2020年12月12日托福阅读真题

第18套Reconstructing Ancient EnvironmentParagraph1A stage that is imperative in any archaeological process is the reconstruction of the physical environments in which a particular segment of the archaeological record was formed.Climates and the world’s geomorphology—the shape and constituents of land surfaces—have changed greatly over the past several million years of human history, and each archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.1.The word“constituents”in the passage is closest in meaning toponentsB.locationsC.sizeD.temperaturesParagraph2Ancient climates can often be reconstructed from floral and faunal remains.The study of animal remains,or faunal analysis,is a complex field in which,in most cases,the archaeologist is trying to reconstruct human diet and local environments.Faunal analysts usually count the numbers and kinds of animals represented by the remains they find,and then use statistical methods to estimate the food values,ages,and sexes of the animals being exploited.The prehistoric record of the meat-eating habits of early humans is far from clear about the prevalence of scavenging.One faction of prehistorians argues there is evidence that early humans were primarily scavengers who found the remains of animals killed by lions and other carnivores,and butchered them.Another faction disagrees and proposes that early humans hunted for their own meat.Marks left by humans cutting up animals with stone tools are now being analyzed to help distinguish between cases in which people butchered animals they had killed themselves and those in which they butchered animals they scavenged from kills of other animals.2.According to paragraph2,prehistorians disagree about which of the following?A.Whether humans hunted animals themselves or ate meat from animals killed by other carnivoresB.The number and kinds of animals humans ateC.Whether lions and other carnivores were hunted by humansD.Whether or not humans butchered animals to eat3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Humans using stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of theanimals they killed and the animals they scavenged.B.Humans scavenged stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of the animals they killed and the animals they scavenged.C.Humans scavenged animals killed by other animals and butchered them using stone tools.D.Tool marks on butchered animals bones are analyzed to help determine whether humans killed or merely scavenged the animals.Paragraph3Throughout human history,plants have been our main source of food,and so floral analyses—studies of the remains of plants—are an extremely important part of archaeology,particularly in studies of how domesticated plants and animals and agricultural economies evolved.Carbon is chemically quite stable,so charred plants (plants converted to charcoal or carbon)and seeds preserve well.Carbonized plant remains can be retrieved by flotation:excavated sediments are mixed with water or some other fluid and the charred plant fragments rise to the surface,where they can be skimmed off and identified.The importance of such analyses lies in the fact that these plants indicate much about the climates and vegetation of the periods in which the animals lived.For example,there are debates about when and where various animals were domesticated.If phytoliths(tiny mineral particles formed inside plants)of domesticated grains are found on the teeth of these animals,the probability is high that they were part of an agricultural economy.4.The word“excavated”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.dug from the groundB.concentrated in solid formC.depositedD.Dried5.According to paragraph3,what is one reason that scientists use flotation?A.To estimate the fluid content of ancient plants and seedsB.To identify the sediments in which ancient plants grewC.To learn about the climate of places where ancient plants grewD.To determine whether the remains of ancient plants and seeds have carbonized6.According to paragraph3,which of the following is true about carbonized plant remains?A.Each fragment of carbonized plant remains contains sediments of a wide variety of plants.B.Carbonized plant remains are usually found near the remains of domesticated animals.C.Carbonized plant remains can be recovered by mixing sediments with fluid.D.Carbonized plant remains from an area are used to settle the age of animal remains located in the same area.7.According to paragraph3,which of the following do archeologist consider to be a strong indicator that an agricultural economy existed in a particular site?A.An unusually high number of animal remains near the surface of the site.B.Remains of domesticated plants in the teeth of animalsC.High numbers of mineral particles inside carbonized plantsD.Evidence of little vegetation change for long periods of timeParagraph4Human bodies are also valuable sources of information for archaeologists, particularly if the bodies are well preserved.For example,eleven naturally mummified bodies were found in beach sand in northern Chile and date to about1000 B.C.When they were analyzed,it was found that one of them was a coca leaf chewer (the earliest known),while other bodies showed the changes of the bones of the inner ear that are characteristic of people who spend a lot of time diving in cold water.In addition,they had the kinds of dental problems and missing teeth associated with the sticky starches of an agricultural diet—although about40percent of their diet came from marine resources.8.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of some people in northern Chile around1000B.C.EXCEPT:A.They were divers.B.They chewed coca leaves.C.They had dental problems caused by eating food from marine resources.D.They ate plants grown on land.9.The word“characteristic”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.expectedB.typicalC.suggestiveD.destructiveParagraph5A rapidly growing technical specialty within archaeology is geoarchaeology,which combines archaeological and geological analyses.Geology and archaeology form a natural marriage in many obvious ways because both disciplines are concerned with the alteration of natural landscapes.Glaciers,changing rainfall patterns,and many other natural forces cause changes to landscapes,and of course,so do people. Geologists are broadly concerned with ancient physical environments,and archaeologists require knowledge of these environments to interpret their finds.1.The word“alteration”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.destructionB.preservationC.authenticityD.modificationParagraph6Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques. In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite image analysis,and many other techniques.2.The purpose of paragraph6is toA.answer questions about the equipment and techniques used in the Egyptian Delta areaB.describe the earliest communities built on large,sand=and-gravel moundsC.explain how streams feeding the Nile River in the delta change course over timeD.provide an example of a situation where complex archaeological analyses and techniques are necessary12.According to paragraph6,what is one reason that complex geological analyses are needed for locating many of the earliest Nile River communities?A.Flood waters can carry evidence of human habitation far from its place of origin.B.The streams associated with early communities have changed course over time.C.More recent communities have been built on top of ancient communitiesD.The types of sediments carried by Nile floods have changed since ancient times.13.Look at the four squares[⏹]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Such a variety of methods are especially important at sites that are no longer visible on the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques.⏹In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.⏹But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.⏹Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.⏹Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite imageanalysis,and many other techniques.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.A.Studying plant and animal remains can reveal details of ancient climates,food sources,and agricultural activities.B.Once identified,carbonized plant remains can help modern agriculturalists determine the most stable varieties of plants to grow.C.To help understand the physical world of ancient communities,archaeologists may work with geologists and employ complex new techniques.D.Faunal analysis deals mainly with analyzing the tools ancient humans used for hunting and killing animals.E.An examination of human remains can tell archaeologists about such things as the individual’s diet and habits.F.Geoarchaeology,a growing field within archaeology,has proved to be more effective in explaining the alterations made to natural landscapes than in explaining how members of ancient communities lived.Water Supply in VeniceThe city of Venice,built on saltwater marshes and crisscrossed by canals,experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history.One fifteenth-century French traveler noted that“in a city”in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty“How was the community to solve this important problem?1.Why does the author include the quotation“in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths,they often go thirsty”?A.To indicate that the French traveled to Venice frequently in the fifteenth century.B.To illustrate the opinion of other Europeans about the water situation in VeniceC.To suggest that the water supply problem of Venice continued well beyond the fifteenth century.D.To emphasize how serious the water problem was in Venice.Paragraph2Water drawn from the lagoon(the large,shallow body of water between Venice and the Mediterranean Sea)and the canals within the city served many domestic uses such as washing and cooking inventories of even the most modest households list large numbers of buckets,which were emptied and rinsed,the ones used to carry the brackish(somewhat salty)canal water were kept separate from those intended forfresh water.Still,even serving such needs would have been impossible if the canals of Venice had been extremely polluted.The government was obliged to impose controls, and in the early fourteenth century,the Great Council prohibited the washing of all cloth and dyed woolens in the canals,adding that water used for dyeing could not be flushed into the canals.Henceforth,dirty water of that sort was to go into the lagoon. Thanks to resistance on the part of the dyers,infractions were many,the law did not reflect common practice.A century later,however,most of the dye works that used blood or indigo(a dark blue dye)had shifted to the periphery of the city,as had all activities“that let off bad odors or smells.”,such as butchering.Blood,carcasses,and spoiled meat were to go into thelagoon.The canals of Venice began to be protected in the name of nascent ecological awareness.2.The word“Henceforth”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Instead of thisB.In additionC.From this time onD.In effect3.The word“obliged”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.forcedB.allowedC.expectedD.Persuaded4.According to paragraph2,why did the government place restrictions on dyers?A.To protect the city’s drinking waterB.To prevent the lagoon from being pollutedC.To keep canal water cleanD.To discourage the use of blood and indigo for dyeing cloth5.According to paragraph2,how did dyers respond to the controls imposed by the government?A.They switched from using dyes that let off bad odors or smells to new dyes that smelled much betterB.They resisted initially but eventually moved most of the dyeing operations outside the city centerC.They argued that the government did not consider common practice before imposing the controlsD.They started washing cloth and woolens dyed with blood and indigo in the lagoonParagraph3Much more stringent measures were necessary to guarantee a supply of drinkingwater,however.In the early centuries of settlement in the lagoon basin,the populations depended on wells on the nearby coastal region.By the ninth century, however,with the increase in population density,cisterns became necessary.Basically, the cisterns were large,covered pits dug into the ground and lined with clay to hold water.The cisterns were located in the city,but unlike the wells,the cisterns were not supplied with water from the lagoon,they collected rainwater instead.Cisterns became widespread in the growing city.6．It can be inferred from paragraph3that wells on the nearby coastal regionA.were smaller in size than the cisterns located in the cityB.served as a water source for the growing number of cisterns in the cityC.increased in number as the population density increasedD.Provided enough water for only a relatively small number of peopleParagraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system of cisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.Wealthy households had their own cisterns.In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements. Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of Venice’s system of cisterns and gome EXCEPTA.It was developed over several centuriesB.It collected rainwaterC.It was maintained with fees paid by the publicD.It reflected the social and economic diversity of the city of VeniceParagraph5In the thirteenth century,a decision was made to create50additional cisterns, primarily in the recently urbanized area at the edge of the city.At the same time,a campaign was launched to repair the existing cisterns.Expansion of the cistern system stopped during much of the fourteenth century as Venice,like other cities in Europe, suffered from bubonic plague.In the fifteenth century,however,a new program of cistern construction and repair was undertaken.8.The word“launched”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.paid forB.startedC.proposedD.agreed on9.According to paragraph5,all of the following had an effect on cisterns in Venice from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century EXCEPTA.the construction of cisterns in other cities in EuropeB.the establishment of programs to construct and repair cisternsC.the outbreak of bubonic plagueD.the urbanization of an area at the edge of the edge of the cityParagraph6In spite of the expansion of the cistern system,Venice continued to have problems with its water supply,especially during dry periods.Flotillas of boats had to be dispatched to the mouths of nearby rivers-first to the Bottenigo,then to the Brenta-to fetch fresh water.The fresh water was then sold by the bucket or poured into the cisterns.The public authorities made efforts to take bolder action to ensure the supply of fresh water from this parallel source and a number of projects were suggested during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to channel river water and even to construct an aqueduct.However,the high cost of such initiatives precluded their execution.10.The phrase“this parallel source”refers toA.flotillas of boatB.nearby riversC.the cisternsD.an aqueduct11.The word“ensure”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.improveB.increaseC.controlD.Guarantee12.According to paragraph6,how did public authorities respond to problems with the water supply during dry periods?A.They sent boats to fetch fresh water from nearby riversB.They channeled river water into the cisternsC.They constructed an aqueductD.They sold water from the cisterns in buckets to the public13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The complexity of the cistern system was social as well as physical.Paragraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system ofcisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.■Wealthy households had their own cisterns.■In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.■In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.■A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements.Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.The city of Venice experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history. Answer ChoicesA.The water from the lagoon between Venice and the Mediterranean Sean could not be used for drinking because it was extremely polluted.B.From the ninth to the fifteenth century,Venice developed a system to collected and store rainwater in cisterns for use by the populationC.Wealthy households were able to build their own cisterns,but everyone else had to use public cisterns located in the city’s many squares.D.By the early fourteenth century,the water in Venice’s canals was becoming too polluted for household use prompting the city council to prohibit the use of the canals by dyers and butchers.E.By the fifteenth century,cisterns supplied by rainwater proved to be inadequate, but the cost of the projects proposed for a permanent solution was too high for the projects to be undertaken.F.The expansion and repair of the cistern system was interrupted for much of the fourteenth century because of the bubonic plague,a situation that worsened the water supply problem.Vocalization in Frogs(17年4月曾经又考过)Paragraph1The tungara frog is a small terrestrial vertebrate that is found in Central America. Tungara frogs breed in small pools,and breeding groups range from a single male to choruses of several hundred males.the advertisement call of a male tungara frog is a strange noise,a whine that starts at a frequency of900hertz and sweeps downward to 400hertz in about400milliseconds.The whine may be produced by itself,or it may be followed by one or several chucks or clucking sounds.when a male tungara a frogis calling alone in a pond,it usually gives only the whine portion of the call,but as additional males join a chorus,more and more of the frogs produce calls that include chucks.Scientists noted that male tungara frogs calling in a breeding pond added chucks to their calls when they heard the recorded calls of other males played back. That observation suggested that it was the presence of other calling males that incited frogs to make their calls more complex by adding chucks to the end of the whine.1.The word“incited”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.allowedB.stimulatedC.forcedD.Helped2.According to paragraph1,male tungara frogs add chucks to the whine they produce whenA.potential mates are unable to hear the frequency of their whine soundsB.other males produce louder whine sounds than they doC.the frogs breed in large pools rather than small onesD.other males are present in their breeding poolParagraph2What advantage would a male frog in a chorus gain from using a whine-chuck call instead of a whine?Perhaps the complex call is more attractive to female frogs than the simple call.Michael Ryan and Stanley Rand tested that hypothesis by placing female tungara frogs in a test arena with a speaker at each side.One speaker broadcast a pre-recorded whine call,and the second speaker broadcast a whine-chuck.When female frogs were released individually in the center of the arena,fourteen of the fifteen frogs tested moved toward the speaker broadcasting the whine-chuck call.3.What is the relationship of paragraph2in the passage to paragraph1?A.Paragraph2provides additional support for a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.B.Paragraph2questions the accuracy of a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.C.Paragraph2provides a possible explanation for a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.D.Paragraph2identifies some strengths and weaknesses of a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.4.According to paragraph2,Ryan and Rand conducted an experiment to find out whether which of the following theories was true?A.Male frogs in a chorus use a whine-chuck in place of a whine call.B.Female frogs prefer a whine-chuck call to a simple whine call.C.Male frogs tend to produce more whine-chuck calls than whine calls.D.Female frogs respond differently to live calls from males than they do to recorded calls.Paragraph3If female frogs are attracted to whine-chuck calls in preference to whine calls,why do male frogs give whine-chuck calls only when other males are present?Why not always give the most attractive call possible?One possibility is that whine-chuck calls require more energy than whines,and males save energy by only using whine-chucks when competition with other males makes the energy expenditure necessary.However, measurements of the energy expenditure of calling male tungara frogs showed that energy cost was not related to the number of chucks.Another possibility is that male frogs giving whine-chuck calls are more vulnerable to predators than frogs giving only whine calls.Tungara frogs in breeding choruses are preyed upon by a species of frog-eating bats.Trachops cirrhosis,and it was demonstrated that the bats locate the frogs by homing on their vocalizations.5.To be attracted to whine-chuck calls“in preference to”whine calls meansA.to like whine-chuck calls instead of whine callsB.to like whine-chuck calls in addition to whine callsC.to like whine-chuck calls followed by whine callsD.to like whine-chuck calls more than whine calls6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Males may save energy when competing for mates by using only whine-chuck calls rather than both whines and whine-chucks.B.Males expend as much of their energy on whine-chuck calls as on whine calls when competing with other males.C.Males save energy by using whine-chuck calls only when competing with other males.D.Males that save energy by using only whines are less able to compete with other males.Paragraph4In a series of playback experiments,Michael Ryan and Merlin Tuttle placed pairs of speakers in the forest and broadcast vocalizations of tungara frogs.One speaker played a recording of a whine and the other a recording of a whine-chuck.The bats responded as if the speakers were frogs:they flew toward the speakers and even landed on them.In five experiments at different sites,the bats approached speakers broadcasting whine-chuck(168approaches versus81).Thus,female frogs are not alone in finding whine-chuck calls more attractive than simple whines—an important predator of frogs also responds more strongly to the complex calls.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following are true of the playback experiments EXCEPT:A.Female frogs and predator bats approached the broadcasting speakers.B.The bats responded more strongly to the whine-chuck calls than they responded to the whine calls.C.Each speaker played a different kind of male frog call.D.The same experiment was repeated at different locations.8.According to paragraph4,the playback experiments of Ryan and Tuttle demonstrated which of the following?A.Tungara frogs use both whines and whine-chucks in their vocalizations.B.Female tungara frogs are attracted to both whine and whine-chuck vocalizations.C.Female tungara frogs and predators of tungara frogs are attracted to different types of vocalizations.D.Frog-eating bats are attracted to whine-chuck calls more than to alone.Paragraph5Ryan and his colleagues measured the rates of predation in tungara frog choruses of different rge choruses of frogs did not attract more bats than small choruses, and consequently the risk of predation for an individual frog was less in a large chorus than in a small one.Predation was an astonishing19percent of the frogs per night in the smallest chorus and a substantial1.5percent per night even in the largest chorus. When a male frog shifts from a simple whine to a whine-chuck call,it increases its risk of attracting a female,but it simultaneously increases its risk of attracting a predator.In small choruses,the competition from other males for females is relatively small,and the risk of predation is relatively large.Under these conditions it is apparently advantageous for a male tungara frog to give simple whines.However,as chorus size increases,competition with other males also increases while the risk of predation falls.In that situation,the advantage of giving a complex call apparently outweighs the risks.9.The word“substantial”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.averageB.smallerC.considerableD.surprising10.The word“outweighs”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.exceedsB.ignoresC.minimizesD.Disguises11.According to paragraph5,all of the following are true about tungara frog。

托福试题及答案20201. 阅读部分A. 阅读材料一1.1. 问题一：文章中提到的主要观点是什么？答案：文章主要讨论了城市化进程对环境的影响。

1.2. 问题二：作者在文中使用了哪些论据来支持他的观点？答案：作者使用了统计数据、专家意见和历史案例来支持他的观点。

B. 阅读材料二2.1. 问题一：文章中提到的主要观点是什么？答案：文章主要探讨了教育对于个人发展的重要性。

2.2. 问题二：作者在文中使用了哪些论据来支持他的观点？答案：作者使用了教育研究结果、个人经历和比较分析来支持他的观点。

2. 听力部分A. 听力材料一1.1. 问题一：讲座中教授提到了哪种类型的动物？答案：教授提到了迁徙鸟类。

1.2. 问题二：教授是如何解释这种动物的行为的？答案：教授通过观察和实验数据来解释这种动物的迁徙行为。

B. 听力材料二2.1. 问题一：对话中两位学生讨论了什么话题？答案：两位学生讨论了即将到来的期末考试。

2.2. 问题二：他们对这个话题的态度如何？答案：他们对这个话题感到紧张和焦虑。

3. 口语部分A. 口语任务一1.1. 问题一：描述一个你曾经遇到的挑战，并解释你是如何克服它的。

答案：我遇到的挑战是准备一个重要的演讲。

我通过多次练习和向老师寻求建议来克服它。

B. 口语任务二2.1. 问题一：你更喜欢在图书馆学习还是在咖啡馆学习？为什么？答案：我更喜欢在图书馆学习，因为它提供了一个安静和专注的环境。

4. 写作部分A. 写作任务一1.1. 问题一：描述一个你认为重要的社会问题，并提出解决方案。

答案：我认为环境污染是一个重要的社会问题。

解决方案包括提高公众意识和推动可持续能源的使用。

B. 写作任务二2.1. 问题一：你同意还是不同意以下观点：学校应该要求学生穿校服？给出你的理由。

答案：我同意这个观点，因为校服可以减少学生之间的社会压力，并促进学校精神。

2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷二）如何确定恐龙的食物Determining what extinct dinosaurs ate is difficult, but we can infer some aspects of their dietary preferences.要确定已经灭绝的恐龙吃什么比较困难，但是我们可以推测出它们喜欢吃什么食物。

Traditionally this information has been derived from direct evidence, such as stomach contents, and indirect evidence, such as establishing a correlation between particular body characteristics and diets of living animals and then inferring habits for dinosaurs.传统上而言，这些信息来自于直接证据，比如胃里的食物，以及间接证据，比如通过恐龙特别的身体特征和现今存活的动物的饮食习惯之间建立关系来推断恐龙的饮食习惯。

Animals such as house cats and dogs have large, stabbing canine teeth at the front of the mouth and smaller, equally sharp teeth farther back in their jaws.比如家养的猫和狗这类动物，嘴前部有着尖锐的犬牙，而且后颌有着小一些但同样尖锐的牙齿。

Many of these animals are also armed with sharp claws.而且大多数这类动物都有着锋利的爪子。

The advantage of teeth and claws as predatory tools is obvious.牙齿和爪子作为捕食工具的优势非常明显。

2020年12月12日托福考试真题回顾托福2020年12月12日的线下考场已结束，整体来说难度一般，但也有不少考生反应作文和听力比较难，具体题目如何呢？我们一起来回顾下：2020年12月12日托福写作真题独立写作Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The most problem affecting the society could be solved probably during your life time.综合写作一种恐龙圆顶坚硬部位的作用阅读：1.species recognition区分不同种类的恐龙2.head butting用于战斗3.用于吸引异性听力反驳：1.它不具有特殊性（它是普通的而不是唯一的）2.它比较脆弱，容易受伤，且具有年龄依赖性3.它的大小好看和性别无关和年龄有关2020年12月12日托福口语真题人们现在喜欢用微信等线上方式和朋友进行交流，你觉得应该及时回复朋友的消息吗？T2因为人少，所以考虑关闭沙滩上的瑜伽课，不过可以在体育馆继续上课。

但是女生不同意，体育馆太吵了，而且现在人少是因为课程太早。

T3团队教学的好处：1有不同的专业知识的老师。

举例子是生物法课程其中一个老师是法律的老师，一个是生物老师2有不同的教学方法，举例同样是生物法课程一个老师喜欢长篇的演讲，学生记笔记就行，另一个老师是让学生讨论。

T4evolution loss动物特征消失原因，举例一种昆虫一开始有翅膀，后来没翅膀，原因一开始在热带地区，需要翅膀在植物间和花之间觅食，后来移到了冰冷的地区了，没有竞争者之后，就不需要飞可以直接吃落叶，所以翅膀就消失了。

2020年12月12日托福听力真题C1id card拍照要去archive（没有id卡去不了因为明天之后那个地方关门装修）最后employee提出办法说可以用一个temporary cardC2音乐：录音带新音乐形式一个学生文学考试考的不好找老师，老师给了建议还说后面会学图画书C4一个男生写的是墨西哥电影的衰落，找老师延长ddl老师说可以建议提一下电影导演，男生说他找了西班牙语的资料，老师说很好，老师又建议男生在关于电影decline的pre里讲一些上下文，问了衰落的原因是电视的兴起对电影造成冲击，和政府资助减少C5宿舍的改造，老师觉得经费有限，但由于学生的劝说开始改口说可以考虑C6暑期实习的学生回来感谢事业官员的帮助，并讨论到学生哥哥也在他这里受到过帮助，和哥哥的现状L1音乐历史是介绍了电子音乐的一个作曲家，他的soundmass还有就是没有活页乐谱，只把曲子录下来来拉近作曲家和听众的距离L2一个河岸学校在很多艺术家聚集的地方，然后介绍了四幅画L3艺术历史也反映社会现实，举例西班牙和罗马石刻艺术的互相影响天文学，是爱因斯坦的相对论，星球引力引起弯曲的空间，然后这个特征可以用来测量天体距离和质量L5动物适应城市生活的方法，举例鸽子L6肌肉疲劳，一个限制理论另一个大脑控制的中央治理理论L7文学，讲故事和短篇小说2020年12月12日托福阅读真题R1欧洲语言R2动物habitat选择R3oil&suboil&地下水，地层三个layer分别的作用R4猴子和猿的模仿行为，猴子的是非故意的；猿学的重更快并且愿意跑很远R5农耕方式，在同一块土地上种很多种植物，除了玉米以外别的都要种在别的地方R6地球因为离太阳距离适中所以适合生命生存；木星的一颗卫星上有潮汐力提供能量所以这个卫星也适合有生命；另外海底的volcano vent也能提供能量R7瀑布对生物的影响R8在别人（正面和负面）在场的情况下，科学家实验看人的表现会不会有影响。

英语三级考试真题2020年12月全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Big English TestWow, I can't believe I took the CET-3 exam last month! That's the College English Test Level 3 for all you kids who don't know. It's a really big deal test for university students in China. I'm just a 4th grader, but my parents thought it would be good practice for me to take it. Boy was it hard!The test had four parts - listening, reading, writing, and translation. The listening part was probably the trickiest for me. We had to listen to recordings of people talking and answer questions about what they said. The speakers talked so fast! I could barely keep up. Luckily we got to listen to each one twice.There were conversations between two people, lectures, news reports, and even a live broadcast of a basketball game play-by-play. The questions asked stuff like the main idea, details, the speakers' attitudes, and making inferences. On one conversation, I had to figure out the relationship between thetwo people based on how they talked to each other. Mom and dad? Teacher and student? It was tricky!The reading part was long, really long. We had to read several passages and answer comprehension questions just like on my school reading tests. But these passages were crazy difficult with all sorts of big vocabulary words I'd never seen before. One was about black holes, another about the development of modern art movements. BoringCity! There were passages asking for the main ideas, details, inferences, identifying the authors' views and techniques. Oof, my brain was fried by the end.Then we had to write a short essay, around 200 words, on an assigned topic. The prompt was "It's better to experience something once than to hear about it a thousand times." We had to state our views and provide examples to support our position. I'd been practicing writing persuasive essays in class, so I tried to follow all those rules about having a clear thesis, body paragraphs, examples, and conclusion. Hopefully I did okay!The last part was translation - first translating a passage from English into Chinese, then translating separate sentences from Chinese into English. I actually felt okay with the English to Chinese part since I'm a native Chinese speaker. But yikes, thoseEnglish sentences were packed with obscure vocabulary and idiomatic phrases. Things like "It's raining cats and dogs" or "Killing two birds with one stone." How's a 4th grader supposed to know those?!By the time the four hour test was over, I was mentally drained. As I streamed out with all the university students, I couldn't believe kids way older than me were taking that same brutal test. I just took it for practice and extra credit, but they needed to get a high score for their degree! No thank you, I'll stick to kid stuff. Although I do feel proud for giving it my best effort.Who knows, maybe I'll look back on this when I'm in college and laugh at how worked up I got over the CET-3 as a 9-year-old. Or maybe I'll have blocked it out of my brain completely! Either way, I'm glad I got some experience with a really difficult standardized test. Hopefully it helped prepare me for the many more big tests I've got waiting for me down the road. Wish me luck!篇2My English Exam AdventureHiya! My name is Timmy and I'm a 4th grader. I just took the craziest English test ever and I've got to tell you all about it!It was a cold December morning when my teacher Ms. Robinson told the class we'd be taking a really important English exam. I gulped loudly. Tests always make me sweat buckets. What if I failed and had to repeat 4th grade? I'd be stuck with my little brother Jacob at school and he'd tease me to no end.The night before the test I spent hours poring over my English books, quizzing myself on vocab words until my brain felt like mush. My mom made me a big breakfast to "feed my brain" as she put it. I devoured the pancakes, eggs and bacon like there was no tomorrow.Test day arrived far too soon in my opinion. I put on my lucky Captain America t-shirt, grabbed my carefully sharpened pencils, and headed to school with my stomach doing somersaults.The exam was being held in the gym rather than our normal classroom. Row after row of individual desks filled the usually open space. It felt like a fancy college exam room! Beside each desk was a small plate with two sharpened pencils and a big fat eraser. A serious-looking proctor stood at the front with a stack of test booklets."This is it," I thought. "No turning back now!"We all quickly found our assigned seats and the proctor began giving instructions. No talking, no cheating, raise your hand if you need anything. He made the rules crystal clear.Time to begin! The proctor dramatically ripped open the seal on the test booklet package. He passed them out row by row with a stern look on his face. I took a deep breath as my booklet landed on my desk with a thwap.The first section was listening comprehension. The audio tracks played scenes of kids doing various activities - playing at a park, eating lunch, opening birthday presents. We had to answer multiple choice questions about what we heard. Luckily my ears are pretty sharp from years of video games so I rocked that part!Next up was reading comprehension with long passages about boring topics like corn farming and the importance of wearing sunscreen. My eyes glazed over but I powered through and bubbled in the answers to the best of my ability.Then came the writing section. We had to write a short essay arguing whether or not kids should have more recess time. Heck ya, I thought, lay on the recess! I made sure to include solid evidence like "recess helps kids concentrate better" and "playingburns off energy so kids aren't antsy." I was quite proud of my persuasive writing by the time I was done.Just when I thought my hand couldn't take any more pencil pushing, it was time for the grammar section. Identify the verb, Circle the adjective, Fix the sentence structure. My poor brain worked overtime on all those nitpicky questions.Finally, after what felt like an eternity of filling in bubbles, the proctor announced time was up and we needed to put down our pencils. I smiled weakly and turned in my test booklet. Phew! What an academic marathon!While I awaited my score, I tried to stay positive by imagining getting an A+ and having Ms. Robinson beam with pride. Or maybe they'd even move me ahead a grade for being so brilliant! A guy can dream, right?A few weeks later, the students were called to the gym one by one to receive their test results in a sealed envelope. When it was my turn, I nervously ripped it open...And I passed! I got a solid B which was way better than I expected. No repeating 4th grade for this kid. Lay off the little bro jokes, Jacob! Maybe next year I'll even go for that A.So there you have it - one crazy kid's tale about an intense English exam. They might be difficult but as long as you study hard, you'll make it through! Then you can leave testing in the dust and just be a kid again. Now if you'll excuse me, I've got some well-deserved video games to play!篇3The Big English TestHi there! My name is Emma and I'm a 5th grader. I just took a really big English test last month and I wanted to tell you all about it.It was the College English Test Band 3 exam on December 12, 2020. I know that name sounds way too grown-up for a kid like me, but my parents said it's a super important test. They want me to get really good at English so I can have lots of opportunities when I'm older.I was pretty nervous leading up to the test day. My English teacher, Mrs. Roberts, kept reminding our class how crucial this exam was. She said it would test our English listening, reading, writing and translating abilities at a pretty high level. Yikes!The weeks before, we did a ton of practice tests and activities to get ready. Mrs. Roberts made us do listening exercises where we had to identify the main ideas and key details from conversations and short lectures. There were recordings about all kinds of topics like business, science, culture and more.For the reading part, we had to read all these dense passages and answer comprehension questions about the main points, author's attitudes, vocabulary in context and stuff like that. Some of those readings were really long and pretty dry if I'm being honest. A few were about things like great philosophers or economic theory. Zzzzzz.....My favorite sections were the writing and translation practice. For writing, we had to learn how to summarize a reading passage in a certain number of words. We also did argumentative writings where we stated a claim and supported it with examples and reasoning. That part was kind of fun because we got to pick controversial topics to write about.The translation exercises were interesting too. We practiced going back and forth between English and Chinese, making sure the meaning didn't get lost or changed along the way. A good translator has to really understand the context and implied meanings behind the text.Anyway, after weeks of study, it was finally time for the big test day. I was so nervous my stomach felt like it was doing somersaults! The exam was at a huge testing center with rooms full of individual desks. We had to leave our bags and anything else outside.The first section was listening. We had to put on headphones and listen carefully to the recordings. There were dialogues between two people to start. Then it moved to longer lectures and talks. I thought I did okay, but there were definitely some parts where I got a little lost or missed some of the details.After listening, we moved right into the reading comprehension part. This was probably the hardest section for me. We had to read these super long and dense passages, then answered multiple choice questions that got progressively harder. By the end, my brain felt like mush!We got a short break for lunch, which was just a plain boxed meal and drink. I've definitely had better lunches, but at least it gave my mind a little rest.The next part was the writing section where we had to summarize a reading and also write a short argument essay. Let me tell you, it's hard to write a good structured essay in only 30minutes! I wrote as fast as I could while still trying to organize my ideas clearly.The translation part at the very end was okay. We got a Chinese passage that we had to translate into English, and vice versa. Translating is all about finding the right words to keep the original meaning intact between languages. It's trickier than it looks!After what felt like an entire day of nonstop English work, the exam was finally over. I was exhausted! My teacher said we should get our scores back from the testing company in a couple months.In the meantime, my brain definitely needed a nice long break from English tests. Maybe I'll go binge some cartoons to relax. Although who knows, maybe I'll accidentally pick up some English skills from those too. An English learner's work is never done!So that's the full rundown of my experience with the crazy College English Test Band 3 exam. I'm just a regular 5th grader, but Tests like these are hopefully setting me up for English success down the road. Wish me luck!篇4Hi everyone! My name is Timmy and I'm 10 years old. I just took the College English Test Band 3 (CET-3) exam last month in December 2020. I know what you're thinking - why would a 4th grader take a college English test? Well, my parents really want me to get ahead in English, so they signed me up for it. At first I thought it would be super hard, but it actually wasn't too bad. Let me tell you all about it!The first part of the test was listening comprehension. They played some recordings and asked multiple choice questions about what we heard. Some of the recordings were conversations between two people, and others were lectures or news reports. I had to listen really carefully to get the right answers. Luckily, my English listening skills are pretty good from watching so many movies and shows!After the listening part, we had to do a bunch of reading passages and answer questions about them. The passages were about all different topics like science, history, culture, and more. Some of the vocabulary was pretty advanced, but I've read a lot of higher level books so I could figure most of it out from context clues. The questions asked things like the main idea, details, inference, and author's purpose or tone. It was kind of like the reading comprehension sections we do in school, just harder.The most challenging part for me was the section on grammar and vocabulary. There were questions testing all kinds of grammar rules that I'm still learning, like verb tenses, conditional sentences, prepositions, and more. The vocabulary questions gave us a sentence with a blank, and we had to choose the word that fit best. A lot of the words were ones I'd never seen before! I just had to use my knowledge of roots, prefixes, and context clues to make my best guess.Next up was the writing section, which was my favorite part. We had to write a short essay of around 200 words in response to a prompt. The prompt I got was: "Some people think individual success is more important than collaborating with others. Do you agree or disagree with this view?" I decided to disagree and wrote about how working together as a team is crucial for accomplishing big goals. I tried to use lots of examples, details, and logical reasoning to support my point of view. My teacher has helped our class practice essay writing a lot, so I felt prepared.The very last part was the translation section, which was pretty straightforward. We had to translate a few sentences from English into Chinese, and vice versa. As long as you knew thevocabulary and could express the same meaning, you could get it right.Overall, I thought the CET-3 was challenging but fair. The test was really long - about 3 hours! My hands cramped up from bubbling in so many answers. But I felt like I did a decent job, considering it's a test meant for college students. My parents were so proud of me just for trying my best.What did I learn from this experience? Well, I realized how important it is to have excellent English skills nowadays. The world is so connected and being bilingual opens up so many opportunities. Preparing for this advanced test also motivated me to read more, expand my vocabulary, and keep improving. Who knows, maybe I'll take the CET-4 next!There were a lot of other kids around my age at the testing site, probably because their parents also want them to get ahead.I could tell some of them were really stressed out. I'm just glad my parents didn't put too much pressure on me. At the end of the day, it was a fun challenge and great practice. Not bad for a 4th grader, right?So that's my whole experience with the crazy difficult CET-3 test. I'm already looking forward to the next English exam I get totake. Wish me luck, and let me know if you have any other questions! Thanks for reading, friends!篇5My Summer Vacation PlanHi everyone! I'm so excited to share with you my summer vacation plan. I can't wait for the school bell to ring and summer break to begin. Are you ready? Let's get started!First of all, I am going to visit my grandparents in the countryside. They live on a farm and have lots of animals like cows, chickens, and even a cute little pig. I love helping them feed the animals and collect fresh eggs from the chickens. It's so much fun!After spending time with my grandparents, my family and I are going to the beach. I can already imagine the soft sand between my toes and the sound of waves crashing on the shore. I'm looking forward to building sandcastles and splashing in the water with my little sister. We'll also have a picnic and enjoy some delicious ice cream.Since it gets really hot during the summer, I plan to join a swimming class. I want to improve my swimming skills and havelots of fun in the pool with my friends. We'll have races, play water games, and learn different swimming strokes. It's going to be a blast!In addition to all the outdoor activities, I also want to spend some time reading books. I have a long list of books I want to read, including adventure stories and mysteries. Reading not only helps improve my English, but it also takes me to different worlds and sparks my imagination.Moreover, I have enrolled in an art camp. I love drawing and painting, so this camp is perfect for me. I'll get to learn new techniques, experiment with different colors, and create beautiful artworks. I can't wait to showcase my masterpieces to my family and friends.Last but not least, I will spend quality time with my family. We'll have movie nights, play board games, and go on hikes together. These moments are precious, and I cherish every second with them.In conclusion, my summer vacation is going to be amazing! From visiting my grandparents, going to the beach, swimming, reading books, attending art camp, to spending time with my family, I will make the most of my break. I hope you all have a fantastic summer too!Remember, it's important to have fun, relax, and recharge during your summer vacation. So, make a plan and make the most of it. Enjoy every moment and create beautiful memories. Have a great summer, everyone!Word Count: 292 words篇6My English TestHi there! My name is Emma and I'm in 5th grade. Today I had to take a really important English test. It was the big proficiency exam for December 2020. I was a little nervous, but I studied really hard so I think I did pretty good.The first part of the test was listening comprehension. They played some audio recordings and asked multiple choice questions about what we heard. The first one was about a boy named Jack who was getting ready for school in the morning. He overslept because his alarm didn't go off! His mom had to rush him out the door with just a granola bar for breakfast. I remember laughing when they played the sound effect of Jack's loud angry mom yelling "Jack! You're going to miss the bus!"The next listening was about a family going on a road trip for their summer vacation. The kids in the backseat kept asking "Are we there yet? Are we there yet?" Over and over again until their dad finally yelled that no, we're not there yet! Overall, the listening passages were fun and not too difficult if you paid close attention.Then we had to do a written section where we read some passages and answered comprehension questions about the main ideas, the author's purpose, vocabulary in context, and other stuff like that. One of the passages was a story about a magic tree house that could transport these kids named Jack and Annie to different places and times in history. That story was pretty cool! I'd love to have a magic tree house like that.Another reading passage just described how to make your favorite sandwich from start to finish. First you get all your ingredients together like bread, peanut butter, jelly, etc. Then you lay out the bread and spread on the peanut butter and jelly. Finally you put the two pieces together and eat! That one was easy to follow.The last reading was about Benjamin Franklin and all his great contributions like bifocals, the lightning rod, and his role in writing the Declaration of Independence. I didn't know muchabout him before reading that passage. The comprehension questions for that one were pretty hard because there was a lot of complex information to remember. But I tried my best!Next up was the writing section where we had to write a short essay responding to a prompt. The prompt asked us to write a letter to our teacher about why it's important to learn a second language. Here's what I wrote:Dear Ms. Jones,I think it's really important for kids to learn a second language like English, Spanish, French, or Chinese when they're young. The first reason is that it's much easier to pick up a new language when you start at an early age before middle school or high school. Little kids just soak up new vocabulary and grammar rules like a sponge!Another big reason why everyone should learn a second language is because it allows you to communicate with more people from other countries and cultures. If I could speak Spanish for example, I could easily travel to Spain or Mexico or other Spanish-speaking places and be able to talk to the locals. That would open up lots of new fun opportunities.Finally, knowing a second language gives you an advantage when you start looking for jobs. Employers really value people who are bilingual or even trilingual. If two candidates are equally qualified but one speaks multiple languages, they'll probably hire that person.In conclusion, those are the top three reasons why it's a great idea for kids to start learning a foreign language from a young age. It's a valuable skill that becomes much harder as you get older, it unlocks the ability to connect with so many new people, and it increases your job opportunities down the road. Thanks for your time!Sincerely,EmmaPhew! I worked really hard on that writing sample trying to include some examples and reasoning for each of my three main points. I hope Ms. Jones would be proud of that essay if she was grading it.Anyway, that's what the big English test was like for me! There was also a small speaking section at the end where I had to respond to a couple of simple prompts like "What did you have for breakfast today?" and "Describe your favorite holidaycelebration." I just spoke about my morning bowl of Froot Loops and how I love dyeing eggs and going on Easter egg hunts every Easter.Overall, it was challenging in some parts but not。

2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷四）托福阅读文本：Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has been a consistentrelationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of theplanet. The importance of carbon dioxide in regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed byscientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-longcylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulatedyear after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 years ago.Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition ofancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certainisotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the timewhen that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbondioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levelsdropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5 °C), carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warminterglacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution beginning in theeighteenth century and continuing today.There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperaturechange goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have beenmuch greater than the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 millionyears ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced alarge fraction of the coal deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.托福阅读题目：1. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Chemical causes of ice ages(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers(C) Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dioxide and global temperature(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere2. The word "accumulated" in line 6 is closest in meaning to.(A) spread out(B) changed(C) became denser(D) built up3. According to the passage , the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important becauseit(A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth(C) provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed4. The phrase "tantamount to" in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) complementary to(B) practically the same as(C) especially well suited to(D) unlikely to be confused with5.According to the passage , Grenoble, France, is the place where(A) instruments were developed for measuring certain chemical elements(B) scientists first recorded atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide(C) scientists studied the contents of an ice core fromAntarctica(D) the relationship between carbon dioxide and temperature was discovered6. According to the passage , scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determinewhich of following?(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed(C) The date at which water had become locked in the glacier(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier7. The word "remarkable" in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) genuine(B) permanent(C) extraordinary(D) continuous8. The word "link" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) tension(B) connection(C) attraction(D) distance9. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred(A) in the early eighteenth century(B) 160,000 years ago(C) at the end of each ice age(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago10.According to the passage , the Carboniferous period was characterized by(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits(B) the burning of a large amount of coal(C) an abundance of plants(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation11. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?(A) glacier (line 5)(B) isotopes (line 11)(C) Industrial Revolution (line 21)(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)托福阅读答案：CDCBC BCBAC D托福阅读文本：Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in essence ofa hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered with a fingerboard,along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of design, shape, and decorationis no accident: the proportions of the instrument are determined almost entirely by acousticalconsiderations. Its simplicity of appearance is deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in theconstruction of a violin. Its tone and its outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal soloinstrument. No less important, however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. Incombination with the larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins formthe nucleus of the modern symphony orchestra.The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its ownright dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras. Itsstature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626 Louis XIII of Franceestablished at his court the orchestra known as Les vingt-quatre violins du Roy (The King's 24Violins), which was to become widely famous later in the century.In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact that thestrings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely. During theeighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired by suchcomposer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions demanded a fuller,clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner strings and a far higher stringtension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard sothat they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance wasachieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerablyelaborated, and new fingering patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.托福阅读题目：1. The word "standard" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) practical(B) customary(C) possible(D) unusual2. "The King's 24 Violins" is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras(C) the superiority of French violins(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty3. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in theworld.(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.4. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 19 as examples of composers whose music(A) inspired more people to play the violin(B) had to be adapted to the violin(C) demanded more sophisticated violins(D) could be played only by their students5. The word "they" in line 22 refers to(A) Civaldi and Tartini(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension(C) small changes(D) internal structure and fingerboard6. The word "strain" in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) struggle(B) strength(C) strategy(D) stress7. The word "Accordingly" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) However(B) Consequently(C) Nevertheless(D) Ultimately8.According to the passage , early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins(A) were heavier(B) broke down more easily(C) produced softer tones(D) were easier to play9. According to the passage , which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced bya violin?(A)A long fingerboard(B)A small body(C) High string tension(D) Thick strings10. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?(A) resonator (line 2)(B) solo (line 7)(C) left-hand technique (line 25)(D) fingering patterns (lines 24-25)11. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modernviolin music EXCEPT(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrumentANSWER KEYS托福阅读答案：BAACD DBCAA C一、找关键词在托福阅读题目中找关键词，是解题的第一步。

2020年12月12日大陆托福考试口语真题回顾解析范文Task1If your university is going to invite someone to give a speech, who do you think they should invite? A businessman, a scientist or a politician?Personally speaking, I think it's a good idea to invite a scientist to give a speech in my university. I've got two reasons. First of all, students can benefit academically from a scientist's speech. Take myself as an example, myuniversity invited a environmental research scientist to give a speech regarding global warming. Even though it was not my major, I still learnt quite a lot from it. I learnt that in urban area, gas-tail emission contributes to more than 30% of the air pollution. And the scientist also shared several day-to-day things we ordinary people could do to protect the environment Secondly, scientists usually have some really amazing life stories of themselves about how their passionfor science affected their life‘ 1 find these stories extremely inspiring and they usually have a positiveinfluence on me as well.Task2If you have a misunderstanding with your friend, do you prefer talking it out in a public place or in a private place?If I ever got into such an awkward situation with my friend, I guess I would feel more comfortable talking aboutit in a public place. Firstly, people are usually more restrained in a public place, so it's less likely things will get out of control For instance, once my mom got into a fight with her friend, and my mom invited the friend home to talk it out. At first my mom wanted to apologize, but the friend just kept pushing her buttons until my mom couldn't take it any more. In the end they got into an even bigger fight . But if it was in a public place, I guess both my mom and her friend would have to think twice about their attitude and behaviors. At least things wouldn't get worse than before. Plus, I feel more at ease when I'm in a public place like a cafe or a pub, I can express myself better when I m more relaxed and our conflicts can be solved more easily.Task 3The university Is planning to offer business class on Saturdays and lower the tuition fee. In the conversation, the woman agrees with the plan. The first reason is that a lot of students who take business class also work full-time, since the business class will now be offered on Saturdays, it means it's more possible for students who also work full-time to take the class. As for the second reason, she points out that lowering the tuition fee will make it possible for more students to take the class, they will be able to afford itTask 4In the lecture, the professor introduces the concept of loss aversion. He offers us an example to illustrate It The professor once went to a supermarket and bought 20 dollars worth of food, but the cashier made a mistake and charged him 30 dollars instead. When the professor realized the mistake,he had to drive all the way back to the supermarket to get his 10 dollars back. But a couple of days later, his friend told him that a new cafe in town was giving 10 dollars to whoever was willing to try their new coffee, but the professor just wasn't interested in going at all.Task5The woman's problem is that she's the president of the camping club and she's supposed to take everyone camping this weekend, unfortunately the weather report said that it was going to rain- There are two possible solutions. The first one is to postpone the trip and go camping next weekend instead. And the second solution is to go this weekend and remind everyone to bring a raincoat. If I were in her shoes, I d go for the first solution because her club members would probably understand since It's not really something within her control I personally don't recommend the other solution because if it really rains, the members will have to stay inside the tents, what's the point of going camping if you can't even go outside?Task 6In the lecture, the professor talks about the characters of rainforest. The first one is warm climate. Take orchids as an example, orchids are pretty sensitive to the temperature, they can hardly survive the cold, but since the climate in the rainforest is relatively warm, the orchids can grow very well there. The other one is about canopy. The canopy created by layers and layers of leaves blocks the sunlight, so the environment on the ground is quite different from the。

2020年12月12日托福口语真题Task1Whose lecture would you like to attend ? Scientist’s , businessman’s or government official’s?Task2If there is misunderstanding between you and your friend, do you prefer to solve the problem in public places orprivate places like home?Task 3阅读：学校安排周六授课的programs 原因1)：学生有能够选择的时间表;原因2)：课程有折扣。

听力：女生同意该建议，因为1)：很多人是一边工作一边上课，平时没有时间，只能晚上上课，现在多了选择;2)现在学费很贵，有了折扣肯定能吸引充足的学生。

Task 4阅读：loss aversion 损失规避心理听力：教授举自己的例子，他用credit card 买水果应该花20美元，结果被刷了30美元。

他非要把那10美元要回来，但那个地方很远，后来有个朋友告诉他有个咖啡馆试喝咖啡给10美元，他去试喝了。

Task5问题：女生要组织camp trip，但是气象预报说天要下雨。

方案1：改时间，但是他们已经改过一次时间了，期末忙再改就没人去了。

方案2：带防雨设备坚持去露营。

Task6热带雨林之所以能够support 多样物种生存的两个characteristics。

一是热带雨林环境温暖潮湿，很多植物不能在干冷的地方生村。

举例某种植物遇到冷天就会死，但在亚马逊的热带雨林就能够活。

二是茂密的树叶会遮住阳光，形成canopy,所以地面环境和高处环境大不相同，举例一种植物能够在高处生存，但落到地上就会死。

2020年12月12日托福听力真题12月12日托福听力Conversation 1一个女生说她因为役认真看通知记错了活动上车地方，又因为物理课结束的晚，所以吃晚饭就晚了，就没遇着熟人告诉她对的上车地方。

然后那个职员就告诉她那个concert真的很棒，他本来被迫负责活动的结果，去看了之后发现非常喜欢。

那姑娘听了就心塞，然后那个职员说其实到最后我把你的票连着车票一起卖给一个特想去的同学了，所以我能够给你钱，这样你周末还能够去。

Lecture 1艺术史--从实际的画风转向抽象化的转变。

抽象画就是会没有具体的轮廓，以唤起观众对色彩的感受，唤醒观众的感情。

这里一个叫瓦西里·康定斯基的艺术家有很大的贡献，这个画家本身也是音乐家，他的风格就是吧sound和color联系起来，让人在看到画的不同颜色会在脑海里产生不同的声音，比如这个画家就会觉得绿色很平和，红色就很像乐队的大号手之类的，康定斯基将这种现象称为synthesis。

教授一开始不相信这种现象的存有，但实验表明s的存有。

当有的人蒙面听到一些声音，他脑梅中关于视觉的部分的确会活跃。

教授最后觉得那么s的存有还是可信的，同时也说明了它很大水准影晌TKan的abstract风格。

Lecture 2恐龙灭绝到底是因为彗星碰撞还是火山爆发。

彗星这个观点是因为从地质层发现的IrAk个元素本来在地球上是没有的，只有通过asteroids and comets带来，陨石坠落造成环境大毁灭是一个很快的过程。

而且时间和恐龙灭绝的时间吻合。

因为撞击地球产生了大量的尘埃遮蔽了太阳光，温度过低，植物死了，恐龙没有食物所以灭绝了。

但是教授表示不支持这种观点，他认为火山爆发产生了很多的suldox让天气变了，这是一个缓慢的过程，在一个地方发现了化石，表明insect和鸟在那个时间都役灭绝。

所以不会是彗星撞地球，火山爆发比较靠谱。

2020年托福阅读模拟试题及答案（卷六）托福阅读文本：Prehistoric mammoths have been preserved in the famous tar pits of Rancho La Brea (Brea is the Spanish word for tar) in what is now the heart of Los Angeles, California. These tar pits have been known for centuries and were formerly mined for their natural asphalt, a black or brown petroleum-like substance. Thousands of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil remains. Major excavations were undertaken that established the significance of this remarkable site. The tar pits were found to contain the remains of scores of species of animals from the last 30,000 years of the Ice Age.Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from invertebrates, have been recovered, often in densely concentrated and tangled masses. The creatures found range from insects and birds to giant ground sloth's, but a total of 17 proboscides (animals with a proboscis or long nose) —including mastodons and Columbian mammoths —have been recovered, most of them from Pit 9, the deepest bone-bearing deposit, which was excavated in 1914. Most of the fossils date to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago.The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have beenconcealed by leaves and dust. Unwary animals would become trapped on these thin sheets of liquid asphalt, which are extremely sticky in warm weather. Stuck, the unfortunate beasts would die of exhaustion and hunger or fall prey to predators that often also became stuck.As the animals decayed, more scavengers would be attracted and caught in their turn.Carnivores greatly outnumber herbivores in the collection: for every large herbivore, there is one saber-tooth cat, a coyote, and four wolves. The fact that some bones are heavily weathered shows that some bodies remained above the surface for weeks or months. Bacteria in the asphalt would have consumed some of the tissues other than bones, and the asphalt itself would dissolve what was left, at the same time impregnating and beautifully preserving the saturated bones, rendering them dark brown and shiny.托福阅读题目：1. What aspect of the La Brea tar pits does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The amount of asphalt that was mined there(B) The chemical and biological interactions between asphalt and animals(C) The fossil remains that have been found there(D) Scientific methods of determining the age of tar pits2. In using the phrase "the heart of Los Angeles" in line 2, the author is talking about the city's(A) beautiful design(B) central area(C) basic needs(D) supplies of natural asphalt3. The word "noticed" in line 5 closest in meaning to(A) predicted(B) announced(C) corrected(D) observed4. The word "tangled" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) buried beneath(B) twisted together(C) quickly formed(D) easily dated5. The word "them" in line 13 refers to(A) insects(B) birds(C) cloths(D) proboscideans6. How many proboscideans have been found at the La Brea tar。