自考英语二电子版教材上册

KEY SENTENCES
In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author. 不论哪种情况，你必须注意并考虑你 的价值观和态度与作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。
5Hale Waihona Puke value n. values [pl.]是非标准；价值观
valuable adj. 有价值的；贵重的；可估价的n. 贵重物品 invaluable=priceless adj. 无价的；非常贵重的
valueless adj. 无价值的；不值钱的；微不足道的
devaluate vt. 使…贬值；降低…的价值；减少…的重要 性 e.g. China's RMB shouldn't devaluate. evaluate vt. 评价；估价；求…的值 e.g. Don't evaluate people by their clothes
those是代词，代替前面的复数名词values and attitudes。代替可
数名词单数或不可数名词用that。例如： The students in your class are more hard-working than those in his class. The values of the young people differ from those of their elders. 1. The necklace her sister is wearing is much more beautiful than ______ worn by Mary. A． this B． that C． these D． those

◆ who somehow appear distinguished from ordinary
people.
And you would not be alone, because pollsters have found that people today do not choose political leaders who shape history for their "Most Admired" list, but rather movie and television celebrities, fashion models, professional athletes, and even comic book and cartoon characters. In short media icons.
bigger than life, you might come up with an entirely
different list. You might, in fact, name people who are
celebrated for their wealth and glamour rather than their achievements and moral strength of character.如 果有人请你列举在社会上受到普遍赞赏、貌似非 凡的人，你所列举的恐怕是完全不同的人。
就定义而言，英雄之所以与众不同是因为他们有 非凡的勇气、取得卓越的成就、常常为他人的利 益而作出牺牲。 by definition：按定义 be distinguished by：由于……而有别（于……） heroes and heroines are people who are different from other people because of their unusual courage, achievements and the sacrifices they make in the interests of others.

Gestapo
盖世太保
Third Reich
第三帝国
General Staff
参谋部
Nazi
纳粹
High Command
统帅部,最高指挥官
Lufthansa
汉莎航空公司
Lisbon
里斯本
Portugal
葡萄牙
Barcelona
巴塞罗那
Jew
犹太人
Czech
捷克人
Pole
波兰人
Hitler
希特勒
Nazism
纳粹主义
Useful Express!
limit... to
仅限于
hold up
中断
figure out
搞清楚，想清楚
lay out
摊开
smell out
察觉
sit up(and take notice)
（口）吃惊，吓一跳， 警觉
airline
航空公司，航线
safely
安全地
postpone
推迟，延搁
eparture
离开，出发
survive
经历...后仍然活着，残存
horror
恐怖
mindless
愚蠢，没头脑的
suppression
压制，镇压
William L. Shirer
威廉.L.希雷
威望，声望
suspect
令人怀疑的
gamble
孤注一掷，赌
inspection
检查
ministry

综合英语(二)上册课文翻译及详解Lesson OneTwelve Things l Wish They Taught at SchoolCarl SaganLearning Guide俗话说：“活到老，学到老。

”人的一生就是不断学习、不断丰富和充实自己的过程。

青少年阶段，尤其是中学阶段，无疑是学习的最佳时期。

中学教育的重点应放在什么地方？美国著名科学家和科普作家萨根批评中学只抓各个学科具体内容的做法，他认为中学要注重对青少年的宏观教育，使他们建立起唯物的世界观和宇宙观，使他们能够正确对待自己，关心周围的世界——人类生存的环境和自己的地球同胞。

1 I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War. It seems a long time ago. ①The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal. One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, ②and how much I don't yet know.③Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned moreback then about what really matters. In some respects that education was terribly narrow; the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him. ④(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history. ) In spelling, grammar, the fundamenta ls of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job. But there's so much else I wish they'd taught us.①The facilities and skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国大大高于一般的水平。

Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。

”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。

对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。

他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。

语言学习不同于其他学习。

许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。

相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。

语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。

”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。

首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。

他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。

他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。

他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。

如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。

他们都努力从错误中学习。

成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。

因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。

他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。

他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。

当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。

对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。

最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。

他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。

他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。

他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。

你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。

L1 P14 Why does the author tell s not to be afraid to ask stupid questions？The author thinks that many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green，or why the sn is round，or why we need 55，000 unclear weapons in the world ——are really deep questions. He says when you try to get the answers，you will gain deep understanding of the things. Its also important to know，as well as you can，what it is that you dont know，and asking questions is the way. He also tell us to ask stupid questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the answers. And dont confine your learning to schoolwork. Discuss ideas in depth with friends. Its much brave to ask questions even when theres a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.L2 Icons P30 What are the factors to shift the hero-worship to the lebrity-worship？The new forms of media——photography，moving pictures，radio and television are the main factors. The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress，appearance，and personal habits were widely commented upon. Slowly，the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what looked like. The shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving pictures. Between 1901 and 1914，74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders，inventors，inventors，professionals，and businessmen. After 1922，however，most articles were about movie stars. With the arrival of television，the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table. We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know personally. Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first movimg pictures，the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.L3 GO-GO AMERICAN P46 What is the Americans attitude towards time？Give necessary examples. In the United States，many people keenly feel the shortness of each lifetime. They are aware that once a day in their life is gone，it will never come back. And Americans believe no one stands still .If you are not moving ahead，you are falling behind. So they value time and want every minte to count. This attitde towards time is shown in the fast pace of life in the country. Whatever they do they always seem to be in a rush. You find people hurrying to get where they are going. They hurry to eating places for a mea and finish it as quickly as possible. Also Americans do what they can to save time. They produce a lot of labour-saving devices such as clothes-and dish-washers；they rapidly communicate through phone calls，telex and e-mail and cut down on personal contacts.L4 Take Over，Bosn！P62 Can you imagine what did Barret think of when he heard Snyders whisper Take over，bosn？Becase of thirst，Barret was almost out of mind. He rose several times and was a constant threat. But when he heard Snyder said“Take over，bosn，he had a strange feeling suddenly. He came to realize he would and must take over the task and be responsible for the rest. As long as he stopped others from the little water，they would always have hopes and wouldnt die soon. So he picked Snyders gun up and decided to hold off the other from the water until night when a ship saved them.L5 Are You Giving Your Kids Too Much？P78 Why parents overindulge their children？There are several reasons to explain why parents overindulge their children. One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their chidren out of a sense of guilt. Parents who both hold down full-time jops may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions. Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up，along with those things the parents yearned for but didnt get. Still others are afraid to say no to their childrens denless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if thy dont have the same playthings their friends have.L6 Culture Shock P94 What are four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed？Stage one is a honeymoon phase，during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting，picturesque，entertaining，and charming. You may notice several superficial differences such as music，food，and clothing，and the fresh apeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive. When you stay in a new envirnment for a while，you move to stage two-the crisis stage-in which the shine wears off and day-to-day realities sink in. In relationship，you notie annoying habits；in a new country，you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases. If you stick with theexperience and try to deal with it realistically，you will probably move to the third phase：recovery. In recovery，you learn the systems，procedures，language or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery，competence，and comfort. Finally，when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture，you will move to the fourth phase：adjustment.L7 The Model Millionaire（I）P108 Suppose you are the millionaire.Explain how you get to know Hughie Erskine and what you do in return for the pound he gave you when you first met. I am Baron Hausberg. I have enough money to buy the whole of London. One day，on a whim I asked my artist friend Alan Trevor to pain me as a beggar. Alan had almost finished the picture when a very charming young man walked into his studio.I suppose he must have been very sympathetic with me，for when Alan was away a minute，the young man quickly put a pound into my hat. I was startled for a moment，but I was pleased when I realized that he took me for a real begger. Later I learned from Alan all about this young man：he was poor，and could not marry the girl he loved because her father wouldnt let them unless he had 10，000 pounds.Touched by the young mans spirit of kindness，I decided to help him. The next day I had a cheque for 10，000 pounds delivered to him as a wedding gift.L8 The Model Millionaire（II）P123 Retell the story The Model Millionaire in about 150 words，concluding your retelling with a one-sentence comment. Hughie Erskine was a charming young man who was in love with a nice girl called Laura uras father made it clear to Hughie that he would not marry his daughter to him until Hughie had ten thousand pounds. One day，Hughie went to see his artist friend Alan Trevor in his studio. There he found his friend painting a beggar，who was an old man in rags.Hughie felt so sorry for the poor model that he gave him the only pound he had. The old model was actually a millionaire.When he heard all about Hughie and Laura，and their problem，he had a cheque for ten thousand pounds delivered to him the very next day.The couple were happily married，and the beggar attended their wedding. The story shows that a genuine millionaire is not one who has，but who give.L9 Only Three More Days P139 The author got a solution finally. What was the solution？Was it risky？He laid out the diaries in two big steel suitcases. Over them he palced a number of his broadcast scripts，each page of which had been stamped by the military and civilian censors as passed for broadcast. On top he put a few General Staff maps he had picked up from friends. Then he phoned the Gestapo Headquarters to say he had a couple of suicases full of his dispatches，broadcasts and notes that he wanted to take out of the country. As he was flying off early the next day，there would be no time for Gestapo official at the airfield to go over the contents. Could they take a look now，if he brought them over；and if they approved，put a Gestapo seal on the suitcases so he wouldnt be held up at the airport？Yes，it was risky. He thought life in the Third Reich had always been risky. It was worth a tryL10 The Washwoman P155 Describe the situation that“I”saw the old washwoman for last time. One evening，while Mother was sitting near the oil lamp mending a shirt，the door opened and a small puff of steam，followed by a gigantic bag，entered the room. I ran toward the old woman and helped her unload her bag. She was even thinner now，more bent. Her head shook from side to side as though she were saying no. She could not utter a clear word，but mumbled something with her sunken mouth and pale lips. After the old woman had recovered somewhat，she told us that she had been ill badly. But as soon as she was able to stand on her feet once more，she began her washing. She said “I could not rest easy in my bed because of the wash. The wash would not let me die.……I dont want to be a burden on anyone！”L11 How I Served My Apprenticeship 170 Why was Andrew Carnegie so pround of the one dollor and twenty cents——the first pay he brought home？Carnegie was very pround of the one dollar and twenty cents he earned for the first time in his life when he was only twelve. The money，though small in amount，meant a great deal. First，when he got his first pay he felt that he had grown up. He was no longer a boy who had to depend on his parents；he had become a man who was able to help support the family，a contributing member. This was important because at that time life was hard for the family and it was difficult for his parents to manage alone. Also he though the money was the direct reward of honest manual labor. It represented a week of very hard work. This money gave him the greatest satisfaction of being rewarded for what he had done.L12 A Friend of the Environment P185 Why did Rachel Carson write the Silent Spring？Whats the content of it？Because she felt that the wonders of Nature are precious and permanent，and much of Nature was forever beyond the destruction of man. But then she discovered she was wrong. She learned with sadness that little in Nature is truly beyond the tampering reach of man. Then，She wrote the book Silent Spring to sound a startling warming to mankind and the book showed quite clearly that man was endangering himself and everything else on this planet by his indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides. As her title suggests，Miss Carson was saying that there might come a springtime that would indeed be silent because the birds，as well as other creatures，and plants would have been destroyed by the man-made poisons used to kill crop-threateding insects.L13 Who Shall Dwell？P201 In the story Who shall Dwell？，how did the fatners attitude towards the neighbours change？What brought about the change？When the bomb alert came，the father was clear that he had built the shelter for his own family，and that he would not let anybody else in. So when his neighbours came and asked to share the shelter he rejected them flatly. When a monther begged him to take her little girl in ，he did not know what to do. At that monent his wife dashed outside and pushed the girl in. her act set him thinking hard. Just a moment before the first bomb struck he made a big decision. After giving his elder son a few instructions，he stepped out and shoved two children into the shelter. He stood beside his wife，ready to spend the last minute with her. His change seemed sudden，but was actually quite natural. He loved his children，so he was greatly affected by the monthers plea and gave the chance of surival to the two children. Also his love for his wife led him to follow her example.L14 Cipher in the Snow P218 Describe Cliff Evans life before his sudden death. Cliff Evans lived with his mother，stepfather and five younger half brothers and sisters. His stepfather had never legally adopted him，nor did he show any affection for him. At home Cliff didnt talk much and had never told his family about his problems. When he began school，he was timid but eager to learn. And his IQ was pretty good. Then in the third grade a teacher wrote in the school record that he was uncooperative and slow. Since then he had never got any encouragement from his teachers. Gradually，the child had no more confidence left. He never smiled nor talked much. He had no friends；he had never belonged to a club，never played on a team and never held an office. He came to school by himself and left by himself. In class，he would sit back in the last seat. Finally he became silent and lonely. He became nothing.L15 Bribery——An Inevitable Evil？P232 What are the major forms of bribery？Bribery can be classified into three broad categories. The first category consisits of large amounts of money paid for political purposes or to secre major contracts. For example， a certain American company offered big sums of money to support a U.S. presidential candidate when it was nder investigation. Also in order to get big contracts，such payments are often made to ruling families or their close advisers. The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project. In such cases，the money is often paid to key goverment officials concerned. The third category involves payments made in certain countries to make a business deal easy to get approved. For instance， a foreign company may pay to get permission to import equipment. A common type of this category is the facilitating payment to clear cargoes. These are smaller sums of money paid to customs officials.L16 A Social Event P250 What do you know about Randy and Carle in A Social Even？Why are they anxious to get invited to Scottys funeral？Randy and Carole are a young Hollywood couple. They have been married only a short time. Both have achieved a certain degree of success in pictures，but their careers in the show business are still in the promising stage. Scotty Woodrow， a world-famous movie star has just died，and Randy and Carole are anxious to go to his funeral，which will be a gathering of celebrities and is regarded as a big social event. It is said that flowers have come from the U.S. President and the British Queen. Randy and Carole think it is extremely important for their career to be seen there with a lot of big shots. But they havet got an invitation while some of their Hollywood friends，also young actors and actresses like themselves，have been invited. Thats why they are worried and are trying hard to find ways of getting themselves invited in the last minute.。

subconscious adj. 下意识的；潜意识的 eg: the subconscious self 潜意识的自我 Your dislike of water is perhaps due to a subconscious fear of drowning. 衍生：sub-＝ under 在…之下, subway (地铁), submarine (潜水艇) conscious adj. 知道的；察觉的；注意到的 eg: be conscious of being watched/that one is being watched 察觉有人在监视自己 consciousness n. 意识
command v. 命令，指挥；控制 n. 指挥，控制；司令部 commander 指挥官；司令官 commandment 戒律；法令 commandant 司令官，指挥官；军事学校的校长 eg. 他命令士兵们把大门关上。 He commanded the soldiers to shut the gate. knowingly adv. 故意地；机警地，狡黠地 近义词：intentionally knowing adj. 博学的；狡猾的；心照不宣的 n. 认知 eg. 我们不知道政府有没有故意或蓄意地掩盖事实。 We did not know that whether the government knowingly or consciously choose to cover the truth.
1. a great degree of 很大程度上的 eg. All these are valid reasons for a very great degree of freedom. 所有这些都是要求高度自由的合理原因。 2. mastery n. 掌握，掌控 eg.Science offers us total mastery over environment and over our destiny. 科学给了我们对环境自身命运很大的掌控权。 He doesn’t have mastery of the basic rules of grammar. 他没有掌握语法的基本规则。

Pre-reading Questions
1. Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?
通常情况下，你是否会反对作者提出的观点？你认为 什么是积极阅读？
Making Suggestions
Steve: Hi, Jenny, would you like to do something with me this weekend? Jenny: Sure. What shall we do? Steve: I don't know. Do you have any ideas? Jenny: Why don't we see a film? Steve:That sounds good to me. Which film shall we see? Jenny: Let's see Action Man 4.
史蒂夫：8点在瑞克斯影院。看电 影之前我们吃点东西怎么样？
Jenny: Sure, that sounds great. What about going to that new Italian restaurant Michetti's?
珍妮：当然了，好主意。去新开 的意大利餐馆梅开缇吧。
Steve: Great idea! Let's meet there 史蒂夫：太好了! 6点钟在那不见
史蒂夫：我不想看那部电影，我 不喜欢看充满暴力的影片。《疯 狂的布朗医生》怎么样？听说很 有趣。
quite a funny film.
Jenny: OK. Let's go see that. When 珍妮：好的。就看这部吧！几点

◆ In part, their lives have the quality of a story. （传奇色彩） For instance, the beautiful young Diana Spencer who at 19 married a prince, bore a king, renounced marriage and the throne, and died at the moment she found true love. Good looks certainly help.
就定义而言，英雄之所以与众不同是因为他们有 非凡的勇气、取得卓越的成就、常常为他人的利 益而作出牺牲。 by definition：按定义 be distinguished by：由于……而有别（于……） heroes and heroines are people who are different from other people because of their unusual courage, achievements and the sacrifices they make in the interests of others.
◆ They are men and women recognized for shaping our nation's consciousness and development as well as the lives of those who admire them.
◆ Yet, some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by, where the very ideal of heroism is something beyond us — an artifact of the past. Some maintain that because the Cold War is over and because America is at peace our age is essentially an unheroic one.

Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。

”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。

对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。

他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。

语言学习不同于其他学习。

许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。

相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。

语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。

”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。

首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。

他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。

他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。

他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。

如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。

他们都努力从错误中学习。

成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。

因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。

他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。

他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。

当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。

对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。

最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。

他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。

他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。

他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。

你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。

n.顾问，建议者
arnis
n.兵器，武器
petrochemical
adj.石油化学制品的
court
n.法庭，法院
witness
n.证人，目击者
claim
vt. 声称
go-between
n.中间人，媒人
clinch
vt.确定，使得到最后的解决
bureaucracy
n.官僚政治，官僚主义
code
n.法规，准则
outlaw
vt.取缔，宣布...违法
favour
vt.支持，赞成
conduct
n.经营(方式),管理（方式）
ban
vt.禁止，严禁
fee
n.费用
propose
vt.提议，建议
administer
vt.执行，实施
unfortunately
adv.不幸地
adj. 海外的
potential
adj. 潜在的
negotiation
n.谈判
substantial
adj.大的，可观的
bribe
n. 贿赂
licence, license
n.（英/美）许可，特许
bureaucratic
adj.官僚的，繁文缛节的
manufacturer
tender
n. 投标
selective
adj .选择的
cargo
n. 货物
sterile
adj. 消毒的，无效的
penicillin
n.盘尼西林
shipment

Lesson Ten The Washwoman打印本页I. Outline of the TextPart 1: (Paras. 1-4)The washwoman was over seventy, small and thin. She did every piece of laundry beautifully but charged no more than others.Part 2: (Paras. 5-7)Life was hard for the old washman, but she managed to live independently.Part 3: (Paras. 8-18)She persisted in washing when she was nearly eighty. Supported by a strong will she work beyond the limits of her power? And she worked until she breathed her last.Part 4: (Para. 19)I believe the washwoman's honesty and sense of duty would be rewarded in paradise.Ⅱ. Key Phrases & SentencesOur home had little contact with Gentiles. But there were the Gentile washwomen who came to the house to fetch our laundry. My story is about one of these.我们家和非犹太人来往极少，但是非犹太人的洗衣妇要来我们家取走要洗的衣服，我要讲得就是关于这些洗衣妇中的一个洗衣妇的故事。

⾃考英语⼆课后习题答案《⼤学英语⾃学教程》（上册）课后习题答案(珍藏版)Unit 1 (2)Text A (2)Text B (3)Grammar Exercises (4)Unit 2 (5)Text A (5)Text B (5)Grammar Exercises (6)Unit 3 (6)Text A (6)Text B (7)Grammar Exercises (7)Unit 4 (9)Text A (9)Text B (9)Grammar Exercises (10)Unit 5 (11)Text A (11)Text B (11)Grammar Exercises (12)Unit 6 (12)Text A (12)Text B (13)Grammar Exercises (13)Unit 7 (14)Text A (14)Text B (15)Grammar Exercises (16)Unit 8 (16)Text A (16)Text B (17)Grammar Exercises (18)Text B (19) Grammar Exercises (20) Unit 10 (21)Text A (21)Text B (22) Grammar Exercises (22) Unit 11 (23)Text A (23)Text B (24) Grammar Exercises (24) Unit 12 (25) Grammar Exercises (26) Unit 13 (27)Text A (27)Text B (27) Grammar Exercises (28) Unit 14 (28)Text A (28)Text B (29) Grammar Exercises (30) Unit 15 (30)Text A (30)Text B (31) Grammar Exercises (32) Unit 16 (33)Text A (33)Text B (34) Grammar Exercises (34) Unit 17 (35)Text A (35)Text B (36) Grammar Exercises (37) Unit 18 (37)Grammar Exercises (39) Unit 19 (39)Text A (39)Text B (40) Grammar Exercises (41) Unit 20 (41)Text A (41)Text B (42) Grammar Exercises (43) Unit 21 (43)Text A (43)Text B (44)Unit 22 (45)Text A (45)Text B (45)Unit 23 (46)Text A (46)Text B (47)Unit 24 (48)Text A (48)Text B (49)Unit 25 (50)Unit 1Text AExercises for the Text I.1.d2.a3.c4.d5.dII.1.task5.conclusion6.repeat/doc/d6*******.htmlmunicate8.purpose9.probably 10.outline III.1.Instead of2.therefore3.more...than4.even5.First of all6.because7.on the other hand8.finally9.lookingfor 10.ConverselyIV.1.Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways./doc/d6*******.htmlnguage learning is active learning.Therefore,successful learners should look for every chance to use the language. /doc/d6*******.htmlnguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful.4.Learning a language is different from learning maths.5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us. Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.success b.successful c.successfully2.a.indepence b.depend c.dependent3.a.covered b.uncover c.discovered4.a.purposeful b.purposefully c.purposeII.1.inexact2.technique3.outlined/doc/d6*******.html7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similar10.statementIII.1.disagree2.independent3.incomplete4.inexact5.uncoverIV.1.They find it hard to master a foreign language.2.The research shows that successful men are similar in many ways.3.Successful language learners do not only depend on the book or the teacher.4.We are willingto help our friends.5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T 10.F II.1.With the help of their fingers2."I am thirsty."3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water4.Put his hands on his stomach5.nothing but drinks6.much more exact7.meanings and can be put together into sentences8.form new sentences9.talk10.speakVocabulary ExercisesI.1.b2.a3.c4.e5.dII.1.B2.A3.B4.D5.A6.A7.C8.C9.C 10.B Grammar ExercisesI.whether 连词towards 介词second 数词 hour 名词repeat 动词 successful 形容词not 副词probably 副词than 连词 because 连词which 连词 even 副词intelligent 形容词 differ 动词regular 形容词 some 形容词/代词/副词into 介词 oh 感叹词seem 系动词 communicate 动词II.1.Let 动词round 介词2.fresh 形容词for 介词3.leave 名词call 动词on 介词if 连词spare 动词4.Even 副词it 代词5.Where 连接副词will 名词6.after 介词calm 名词7.seem 系动词those 代词makes 名词8.without 介词return 名词9.strict 形容词work 动词10.news 名词live 形容词meeting 名词III.(斜体为主语，带下划线的为谓语）1.Most adults would disagree with this statement.2.How much time did they allow you for doing the work.3. I had a visit from Mary yesterday.4. China's stand on this questionis clear to all.5.Warm clothes protest against the cold of winter.6.What we need is more practice.7.There doesn't seem to be much chance of my getting job.8.In those days the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9.There are a number of people interested in the case.10.Every means has been tried but without much result.IV.1.a magazine (宾语）last night （状语）2.in need (定语）indeed (定语）3.outside your area (定语）telephoning long distance （主语补⾜语）4.your children (宾语）all day （状语）5.his direction （宾语）French （宾语）6.me (宾语）plenty of exercises (不定式宾语）7.long (宾语）to London （状语）8.those (宾语）who help themselves (从句作定语）9.her （宾语）above others （宾语补⾜语）10.to build a hotel in the village (定语）of the foreigners （定语）Unit 2Text AExercises for the TextI.1.a2.c3.a4.a5.cII.1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salaries paid to the goverment.2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increase.3. Property tax is that people who own a home have to pay taxes on it.4. Exercise tax is charged on cars in a city.5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. III.1.due2.depends on3.diverse4.consists of5.simila6.tendsto /doc/d6*******.htmlplaining about 8.In addition to 9.issue 10.agreed onIV.1.How much do you charge for a haircut.2.We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross.3.He has earned a good reputation for honsety.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protests the government's foreign policy.V.。

---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------自考英语二电子教材01 -A. What Is a Decision? A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious. Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different1/ 2courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limi...。

Secondly, the size of the population of items influences the value assigned to an expression. Thus, if we tell a subject to take "a few" or "a lot of" glass balls from a box, he will take more if the box contains a large number of glass balls than if it has a small number. But not proportionately more: if we increase the number of glass balls eight times, the subject takes only half as large a percentage of the total.
First, we find that the number depends, of course, on the items involved. To most people some friends means about five, while some trees means about twenty. However, unrelated areas sometimes show parallel values. For instance, the language of probability seems to mean about the same thing in predictions about the weather and about politics: the expression is certain to (rain, or be elected) signifies to the average person about a 70 per cent chance; is likely to, about a 60 per cent chance; probably will, about 55 per cent.

綜合英語二上冊課文翻譯lesson1学校要是教给我们这12种本领就好了卡尔·萨根1.二战刚结束，我在纽约和新泽西的公立学校上了初中和高中。

现在想来似乎是很久远的事了。

学校的设施、教师的水平在当时的美国大大高于一般水准。

因而，那时的我可以说是受益匪浅。

我所学到的最重要的一点，就是要学的东西实在是太多，而我还没有学到的东西也太多。

有时候，我想那时要是能学点真正重要的东西，今天我会多么地心存感激。

在有些方面，当时的教育十分狭窄；关于拿破仑，在学校里我所学到的仅仅是美国从他手里买下路易斯安那。

（在一个约95％的居民不是美国人的星球上，学校当局认为只有美国历史才值得讲授。

）在拼写、语法、数学基础知识以及其他重要的学科的教授上，我的老师们做得相当不错。

但是还有许多其他的东西，我曾希望他们教授给我。

2.或许该教而没教的缺陷自那以后已经得以纠正。

照我看来似乎有许多东西（主要是态度问题、认识问题，而不是简单的对事实记忆的问题）学校应当教授——那些在以后的生活中真正有用的东西，即那些能使国家更强大、世界更美好，也能使人们更幸福的东西。

人类乐于学习。

这是我们人类比这个星球上其它物种做得好些的为数有限的几件事中的一件。

每个学生都应该经常体验一下说出“啊，原来是这么一回事！”时的感受——也就是你以往不懂的或是不知道自己不懂的事情，一下子变得豁然开朗时的感受。

3.下面就是我列出的方法:挑一件难事，从中学习4.希腊哲学家苏格拉底曾经说过这是人类最大的乐趣之一，确实也是如此。

与其涉足多门学科而略知一二，莫如选其一两个学科学深学透。

只要你对所选的课题感兴趣，只要你的研究不脱离课题本身更为广阔的人文环境，你的课题是什么并不重要。

教会你自己一个课题以后，你就会对教授你自己另一课题的能力更加充满信心。

你会逐渐发现你已获得了一种主要技能。

世界的变化日新月异，你必须在一生中不断地教授你自己。

但不要沉溺于你感兴趣的或你擅长的第一门学科而止步不前。

大学英语自学教程（下）01-A. What Is a Decision?A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision making. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, hut since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If there are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problems. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best -- that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attainsimultaneously. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in different terms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different people's values about acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions. 01-B. Secrets of Success at an InterviewThe subject of today's talk is interviews.The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.Do your homework first.Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the organization you hope to work for.Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates. "They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about. They have vague notions of "furthering the company's prospects’ or of 'serving the community', but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks they will be required to do.”Do not let this be said of you. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job.Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for.Write down (and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s) so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions. Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about. If all your questions have been answered during the interview, reply: "In fact, I did have several questions, but you have already answered them all.”Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.Just before you go to the interview, look again at the original advertisement that you answered,any correspondence from your prospective employer, photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.Then you will remember what you said and what they want. This is very important if you have applied for many jobs in a short time as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency.Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview. Go to the building (but not inside the office) a day or two before, if necessary, to find out how long the journey takes and where exactly the place is.Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview, then you will have a little time in hand and you will not panic if you are delayed. You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.Dress in clean, neat, conservative clothes. Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with miniskirts. Make sure that your shoes, hands and hair (and teeth) are clean and neat.Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.You may find yourself facing one interviewer or a panel. The latter is far more intimidating, but do not let it worry you too much. The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her. Do not put your things or arms on it.If you have a bag or a case, put it on the floor beside your chair. Do not clutch it nervously or, worse still, drop it, spilling everything.Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. So you do not be upset if no one offers.Shake hands firmly -- a weak hand suggests a weak personality, and a crushing grip is obviously painful. Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy. Think before you answer any questions. If you cannot understand, ask: "Would you mind rephrasing the question, please?" The question will then be repeated in different words.If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot, ask: "When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"If you do receive a letter offering you the job, you must reply by letter (keep a photocopy) as soon as possible.Good luck!02-A. Black HolesWhat is a black hole? Well, it's difficult to answer this question, since the terms we would normally use to describe a scientific phenomenon are inadequate here. Astronomers andscientists think that a black hole is a region of space (not a thing ) into which matter has fallen and from which nothing can escape ?not even light. So we can't see a black hole. A black hole exerts a strong gravitational pull and yet it has no matter. It is only space -- or so we think. How can this happen?The theory is that some stars explode when their density increases to a particular point; they collapse and sometimes a supernova occurs. From earth, a supernova looks like a very bright light in the sky which shines even in the daytime. Supernovae were reported by astronomers in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Some people think that the Star of Bethlehem could have been a supernova. The collapse of a star may produce a White Dwarf or a neutron star -- a star, whose matter is so dense that it continually shrinks by the force of its own gravity. But if the star is very large (much bigger than our sun) this process of shrinking may be so intense that a black hole results. Imagine the earth reduced to the size of a marble, but still having the same mass and a stronger gravitational pull, and you have some idea of the force of a black hole. Any matter near the black hole is sucked in. It is impossible to say what happens inside a black hole. Scientists have called the boundary area around the hole the "event horizon." We know nothing about events which happen once objects pass this boundary. But in theory, matter must behave very differently inside the hole.For example, if a man fell into a black hole, he would think that he reached the center of it very quickly. However an observer at the event horizon would think that the man never reached the center at all. Our space and time laws don't seem to apply to objects in the area of a black hole. Einstein's relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena. Einstein claimed that matter and energy are interchangeable, so that there is no "absolute" time and space. There are no constants at all, and measurements of time and space depend on the position of the observer. They are relative. We do not yet fully understand the implications of the relativity theory; but it is interesting that Einstein's theory provided a basis for the idea of black holes before astronomers started to find some evidence for their existence. It is only recently that astronomers have begun specific research into black holes. In August 1977, a satellite was launched to gather data about the 10 million black holes which are thought to be in the Milky Way. And astronomers are planning a new observatory to study the individual exploding stars believed to be black holes,The most convincing evidence of black holes comes frown research into binary star systems. Binary stars, as their name suggests, are twin stars whose position in space affects each other. In some binary systems, astronomers have shown that there is an invisible companion star, a "partner" to the one which we can see in the sky. Matter from the one which we can see is being pulled towards the companion star. Could this invisible star, which exerts such a great force, be a black hole? Astronomers have evidence of a few other stars too, which might have black holes as companions.The story of black holes is just beginning. Speculations about them. are endless. There might bea massive black hole at the center of our galaxy swallowing up stars at a very rapid rate. Mankind may one day meet this fate. On the other hand, scientists have suggested that very advanced technology could one day make use of the energy of black holes for mankind. These speculations sound like science fiction. But the theory of black holes in space is accepted by many serious scientists and astronomers. They show us a world which operates in a totally different way from our own and they question our most basic experience of space and time.02-B. Worlds within WorldsFirst of all let us consider the earth (that is to say, the world) as a planet revolving round the sun. The earth is one of nine planets which move in orbit round the sun. These nine planets, together with the sun, make up what is called our solar system. How this wonderful system started and what kept it working with such wonderful accuracy is largely a mystery but astronomers tell us that it is only one of millions of similar systems in space, and one of the smallest.The stars which we see glittering in the sky on a dark and cloudless night are almost certainly the suns of other solar systems more or less like our own, but they are so far away in space that it is unlikely that we shall ever get to know very much about them. About our own solar system, however, we are learning more every day.Before the American and Russian astronauts made their thrilling journeys into outer space it was difficult for us to realise what our earth looked like from hundreds of thousands of miles away, but the photographs which the astronauts were able to take show us the earth in space looking not very different from what the moon looks like when we look at it from the earth. The earth is, however, very different from the moon, which the American astronauts have found to be without life or vegetation, whereas our earth is very much alive in every respect. The moon, by the way, is called a satellite because it goes round our earth as well as round the sun. In other words, it goes round the sun with our earth.The surface of our earth is covered by masses of land and larger areas of water. Let us consider the water areas first. The total water area is about three times as large as the land area. The very large separate areas of water are called "oceans” and the lesser areas are called "seas.”In most of the oceans and seas some of the water is found to be flowing in a particular direction -- that is to say, from one part towards another part of the ocean or sea concerned. The water which is flowing in this manner is said to be moving as a "current." There are many thousands of currents in the waters of the oceans and seas, but only certain of the stronger and better marked currents are specially named and of great importance. These currents are important because they affect the climate of the land areas close to where they flow and also because they carry large quantities of microscopic animal and vegetable life which forms a large part of the food for fishes.The nature and characteristics of the surface of the land areas of the earth vary a great deal from area to area and from place to place. The surface of some areas consists largely of high mountains and deep valleys whilst, in other areas, most of the surface consists of plains. If onemade a journey over the Continents one would find every kind of surface including mountain ranges, plains, plateaux, deserts, tropical forestlands and empty areas covered permanently by ice and snow.When thinking and learning about the world we should not forget that our world is the home of a very great many different people -- peoples with different coloured skins, living very different lives and having very different ideas about a great many important things such as religion, government, education and social behaviour.The circumstances under which different people live make a great difference between the way in which they live and the way in which we live, and it ought to be our business to try to understand those different circumstances so that we can better understand people of other lands. Above all, we should avoid deciding what we think about people different from ourselves without first having learned a great deal about them and the kind of lives they have to live. It is true to say that the more we learn about other people, the better we understand their ideas and, as a rule, the better we like those people themselves.03-A. Euthanasia: For and Against"We mustn't delay any longer ... swallowing is difficult ... and breathing, that's also difficult. Those muscles are weakening too ... we mustn't delay any longer.”These were the words of Dutchman Cees van Wendel de Joode asking his doctor to help him die. Affected with a serious disease, van Wendel was no longer able to speak clearly and he knew there was no hope of recovery and that his condition was rapidly deteriorating.Van Wendel's last three months of life before being given a final, lethal injection by his doctor were filmed and first shown on television last year in the Netherlands. The programme has since been bought by 20 countries and each time it is shown, it starts a nationwide debate on the subject.The Netherlands is the only country in Europe which permits euthanasia, although it is not technically legal there. However, doctors who carry out euthanasia under strict guidelines introduced by the Dutch Parliament two years ago are usually not prosecuted. The guidelines demand that the patient is experiencing extreme suffering, that there is no chance of a cure, and that the patient has made repeated requests for euthanasia. In addition to this, a second doctor must confirm that these criteria have been met and the death must be reported to the police department.Should doctors be allowed to take the lives of others? Dr. Wilfred van Oijen, Cees van Wendel's doctor, explains how he looks at the question:"Well, it's not as if I'm planning to murder a crowd of people with a machine gun. In that case, killing is the worst thing I can imagine. But that's entirely different from my work as a doctor. I care for people and I try to ensure that they don't suffer too much. Th at's a very different thing.”Many people, though, are totally against the practice of euthanasia. Dr. Andrew Ferguson, Chairman of the organisation Healthcare Opposed to Euthanasia, says that "in the vast majorityof euthanasia cases, what the patient is actually asking for is something else. They may want a health professional to open up communication for them with their loved ones or family -- there's nearly always another question behind the question.”Britain also has a strong tradition of hospices -- special hospitals which care only for the dying and their special needs. Cicely Saunders, President of the National Hospice Council and a founder member of the hospice movement, argues that euthanasia doesn't take into account that there are ways of caring for the dying. She is also concerned that allowing euthanasia would undermine the need for care and consideration of a wide range of people: "It's very easy in society now for the elderly, the disabled and the dependent to feel that they are burdens, and therefore that they ought to opt out. I think that anything that legally allows the shortening of life does make those people more vulnerable.”Many find this prohibition of an individual's right to die paternalistic. Although they agree that life is important and should be respected, they feel that the quality of life should not be ignored. Dr. van Oijen believes that people have the fundamental right to choose for themselves if they want to die: "What those people who oppose euthanasia are telling me is that dying people haven't the right. And that when people are very ill, we are all afraid of their death. But there are situations where death is a friend. And in those cases, why not?But "why not?" is a question which might cause strong emotion. The film showing Cees van Wendel's death was both moving and sensitive. His doctor was clearly a family friend; his wife had only her husband's interests at heart. Some, however, would argue that it would be dangerous to use this particular example to support the case for euthanasia. Not all patients would receive such a high level of individual care and attention.03-B. Advantage UnfairAccording to the writer Walter Ellis, author of a book called the Oxbridge Conspiracy, Britain is still dominated by the old-boy network: it isn't what you know that matters, but who you know. He claims that at Oxford and Cambridge Universities (Oxbridge for short) a few select people start on an escalator ride which, over the years, carries them to the tops of British privilege and power. His research revealed that the top professions all continue to be dominated, if not 90 per cent, then 60 or 65 per cent, by Oxbridge graduates.And yet, says Ellis, Oxbridge graduates make up only two per cent of the total number of students who graduate from Britain's universities. Other researches also seem to support his belief that Oxbridge graduates start with an unfair advantage in the employment market. In the law, a recently published report showed that out of 26 senior judges appointed to the High Court last year, all of them went to private schools and 21 of them went to Oxbridge.But can this be said to amount to a conspiracy? Not according to Dr. John Rae, a former headmaster of one of Britain's leading private schools, Westminster:"I would accept that there was a bias in some key areas of British life, but that bias has now gone. Some time ago -- in the 60s and before ?entry to Oxford and Cambridge was not entirely onmerit. Now, there's absolutely no question in any objective observer's mind that, entry to Oxford and Cambridge is fiercely competitive."However, many would disagree with this. For, although over three-quarters of British pupils are educated in state schools, over half the students that go to Oxbridge have been to private, or "public" schools. Is this because pupils from Britain's private schools are more intelligent than those from state schools, or are they simply better prepared?On average, about $ 5,000 a year is spent on each private school pupil, more than twice the amount spent on state school pupils. So how can the state schools be expected to compete with the private schools when they have far fewer resources? And how can they prepare their pupils for the special entrance exam to Oxford University, which requires extra preparation, and for which many public school pupils traditionally stay at school and do an additional term?Until recently, many blamed Oxford for this bias because of the university's special entrance exam (Cambridge abolished its entrance exam in 1986). But last February, Oxford University decided to abolish the exam to encourage more state school applicants. From autumn 1996, Oxford University applicants, like applicants to other universities, will be judged only on their A level results and on their performance at interviews, although some departments might still set special tests.However, some argue that there's nothing wrong in having elite places of learning, and that by their very nature, these places should not be easily accessible. Most countries are run by an elite and have centres of academic excellence from which the elite are recruited. Walter Ellis accepts that this is true:"But in France, for example, there are something like 40 equivalents of university, which provide this elite through a much broader base. In America you've got the Ivy League, centred on Harvard and Yale, with Princeton and Stanford and others. But again, those universities together -- the elite universities -- are about ten or fifteen in number, and are being pushed along from behind by other great universities like, for example, Chicago and Berkeley. So you don't have just this narrow concentration of two universities providing a constantly replicating elite.”When it comes to Oxford and Cambridge being elitist because of the number of private school pupils they accept, Professor Stone of Oxford University argues that there is a simple fact he and his associates cannot ignore:"If certain schools do better than others then we just have to accept it. We cannot be a place for remedial education. It's not what Oxford is there to do.”However, since academic excellence does appear to be related to the amount of money spent per pupil, this does seem to imply that Prime Minister John Major's vision of Britain as a classless society is still a long way off. And it may be worth remembering that while John Major didn't himself go to Oxbridge, most of his ministers did.04-A. Slavery on Our DoorstepThere are estimated to be more than 20,000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain (theexact figure is not known because the Home Office, the Government department that deals with this, does not keep statistics). Usually, they have been brought over by foreign businessmen, diplomats or Britons returning from abroad. Of these 20,000, just under 2,000 are being exploited and abused by their employers, according to a London-based campaigning group which helps overseas servants working in Britain.The abuse can take several forms. Often the domestics are not allowed to go out, and they do not receive any payment. They can be physically, sexually and psychologically abused. And they can have their passports removed, making leaving or "escaping" virtually impossible.The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicised cases. In one of them, a Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder, despite protests from various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established. Groups like Anti-Slavery International say other, less dramatic, cases are equally deserving of attention, such as that of Lydia Garcia, a Filipino maid working in London:"I was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London in 1989. I was supposed to be paid $ 120 but I never received that amount. They always threatened that they would send me back to my country.”Then there is the case of Kumari from Sri Lanka. The main breadwinner in her family, she used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka. Because she found it difficult to feed her four children, she accepted a job working as a domestic in London. She says she felt like a prisoner at the London house where she worked:"No days off -- ever, no breaks at all, no proper food. I didn't have my own room; I slept on a shelf with a spad0 of only three feet above me. I wasn't allowed to talk to anybody. I wasn't even allowed to open the window. My employers always threatened to report me to the Home Office or the police.”At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help protect domestic workers from abuse by their employers. This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18, getting employees to read and, understand an advice leaflet, getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions, and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job (of which the employees should see a copy).However, many people doubt whether this will successfully reduce the incidence of abuse. For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer. (They are allowed in the United Kingdom under a special concession in the immigration rules which allows foreigners to bring domestic staff with them.) So if they do complain, they risk being deported.Allowing domestic workers the freedom to seek the same type of work but with a different employer, if they so choose, is what groups like Anti-Slavery International are campaigning the。