国际贸易实务双语

《国际贸易实务双语教程》（第三版）课后习题答案Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes.There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm?s products and services and by customers? capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm?s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers? business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出⼝6边际利润16收⼊及⽀出；岁⼊及岁出7市场占有率17超额能⼒8贸易歧视18贸易中间⼈（商）；经纪⼈9时机选择19全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia,because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons,so he asked his staff to investigate.Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame.The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries.It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective.The meaning derived from a legend.According to the legend,there was a king who hated a minister,so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment.The minister has to take care of the white elephant,he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However,the appetite of the white elephant was so great,and the minister became poorer.So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the …engine? of growth. How ever oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind ofbusiness transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profitand loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country?s import n eeds. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/a74fbca93069a45177232f60ddccda38376be1c2.html mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawnbefore it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent to an offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packingconditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,VI. Please make your offer according to the following particulars:KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely, VII. Write a counter-offer according to the following particulars:Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day?s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today?s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there isa market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation?s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第⼀封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

Consider the costs and benefits of the research effort;
Gather the relevant data from secondary or primary sources or both;
Analyze, interpret, and summarize the results; Report and present findings.
Section 2 Oversห้องสมุดไป่ตู้as Market Research and Analysis
Learning Objectives
● to know what the typical steps for market research ● to know what we are supposed to research about the international market ● to know the main resources for information about the international market
2.4 Analyzing the Research Findings and Preparing a Report 调查结果分析及报告
The final step in market research is to analyze the
data and prepare a report that a market. Comprehensive research and quality interpretation can provide the market researcher time with a detailed map, but only proper analysis can determine whether it is a good to start to market the products. will be a guide to the production and sales of the products for which there is

国际商会International Chamber of Commerce
In 1936
E、F、C、D四组13个贸 易术语
《2000年通则》 四组术语(共13种)
E 组 启运 EXW EX Works 工厂交货 货交承运人 船边交货 适用于各种运输方式， 包括多式联运 同上 适用于海运及内河运输 FCA Free Carrier F 组 主运费 FAS Free Alongside Ship 未付 FOB Free On Board CFR Cost and Freight CIF Cost,Insurance and Freight
ANSWER

Under FOB terms , the risk separation was the rail of the ship , during the shipment of goods, if they didn’t across the ship's rail, and fell to the sea, the seller should bear the risk . When the goods across the ship's rail, fall in the deck, the buyer should bear the corresponding risks. In this case, falling into the cargo deck, the buyer can assume the risk is no doubt.
返回目录
THE SELLER’S RESPONSIBILITIES
1、deliver the goods at the time stipulated in the contract，provides sufficient notice 2、obtains the export licenses and authorizations and carry out all export formalities and procedures 3、assume all risks of loss or damage to the goods until they have passed the ship’s rail 4、provides the buyer with a proof of delivery or a transport document (such as B/L ,inspection documents) The most important is deliver the goods on time and notice to the buyer.

国际贸易实务教案Chapter 1 Brief Introduction to International Trade国际贸易简介1。

1 Reasons for international trade1.1。

1Resources Reasons(1）Natural resources。

（2) Favorable climate conditions and terrain。

（3）Skilled workers and capital resources。

(4) Favorable geographic location and transportation costs。

1.1.2Economic Reasons（1）Comparative advantage(2）Strong domestic demand(3) Innovation or style1。

1。

3Political Reasons1.2 Problems Concerning International Trade1。

2.1Cultural Problems（1）Language。

(2）Customs and manners。

1.2.2Monetary Conversions1。

2.3Trade BarriersIndividual countries put controls on trade for the following three reasons:(1) To correct a balance—of—payments deficit.(2) For reasons of national security.（3) To protect their own industries against the competition of foreign goods.Although tariffs have been lowered substantially by international agreements, countries continue to use other devices to limit imports or to increase exports。

Chapter Three Quality of Commodity 第三章商品品质
【Learning Objectives】
After learning this Chapter, you will be able to: 1. Know about the importance of the name of
1. Name of commodity 商品的品名
Name of Commodity，it is an address or concept of some commodity, is also called name clause. The name of the product ,to a certain extent, reflects the natural attribute of commodity, as well as the main performance characteristics. The name usually also represents the quality which the goods should have and is the essential main conditions in international trade of a sales contract .
针对实际做出实事求是的规定，对商品的品名不要做夸大的宣传。
(2)In the description of commodity clause
of the sales contract, the stipulation of the commodity must be precise and specific.
the repudiation rights? Why? 问题：在上述情况下，买方有无拒付的权利？为 什么？

Export Procedures under CIR on the side of Seller
Acceptance
Signing Contract
Applying Import License
Procedures of Import Transaction
Opening L/C
Chartering Space Ship
Parties involved in export and import transaction
* the exporters * the importers * the port authority * the shipping company (for sea freight) * the airline (for air freight) * the insurance company or brokers * the exporter’s bank * the importer’s bank * the railways (in some cases) in the importer’ country * the road hauler ( in some case) in the importer’ country * the shipping agent at the port or airport of discharge * the shipping agents at the port or airport of loading * the railway (in some cases)in the exporters’ country * the road hauler (in some cases) in the exporter’s country

9
实践教学环节
企业实习
安排学生到相关外贸企业或机构进行 实习，亲身参与国际贸易实务操作， 加深对理论知识的理解和应用。
社会调查
学科竞赛
组织学生参加国际贸易实务相关的学 科竞赛，如模拟商务谈判、外贸单证 制作等，提高学生的实践能力和综合 素质。
鼓励学生开展与国际贸易相关的社会 调查，了解行业动态和市场需求，培 养独立思考和解决问题的能力。
17
教师培训与激励机制
培训内容与形式
针对教师的不同需求，设计个性 化的培训内容，包括教学方法、 语言能力、专业知识等方面，采 用线上与线下相结合的培训形式
。
培训效果评估
制定科学的培训效果评估标准， 对教师的培训成果进行跟踪和反
馈，确保培训质量。
激励措施
设立优秀教师奖、教学成果奖等 激励机制，鼓励教师在教学、科 研等方面取得优异成绩，同时提
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团队建设目标与措施
01
02
03
团队构成
组建由专业带头人、骨干 教师、行业企业专家等组 成的国际贸易实务双语课 程教学团队。
合作与分工
明确团队成员的职责和分 工，建立有效的合作机制 ，实现资源共享和优势互 补。
团队活动
定期举办学术研讨、教学 经验交流、企业实践等活 动，提高团队成员的专业 素养和实践能力。
通过本课程的学习，学生将掌握国际贸易实务的基本知 识和技能，提高英语应用能力和跨文化交流能力，为未 来的职业发展打下坚实基础。
4
教学目标与要求
01 知识目标
掌握国际贸易实务的基本概念、原理、规则和惯 例。
02 能力目标
能够运用英语进行国际贸易实务操作，具备跨文 化交流能力。
03 素质目标

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international tradeKeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financialpurposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to geta higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of reasons, so he asked his staff to investigate. Finally he found that is the brand "white elephant" to be blame. The brand's name translated into English was "white elephant" which meant something were no use but cumbersome in Western countries. It was really a bad translation from culture information perspective. The meaning derived from a legend. According to the legend, there was a king who hated a minister, so he gave a white elephant to the minister for punishment. The minister has to take care of the white elephant, he couldn't give it to others or kill it because it's the king gave it to him. However, the appetite of the white elephant was so great, and the minister became poorer. So it showed people in western countries would not buy the battery for the consumers have no willing to buy something useless but cumbersome.V. OpenVI.Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways. Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss. Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs. Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Unit 2 General Procedures of Export and Import TransactionI. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;mission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets; 9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII. J udge the following statement, mark True (T) or False(F)1F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5.F 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.F 10. TIV. Explain the meaning of the words or phrases below as requested1. Offer: An offer is a proposal made by sellers to buyers in order to enter into the contract.2. Withdrawal: It means an offer by the offerer has been withdrawn before it is reached to the offeree in order to prevent its entry into force.3. Enquiry: An enquiry is a request for business information, such as price lists, catalogue, samples, and details of the goods or trade terms. It can be made either by the importer or the exporter.4. Acceptance: Acceptance is a statement made by other conduct of the offerees indicating unconditional consent toan offer.5. Shipping agent: Shipping agent(船代）is a ship owner's representative whose job is to find the ships to carry.V. Compose a letter of enquiry with the following particulars:KeysMessrs. Arthur Grey & Son,19 Cheapside,London, E.C.2Dear Sirs,We have obtained your name and address from China Council for Promotion of International Trade and learned that you are one of the leading exporters of Ice Box in your district.We are now interested in 100 sets of the said article and should be pleased if you would let us know whether you can supply us with the quantity and quality we desire. Please quote us your best price on CIF Guangzhou basis. When offering, please state clearly terms of payment, time of delivery, packing conditions together with illustrated catalogue for our consideration.We are looking forward to your early reply.Yours faithfully,KeyDear Sirs,Thank you for your letter of 5th May. We are glad to learn of the inquiries you have had from your customers for our raincoats. Our "D.D." range is particularly suitable for warm climates, and during the past years we have supplied this range to dealers in several tropical countries, from many of whom we have already had repeated orders. This range is popular not only because it is light in weight, but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:"D.D." Raincoats100 men's medium @ US$14.50 US$ 1,450100 men's small 14.0 1,400100 women's medium 13.2 1,320100 women's small 12.7 1,270US$ 5,440Payment: by irrevocable L/C at sightShipment: Shipment will be effected within three or four weeks after receiving the L/C.This offer is subject to our final confirmation. We feel you may be interested in our other products and enclose some pamphlets for your reference.We are awaiting your early orders.Yours sincerely,Keys:Dear Sirs,We thank you for your quotation May 10 for 1,000 sets of Hair IceBox. We find your price as well as delivery date satisfactory, however, we would give our suggestions of an alternation of your payment terms.Our past purchase of other household electrical appliances from you has been paid as a rule by confirmed, irrevocable letter of credit at sight. On the basis, it has indeed cost us a great deal. From the moment to open credit till the time our buyers pay us, the tie-up of our funds lasts about four months. Under the present circumstances, this question is particular taxing owing to the tight money condition and unprecedentedly high bank interests.In view of our long business relations and our amicable cooperation prospects, we suggest that you accept either “cash against documents on arrival of goods” or “drawing on us at 60 day’s sight”.Your first priority to the consideration of the above request and an early favorable reply will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely,VIII. Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, another fished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrantremittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.IX. Case Study[Answer]:A 公司与B公司的第一封信函可视为发盘，在该发盘中A公司对包装做出了要求。

Chapter Two Part A English Tex
Pricing Components of Commoห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ity
Commission Commission is the remuneration paid to the middlemen for their intermediary service for principals. In modern international trade practices, commission takes the form of remuneration which either side of a transaction pays to the middlemen. For example, exporters pay commissions to sales agents or importers pay commissions to purchase agents. Commission is applicable to the contract signed by the exporter/importer and the middlemen. If a percentage as commission rate is specified in the contract, such a commission rate is called defined commission. If there is no such a percentage rate appeared in the contract, we call it an undefined commission. Commission is defined in the following ways: a. Specified with words. Example: USD 150 per M/T CIF San Francisco including 2% commission b. Specified with trade terms. Example: USD 150 per M/T CIFC 2 San Francisco c. Defined by number. Example: Commission: USD25 per Metric Ton

• And sometimes we only write several sentences showing the two parties’ agreement on the business of some commodity at the beginning of a contract.
Quality
The laws are applicable to international sales contracts
◆International Trade Practice
☆International Rules for the Interpretation
of Trade Terms《国际贸易术语解释通则》
Packing mark
• Packing mark includes shipping mark, indicative mark and dangerous cargo mark
• Shipping mark can be chosen by us, or by the customer.
Packing charges
国际贸易实务（双语）
(International Trade Practice In Chinese and English)
References
• 《进出口贸易实务教程》 吴百福主编 上海人民出版社 2002版
• 《国际贸易实务》，程怀儒主编，人民教育出版社。 • 《国际贸易双解词典—全球贸易手册》爱德华.G.辛克尔
Quality
Stipulate the flexible range
Use various kinds of expression methods properly

国际贸易实务双语教程第四版傅龙海1.国际贸易是各国开展经济合作的重要方式。

International trade is an important way for countries to engage in economic cooperation.2.通过国际贸易，各国可以互通有无，实现互利共赢。

Through international trade, countries can exchange resources and achieve mutual benefits.3.国际贸易有助于促进世界经济的繁荣发展。

International trade helps promote the prosperity and development of the world economy.4.了解国际贸易的基本知识对于经济学习者来说非常重要。

Understanding the basics of international trade is crucial for students of economics.5.国际贸易实务涉及到很多复杂的问题和程序。

International trade practice involves many complex issues and procedures.6.进出口业务需要遵守国际贸易法规和惯例。

Import and export business require compliance with international trade regulations and practices.7.知识产权在国际贸易中具有重要的保护作用。

Intellectual property rights play an important protective role in international trade.8.贸易摩擦可能影响国际贸易的正常进行。

Trade frictions may affect the normal conduct of international trade.9.国际贸易需要通过谈判和协商来解决分歧。

国际贸易实务双语教程+重点汇总第四章Trade Terms1.贸易术语的作用;2.FCA/FOB/CFR/CIF/CPT/CIP买卖双方的责任义务(保险、租船订舱及支付运费、适合的运输方式、所加地点、进出口清关);3.EXW和DDP买卖双方责任义务比较;4.FCA术语装货的问题;5.CIF买卖双方的责任划分界限及关于索赔的相关规定;装船通知的规定6.CIF\CIP投保险种规定和投保加成率第五章Quality1.对等样品(counter sample)的定义:To avoid future disputes over the quality of the goods, the seller usually first duplicates the samples and then sends the duplicate to the buyer for confirmation.2.凭样成交、凭等级买卖、凭FAQ、凭GMQ、凭产地、凭品牌、凭说明书买卖的适用产品范围:3.质量有问题的处理Buyer has the right to ask for reducing the price difference, or will refuse to take the goods, even to cancel the contact and declare for compensation.4.凭样品卖方的种类(1) Sale by the seller’s sample (2) Sale by the buyer’s sample (3)Sale by the counter sample5.质量机动幅度的内容和类型:1. Specification of range2. Specification of limitation3. Specification of more or less (1) Quality Latitude/QualityFlexible Allowance (2) Quality Tolerance第六章Quantity1.数量单位的表示方法2.运费按W/ M 或W 或M计算的适用产品范围3.公量、毛重、净重、皮重的定义4.公量、理论重量适用的产品5.数量机动幅度的具体规定、溢短装条款及处理6.数量违约的界定和处理办法第七章Packing1.按货物如何包装,产品的分类2.指示性标志、警告性标志的辨别3.销售包装和运输包装的含义4.中性包装及定牌中性的定义5.整箱装、拼箱装、内外包装的作用6.运输包装(唛头)的制作第八章Price1.佣金(Commission)的定义。

国际贸易实务(双语)（二）国际贸易实务（双语）（二）一、贸易保护主义的影响贸易保护主义是指国家采取措施限制或阻止国际贸易的一种政策。

虽然贸易保护主义经常在一些国家的政策中出现，但它对国际贸易的影响是复杂而多样的。

本文将探讨贸易保护主义对国际贸易的影响，并提出应对策略。

首先，贸易保护主义会限制国际贸易的自由度。

国家采取贸易限制措施，如关税和配额，进口商品将受到限制。

这种限制会导致贸易量的减少，从而降低了国际贸易自由度。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致贸易伙伴之间的紧张关系升级，产生贸易战等不良后果。

其次，贸易保护主义会导致国际贸易成本的上升。

贸易保护主义措施，如关税和配额，会增加进口商品的价格。

这将使得进口商品变得更加昂贵，从而增加了国内消费者的负担。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致生产成本的上升，因为进口原材料的价格上涨。

另外，贸易保护主义还可能导致资源配置不合理。

贸易保护主义限制了国际贸易，使得国内企业无需面对来自国际竞争对手的竞争压力。

这将导致企业之间的竞争减少，从而削弱了企业提高竞争力和创新能力的动力。

此外，贸易保护主义还可能导致资源向效率低下的产业流动，而不是流向更具竞争力的产业，从而损害了整体经济效益。

然而，在应对贸易保护主义的影响时，国际贸易参与方可以采取一些策略来减轻贸易保护主义带来的负面影响。

首先，加强贸易往来国家间的合作与沟通，通过对话解决贸易争端。

此外，应加大对贸易教育和培训的力度，提高企业和从业人员对国际贸易的理解与应对能力。

此外，国际贸易参与方还应积极争取多边和双边的贸易自由化协定，加强贸易合作，降低贸易壁垒。

另外，国际贸易参与方还可以多元化市场，降低对某一地区或国家的依赖。

总之，贸易保护主义对国际贸易的影响是复杂而多样的。

虽然贸易保护主义可能限制国际贸易的自由度，导致成本上升和资源配置不合理，但采取合适的策略可以减轻其负面影响。

国际贸易参与方应加强合作，加大对贸易教育和培训的力度，争取贸易自由化协定，多元化市场，以应对贸易保护主义的挑战，实现可持续的国际贸易发展。

requires that the quantity of goods delivered should be
identical to that described in the contract.
Section 1 Description of a Commodity
1.2 Quantity 数量
Section 1 Description of a Commodity
1.1.2 Quality clauses in the contract 合同中的质量条款
The quality clauses are different subject to the methods for describing the quality of goods. The name of goods, the
Section 1 Description of a Commodity
1.2 Quantity 数量
The quantity clause is one of the necessary conditions for
the conclusion of a sales contract. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods
Section 1 Description of a Commodity
1.1.1 Methods for describing the quality of goods 表示货物品质的方法
Sale by brand name or trade mark
凭牌号或商标买卖
“Brand or Trade Mark” is based on high quality, which is used by the manufacturers to distinguish their high quality goods with the others of the like.