away from4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's5. shed: cast off or lose hair6．in the swim：conforming to the current fashions。
Ⅱ. B. Questions on Structure and Style:1. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, isa living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story.2. The topic sentence of paragraph 47 is : He was a torn man. The writer develops the idea expressed in the topic sentence by describing vividly how hard it is for Petey Burch to choose between his girlfriend and raccoon coat. Being very observant and superbly to illustrative examples to develop the theme, the writer successfully to brings forth the scene in which Petey Burch’s desire for the raccoon coat waxes and his resolution not to give his girlfriend wanes. The reader can easily come to the conclusion that it is hard and painful decision for him to make.3. The narrator refers to Pygmalion and Frankenstein because just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he fashioned, the narrator loved Polly Espy, who he had fashioned according to his plan. However, when he begged Polly’s love, he was rejected. He got same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him. In this sense, these allusion are chosen aptly. The whole thing backfired on the narrator when Polly employed all the “logical fallacies” she had been taught to reject his offer. The end of story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own.4. An example of simileMy brain was as powerful as dynamo,as precise as a chemist’s scales, as penetrating as a scalpel.(comparing his brain to three different things)(para. 1)An example of metaphorThere follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond lamb’s frontier.(comparing the limitation set by lamb to a frontier)(author’s note)An example of hyperboleIt is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.(hyperbole for effect)(para. 2)An example of metonymyOtherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter.(Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called a “Dicto Simpliciter”.)(para. 70)An example of antithesisIt is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make a ugly smart girl beautiful.(“beautiful, dumb and smart” are balanced against “ugly, smart and beautiful”)(para.24) 5. Colloquialisms and used in the text: dumb, pin-up, kid, go steady, date, casual kick, well-heeled, laughs, terrific, magnificent, mad, call it a night, yummy, fire away. Darn.Slang used in the text: nothing upstairs, keen, dal, knock (oneself) out, dreamy, how cute,rat, knot head, jitterbug.6.A freshman at a law school is made the narrator of the whole stroy. It’s from his point of view that the stroy is told. Since the whole stroy is presented as his personal experiences, we the readers tend to rely on what narrator tells us.Ⅲ. Paraphrase1.He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.2.A passing fashion or craze, in my opinion, shoes a complete lack of reason.3.I ought to have known that raccoon coat would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s, came back4.All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don’t know?5.My brain, which is a precision instrument, began to work at a high speed.6.Except for one thing (intelligence) polly had all other requirements.7.She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but i felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.8.In fact, she was in the opposite direction, that is, she is not intelligent but rather stupid.9.If you are no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.10.His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away polly become weaker.11.To teach her to think appeared to be rather big task.12.One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but i decided to try one more time.13.There is a limit to what any human being can bear.14.I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself, but i turned out to be Frankenstein because polly(the result/product of my hard work) ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.15.Desperately i tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.Ⅳ. Practice with words and expressionsA.1.dynamo: a machine that changes some other form of power directly into electricity2.flight : fleeing or running away from3.Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's4.shed: cast off or lose hair5.in the swim: conforming to the current fashions or active in the main current of affairs6.practice: the exercise of a profession of occupation7.pin—up: (American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls8.makings: the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something9.carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner10.go steady: (American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts11.out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation12.deposit: (facetious)put，lay or set down13.brief: a concise statement of the main points of a law case, usually filed by counsel for the information of the court14.1et—up: stopping; relaxingB.1．fashion和fad均为名词。
