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跨文化交际——精选推荐

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跨⽂化交际

Why should we study intercultural communication?

Globalization of economic and industrial development Immigration tendency

Professional and career development T ourist development International cooperation

Why is intercultural communication so important now?

1. New technology, in the form of transportation and communication systems, has accelerated intercultural contact.

2. Innovative communication systems have also encouraged and facilitated cultural interaction.

3. Globalization of the economy has further brought people together.

4. Changes in immigration patterns have also contributed to the development of expanded intercultural contact.

The wheel of human history has moved us inexorably forward from isolation to integration.

In a sense, globalization refers to the establishment of a world economy in which national borders are becoming less andless important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere, do business in a global market.Characteristics of Culture:

(1) culture is learned, (2) Culture is transmitted from generation to generation,

(3) culture is based on symbols, (4) culture is subject to change (adaptive) , or culture is dynamic

(5) the facets of culture are interrelated, (6) culture is ethnocentric

Elements of communication or communication models

the context of the communication, the participants,

the messages being communicated, the channels through

the presence or absence of “noise,”the verbal and nonverbal responses known as feedback

Noise:The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.（⼲扰指的是任何会曲解信息源所要表达的信息的事情）。Noise can be of many forms:

External noise can be the sights, sounds, and other stimuli that draw your attention away from the message.

stimuli in the surrounding that distract attention

Internal noise refers to your thoughts and feelings that can interfere with the message.

interfering thoughts and feelings inside a communicator

Semantic noise refers to how alternative meanings of the source’s message symbols can be distracting.

inappropriate choice of words

Feedback: Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which thesource attends and assigns meaning. (verbal response, nonverbal response)

The Importance of Nonverbal Communication

A.We make important judgments and decisions concerning the internal states of others—states they often express

without words.

B.Nonverbal communication is also important because we use the actions of others to learn about their affective or

emotional states.C.Nonverbal communication is significant in human interaction because it is usually responsible for first

impressions.

D.Nonverbal communication has value in human interaction because many of our nonverbal actions are not easily

controlled consciously.

E.Finally, nonverbal communication is important to the study of intercultural communication because a great deal

of nonverbal behavior speaks a universal language.

Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source andhis or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.

Function of Nonverbal communication

1. Repeating (重复) People use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and empasize their point of view.

Act out what you say. Y ou may point in the direction.

2. Complementing (补充) Matching your nonverbal with verbal communication

Nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message.

3. Substituting ( 代替)

Nonverbal messages may substitute verbal ones in certain settings.

There are situations in which words cannot be used. In a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use handgestures to replace spoken messages.

4. Regulating (调节)

Nonverbal communication used to control a conversation

Nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions by regulating them, such as turn-taking signals (hand raised) inconversations.

Facial expressions or gestures that are used to control or regulate the flow of a conversation.

5. Contradicting (否定)

Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words. Send mixed messages.

Looking very upset while screaming, “I’m not angry!”

Certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words.

Nonverbal communication is relied on gestures, symbols, facial expressions and so forth. In communication, we will have toagree that without the help of non-verbal communication, people will find it difficult to fulfill the goal of communication onlybased on the language communication.

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高低语境_跨文化交际精选. - 副本

高低语境_跨文化交际精选. - 副本

1 / 4word. 1 High context culture（高语境文化）：

Cultures in which less has to be said or written because more of the meaning is in the

physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.（在高语境文化中，在人们交际时，有较多的信息量或者蕴涵在社会文化环境和情景中，或者内化于交际者的心中；相对地讲，明显的语码则负载较少的信息量。这也意味着，在强交际环境文化的人们对微妙的环境提示较为敏感。）

2 Low context culture（低语境文化）：

Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the context because the message

is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low context. （在低语境文化中，交际过程中所产生的信息量的大部分由显性的语码负载，相对地讲，只有少量的信息蕴涵在隐性的环境和情景中。这也意味着，在低语境文化中的人们习惯用语言本身的力量来进行交际。）

3General Introduction to High-context and Low-context Cultures Anthropologist Edward

T. Hall’s theory of high- and low-context culture helps us better understand the powerful

effect culture has on communication. A key factor in his theory is context. This relates to

跨文化交际kinship terms#精选、

跨文化交际kinship terms#精选、

1 / 7word. A Comparative Study on Chinese and English Kinship Terms

Language is not only one of the factors of social culture, but also the carrier of

culture. Culture can not pass on from generation to generation without the storage and

transmission of language. The use of language is limited by culture and different

language also reflects different cultures.

Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and communication

technology, more and more people live and work in different social cultures. And

people with different cultural backgrounds also have a close association today. In the

process of world’s becoming to a global village, various kinds of cultures influence

and infiltrate into each other. Cultural absorbing and fusion lead to a great influence

on the Intercultural Communication. Successfully conducted in English, cross-cultural

跨文化交际

跨文化交际

什么是跨文化交际跨文化交际，即本族语者与非本族语者的交际，也指任何在语言和文化背景方面有差异的人们之间的交际。本学期通过本门课程的学习，让我学会了一下三点：一、如何正确的审视不同文化之间的差异，二、如何提高跨文化适应能力，三、如何提高跨文化的交流技能。

随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入，西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野，在这种情况下，跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的

经济和社会交往将会与日俱增，这就为我们提供了许多与西方接触和交流的机会，这对于我们加深对的西方社会的理解是一件好事，但这却并不是一件简单的事情，因为我们所面对的是陌生的国家和文化，思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人，在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象,这时在跨文化交际课堂中学到的东西便起了大用！

我总结了一下中西方的差异主要集中在以下几点：

一、在客观主体方面，西方人向外探索客观世界，强调真善美、爱智，注重理性科学，注重求异，科学和逻辑发现。中国人向内探索个人世界，强调真善美、崇善，注重情感、伦理，注重求同，经验、感情。

二、在处理问题方面，西方人采取不撞南墙不回头的态度，中国人采取不可中直取，只可曲终求的态度。不同文化背景的人们在交际时，经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所在社会的行为规范来判定对方行为的合理性，由于双方的行为规范存在差异，常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。比如说中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好，而在西方国家，这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法，父母会对此非常愤怒。所以说在跨文化交际中是否能够正确地识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。要保障跨文化交际的顺利进行，就必须理解对方的行为规范，尤其是什么行为是被禁止的，最好的办法就是遵循入乡随俗的原则。

三、在发表个人看法时，西方人直言、直去，中国人谨言、拐弯。

四、在民族性格方面，西方人偏重功利，好走极端，与其他民族存在斗争，强调以力争天下。中国人偏重道义，以“中庸和谐”为贵，强调协和万邦。

参考文献——精选推荐

参考文献——精选推荐

参考文献

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4. 现代语言学的特点和发展趋势，戚雨村，上海外语教育出版社 2001. 2

5. A New Introduction to Pragmatics新编语用学概要, 何兆熊, 上海外语教育出版社 2001.

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8. Concise History of the English Language 英语简史, 费尔南德。莫塞，水天同等译，外语

教学与研究出版社， 2000。 8 9. 英语课堂教学形成性评价研究, 罗少茜， 外语教学与研究出版社2003. 4 10. Language, Culture and Translating, Eugene A. Nida 上海外语教育出版社, 1999,9

11. The Learner-centered Curriculum A Study in Second Language Teaching, David Nunan 学

习者为中心的课程研究, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 3 12. Linguistics, H.G. Widdowson语言学, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 3

13. Sociolinguistics, Bernard Spolsky社会语言学, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 3 14. Psycholinguistics, Thomas Scovel心理语言学 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 3

15. Second Language Acquisition, Rod Ellis第二语言习得, 上海外语教育出版社, 2000, 3