Automation-overiview-casestudy

• In other areas, IoT, big data, cloud computing, the same issue of “complexity” exists.
2015
lHale Waihona Puke cture 1slide 5
Structural Approach
• “Structural thinking” is considered an effective approach to addressing “complexity”.
Write a 2D plotter in C++ (must be C++) Use a graphical toolkit compatible to C++ (like Qt) Will provide reference code (with student assistance)
• Teaching Software Engineering Principles
• In terms of programming, probably the C++ programming language can best serve us “structural thinking”.
• “Structural thinking” means the following abilities:
software skills
• Such skills are indispensible to do PhD research,
• they are also useful for those working in related areas.
2015

Virtual prototyping for planning bridge constructionHeng Li a ,Neo K.Y.Chan a ,Ting Huang a ,Martin Skitmore b ,⁎,Jay Yang ba Department of Building and Real Estate,The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Hong KongbSchool of Civil Engineering and Built Environment,Queensland University of Technology,Gardens Point,Brisbane Q4001,Australiaa b s t r a c ta r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Accepted 18April 2012Available online 29May 2012Keywords:Virtual prototypingPlant and equipment-resource allocation Temporary platformsConstruction plant and equipment Bridges4D simulation,building information modeling,virtual construction,computer simulation and virtual prototyping are emerging topics in the building construction industry.These techniques not only relate to the buildings themselves,but can also be applied to other forms of construction,including bridges.Since bridge construction is a complex process involving multiple types of plant and equipment,applying such virtual methods bene fits the understanding of all parties in construction practice.This paper describes the relationship between temporary platforms,plant and equipment resources and a proposed-built model in the construction planning and use of Virtual Prototyping Simulation (VPS)to imple-ment different construction scenarios in order to help planners identify an optimal construction plan.A case study demonstrates the use of VPS integrated with temporary platform design and plant and equipment-resource allocation to generate different construction scenarios.©2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe planning of construction work is the first and crucial step of a successful project and from which all other tasks or activities follow.Planning is an arduous,complex and time-consuming task.Even experienced construction planners find it impossible to build/design a comprehensive and faultless master construction plan at the first attempt,so that reviews and updates are always necessary.The amount of cost and time involved in reviewing and updating,how-ever,can be wasteful.Ideally,it would be best to develop the final construction plan at the first attempt.Compared with building construction projects,bridge and high-way construction involves fewer activities and crew.However,the degree of complexity in constructing a bridge or highway is similar to that of buildings.In addition,the construction of bridge and highway projects of any magnitude has become increasingly dif ficult due to the highly competitive environment and complexity of the management process involved [28].Bridge construction entails complex geometric con figurations that render the communication of project information among interested parties very dif ficult and prone to errors [20].Apply-ing innovative techniques to bridge construction projects for construc-tion planning and scheduling,therefore,has the potential to assist project planners in making decisions that are more appropriate.For bridge and highway construction,approaches already exist that attempt to optimize construction plans.For example,[7,10]have devel-oped an object-oriented model for planning and scheduling highwayconstruction;[8]also created a multi-objective genetic algorithm using a three-dimensional time –cost-quality trade-off analysis to identify opti-mal resource utilization plans,and [27]apply computer simulation to op-timize the planning of bridge construction and associated resources involved.In addition,[14]use a visualization system,VITASCOPE,to pro-duce a 3D animation of plant and equipment operations according to a set of geometric transformations of pieces of plant and equipment generated by discrete-event simulation.Discrete-event simulation is a powerful method to test the performance or investigate the potential problems of real-world systems,helping to determine reasonable allocation poli-cies.CYCLONE [9]uses only a small set of modeling elements and pro-vides a convenient tool for the study of various construction operations.The developed “offspring ”of CYCLONE is STROBOSCOPE [21],which is a simulation programming language designed for the spe-ci fic modeling and simulation of construction operations.[33]used an object-oriented approach,including the object-oriented modeling con-cept and object-oriented programming mechanisms to develop an ac-tivity object-oriented simulation strategy for modeling construction operations.However,it is obvious that activity location,working area of plant,and site layout considerations are essential for construction planning.Insuf ficient workspace available on site results in productivity loss,potential safety hazards and poor-quality work [25].Much research in recent years has focused on simulating and visu-alizing construction plans to reduce the time and problems involved.For example,4D simulation ([17],[31],[5,11,22]),computer simula-tion [13,15],virtual construction [3,30]and virtual prototyping [1,12,18,19]are all able to contribute to minimizing these problems.[20]has applied 4D CAD to actual bridge and highway projects to provide a better understanding of the aspects and spatial constraints involved compared with the traditional 2D format.Similarly,[34]Automation in Construction 27(2012)1–10⁎Corresponding author.Tel.:+61731381059;fax:+61731381170.E-mail address:rm.skitmore@.au (M.Skitmore).0926-5805/$–see front matter ©2012Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2012.04.009Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirectAutomation in Constructionj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e /a u t c onuse4D simulation for bridge construction to provide the user with a forecast of construction schedule and resource consumption over time.[23]also apply3D CAD to test construction plans and scenarios for improving the constructability of the bridge construction,while [16]have developed4D CAD at three different levels of detail:activi-ty,discrete operation,and continuous operation,for analyzing and modeling bridge construction.The emerging technologies may look similar.However,there are significant differences between4D CAD and computer simulation in the level of detail in project control.4D CAD is initiated at the project level for product modeling while computer simulation focuses on the operational level for operation modeling[14].Even when4D CAD is applied[20],no existing model can optimize construction plans by allowing for potential collisions between construction plant and equipment and space conflict among activities.VITASOPE [15]and virtual prototyping[18],on the other hand,are effective tools to avoid such collisions at the operational level related to the dynamic motion of resources(e.g.,crews,equipment and materials). Meanwhile Virtual Prototyping[18]is useful in helping to simulate various construction methodologies at the project level relating to building components constructed over time.The virtual prototyping platform is developed through a4D space technique to optimize construction planning to solve the critical shortcomings of discrete-event simulation.Project and operational levels are inextricably linked and the effective analysis of the feasibility of construction plans is needed by considering both the project and operational levels simultaneously.The aim of the research described in this paper was to develop a virtual prototyping simulation(VPS)approach for simulating differ-ent construction scenarios in order to help planners identify optimal construction plans.The paperfirst describes the characteristics of bridge projects to identify the critical issues involved.The next sec-tion describes the application of the VPS approach to bridge construc-tion.A case study then demonstrates the use of VPS for improving construction plans.Finally,future improvements to the VPS tech-nology are identified and discussed.2.The characteristics of bridge projectsBridge construction involves multiple recurring activities,such as building foundations,piers and decks[7]—processes that are comparatively straightforward in comparison with building projects. While constructing bridges involves less working activities than building construction,it does not necessarily follow that bridge con-struction is an easy task.Problems and uncertainties are always likely to occur during the working process.Some factors are especially crit-ical,including1)the relationship between the terrain and proposed bridge and2)the various designs of temporary work such as tempo-rary platforms,3)determining the number of resources,4)the cost of the project and5)the duration of the project.A bridge project is a continuous linear project[10,24],characterized by a geometrically linear layout and no clearly identifiable units.High-way and bridge projects involve an intensive period of earthworks and the topography often changes with thefilling and cutting work involved.While building construction projects contain discrete time-linked objects such as columns and slabs[24],clearly identifying and linking with discrete schedule activities is not possible.In contrast with building projects,many bridges and highways are constructed on a sloped working area(earthwork)such as mountains or hills.As building projects are often carried out on plane surfaces, excavation is made to level surfaces.In bridge projects,excavation is minimized,as it is both costly and environmentally unfriendly, which leads to the challenge of designing economical and efficient working platforms to achieve the maximum productivity of overall construction plans.3.The approach of virtual prototyping simulation(vps)Virtual prototyping comprises the construction and testing of a virtual prototype or digital mock-up involving a realistic computer sim-ulation of the life cycle of a physical product for presenting,analyzing and testing[4,31].In addition,simulation addresses the broad issues of physical layout,operational concept,functional specifications,and dynamics analysis under various operating environments[6,32].For example,by simulating separate events,manufacturers can evaluate the effects on materialflow,throughput and utilization of a product under different scheduling and product mix conditions to understand the performance of the design in several manufacturing situations[2]. Some researchers also apply this technology to simulate the processes involved in building construction projects[12].[14]recognize the project and operational levels as two distinct levels of detail of the visualization and models of construction processes. At the project level,construction progress is visualized as a set of build-ing components constructed over a period of time.At the operation level,on the other hand,the dynamic motion of resources(e.g.,crews, pieces of equipment,and materials)used during operations is visualized.While the project and operation levels put different elements into perspective,a more comprehensive approach to analyzing the feasi-bility of the construction plans effectively is to consider both levels simultaneously.To do this,a VPS system was developed by custom-izing an existing third-party solution,DELMIA,currently in use in the manufacturing industry.DELMIA is a product of Dassault Systemes and is one of the most powerful VP applications used in manufacturing. The core of DELMIA is a product,process and resources model that links with various applications such as3D model design,process plan-ning,resources planning,discrete and continuous event simulation,3D visualization,layout planning and virtual reality,all in the same platform. The DELMIA V5environment uses Visual Basic for Applications(VBA) and Microsoft Project to develop construction plans with the3D Model.VBA is an object-oriented programming language to develop specific functions and provides a seamless link between the components of the model supported by a powerful graphical user interface(GUI).The research objective was to develop a tool to analyze the feasibil-ity of different scenarios of construction plans.Validation is the core activity of the VPS system,which consists of three modules:the Design, Database and Operation Modules(Fig.1).The design of a3D model and allocation of resources in construction plans relies on the Design Module.The Database Module is a data system providing information such as resource models and constraints for the design module.The Operation Module is a program system for simulating thefinal-design output for reporting the results.3.1.Prototype of construction sequenceThe prototype of construction sequence is the foundational logic of activity and the sequence cannot be changed.One example is pier construction(i.e.,pipe cap excavation→pipe cap concreting→pier construction→pier head construction).Different construction plan-ning arrangements can then be developed according to the prototype of construction sequence.3.2.Proposed-built modelThe proposed-built model is built from a3D CAD system(i.e., CATIA)which provides the3D CAD components.Generally,3D CAD systems currently available on the market do not have built-in func-tions that allow this kind of information integration.3.3.Construction equipment modelThe deployment of construction plant and equipment is one of the critical items involved in the design/plan of construction plans.The2H.Li et al./Automation in Construction27(2012)1–10definition of the construction equipment model is an enhanced plant and equipment-based model linked with the productivity of plant and equipment in an Excel library database and with physical capacity data[18]for use in construction planning and construction simulation(Fig.10).The specifications of the construction plant and equipment are embedded in this3D-geometry model.This includes the actual geometry,turning and working radius,lifting capacity, etc.,of the plant and equipment involved.The construction equip-ment model simulates real-life working processes(e.g.,the crane lifts the steel from the storage area to thefinal position for installa-tion).If the plan is not constructible in reality(e.g.,there is not enough workspace for driving or not enough distance from the target),the VPS technology highlights these problems based on the specification data and virtual environment.Furthermore,the VPS technology can detect a potential collision course between the plant and equipment involved.3.4.Database of construction plant and equipmentBuilding a database is an efficient approach to store and capture all types of information concerning the construction plant and equip-ment models and their productivity data.All of the productivity data come from another similar construction project in a period of two weeks in order to compute useful productivity data for virtual prototyping use.In this way,the virtual platform simulates the plant and equipment operations to test for any collisions.All the con-struction plant and equipment models are built and stored in the VPS library installed in the system for future planning use.Different types of plant and equipment are grouped into different categories and different types of activities are classified into different categories (Table1).Therefore,the project planners can use their experience to assign suitable plant and equipment models and allocate plant and equipment to carry out designated activities for the analysis of various construction scenarios.3.5.Plant and equipment-resource allocationIn previous research,the resources involved are space,plant and equipment and crew.However,the crew is not a critical factor of the construction planning of bridges as the total number of the crew needed is fewer than that for building projects.The allocation of plant and equipment is the most critical item affecting the cost and construction duration.In the system,plant and equipment-resource allocation is one of the variable factors in the planning pro-cess.The plant and equipment amount can be adjusted and the dura-tion of each task is generated by computing the amount and type of plant and equipment and their associated productivity.Different con-struction scenarios are considered by examining different temporary work designs to allocate different plant and equipment when simu-lating the construction process.Such variables,including different types of plant and equipment and resource amounts,generate vary-ing results and durations relating to the construction planning process.3.6.Temporary work design(i.e.,temporary platforms)Owing to the fact that bridge construction involves a limited working area and in accident-prone site conditions,the design of temporary work(i.e.,temporary platforms)is a critical factor affecting constructionFig.1.Design of the VPS.Fig.2.The relationships among proposed-built model,temporary work design andequipment resource in construction planning.3H.Li et al./Automation in Construction27(2012)1–10plans.The proposed-built model,construction plant and equipment and temporary work design are the three key in fluencing factors involved.At the same time,these three factors or variables have a signi ficant effect on each other (Fig.2).Designed and built into the design module are the relationships and constraints among the proposed-built model,con-struction plant and equipment and temporary work designs.Building construction projects apply parametric 3D modeling worldwide [12,26,29].[12],for instance,apply this form of modeling to temporary work elements and [26]use a parametric 3D model to design precast concrete.These models are based on operations andconstraints,with constraints maintained as an integral part of the model geometry during editing.The temporary work design originates from the parametric 3D modeling approach and the design of our parametric 3D model is based on fundamental constraints,user requirements and safety issues.The model provides a user-friendly platform for sketching and modify-ing the basic 2D design.This is very important as,if the user changes the equipment or fundamental constraints,the 3D model changes directly.It can also save a lot time for modeling.Temporary work design has its own design components that are affected by the speci fication,amount and logistical arrangement of the plant and equipment as well as the location and size of the proposed-built model.3.7.Collision detectionCollision detection is an essential component for construction planning,where it helps to analyze the physical clashes that occur be-tween the 3D elements.There are two types of collision detection,namely those that occur between:1)static objects and dynamic ob-jects (e.g.,moving plant and equipment and railings);and 2)dynamic objects (e.g.,the activities of an adjacent excavator and crane).Collision occurrences relate to the space of the route and construc-tion plans.For example,whether a route is large enough for more than two pieces of equipment to pass through is a key factor affecting the design of the activities.Collisions can occur when ordering three machines to work in Zone A while three other machines work in Zone B if the size of the route is not large enough for the pieces of equipment to pass through (Fig.3).These activities are highlighted in the VPS as a geometric contact when they are about to occur or have actually occurred.The result is generated in the form of data,in-cluding the activity time and the name of the two elements involved in the collision.3.8.Possible resultsThe possible results of a construction scenario are as follows:1)Feasibility result (the construction scenario is feasible if a collisionis not detected,otherwise it is infeasible).As a result,the follow-ing clash reports may be generateda.For a collision detected between a static object and a dynamic object,a clash report is generated providing details of the pro-posed model or temporary work design,occurrence time and capture of the virtualoccurrenceFig.3.Representation of the constructionsituation.Fig.4.Framework of the analysis of construction scenarios using VPS.4H.Li et al./Automation in Construction 27(2012)1–10b.For a collision detected between a dynamic object and another dynamic object,a clash report is generated providing details of the associated activity tasks,occurrence time and a capture of the virtual occurrence.2)A comprehensive construction plan including the design of tem-porary platforms and plant and equipment-resource allocation 3)The quantity of steel needed for the temporary platforms 4)The duration of the construction plan5)Visualization of the construction process simulation.3.9.Framework of the VPSFig.4illustrates the framework for applying the VPS and com-prises six steps:Step 1:Planning the prototype of construction sequence of the task,including the start-end times of all activities such as concret-ing,pouring,fixing rebar etc.Step 2:Designing the temporary platform under the constraints setby the proposed-built modelStep 3:Selecting and assigning the type and amount of plant andequipment needed,based on the nature of each activityStep 4:Validating the route and working platform to establish thatthere is enough working area between the selected plant and equipment and the working environment (if it fails,go back to step 2or 3)Step 5:Validating of the activity clashes between plant and equip-ment (if it fails,go back to step 2or 3)Step 6:Generation of the results.4.Case study 4.1.IntroductionThe case study involved the widening of a section of the Ting Kau Viaduct,which is a part of the Tuen Mun Road,a road link between Tuen Mun and Kowloon,Hong Kong.The road is 15km long and has been in service for more than 30years,having a long history of traf fic congestion and accidents.It was designed and constructed in the mid-1970s and needed to be raised to current standards as far as practicable.In addition,road was planned to be reconstructing with a minimize repair works,traf fic congestion and accidents,and therefore create less disturbance for road users.The main scope of the work included widening sections of the existing carriageways and vehicular bridges and highway structures,including Tsing Lung Tau Bridge,Telford Bridge,Ting Kau Viaduct and Yau Kom Tau Bridge.The work also included widening the east-ern end of Sham Tseng Viaduct eastbound carriageway to meet cur-rent expressway standards,with the associated provision of hard shoulders and verges.The work in widening the section of Ting Kau Viaduct included the construction of viaduct foundations,piers,deck and finishes.Ting Kau Viaduct is to be supported by numerous piers on a hillside and twenty-eight new piers were required for the widening of Tuen Mun road.The work involved a complex site topography,localized site formation work,foundation,superstructure and stitching work to the existing road network.The project planners encountered several types of problems relat-ing to construction planning and constructability,including potential risks to road users in the construction area,and a number of key con-cerns were incorporated at this stage,including site safety,site access,temporary work design,cranes and equipment deployment.A central issue for the project planners concerned the working platform to be used in the construction process.This involved choosing oneofFig.5.Virtual terrain contours,existing viaduct,Castle Peak Road and the proposed widened section ofviaduct.Fig.6.The haul road from Castle Peak road to the construction site.5H.Li et al./Automation in Construction 27(2012)1–10three different working platform designs.However,the choice was not easy,due to:•Difficulties in imagining the site environment.•Difficulties in determining the best platform for foundation and pier construction.•Difficulties in estimating the maximum number of resources for each of the different platform designs.4.2.Building the virtual terrain contours,existing viaduct and proposed widening of viaduct structuresTo increase the precision of the results,the research team obtained topographical survey data of the project site from the land surveyors involved.This included building the terrain contours and details of the existing Tin Kau Viaduct into a3D model.The3D virtual terrain contours provided a clear and detailed view for the project planners,allowing them to visualize the relationship between the ter-rain contours and existing viaduct and to predict safety issues and potential accidents during construction.The proposed widening of the viaduct structure was modeled to include geometric config-urations after construction,based on the2D drawings(Fig.5).4.3.Construction planningConstruction planning involved temporary work design and re-source allocation.Through the constraints with the proposed-built model,the precision and reliability of the temporary work design were increased.The project planner assigned and allocated different amounts of construction plant and equipment into the three different working platform designs.The different feasible construction plan-ning processes were simulated according to the construction se-quence,as shown in Table2.4.4.Construction scenarios for temporary work designThe choice of platform design involved two main considerations:•The haul road—an access road from Castle Peak Road to the con-struction site for access of construction plant and equipment.•The platform itself.4.4.1.The haul roadMost of the critical construction work was under the existing via-duct and on the hillside.However,the hillside was not a suitable plat-form for workers and construction plant and equipment and a haul road provided a means for transporting the construction plant and equipment from Castle Peak Road to the proposed construction site (Fig.6).The essential requirements of the haul road were that the slope was less than1:10and with a minimum width of5m.4.4.2.The platformThe function of the steel platform was to provide a working space from which the construction equipment could drive pilings.This would have made it difficult for the project planner to confirm a plat-form design because of its importance to the success of the project. Using the parametric3D model however,the design of the steel plat-form could be drawn or modified easily and quickly.The platform safety designs remainedfixed throughout the modeling process,and the railings of the platform were generated automatically in each of the three model designs produced by the research team.Modeling the haul road and the platform took approximately forty person-days.Fig.7shows the three different designs of steel platform.These comprised:Design A Each platform overlapped two piers,with the entrance con-nected to the haul road.Design B Each platform fully overlapped all piers but with only one entrance connected to the haul road.Design C Each platform was similar to that of design B but each pair of piers provided one entrance connected to the haul road.4.5.Database of construction plant and equipmentThe major models of construction plant and equipment for the bridge works(Fig.8)were built in detail,including the external dimensions,(Design A)(Design B)(Design C)Fig.7.Three different scenarios of steel platform.6H.Li et al./Automation in Construction27(2012)1–10working radii,moving and working space requirements and lifting capacity.For example,a 3D model of a crawler crane was developed that included its external dimensions based on the speci fications,de-grees of low and high limit of turning radius,rear-end swing and work-ing radius (Fig.9).The various lifting capacities were based on the length of working radius.Modeling all the construction plant and equipment was a time-consuming process involving approximately 160person-days spent on creating a single model and embedded speci fications.It should be noted,however,that,once built,the models of all the con-struction plant and equipment involved would be available for future reuse if needed.4.6.Allocation of construction plant and equipment modelThe construction plant and equipment model was selected and assigned to different activities in the construction sequence (Table 3)based on the constraints of the proposed-built model.Eight types of construction plant and equipment and two types of platforms were involved.For example,the construction plant for the pier construction was only a single Crawler Crane HS873HD as one of the constraints de fined that a crawler crane should be able to lift temporary steel formwork for pier concreting.The user can assign varying amounts of construction plant and equipment to the three platform designs.Based on different designs and different resource allocations,the sys-tem simulated the construction plan.4.7.Collision analysisThe first and second collision analyses of construction plan in the VPS were to detect and highlight any potential collisions between the construction plant and equipment and the virtual environment,such as the railings of the platform and haul road,in the simulation and between the activities of construction plant and equipment re-spectively.The clash report covers the associated activities and models together with the occurrence time involved.4.8.Overall resultsIn design A,the system identi fied the clashes between the crawler crane HS873HD and existing viaduct as the crawler crane HS873HD could not be driven from one platform to the next due to the limita-tions in height space.Some parts of the crawler crane had to be dis-mantled and reassembled after the crawler crane was driven totheFig.8.The major models of construction plant andequipment.Fig.9.Crawler crane CCH50T with embedded speci fication.7H.Li et al./Automation in Construction 27(2012)1–10。

ENGLISH PROFICIENCY EXAMFOR NON-ENGLISH MAJOR POSTGRADUATE STUDENTSJan. 5th, 2012PART 1: Vocabulary (20%)Directions: In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.1.Mutual endeavor has shaped our world, and mutualism, the belief that individual andcollective well-being is obtainable only by mutual dependence, ______ family life, relationships and society.A. underpinsB. overstatesC. underlinesD. overcomes2. A man of original power can never be ______ within the limits of a single field of interestand activity, nor can he ever be content to bear the marks and use the skill of a single occupation.A. locatedB. liberatedC. committedD. confined3.As a result of technological convergence and progress in digitization, the laboratories ofcomputer technology and consumer electronics firms are ______ in the race for innovation and sophistication.A. searchingB. competingC. interveningD. absorbing4.The degree in which a man ______ his work and gives it the quality of his own mind andspirit is the measure of his success in giving his nature free and full expression.A. demolishesB. standardizesC. individualizesD. abolishes5.In common with other developed economies, Britain has advocated the creation of ahigh-skilled, high-waged economy by ______ the education and skills of its workforce.A. renewingB. overthrowingC. decreasingD. upgrading6.No one on the planet is going to escape the effects of global warming, and for billions theresulting environmental deterioration is going to make life ______ more difficult.A. considerablyB. terminallyC. originallyD. regularly7.Digital television will enable users to access a wide range of new services, such aspay-per-view TV, the downloading of video games or software, or channels ______ in sports or teleshopping.A. interferingB. specializingC. participatingD. consisting8.Earthquakes are immensely destructive, mainly because most cities in regions of highseismic risk are dominated by buildings that are simply not built well enough to ______ the severe ground shaking of a major quake.A. sustainB. withstandC. guaranteeD. inspect9.By giving students access to a new world of information, sparking creativity, and ______rich communication and collaboration across vast distances, computers have long been a powerful tool for education.A. preventingB. disruptingC. facilitatingD. manipulating10.While more and more women are ______ roles as managers, a new study reveals that thesewomen are increasingly turning to the stereotypically more 'male' traits, such as aggression, to get results.A. definingB. assumingC. regardingD. interpreting11.The potential negative effects of violent video games on adolescent antisocial behavior, andyouth violence ______, is a highly debated issue, both in academic circles and among the general public and policy makers.A. on averageB. on purposeC. in particularD. in advance12. A new digital watermarking system not only protects music and media files from onlinepirates but also ensures that the quality for ______ users is as good as it gets.A. unauthorizedB. temporaryC. malicious恶意的故意的D. legitimate13.There is relatively little ______ of opinion and scholarship about whether generationaldifferences exist that are worth taking into consideration in the workplace, colleges, and universities, and other contexts.A. permissionB. minorityC. absenceD. consensus14.Young people‟s worlds have changed in a variety of ways, many of which have a ______ onthe sort of education and training that they demand.A. contactB. bearingC. leadD. stake15.Nowadays graduates in the labor market are expected to be flexible, to direct and steer theirown work as well as that of others, to take responsibility and to mould jobs to make best use of their ______ in the global market economy.A. expectationsB. blundersC. competenciesD. defects16.No gene ration is more at ease with online, collaborative technologies than today‟s youngpeople—“digital natives”, who have grown up in a/n ______ computing environment.A. immersive拟真的B. emergentC. hostileD. rural17.Whereas university research and development departments may once have been the primaryarena for testing new tools and theories, the survey data reveal that corporations now have the ______ in adopting new innovations.A. rightB. edgeC. controlD. license18.Access to technology in school is particularly important ______ increasing disparities intechnology access outside of school.A. in tune withB. in line withC. in need ofD. in light of19.Taking an international overview on anything, in this case the out-of-school education of thegifted and talented, offers ______ which can sometimes cut right across anyone‟s cultural assumptions.A. perspectivesB. prosecutionsC. obligationsD. objections20.Obesity is a national health crisis and if current trends continue, it will soon ______ smokingin the U.S. as the biggest single factor in early death, reduced quality of life and added health care costs.A. distinguishB. modifyC. imitateD. surpassPART 2: Cloze (15%)Directions: In this part of the test, you‟ll read an incomplete passage with 15 blanks. Read the passage carefully, and choose the best answer from choices marked A, B, C and D. Then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.One of the greatest assets a manager can have is a happy and satisfied team of employees. However, building such a team is a __21__. Unless you‟re in senior management, you may be limited __22__ the amount of compensation or the promotion opportunities you can provide to your employees. Fortuna tely, these aren‟t the only factors that influence employee job satisfaction, or __23__ the most important.Providing tangible proof to your employees that their efforts are recognized, while often __24__ as secondary to other factors, is still very important. Reasonable employees willunderstand that wage increases do have their limits, __25__ they expect to be adequately compensated. However, other types of incentives, such as bonuses or prizes for the __26__ achievers in key performance categories, can be just as effective.It is crucial that both increases and other monetary incentives be performance __27__. Employees should always receive greater rewards and more recognition when they are giving a higher quality of work. __28__ being fair, of course, it also sends the message that the organization values and recognizes those who __29__ their jobs instead of just doing the bare minimum.The culture and the work environment factor highly into employee job satisfaction. Employees who enjoy being around their coworkers and respect their management team are more __30__ to stay in a job when they agree with the company‟s goals and values.Another major __31__ to job satisfaction is how the employee feels about their role and responsibilities. Studies show __32__ those surveyed about their level of job satisfaction have cited factors such as the desire for __ 33__ in their work, having a variety of tasks to __34__, being properly trained and equipped to do their jobs, and having work that is challenging and requires thought and creativity. Employees looking to __35__ a company will have an interest in their personal development and opportunities for advancement as well.Above all, employees want to feel that both they and their work are valued and appreciated by the company.21. A. blessing B. handicapC. challengeD. failure22 A. in favor of B. in terms ofC. on behalf ofD. on top of23. A. necessarily B. viciouslyC. accuratelyD. collectively24. A. to rank B. being ranked25. C. rankedA. thereforeC. otherwiseD. ranksB. unlessD. but26. A. top B. bottomC. lowD. peak27. A. driving B. driven28. C. countingA. In addition toC. With regard toD. countedB. Regardless ofD. For the sake of29. A. specialize in B. excel atC. draw onD. ward off30. A. subject B. likelyC. contraryD. loyal31. A. advantage B. obstacleC. responseD. contributor32. A. that B. howC. whenD. whether33 A. authorship B. automationC. autonomyD. authority34. A. adopt B. undergoC. performD. supply35. A. depart fromC. interfere in B. confine toD. stay withPart 3: Reading Comprehension (40%)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 4 passages. After each passage there are 5 questions or unfinished statements followed by 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that can best answer the question or complete the statement, and then on your ANSWER SHEET, find the number of the question and mark your answer with a single line through the center.Passage 1It seems only natural that happiness should flow from having more money. Even if they don‟t admit it, people still behave as though it were true. More money means you can have what you want and do what you want. The house you dream of? It‟s yours. The new car you desire? Here are the keys. The freedom to enjoy your favorite pastimes? Here‟s your racket, the court is down there, just past the pool.So the puzzle is this: why do social scientists consistently find only moderate relationships between having more money and being happy? Some have even suggested that this moderate connection might be exaggerated. In reality money might have very little to do with happiness at all. Most puzzling, though, is that people often seem aware at some level that money won‟t make them happy. And yet they continue to work away earning money they don‟t objectively need.First, though, let's look at the three reasons money doesn‟t make us happy:It‟s relative income that‟s important. As I‟ve noted previously, money is relative. It turns out we don‟t mind so much about our actual level of income, so long as we‟re earning more than other people around us. Unfortunately as we earn more money we‟re likely to be surrounded by richer people so we often end up failing to take advantage of the positive comparison.Material goods don‟t make us happy. Acquiring things like houses and cars only have a transient effect on happiness. People‟s desires for material possessions crank up at the same, or greater rate, than their salaries. Again, this means that despite considerably more luxurious possessions, people end up no happier. There‟s even evidence that materialism make us lesshappy.People don‟t shift to enjoyable activities when they are rich. This may be because of …the focusing illusion‟. When people think about earning more money they probably imagine they would use the money on recreational activities. In fact, to earn the money, they have to spend more time at work, and commuting to and from work.These three reasons naturally raise the question of why psychological findings are so out of step with people‟s everyday experience. Surely if money doesn‟t lead to happiness, most people would have worked that out by now. So why do people still chase the mighty dollar/pound/yen like their lives depended on it?Nobel-prize winning psychologist Daniel Kahneman and colleagues put forward the idea that the reason people continue to think money makes them happier is that chasing it leads to conventional achievements. Conventional achievements include things like getting that coveted promotion or being able to afford that big house - in other words things that say loud and clear: hear I am and this is what I can do.So we end up with this: money doesn't make us happy on a day-to-day basis. Acquiring money and status makes us feel satisfied with life. Through the …focusing illusion‟ we convince ourselves that satisfaction equals happiness. Unfortunately it doesn‟t. Even though we appear to have everything, we are left feeling that something is missing, but are unable to identify what that thing is. That thing is simply this: feeling happy. Right now. In the moment.36. What do social scientists find about money and happiness?A.Money is the final goal of people pursuing happiness.B.Happiness largely depends on the amount of money.C.More money does not necessarily make people happy.D.Money counts most in people‟s feeling of happiness.37. According to the passage, which of the following confuses the author most?A.The scientific findings fail to explain people‟s obsession with pursuing money andhappiness.B.Although happiness loosely correlates with money, people still paradoxically crave forearning more.C.Social scientists cannot reach an agreement on their findings as to the importance ofmoney.D.Awareness of causal relationship between money and happiness weakens people‟sdesire to make money.38. According to the passage, people _____.A.care a lot about their actual level of incomeB.are convinced that people around them earn higher incomepare their income with that of higher earnersD.feel contented when they earn more than others39. Material goods don‟t make us happy because _____.A.we need something permanent to feel happyB.we need psychological and spiritual satisfactionC.people in pursuit of money are despised in societyD.the more money we have, the more we desire40. If money brings little happiness, why do people still chase money?A.Because money and wealth gratify people‟s vanity.B.Because money is the only way to measure people‟s achievement.C.Because people use money to show off their success and social status.D.Because people believe money brings things that reflect their accomplishments.Passage 2As Wal-Mart grew into the world‟s largest retailer, its staff were subjected to a long list of dos and don‟ts covering every aspect of their work. Now the firm has decided that its rules-based culture is too inflexible to cope with the challenges of globalization and technological change, and is trying to instill a “values-based” culture, in whic h employees can be trusted to do the right thing because they know what the firm stands for.“Values” is the latest hot topic in management thinking. PepsiCo has started preaching a creed of “performance with purpose”. Chevron, an oil firm, brands itself as a purveyor of “human energy”, though presumably it does not really want you to travel by rickshaw(人力车). Nearly every big firm claims to be building a more caring and ethical culture.A new study suggests there is less to this than it says on the label. Commissioned by Dov Seidman, boss of LRN, a firm that advises on corporate culture, and author of “How”, a book arguing that the way firms do business matters as much as what they do, and conducted by the Boston Research Group, the “National Governance, Culture and Leadership Assessment” is based on a survey of thousands of American employees, from every rung of the corporate ladder.It found that 43% of those surveyed described their company‟s culture as based on command-and-control, top-down management or leadership by coercion—what Mr. Seidman calls “blind obedience”. The largest category, 54%, saw their employer‟s culture as top-down, but with skilled leadership, lots of rules and a mix of carrots and sticks, which Mr. Seidman calls “informed acquiescence(默许)”. Only 3% fell into the category of “self-governance”, in which everyone is guided by a “set of core principles and values that inspire everyone to align around a company‟s mission”.The study found evidence that such differences matter. Nearly half of those in blind-obedience companies said they had observed unethical behavior in the previous year, compared with around a quarter in the other sorts of firms. Yet only a quarter of those in the blind-obedience firms said they were likely to blow the whistle, compared with over 90% inself-governing firms. Lack of trust may inhibit innovation, too. More than 90% of employees in self-governing firms, and two-thirds in the informed-acquiescence category, agreed that “good ideas are readily adopted by my company”. At blind-obedience firms, fewer than one in five did.Tragicomically (悲喜交加), the study found that bosses often believe their own guff (胡扯), even if their subordinates do not. Bosses are eight times more likely than the average to believe that their organization is self-governing. (The cheery folk in human resources are also much more optimistic than other employees.) Some 27% of bosses believe their employees are inspired by their firm. Alas, only 4% of employees agree. Likewise, 41% of bosses say their firm rewards performance based on values rather than merely on financial results. Only 14% of employees swallow this.41. We can infer that “human energy” in the second paragraph refers to _____.A. a method of generating electricityB.an advanced means of transportationC. a strategy of personnel managementD. a method of evaluating corporate profits42. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Most of the big firms in the US imposed rigid rules on their employees.B.Wal-Mart credits its market dominance to its value-based culture.C.The study shows that big firms haven‟t yet built a more caring culture as they say.D.The survey by the Boston Research Group limits its subjects to senior employees.43. Which of the following situations can be classified as “self-governance”?A.Employees hold the most stock shares of a company.B.The labor union has the paramount power in a company.C.Employees willingly do the right thing under the same values.D.Employees are rewarded based on their skills and performance.44. The biggest difference between a blind-obedience company and a self-governance companyis ____.A.the adoption of good ideasB.the occurrence of unethical behaviorC.the cases of blowing the whistleD.the level of productivity45. The main purpose of this passage is to show _____.A.employers and employees usually don‟t feel the same about the corporate cultureB.employers should trust and respect their employeesC.self-governing companies enjoy more advantages than the other two types of companiesD.there is still a long way for companies to truly build a value-based culturePassage 3“To be rooted is perhaps the most important and least recognized need of the human soul,” Simone Weil argued in the mid-twentieth century. Even our virtual playgrounds pay homage to the deeply felt need for place: MySpace was, until recently, called “a place for friends”; Second Life mimics real-life places with its homes, offices, and restaurants. What is different about mobile playgrounds is that mobile devices force real life and virtual life (and real places and virtual places) to try to coexist in a way they never have before.We want to see this as a good, enabling thing — I can fire off that e-mail to the office and then get back to relaxing on my vacation! — but it is instructive to go to a playground today: even on a weekend, you will see parents engrossed in their iPhones and BlackBerrys while their children make increasingly loud bids for their attention. The November 2, 2009 cover of The New Yorker sadly and beautifully satirized this trend: it shows an illustration of children out trick-or-treating, basked in the glow of houselights, while their parents bask in the glow of the smart-phones in which they are rapt(全神贯注的). Even our leisure time, it seems, has been colonized by our need to stay connected —and it is a constant struggle to set limits on our engagement with the virtual world so that we can attend to the real one in front of us.And when we decide to leave home entirely, we find it difficult to leave the demands of work behind. Consider the cruise ship industry: every year, more than three million people board a Carnival Cruise ship to take a vacation. They spend a great deal of time eating — and gambling — and then eating some more. The perpetual buffets that have long been a staple of the cruise ship lifestyle cater to one kind of hunger; Carnival now caters to another —one that seems counterintuitive in vacationers eager to get away from it all: staying connected. With their twenty-four-hour Internet cafés, onboard WiFi, and an advertising campaign that features bikini-clad patrons lounging on deck chairs with laptop computers, Carnival Cruise Lines has enthusiastically responded to the demands of patrons who seek an ideal of maritime escape but still want to check their e-mail several times a day.This, too, is the strange new world of leisure: never disconnected, and never really free from the demands of daily life. Notwithstanding all the talk of mobility, we find ourselves tethered in novel ways —not to a hometown, or to a particular social background, but to our devices themselves and the feeling of connection they provide, which we seemingly cannot sit still without.46.According to the first paragraph, what can we learn about MySpace and Second Life?A.They function as real life venues for entertainment.B.They deserve credit for reflecting the human soul.C.As virtual playgrounds, they resemble reality in terms of place.D.Through mobile devices, they represent engagement with society.47.When saying it is instructive to go to a playground today, the author means that ____.A.people‟s indulgence in staying connected can be witnessed thereB.playgrounds are the places for parents and children to spend time togetherC.responsible parents are supposed to engage their children with outdoor activitiesD.smart phones are the culprit for the poor relations between parents and children48.The following statements are TRUE except ____.A.people vacationing on Carnival Cruise ships have access to the Internet todayB.eating and gambling are the exclusive things people can enjoy on cruise shipsC.Carnival Cruise Lines cater to vacationers‟ demands to stay in contact with othersD.people‟s desire to remain connected makes it difficult for them to escape from work49.The word “tethered” in Line 2 of the last paragraph probably means ____.A.disconnectedB. confinedC. immuneD. indifferent50.This passage is intended to ____.A.analyze the various reasons for humans to settle downB.advocate the necessity of virtual connection in leisure timeC.enumerate the enormous benefits of mobile devices for work and lifeD.highlight the transformation of mobility through ubiquitous connectionPassage 4State environmental officials are proposing a new set of rules that would give automobile manufacturers three years to start selling zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) that — for all practical purposes — do not yet exist. The state Department of Environmental Quality has released draft rules mandating that 11 percent of all automobiles sold in Arizona beginning with the 2011 model year have zero emissions. That would increase to 16 percent by 2018 and beyond.However, there are opposing opinions which claim that replacing conventional cars with electric vehicles will expose people to dangerous levels of lead, according to industry and environmental groups. A research led by three professors from Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh suggests that an electric car powered by lead-acid batteries will “release 60 times more lead per kilometer of use” than an “equivalent car burning leaded gasoline”. But critics argue that the researchers have used unrealistic assumptions.Releases of lead to the environment are now tightly controlled because of the metal‟s toxicity since the 1970s, when leaded petrol began to be removed in the US, levels of lead in the blood of American children have dropped. But economist Lester Lave and engineers Chris Hendrickson and Francis McMichael worry that mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars might reverse that trend.Reaction to this suggestion has been hostile, however. “I think they‟ve missed the point completely,” says John Rodman of the Massachusetts Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. He says the benefits of reducing pollution from traffic in cities will far exceed the risks of small increases in lead releases. Michael Weistein of Electro Source in Austin, Texas, a developer of advanced lead-acid batteries, complains that is “misleading scare tactics”.The research result, published in the latest edition of Science, comes as American car makers are being forced to produce “zero-emission vehicles” starting in 2000. The plan was originally designed to reduce airborne pollution in California, and Massachusetts and New York have since followed suit. While car company engineers are designing ZEVs, their top executives are fighting the mandates being imposed on them.The Carnegie-Mellon researchers estimated the amount of lead needed to power ZEVs and how much would be released in mining, battery manufacture and recycling. But critics complain that the team's 1378 kilogram figure for the weight of batteries needed in a ZEV is a serious overestimate. General Motors‟ small electric car, called the Impact, weighs 132 kilograms in total and carries only 522 kilograms of batteries. Lave says he had too little performance data to use the impact as a baseline.51. What are the research findings published by the professors from Carnegie-MellonUniversity?A.Conventional cars burning leaded gasoline are more dangerous than electric cars.B.Mass production of lead-acid batteries will seriously affect American children‟s health.C.The wide use of electric cars powered by batteries will increase lead releases to theatmosphere.D.Replacing conventional cars with ZEV will be very dangerous.52. By "that trend"(Line 5, Para.3) the author refers to _____.A.the drop of the lead level in the blood of American childrenB.the replacement of conventional cars with electric carsC.the control of the releases of lead to the environmentD.the ban on the use of leaded petrol53. Which of the following statements best expresses the viewpoints of John Rodman?A.He is opposed to the mass production of lead-acid batteries for electric cars.B.He believes the advantages of ZEV outweigh its disadvantages.C.He thinks the increase in lead releases will be exceedingly risky.D.He supposes the only benefit of ZEV is to reduce pollution in cities.54. The American car makers' attitude towards the ZEV mandates is _____.A. suspiciousB. scaredC. confidentD. displeased55. According to the Carnegie-Mellon team research, which of the following is NOT the reasonfor the increasing amount of lead needed in a ZEV?A.Production of lead-acid batteries.B. Weight of batteries.C. Leaded petrol.D. Mining of lead.Part 4: Translation (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into Chinese. And then write your translation in the space provided on the ANSWER SHEET.We are living in the middle of a revolution in consciousness. Over the past few decades, geneticists, neuroscientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists, and others have made great strides in understanding the inner working of the human mind. Far from being dryly materialistic, their work illuminates the rich underwater world where character is formed and wisdom grows. They are giving us a better grasp of emotions, intuitions, biases, longings, predispositions, character traits, and social bonding, precisely those things about which our culture has least to say. 我们在生活中的革命意识。

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