中国油气管道发展的当前形势及预测

By the end of 2010, China has completed 85,000 kilometers of oil and gas pipelines in length, of which natural gas pipelines were 45,000 kilometers, crude oil pipelines were 22,000 kilometers, and products pipelines were 18,000 kilometers. An oil and gas network that covers China and linked to the world has been developed;a system integrating production, transportation and sales, featuring in diversified resources, flexible allocation, and automated management, is coming into being.Major pipelines constructed in 2010Natural gas pipelines(1) The Natural Gas Pipeline between Central Asia and China, and the Second West-East Gas Pipeline.Line A and Line B of the Natural Gas Pipeline between Central Asia and China were laid in parallel, with the total design gas transmission capacity 30 billion cubic meters per year, the single line 1833 kilometers long, design pressure 10 MPa, and the pipeline diameter 1067mm.Line A was completed on December 15, 2009; the gas header of Line B reached Horgos metering station on August 23, 2010. Then the Natural Gas Pipeline between Central Asia and China was put into dual-pipeline operation officially.The backbone pipeline of the Second West-East Gas Pipeline started from Horgos, Xinjiang, and ended in Guangzhou, with the total length about 5000 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity 30 billion cubic meters per year, design pressure between 10 and 12 MPa, and the pipeline diameter 1219mm. The pipeline is made of X80 steel.The backbone pipeline in the west (from Horgos to Zhongwei) and the branch line from Zhongwei to Jingbian began to supply gas commercially by the end of 2009. The eastern part of the Second West-East Gas Pipeline was completed and put into operation on December 5, 2010, with the total length about 1435 kilometers. At the same time, the Zaoyang-Shiyan branch line and the Huangpo tie line were put into operation. The whole branch line was predicted to be completed and put into operation by the end of 2011.(2) Phase Ⅱproject of Sino-Kazakhstan Gas Pipeline.Sino-Kazakhstan Gas Pipeline is 1475 kilometers long, with the design gas transmission capacity ranging from 10 to 15 billion cubic meters per year. The Pipeline will be constructed by stages in accordance with the availability of gas supply. At the first stage, the Bazhuoyi-Qimukente pipeline, 1,164 kilometers long, and the Bazhuoyi initital station were completed, with the gas transmission capacity reaching 6 billion cubic meters per year. At the second stage, the Yiniewu-Bazhuoyi pipeline, 311 kilometers long, and supporting compressor station were completed, with the gas transmission capacity between 10 and 15 billion cubic meters per year.On the one hand, the Sino-Kazakhstan Gas Pipeline could satisfy the needs of economic development and people’s livelihood in southern Kazakhstan, and some natural gas will be exported to China through the NaturalCurrent State and Prospect of China’s Oil and Gas Pipeline DevelopmentPu Ming1, Ma Jianguo2(1.PetroChina Planning and Engineering Institute; 2. PetroChina Company Limited)Gas Pipeline between Central Asia and China. On the other hand, the Pipeline will export the natural gas from Aktobe Oilfield. After being completed, the Sino-Kazakhstan Gas Pipeline could be connected with the backbone gas line network in Kazakhstan and the major oil and gas provinces in the west, enhancing the strategic oil and gas cooperation between China and Kazakhstan a lot.Phase I project of Sino-Kazakhstan Gas Pipeline will be put into operation by the end of 2012.(3) Sino-Burma Oil and Gas Pipeline.The Sino-Burma Oil and Gas Pipeline will be a new land intake channel of oil and gas resources in southwestern China, promoting China’s diversified energy import and strengthening safe supply of the country, facilitating the infrastructure construction in the southwest, upgrading energy structure, boosting and propelling local economic and social development.Within Burma’s borders, the Sino-Burma Gas and Oil Pipeline are 793 kilometers long and 771 kilometers long separately. They enter into China’s borders from Ruili, Yunnan Province. The Crude Oil Pipeline reaches Chongqing via Guizhou, with the length of 1,631 kilometers and design capacity being 22 million tons per year. And the Natural Gas Pipeline reaches Guangxi via Guizhou, with the length of 1,727 kilometers and design gas transmission capacity being 12 billion cubic meters per year.The Sino-Burma Oil and Gas Pipeline goes through three provinces and one municipality within China’s borders, passing through or crossing over 56 big-and-middle-sized rivers and 76 mountain tunnels. The Pipeline is one of the most difficult projects conducted in China, because of the complicated geographic and geomorphic as well as geological conditions, and frequent geologic hazards occurring along it.The Sino-Burma Oil and Gas Pipeline outside China was started on June 3, 2010, and the Pipeline within China’s borders was started at Caopu Town, Anning City, Yunnan Province on September 10, 2010. It is predicted to be completed in 2013.(4) The Third Shaanxi-Beijing Natural Gas Pipeline.The Third Shaanxi-Beijing Natural Gas Pipeline begins from Yulin initial station in Shaanxi Province in the west and ends at Xishatun terminal station in Changping District, Beijing, via Shaanxi Province, Shanxi Province, Hebei Province, and Beijing, with the total length about 1,000 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity being 15 billion cubic meters per year, design pressure 10 MPa, and the pipe diameter 1,016mm. The Pipeline is another important channel supplying natural gas to Beijing and Bohai Rim. It was started on May 15, 2009, of which the Yulin-Liangxiang part has been completed on December 31, 2010, and the Liangxiang-Xishatun part is predicted to be completed in June 2012. By then the whole Pipeline will be completed.(5) Dalian-Shenyang and Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Natural Gas Pipelines.The Dalian-Shenyang and Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Natural Gas Pipelines are important component of the natural gas network of Northeast China, and also the backbone network of CNPC within Liaoning Province. Both the two pipelines will be connected with Liaohe gas storage and form an annular gas line network in Liaoning Province, greatly enhancing safe gas supply in Northeast China. Besides, the network of Northeast China will be connected with that of North China through the Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Natural Gas Pipeline, which is of strategic importance to realizing diversified gas source and networking pipelines in Northeast China.The gas source of Dalian-Shenyang Pipeline is from the network in North China at early stage, and the major gas source at later stage is the natural gas for export of Dalian LNG Terminal. The backbone line of Dalian-Shenyang Pipeline begins from the Dalian Xingang LNG terminal station, via Yingkou to the north, and ends at Shenyang transmission substation. Dalian and Fushun branch lines are constructed along the Dalian-Shenyang Pipeline, with total length of 584.5 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity of backbone line being 8.4 billion cubic meters per year, design pressure 10 MPa, and the pipe diameter 711mm. The total investment of the project is 3.34948 billion yuan.The Dalian-Yingkou part of Dalian-Shenyang Pipeline was started on June 20, 2010; the Yingkou-Shenyang part was started on September 10, 2010 and planned to be completed and put into operation in June, 2011.The Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Pipeline consists of one backbone line and three branch lines. The backbone line begins from Qinhuangdao substation, via Qinhuangdao, Huludao, Jinzhou, Anshan, and Shenyang, and ends at Shenyang substation, with the length of 426 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity of the backbone line being 9 billion cubic meters per year, design pressure 10 MPa, and the pipe diameter 1,016mm. The three branch lines are Huludao, Jinzhou and Shenyang branch lines.The Qinhuangdao-Shenyang Pipeline has been started on May 28, 2009 and predicted to be completed and putinto operation in May, 2011.(6) Fuxin Coal-Gas Pipeline.Datang International Fuxin Coal-Gas Project is one of the coal-gas demonstration projects approved by the National Development and Reform Commission. The Project, with the total investment of 24.57 billion yuan, relies on rich lignite resources in Inner Mongolia, uses advanced production technology, and develops large-scale natural gas production apparatus. Daily natural gas production of the Project is 12 million cubic meters, meanwhile, the natural gas transmission pipeline to Shenyang, Fuxin, Tieling, Fushun, Benxi and other cities is 334 kilometers, with design gas transmission capacity being 4 billion cubic meters per year, design pressure 6.3 MPa, and the pipe diameter 914mm.The Project was started on March 29, 2010 and planned to be completed and put into operation by the end of 2012.(7) Double Pipeline from Tazhong to Lunnan.The Pipeline lies in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert, starting from Tazhong No.1 gas field in the south and ending at Lunnan initial station of the West-East Gas Pipeline in the north, with the total length of 273 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity ranging from 5 to 10 billion cubic meters per year, and the pipe diameter 813mm.The Project was started on March 1, 2010, and was completed and put into operation on October 3, 2010.(8) Nanjiang Gongtian Project.The Project consists of four backbone lines, five branch lines, with the total length of 2,466 kilometers. The four backbone lines are the Yingmaili-Aksu-Kashi part, the Kashi-Zepu part, the Zepu-Hetian part, and the Hetian-Tazhong part, with the total length about 1,917 kilometers, the pipe diameter ranging from 273 to 559mm, design pressure 6.3 MPa, and the total investment 6.212 billion yuan. A large-scale annular gas line network will be formed in Nanjiang, based on the Project and the completed Yingmaili-Lunnan and Tazhong-Lunnan Gas Pipelines.The Project is planned to be completed and put into operation in 2012, among which the Kashi-Zepu backbone line has been started on July 26, 2010.(9) Shaanxi Gas Supply Project.From 2009, Shaanxi Province has planned to use four years to ascertain gas source, complete long-distance pipelines and city transmission and distribution networks as well as CNG filling stations, and realize the goal that natural gas is available in 107 counties (districts) and 10% key towns in 10 cities and 1 district. By the end of 2009, the long-distance pipeline in Shaanxi Province has reached 1,551 kilometers, with the gas transmission capacity reaching 4 billion cubic meters per year, and 68% counties (73 in total) of the Province could use natural gas through pipelines.a. Xianyang-Baoji Double Gas Pipeline.The Pipeline begins from the Xi’an substation of the Second West-East Gas Pipeline and ends at Majia Town of Mei County. It is connected with the Second West-East Gas Pipeline in Gaoling and Qian Counties and with the Xianyang-Baoji and Baoji-Hanzhong Pipelines in Wenjiatan, Majia Town of Mei County. The Pipeline has a total length about 154 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity 490 million cubic meters per year, design pressure 4 MPa, pipe diameter 457mm, and total investment 412 million yuan. After its completion, the Pipeline will be connected with the backbone line of the Second West-East Gas Pipeline for the first time, and form an annular network in central and western Guanzhong area, greatly enhancing safe gas supply in Shaanxi Province and being of great importance to boosting the development of Xi’an, Xianyang, Baoji, and Guanzhong-Tianshui economic zone.The Project was started on October 10, 2009 and was completed and put into operation in April 2010.b. Baoji-Hanzhong Gas Pipeline.The Pipeline begins from the Mei County, Baoji in the north and ends Hantai District of Hanzhong City in the south, with the total length of 228 kilometers, design pressure 4 MPa, and the pipe diameter 323.9mm. Gas source of the Project comes from PetroChina Changqing Oilfield and enters into the Pipeline via Jingbian-Xi’an Pipeline and Xianyang-Baoji Pipeline. The design gas transmission capacity of the Pipeline is between 185.5 and 343.1 million cubic meters per year. The whole Pipeline consists of four stations, i.e. Mei County Station, Taibai Station, Nanhe Station and Hanzhong Terminal Station, with the total investment of 536.5 million yuan.The Project was started on October 5, 2008 and completed on March 16, 2010.c. Hanzhong-Ankang Gas Pipeline.The Pipeline starts from the terminal station of Baoji-Hanzhong Pipeline and ends at the terminal station in Ankang City, with the total length of 226 kilometer, design gas transmission capacity 1.151 billion cubic meters per year, design pressure 6.3MPa, pipe diameter 406.4 mm, and the investment 720 million yuan.Gas source of the Pipeline is mainly the gas from Changqing gas field in near future. By then SINOPEC’sconsists of Linxia-Hezuo backbone line and Xiahe branch line. The backbone line begins from Linxia City and ends at Hezuo City, and it is connected with the Linxia station, with the total length of 118 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity 100 million cubic meters per year, design pressure 4 MPa, and pipe diameter 219.1 mm. The Xiahe branch line starts from the No.1 substationof the backbone line and ends at Xiahe station, with the total length of 31 kilometers, design pressure 4 MPa and pipe diameter 114.3 mm. The total investment of the gas supply project in southern Gansu Province is 310 million yuan. It was started on December 25, 2010 and planned to be completed and put into operation by the end of 2011.(11) Taian-Qingdao-Weihai Gas Pipeline. The backbone line of the Pipeline has a total length of 660 kilometers, total investment about 9 billion yuan, design gas transmission capacity 11 billion cubic metersper year, design pressure 10 MPa, and pipe diameter 1016mm. Taian-Qingdao part was started on September 28, 2009 and put into operation in June 2010; Qingdao-Weihai part is predicted to be completed and put into operation in November 2011. Crude oil pipelines(1) Mohe-Daqing and Daqing-Jinxi Pipelines.Mohe-Daqing Pipeline is one of the four strategic oil and gas pipelines in China. It starts from Mohe, Heilongjiang Province and ends at Daqing Oilfield, viagas source in northeastern Sichuan, PetroChina’s Changqing gas field, and the West-East Gas Pipeline will be connected in Shaanxi Province, and form a multi-source supply framework of the Province. The Project was started on November 23, 2010 and planned to be completed in 2011.d. Xi’an-Shangluo Gas Pipeline.The Pipeline has a length of 138.25 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity 170 million cubic meters per year, design pressure 4 MPa, and the pipe diameter between 273 and 457 mm. The whole Pipeline has 3 stations and 7 valve chambers, with the investment of 255 million yuan.The Project was started on April 19,2010 and planed to be completed in 2011.(10) Gas Supply Project in Gansu Province.In 2010, CNPC successively implemented gas supply projects in southwestern Gansu Province, southern Gansu Province, Jiayuguan, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Jinchang and Wuwei Cities of the Province, which will play an important role in boosting economic development in the Province, upgrading local energy structure, improving atmospheric circulation, and protecting ecological environment.The gas supply project in southwestern Gansu Province mainly supplies gas to Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, starting from the terminal station of Liuhua branch line of the Sebei-Xining-Lanzhou Pipeline and ending at the Linxia terminal station, with the length about 63.6 kilometers, design gas transmission capacity 112 millioncubic meters per year, design pressure 6.3 MPa, and pipediameter 219.1 mm. The Project was started on February 26, 2010 and planned to be put into operation by the end of September of the same year.There are totally five branch lines in Jiayuguan, Jiuquan, Zhangye, Jinchang and Wuwei Cities, and they are all from the backbone line of the Second West-East Gas Pipeline, with the total length about 109 kilometers, total design gas transmission capacity 1.1 billion cubic meters per year, design pressure 6.3 MPa and 12 MPa, and pipe diameter 168.3mm and 219.1mm. They were started in May 2010 one after another and planned to be completed and put into operation in 2011.The gas supply project in southern Gansu ProvinceYesanhe Suspension Bridge for the pipeline of Sichuan-East China gas transmission.station in Liaoning Province, with the total length of 241.5 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 25 million tons per year, pipe diameter 813mm, and total investment topping 2 billion yuan. This part was started on November 16, 2010 and planned to be completed and put into operation in October 2011. (2) Rizhao-Yizheng Crude Oil Pipeline.The Pipeline is the key project of the “11th Five-Year Plan”, starting from Rizhao City, Shandong Province and ending at Changjiangyou Port in Yizheng City, Jiangsu Province, via Shandong, Jiangsu, and Anhui Provinces, with the total length about 390 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 36 million tons per year, design pressure 8.5 MPa, pipe diameter 914mm, and total investment 3.3 billion yuan. The heating and tight line pumping technology is adopted to construct the Pipeline.The Project was started on March 26, 2010, and planned to be completed and put into operation in September 2011.(3) Huangdao-Weifang Oil Pipeline.The Pipeline starts from Huangdao Port, Qingdao City and ends at Binhai Economic and Technological Development Zone in Weifang City, with the total length of 176 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 15 million tons per year, and the investment of 1.217 billion yuan. Its completion will effectively solve the problem of short supply of raw materials of local refineries in Weifang City and even the whole Shandong Province.The Project was started in November 2009 and planned to be completed and put into operation in May 2011.(4) Rizhao-Dongming Crude Oil Pipeline.The Pipeline has a total length of 462 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity ranging from 10 to 20 million tons per year, design pressure 8.0 MPa, and pipe diameter of 711mm and 610mm. It transports the crude oil from the Middle East imported via Rizhao Port. The Project was started on November 28, 2009, and planned to be completed and put into operation in June 2011.(5) Shikong-Lanzhou Crude Oil Pipeline.The Pipeline starts from the initial station of Shikong, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and ends at the terminal station of Lanzhou City, with the total length of 359 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 5 million tons per year, pipe diameter 457mm and the investment of 1.358 billion yuan.Heilongjiang Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with the total length of 926 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 15 million tons per year, design pressure 8 MPa (9 and 10 MPa in some parts), pipe diameter 813mm, and total investment 8 billion yuan.The Project was started on May 18, 2009, and put into trial run on December 20, 2010. It will be brought on line officially on January 1, 2011.Daqing-Jinxi Pipeline will be constructed within China’s borders to adapt to the crude oil import from Russia. The Pipeline consists of Linyuan-Xinmiao part, Xinmiao-Chuiyang part, Chuiyang-Tieling part, and Tieling-Jinxi part. Among them, the capacity expansion reform of Xinmiao-Chuiyang part has been completed in December 2010, fulfilling paralleling operation of Sino-Russian Pipeline and Northeastern Pipeline and evolving into China’s largest crude oil pipeline in terms of oil transmission.Chuiyang-Tieling part starts from Chuiyang transfer station in Changchun, Jilin Province and ends at Tieling transferThe Second West-East Gas Pipeline was going through Tianshan Mountain.The Project was started on September 28, 2009 and completed and put into operation on October 20, 2010.Products pipelines(1) Nanjing-Quzhou Products Pipeline.The Pipeline starts from Suanshan depot of Ningbo City and ends at Longyou depot of Quzhou City, with the total length of 402 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 5.8 million tons per year, design pressure 8.5/9.5 MPa, and the pipe diameter 508/457mm. Shaoxing, Zhuji, Yiwu, Jinhuagufang, and Longyou offtake stations are built up along the Pipeline; Shaoxing, Zhuji, Yiwu, Jinhuagufang, and Longyou depots are newly built and expanded, with new capacity being 193, 000 cubic meters. The Pipeline was started on January 28, 2010 and planned to be completed by the end of 2011, with the total investment about 1.82 billion yuan.(2) Changzhou-Chenzhou Products Pipeline.The Pipeline starts from Changsha station, and is divided into two pipelines till Xiangtan station, one is to Loudi and the other is to Hunan, and Pingshi terminal station in Guangdong, with the total investment of 710 million yuan, total length 403 kilometers, and annual oil throughput rate 1.8 million tons. The Pipeline could transmit four types of gasoline and diesel, and could solve the problem of products transportation of Hunan Province, connect the products resource of Changling Refinery and Baling Petrochemical Company with that of southern, western and central Hunan, and cover Heyang, Leiyang, Chenzhou, Loudi and other cities.The Project was started in August 2010 and planned to be completed in December 2011.(3) Guiyang-Tongzi Products Pipeline.The Pipeline has a total length of 320 kilometers, pipe diameter 355mm, design oil transmission capacity 3.1 million tons per year, and total investment of 960 million yuan. The initial station is in Guiyang City.The Project was started on October 18, 2010, and planned to be put into test operation by the end of 2011.(4) Zhangshu-Shangrao Products Pipeline.The Pipeline is the Phase Ⅱproject of Jiangxi Products Pipeline, starting from the Zhangshu terminal station of Jiujiang-Zhangzhou Products Pipeline, and ending at Shangrao, with the total length of 742 kilometers, pipe diameter 406.4mm, design oil transmission capacity 6.5 million tons per year, and design pressure 9.5MPa. It was started in October 2010, and planned to be put into operation in October 2012.(5) Beihai-Nanning-Baise Products Pipeline.The initial station of the Pipeline is located in Beihai City, and the terminal station is located in Tianyang Sanlei depot of Baise Petroleum Branch. The Pipeline has a total length of 465 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 5.5 million tons per year, design pressure 9.5 MPa, pipe diameter 508mm, and total investment about 1.48 billion yuan. It was started on May 18, 2010, and planned to be completed and put into operation by the end of June 2011.(6) Phase Ⅱof the Pearl River Delta Products Pipeline Project.The Phase II Project is the extension and improvement of Phase I. The Pipeline starts from Huizhou Zehua depot and ends at Meizhou Zhongcun depot, via Huizhou, Shanwei, Jieyang, and Shantou, with the total length of 498 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 3.75 million tons per year, and the total investment 1.2 billion yuan.The Project was started on November 30, 2009, and predicted to be completed and put into operation in 2011.(7) Liuzhou-Guilin Products Pipeline.The Pipeline has a total length of 190 kilometers, design oil transmission capacity 1.5 million tons per year, design pressure 10 MPa, pipe diameter 273.1mm, and total investment 270 million yuan. After its completion, the products supply of northern Guangxi will be safe.The Project was officially started on October 19, 2008, and was completed and put into operation on March 27, 2010.Characteristics of oil&gas pipeline construction Natural gas pipeline construction has been highlightedRapid growth of natural gas demand in China has boosted the construction of natural gas pipelines a lot. By the end of 2010, China’s natural gas pipelines were about 45,000 kilometers long, 15,000 kilometers longer than the end of 2006, with the growth rate as high as 50%. In 2010, China’s newly-built oil and gas pipelines were about 10,000 kilometers, among which natural gas pipelines grew by about 7,000 kilometers and accounted for 70% of the total. Construction of natural gas pipelines has been highlighted.The passage of oil and gas pipelines is taking shape China’s major natural gas production areas are located in Tarim gas province; the natural gas from Middle Asia and West Siberia and the oil from Kazakhstan are all imported via Xinjiang. However, China’s major gas and oil consumption areas concentrate in eastern and southernOn June 20, 2011, members of the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee of Royal Dutch Shell (Shell) paid a visit to the headquarters of CNPC. Holding an in-depth and amicable talk, the two sides signed the Global Strategic Cooperation Agreement between China National Petroleum Corporation and the Overseas Investment Company of Royal Dutch Shell. Agreements concerning Canadian oil sands, unconventional natural gas and oilfield engineering technology had also been reached. During their stay in China, members of the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee of Shell visited Daqing Oilfield and they learned technical services of major projects, Daqing Spirit and Iron Man Spirit. Besides, they will visit Changbei Project which was jointly launched by the two sides in 1999.China. Therefore, it is inevitable to build long-distance pipelines to connect the resource base and the market. Due to such factors as terrain, city planning and environmental protection zones, Hexi Corridor has become the only energy routeway in West China. Now one crude oil pipeline, one products pipeline and two natural gas pipelines have been built in Hexi Corridor. It is predicted that at least more than three natural gas pipelines will be built there, and then China’s largest corridor for oil and gas pipelines will be formed.Local governments accelerate natural gas use and establish natural gas networks within provincesJingbian-Xi’an Pipeline, Jingbian-Xi’an Double Pipeline, Xianyang-Baoji Pipeline, Xi’an-Weinan Pipeline and some other gas pipelines have been built in Shaanxi Province, with the total length of 1,169 kilometers. All prefecture-level cities are available for pipeline gas except Hanzhong, Ankang and Shangluo.Hexi Corridor has become a major artery connectingnorthwestern and central China, by which multiple backbone pipelines have passed. The total length of natural gas pipelines within Gansu Province has reached 850 kilometers (excluding nationwide backbone pipelines).Planning and construction of coal-gas projects witness a rapid growthChina has abundant coal resources, so coal-gas will be powerful complement for accomplishing diversification of gas sources. In 2010, the Datang International Hexigten Banner Coal-Gas Project, the Datang International Fuxin Coal-Gas Project, the Phase I of Qinghua Yining Coal-Gas Project, and the Phase I of Xinwen Yining Coal-Gas Project were carried out in 2010, with the total gas production of 15.5 billion cubic meters per year. The supporting multi-purpose station pipelines for the former two projects have been constructed, and those of the latter two projects are under preliminary design.。