英美文学选读第一单元

Part one: English LiteratureChapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。

一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。

它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。

文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。

地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。

因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。

文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。

乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。

好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。

著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。

后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。

然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。

在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。

基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。

自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。

英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。

这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。

但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。

人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。

人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。

通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。

英美文学选读要点总结精心整理[英国』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案美国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)（1）美国清教（2）美国西进运动（3）新英格兰超验主义运动2、主要特点(General characteristics)（1）衍生的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings as being derivative) （a）强调文学的想象力和情感特质（b）倡导情感的自由表达和人物心理状态的展示（c）颂扬普通人和作为个体的人（d）迷恋历史和异国情调（2）本土的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings on the native grounds) （a）全国性“西部拓荒”的体验（b）自然/美国山水风光的作用（c）清教道德（d）超验主义哲学二、本时期主要作家(Major writers of the period)A、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving,1783-1859）1、观点(Points of view)（1）社会保守主义(Social conservatism)总体上看，欧文是保守主义者。

他不喜欢疆土扩张以及当时席卷整个大陆的政治、文化的急剧变化。

因此通常欧文在故事中以正在不可避免地变化着的美国为背景，并对过去的荣耀和安宁的古老公社生活时时流露出哀惋叹息。

这种对人类万物皆无常，或人生苦短的伤感浸染了欧文的大多数作品。

然而，欧文并不是强求时间停止，或者逆转历史进程，而是暗示人类舍稳求变时丢掉了重要的价值观念。

（2）怀古的文学偏好(Literary preference for the past)在欧文看来，文学想象力应该孕育于有着丰富历史文化的土地之上，具体体现于岁月沉积而成的珍宝中，如破败的城堡、坍塌的塔楼、艺术的珍品、高度文明社会的精妙物件以及远古和当地风俗的古怪意趣。

《英美文学选读》（美国文学部分）American LiteratureChapter one : The romantic periodI. Emerson’s transcendentalism and his attitude toward nature:1.Transcendentalism—it is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England, as a reaction against rationalism and Calvinism. It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind.2. Emerson’s transcendentalism:The over-soul—it is an all-pervading power goodness, from which all things come and of which all are a part. It is a supreme reality of mind, a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion. It is a communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul. And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual, so man can totally rely on himself.3.His toward nature:Emerson loves nature. His nature is the garment of the over-soul, symbolic and moral bound. Nature is not something purely of the matter, but alive with God’s presence. It ex ercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings. Children can see nature better than adult.II. Hawthorne’s Puritanism and his black vision of man:1. Puritanism—it is the religious belief of the Puristans, who had intended to purify and simplify the religious ritual of the church of England.2. his black vision of man—by the Calvinistic concept of original sin, he believed that human being are evil natured and sinful, and this sin is ever present in human heart and will pass one generation to another.3. Young Goodman Brown—it shows that everyone has some evil secrets. The innocent and na?ve Brown is confronted with the vision of human evil in one terrible night, and then he becomes distrustful and doubtful. Brown stands for everyone ,who is born pure and has no contact with the real world ,and the prominent people of the village and church. They cover their secrets during daily lives, and under some circumstances such as the witch’s Sabbath, they become what they are. Even his closed wife, Faith, is no exception. So Brown is aged in that night.III. The symbolism of Melville’s Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.IV. Whitman and his Leaves of Grass :1. Theme: sing of the “en-mass” and the self / pursuit of love, happiness, and ***ual love / sometimes about politics (Drum taps)2. Whitman’s originality first in his use of the poetic form free verse (i.e. poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme),by means of which he becomes conversational and casual.3.He uses the first person pronoun “I” to stress individualism, and oral language to acquire sympathy from the common reader.Chapter two : The realistic periodI. The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn in Adventure of Huckleberry Finn by Mark TwainHuck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in essence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. At first, he stands by slavery, for he clings to the idea that if he lets go the slave, he will be damned to go to hell. And when the “King” sells Jim for money, Huck decides to inform Jim’s master. After he thinks of the past good time when Jim and he are on the raft where Jim shows great care and deep affection for him, he decide to rescue Jim. AndHuck still thinks he is wrong while he is doing the right thing.Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization.II. Daisy Miller by Henry James1. Theme: The novel is a story about American innocence defeated by the stiff, traditional values of Europe. James condemns the American failure to adopt expressive manners intelligently and point out the false believing that a good heart is readily visible to all. The death of Daisy results from the misunderstanding between people with different cultural backgrounds.2. The character analysis of Daisy: She represents typical American girl, who is uninformed and without the mature guidance. Ignorance and parental indulgence combine to foster he assertive self-confidence and fierce willfulness. She behaves in the same daring naive way in Europe as she does at home. When someone is against her, she becomes more contrary. She knows that she means no harm and is amazed that anyone should think she does. She does not compromise to the European manners.3. The character analysis of Winterbourne: He is a Europeanized American, who has live too long in foreign parts. He is very experience and has a problem understanding Daisy. He endeavors to put her in sort of formula, i.e. to classify her.III. Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser:1. Theme: The author invented the success of Carrie and the downfall of Hurstwood out of an inevitable and natural judgment, because the fittest can survive in a competitive, amoral society according to the social Darwinism.2. The character analysis of Carrie: She follows the right direction to a pursuit of the American dream, and the circumstances and her desire for a better life direct to the successful goal. But she is not contented, because with wealth and fame, she still finds herself lonely. She is a product of the society, a realization of the theory of the survival of the fittest.3. The character analysis of Hurstwood: He is a negative evidence of the theory of the survival of the fittest. Because he is still conventional and can not throw away the social morals, he is not fitted to live in New York.Chapter Three: The Modern PeriodI. Ezra Pound and his theory of Imagism1. The principles: a. direct treatment of the thing; b. to use absolutely noword that does not contribute to the presentation; c. to compose in the sequence of the musical; d. to use the language of common speech and the exact word; e. to create new rhythms; f. absolutely freedom in the choice of subject.2. Imagism is to present an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time. An imagistic poem must present the object exactly the way the thing is seen. And the reader can form the image of the object through the process of reading the abstract and concrete words.II. Frost and his poetry on nature:Frost is deeply interested in nature and in men’s relationship to nature. Nature appears as an explicator and a mediator for man and serve as the center of reference of his behavior. Peace and order can be found in Frost’s poetical natural world. With surface simplicity of his poems, the thematic concerns are always presented in rich symbols. Therefore his work resists easy interpretation.III. F. Scott Fitzgerald and his The Great Gatsby1. Theme: Gatsby is American Everyman. His extraordinary energy and wealth make him pursue the dream. His death in the end points at the truth about the withering of the American Dream. The spiritual and moral sterility that has resulted from the withered American Dream is fullyrevealed in the article. However, although he is defeated, the dream has gave Gatsby a dignity and a set of qualities. His hope and belief in the promise of future makes him the embodiment of the values of the incorruptible American Dream .2. The character analysis of Gatsby: Gatsby is great, because he is dignified and ennobled by his dream and his mythic vision of life. He has the desire to repeat the past, the desire for money, and the desire for incarnation of unutterable vision on this material earth. For Gatsby, Daisy is the soul of his dreams. He believe he can regain Daisy and romantically rebels of time. Although he has the wealth that can match with the leisured class, he does not have their manners. His tragedy lies in his possession of a naive sense and chivalry.IV. Ernest Hemingway’s artistic features:1. The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure:They have seen the cold world ,and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever is the result is, the are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevail because of their indestructible spirit and courage.2. The iceberg technique:Hemingway believe that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth the is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.V. The character analysis of Emily in A Rose for Emily:Emily is a symbol of old values, standing for tradition, duty and past glory. But she is also a victim to all those she cares and embrace. The source of Emily’s strange ness is from her born pride and self-esteem, the domineering behavior of her father and the betrayal of her lover. Barricaded in her house, she has frozen the past to protect her dreams. Her life is tragic because the defiance of the community, her refusal to accept the change and her extreme pride have pushed her to abnormality and insanity.。

英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章文艺复兴时期(The Renaissance Period)二、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史文化背景(Historical and cultural background)(1)文艺复兴是从中世纪向近代过渡时期发生在欧洲许多国家的一场思想文化运动。

它是在一些历史因素的合力作用下而引发的，如对希腊罗马古典文化的重新发现，宗教改革运动，地理和自然科学领域的探索，以及资本主义经济的扩张等。

(2)人文主义是文艺复兴的主要特征。

它颂扬人性，强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放，反对神秘主义和中古神权，反对野蛮和兽性。

(3)16世纪的宗教改革导致了新教的创立。

英格兰同罗马教皇的决裂最初源于国王亨利八世决定与其第一位妻子离婚但遭到教皇否决。

宗教教义的改革则发生在后来的爱德华六世和女王伊丽莎白一世统治期间。

(4)工商业持续发展，中产阶级逐渐壮大，非神职人员获得受教育的机会，王权巩固，宫廷成为文化生活的中心，以及海外扩张和科学探索日益拓展人们的视野，所有这些都为文学提供了新的推动力和发展方向。

威廉·卡克斯顿首次将印刷术介绍到英国，使那里的出版社迅速增加，随之而来的是印刷书籍的繁荣。

2、英国文艺复兴时期文学的特点(Features of English Renaissance literature)(1) 诗歌(Poetry)开创文艺复兴时期一代新的华丽诗风的两个最重要的人物是菲利普·悉尼爵士和埃德蒙·斯宾塞。

在他们的抒情和叙事作品中，展现出一种词藻华丽、精雕细琢的文风。

到16世纪末，出现了两类新的诗歌风格。

第一类以约翰·邓恩和其他玄学派诗人为代表；第二类风格的典范是本·琼森和他所代表的流派。

英国文艺复兴时期的最后一位大诗人是清教作家约翰·密尔顿，他的诗歌具有惊人的震撼力和优雅的韵致，同时传达出深邃的思想。

Part one: English Literature Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conceptionthat man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。

3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalthuman nature and came to see that human beings were gloriouscreatures capable of individual development in the direction ofperfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despisebut to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。

4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare arethe best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

1. Generally speaking, the Old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two two groups: groups: the the religious religious religious group group and the secular one . 2. Beowulf , a typical example of Old English English poetry, poetry, poetry, is is is regarded regarded regarded as as as the the the epic epic epic of of the Anglo-Saxons. 3. 3. Geoffrey Geoffrey Geoffrey Chaucer Chaucer Chaucer is is is one one one of of of the the the greatest greatest poets in English.●The Renaissance Period (14th---mid17th)◆William Shakespeare : : (38 (38 (38 plays, plays, 154 sonnets, 2 long poems) 1.作品：Henry IV , The Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, Sonnet 18, The Tempest 2. Greatest Greatest tragedies:tragedies:Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. 3. The The Tempest Tempest is is known known known as as as the the the best best best of of Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s final romance . The playwright playwright resorts resorts resorts and and and to to to the the the supernatural supernatural atmosphere atmosphere and and and to to to the the the dreams dreams dreams to to to solve solve solve the the conflict. And And this this play play is is is also also a a typical typical example example of of of his his his pessimistic pessimistic view view towards towards human life and society in his late years. 4. 4. William William William Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s s history history history plays plays plays are are mainly written under the principal that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity. 5.Try to analyze Hamlet Hamlet Hamlet is is is a a a man man man of of of speculation, speculation, speculation, umbrage umbrage and contemplation.Hamlet Hamlet is is is neither neither neither a a a frail frail frail and and and weak weak weak minded minded youth youth nor nor nor a a a thought thought thought sick sick sick dreamer. dreamer. dreamer. He He He has has none of the single minded blood lust of the earlier earlier revengers. revengers. revengers. It It It is is is not not not because because because he he he is is incapable of action, but because the cast of his his mind mind mind is is is so so so speculative, speculative, speculative, so so so questioning questioning and and so so so contemplative contemplative contemplative that that that action, action, action, when when when it it finally comes, seems almost like like defeat. defeat. Trapped Trapped in in in a a a nightmare nightmare nightmare world world world of of of spying, spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father's death, Hamlet is obliged obliged to to to inhabit inhabit inhabit a a a shadow shadow shadow world, world, world, to to to live live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the the conventional conventional conventional role role role of of of a a a stage stage stage revenger. revenger. By characterizing Hamlet, Shakespeare successfully makes a philosophical exploration of life and death. Hamlet is also a humanist, a man who is free from medieval medieval prejudices prejudices prejudices and and and superstitions. superstitions. superstitions. He He has an unbounded love for the world rather than heaven. He cherishes a profound reverence for man and a firm belief in man's power over destiny. 6. 6. What What What did did did Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare criticize criticize criticize in in in his his play? The conscientious playwright criticized various kinds of human vices and sins, like greed, betrayal, pride, prejudice and deception, including acts of social inequality, sexual and racial discriminations in in plays plays plays such such such as as as The The The Merchant Merchant Merchant of of of V V enice and The Tempest. In his tragedies, he condemned the hypocrisy, treachery and general general corruption corruption corruption at at at the the the royal royal royal court. court. court. He He does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars against religious persecution and the corrupting influence of money and gold. In King Lear, he criticized the bourgeois egoism while he feared anarchy, hated rebellion and despised democracy. 7. Soliloquy is a nature medium for Hamlet to release his anguish. 8.The The theme theme theme of of of Sonnet Sonnet Sonnet 18 18 18 is is is that that that a a a nice nice summer summer’’s s day day day is is is usually usually usually transient, transient, transient, but but but the the beauty in poetry can last for ever. 9.Discuss the four periods of Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s dramatic career. The The first first first period period period of of of Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare’’s s dramatic dramatic career was one of apprenticeship. He wrote five history plays (e.g. Henry VI), four comedies comedies (The (The (The Comedy Comedy Comedy of of of Errors). Errors). Errors). In In In the the second period, Shak Shakespeare’s espeare’s style and approach became highly individualized. He wrote wrote five five five histories histories histories (e.g. (e.g. (e.g. Henry Henry Henry IV), IV), IV), six six comedies (The (The Merchant Merchant Merchant of of of V V enice) and two two tragedies tragedies tragedies (e.g. (e.g. (e.g. Romeo Romeo Romeo and and and Juliet). Juliet). Juliet). His His third period includes includes his greatest' his greatest' tragedies (e.g. Hamlet) and his so called dark comedies comedies (Measure (Measure (Measure for for for Measure). Measure). Measure). The The The last last period includes his principal romantic tragicomedies (The Tempest). 10. Briefly discuss discuss Shakespeare’Shakespeare’Shakespeare’s artistic s artistic achievement in characterization, plot construction and language A. Shakespeare’s major char characters acters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they represent certain types; they are individuals individuals representing representing representing certain certain certain types. types. types. By By employing a psycho-analytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the characters characters’’inner inner world. world. world. Shakespeare Shakespeare Shakespeare also also portrays portrays his his his characters characters characters in in in pairs. pairs. pairs. Contrasts Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters. B. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plot; instead, he borrows them form old plays or storybooks, storybooks, from from from ancient ancient ancient Greek Greek Greek or or or Roman Roman sources. sources. In In In order order order to to to make make make the the the play play play more more lively lively and and and compact, compact, compact, he he he would would would shorten shorten shorten the the time and intensity the story. There are usually usually several several several clues clues clues running running running through through through the the play, thus providing the story with suspense and apprehension. C. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different different poetic poetic poetic forms, forms, forms, such such such as as as the the the sonnet, sonnet, the blank verse and the rhymed couplet. He has has an an an amazing amazing amazing wealth wealth wealth of of of vocabulary vocabulary vocabulary and and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the the meaning of meaning of the the old words old words also creates striking effects on the reader. 11. 11. About About About the the the four four four tragedies: tragedies: tragedies: What What What are are the characteristic of the four tragedies in common? Briefly summarize each hero ’s weakness of nature Each Each portrays portrays portrays some some some noble noble noble hero, hero, hero, who who who faces faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. Each hero has his weakness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the the outside evil force; outside evil force; t he the the old old old king king king Lear Lear Lear is is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth's lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes. ◆John Milton 1.作品：Paradise Lost ，Paradise Regained ，Samson Agonistes ，Lycidas 2.John Milton Milton’’s greatest poetical work Paradise Lost is the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf 3.His His literary literary literary achievement achievement achievement can can can be be be divided divided into into 3 3 3 groups: groups: groups: the the the early early early poetic poetic poetic works, works, works, the the middle middle prose prose prose pamphlets pamphlets pamphlets and and and the the the last last last great great poems. 4. Milton Milton wrote wrote wrote his his his three three three major major major poetical poetical works after the Restoration. 5. Paradise Lost is taken from Genesis of the Bible; the theme is “the fall of man ”6. 6. According According According to to to the the the setting setting setting of of of the the the poem poem Paradise Lost, discuss the theme, the author author’’s s intention intention intention to to to create create create it it it and and and the the implication that the poem expresses. A. The theme of the poem Paradise Lost is the "Fall of Man ”, i . e. man's disobedience . e. man's disobedience and and the the the loss loss loss of of of Paradise, Paradise, Paradise, with with with its its its prime prime cause-Satan. B. The author's intention to write this poem is to expose the ways of Satan and to "justify the ways of God to men". C. In this poem, the author implicitly expresses his fundamental concern with freedom freedom and and and choice choice choice and and and his his his belief belief belief that that that the the unquestionable unquestionable truth truth truth of of of Biblical Biblical Biblical revelation revelation means that an all knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and of their free will to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. 7. What is M ilton’s ilton’s fundamental concern fundamental concern in Paradise Lost? At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies M ilton’s fundamental concern with freedom and choice. The theme is the” Fall of Man,” i. e. man’s man’s disobedience and the loss of Paradise. disobedience and the loss of Paradise. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. humanity. The The The freedom freedom freedom of of of the the the will will will is is is the the keystone of Milton's creed. 1.Shall I compare thee to a summer day?thou art more lovely an d more temperate:rough winds do shake the darling darling buds buds buds of of of May.adn May.adn May.adn summers summers summers lease lease hath all too short a date: 答：sonnet 18,Shakespeare Speech Figure Personification Them of the poem:A nice summer ’s day is usually usually transient transient transient but but but the the the beauty beauty beauty in in in poetry poetry can last forever. 2.So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,/So long lives this,and this gives life to thee. 答：Implication of the work: the beauty in poety can last forever, Idea Idea of of of the the the two two two line line line express:Shakespeare express:Shakespeare express:Shakespeare’’s faith in the permanence of poetry. 3.For For herein herein herein Fortune Fortune Fortune shows shows shows herself herself herself more more kind/than is he custom.It is still her use/To let the wretched man outlive his wealth/to view with hollow eye and wrinkled brow/An brow/An age age age of of of poverty:from poverty:from poverty:from which which which ling ling ring penance/Of such misery doth she cut me off .答：Shakespeare, She refer to Fortune. Mean:Antonio thinks Fortune is more kind toward him because Fortune is taking away both his wealth and life,which means Antomio Antomio will will will not not not feel feel feel the the the pain pain pain of of of losing losing everything. 4.To be or not to be-that is the question : 答：William Shakespeare, Hamlet. Mean:To Mean:To live live live on on on in in in this this this world world world or or or to to to die:to die:to suffer or to take action. Characteristic of the protagonist:He is a man of speculation,umbrage and contemplation What does the third line imply:The protagonist lived in a world that was full of trouble, trouble, and and and he he he was was was often often often determined determined determined to to take take up up up arms arms arms against against against troubles troubles troubles that that that sweep sweep upon him like a sea,But he did not succeed. 5. If thou beest he -but O how fallen! How changed/From him who in the happy realms realms of of of light/Clothed light/Clothed light/Clothed with with with transcendent transcendent brightness brightness didst didst didst outshine/Myriads,though outshine/Myriads,though bright! If he whom mutual league /United thoughts and counsels,equal hope/And hazard hazard in in in the the the glorious glorious glorious enterprise,/Joined enterprise,/Joined with with me me me once,now once,now once,now misery misery misery hath hath hath joined/In joined/In equal ruin:into what pit thou seest... 答：Paradise lost John Milton The story story is is is taken taken from Genesis of of the the Bible,The theme is the Fall of Man. What does the poet intend to do in writing it? it? Intended Intended Intended to to to expose expose expose the the the ways ways ways of of of Satan Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men. The word he refers to God. 。