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美国文学中的主要作家及其代表作品美国文学是世界文学的重要组成部分，拥有众多杰出的作家和作品。
本文将介绍一些主要的美国作家以及他们的代表作品，以展示美国文学的丰富与多样性。
一、马克·吐温（Mark Twain）马克·吐温是美国文学史上最著名的作家之一，他以幽默和讽刺的风格闻名于世。
他的代表作品《汤姆·索亚历险记》和《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》被视为美国文学的经典之作，揭示了美国南方社会的黑暗和种族歧视现象。
二、欧内斯特·海明威（Ernest Hemingway）海明威是20世纪美国文学的巨匠，他以简洁明快的写作风格和对战争、人性的深刻洞察而闻名。
他的代表作品《老人与海》讲述了一个老渔夫与大海的搏斗，通过对人性、毅力和命运的思考，展现了人类的勇气和坚韧。
三、威廉·福克纳（William Faulkner）福克纳是美国南方文学的代表人物，他的作品充满了对美国南方历史和文化的深度思考。
他的代表作品《喧哗与骚动》和《押沙龙，押沙龙！》以其复杂的叙事结构和深刻的人物描写而著称，探讨了种族、阶级和家庭关系等重要议题。
四、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（F. Scott Fitzgerald）菲茨杰拉德是美国爵士时代文学的代表人物，他的作品描绘了上层社会的繁华与堕落。
他的代表作品《了不起的盖茨比》通过对财富、爱情和美国梦的探索，揭示了人类对幸福的追求与现实的冲突。
五、托尼·莫里森（Toni Morrison）莫里森是美国当代文学的重要代表，她以其对种族、性别和历史的关注而获得了广泛的赞誉。
她的代表作品《亲爱的》和《宠儿》通过对非洲裔美国人的生活经历和心理状态的刻画，探讨了种族歧视和自我认同等重要议题。
六、约翰·斯坦贝克（John Steinbeck）斯坦贝克是美国现实主义文学的代表人物，他的作品关注农民和工人阶级的生活困境。
英美⽂学作家作品及名词解释、⼈物分析Literary works and their authorsAmerican LiteratureColonial Period1.William BradfordOf Plymouth Plantation2.John WinthropA Model of Christian Charity3.Anne BradstreetThe Tenth Muse Lately sprung up in America“Upon the Burning of Our House”“To My Dear and Loving Husband”“The Flesh and the Spirit”4.Edward Taylor“Upon a Spider Catching a Fly”Huswifery5.Roger WilliamsThe Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience6.John Woolman“Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes”“A Plea for the Poor”7.Thomas PaineCommon SenseAmerican CrisisThe Age of ReasonThe Rights of Man8.Philip Freneau“The Rising Glory of America”“The Wild Honey Suckle”9.Captain John SmithA Map of VirginiaDescription of New England10.Charles Brocken BrownWielandThe Transformation: An American TaleEdgar HuntlyOrmondArthur MervynAmerican Revolution1.Jonathan EdwardsThe Freedom of the WillThe Great Doctrine of Original Sin DefendedSinners in the Hands of an Angry GodThe Nature of True VirtueImages or Shadows of Divine Things2.Benjamin FranklinPoor Richard’s Almanac(2009年)The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (2007年)3.Hector St. John CrevecoeurLetters from an American FarmerAmerican Romanticism1.Washington IrvingA History of New YorkThe Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon: Rip Van WinkleThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher ColumbusA Chronicle of the Conquest of GranadaThe AlhambraLife of GoldsmithLife of Washington2.James Fenimore CooperThe SpyLeatherstocking Tales: DeerslayerPathfinderThe Last of Mohicans (2003年)The PrairieThe PioneersNew England Transcendentalism3.Ralph Waldo EmersonNatureThe American Scholar(America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence) Self-reliant (2009年)4.Henry David ThoreauWaldenCivil DisobedienceA Week on the Concord and Merrimack River (2008年)5.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet LetterTwice-told TalesMosses From an old ManseThe Blithedale RomanceYoung Good Man BrownThe Minister’s Black VeilThe House of Seven GablesThe Marble FaunDr. Rappaccini’s Daughter6.Herman MelvilleTypeeOmooMardiRedburnWhite JacketMoby DickPierreThe Confidence ManBilly Budd7.Edgar Allen PoeSonnet- to scienceIsrafelTo HelenThe City in the SeaThe Raven (2009年)The Fall of the House of UsherBlack CatThe Masque of the Red DeathThe Cask of Ammtillado FoeLigeieThe Purloined LetterThe Gold BudThe Murders in the Rue MorqueTales of the Grotesque and Arabesque 8.Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Tom’s Cabin9.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life (2007年)Voices of the NightHiawathaEvangelineThe Courtship of Miles Standish10.Walt WhitmanLeaves of GrassSong of Myself (2003年出现诗句)I Hear America SingingOut of Cradle Endlessly RockingWhen Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d 11.Emily DickinsonAt last to pray is leftBecause I could not stop for deathI heard a fly buss—when I diedWild nights—wild nightsI die for beauty ———————————————————————————————————————————Realism1.William Dean HowellsThe Rise of Silas LaphanCriticism and FictionThe Minister’s ChargeA Modern InstanceA Word of ChangeAnnie KilburnA Hazard of New Fortunes2.Henry JamesDaisy MillerThe Portrait of a LadyThe AmericanThe Ambassadors (2004年)The Golden BowlThe Wings of the DoveThe Turn of the ScrewWhat Maisie KnewLocal Colourism3.Mark TwainThe Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County The Gilded AgeThe Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry FinnLife on the MississippiThe Man That Corrupted HadleyburgHead WilsonThe Mysterious StrangerA Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s CourtThe Prince and the PauperAmerican Naturalism1.Stephen CraneMaggie: A Girl of the StreetsThe Black RidersThe Red Badge of Courage“The Open Boat”“The Blue Hotel”“An Experiment in Misery”2.Frank NorrisMcTeagueThe OctopusThe Pit3.Theodore DreiserSister CarrieAn American TragedyThe GeniusJennie GerhardtThe FinancierThe StoicThe Bulwark4.Jack LondonThe Call of the WildWhite FangThe Sea WolfMartin Eden5.O’HenryThe Gift of MagiThe Cop and the Anthem6.Upton SinclairThe JungleModernism1. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great GatsbyTender is the NightThe Beautiful and the DamnedThis Side of ParadiseThe Last TycoonAll the Sad Young MenTaps at Reveille2.Ernest HemingwayThe Sun Also Rises (2003年、2004年)A Farewell to Arms (2007年)For Whom the Bell Tolls (2008年、2009年) The Old Man and the SeaThe Torrents of SpringIn Our TimeMen without WomenWinner Take NothingImagism3.Ezra PoundCantosHugh Selwyn MauberlyThe Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (2003年出现诗句) The Waste Land (2005年)Hollow ManAsh WednesdayFour QuartersMurder in the CathedralThe Cocktail PartyThe Confidential Clerk5.Wallace StevensAnecdote of the Jar (2010年)Sunday MorningThe Emperor of Ice-creamThe Idea of Order at Key West6.William Carlos WilliamsPatersonThe Red WheelbarrowSpring and All7.Robert FrostStopping by Woods on a Sunday Evening Mending WallThe Road Not TakenFire and Ice8.Carl SandburgChicagoFogThe HarbourSmoke and SteelGood Morning, AmericaThe People, yes9. E. E. CummingsTulips and ChimneyThe Enormous RoomO Sweet Spontaneous10.Hart CraneVoyagesAt Melville’s Tomb11.Edith WhartonThe House of Mirth (2013年), The Touchstone, The Age of Innocence Southern Renaissance12.William FaulknerThe Sound and the Fury (2013年)As I Lay Dying (2005年、2006年)Light in August (2008年)Absalom, AbsalomGo Down, Moses (2007年)13.Sherwood AndersonWinesburg, OhioThe Triumph of the EggsDeath in the WoodsI Want to Know WhyPoor White14.Sinclair LewisMain StreetBabbittArrowsmithDodsworth15.Gertrude SteinThree LivesTender ButtonsThe Making of AmericansHow to WriteFour Saints in Three Acts16.Carson McCullers (Southern Gothic)The Heart is a Lonely HunterThe Ballad of the Sad CafeThe Member of the WeddingReflections in a Golden Eye17.Cormac McCarthy (Southern Gothic)SuttreeBlood MeridianAll the Pretty HorsesNo Country for Old ManThe RoadChild of God18.Willa CatherMy AntoniaThe Song of LarkA Lost LadyThe Professor’s HouseO Pioneers! (2002年、2010年) 19.Katherine Anne Porter Ship of FoolsLeaning Tower and Other StoriesFlowering JudasThe Jilting of Granny WeatherallPale Horse, Pale RiderThe Never Ending Wrong20.Thomas WolfeLook Homeward, AngelOf Time and RiverThe Web and the RockYou Can’t Go Home Again21.Margaret MitchellGone with the WindThe 1930s1.John Dos PassosDistrict of ColumbiaU. S. A.The 42nd Parallel1919The Big Money2.John SteinbeckOf Mice and ManThe Grapes of WrathCup of GoldTortilla FlatIn Dubious BattleTravels with Charley3.John O’HaraAppointment in Samara4.James T. FarrellYoung LoniganThe Young Manhood of Studs Lonigan Postmodernism Postwar novel1.Saul BellowDangling ManThe VictimThe Adventures of Augie MarchSeize the DayHenderson the Rain King (2006年)Herzog (2013年)Mosby’s MemoirsMr. Sammler’s PlanetHumboldt’s GiftThe Dean’s DecemberMore Die of HeartbreakThe Bellarosa ConnectionA TheftSomething to Remember Me ByThe Last Analysis2.Norman MailerThe Naked and the Dead (2004年)Barbary ShoreThe Deer ParkThe Armies of the NightMarilyn: A Novel BiographyThe Executioner’s SongAncient EveningTough Guys Don’t DanceHarlot’s GhostThe Gospel According to the SonAdvertisements for MyselfAn American DreamWhy Are We In Vietnam?Miami and the Siege of ChicagoExistential ErrandsGenius and Lust“The White Negro”3.J. D. SalingerThe Catcher in the Rye4.Bernard MalamudThe NaturalThe AssistantA New LifeThe FixerThe TenantsPictures of FidelmanDubin’s LivesGod’s GraceThe PeopleThe Magic BarrelIdiots FirstRembrandt’s Hat5.John UpdikeThe CentaurCouplesMarry MeGertrude & Claudius“Rabbit” pentalogy: Rabbit, Run, (2006年) Rabbit Redux, Rabbit is Rich, Rabbit at Best, Licks of Love 6.Flannery O’Connor Wise BloodA Good Man Is Hard to FindThe Violent Bear Is AwayEverything That Rises Must Converge7.William StyronLie Down in DarknessSet This House on FireThe confessions of Nat TurnerSophie’s ChoiceA Tidewater MorningThe Long MarchIn the Clap Shack8.Truman CapoteOther Voices, Other RoomsThe Grass HarpA Christmas MemoryBreakfast at Tiffany’sIn Cold Blood9.Philip RothGoodbye, Columbus, and Five Short Stories Portnoy’s C omplaint10.Joseph HellerCatch-22 (2005年)Something Happened11.Kurt V onnegutSlaughterhouse-Five (2008年)Player PianoMother NightCat’s CradleBreakfast at ChampionsSlapstickJailbirdDeadeye dickGalapagosBluebirdHocus PocusCanary in a CathouseWelcome to the Monkey House12.Ken KeseyOne Flew Over the Cuckoo’s NestSometimes a Great NationDemon BoxSailor Song13.John BarthLetters: A NovelSabbatical: A RomanceThe Tidewater TalesThe Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor The Sot-Weed FactorLost in the FunhouseThe Floating OperaThe End of the RoadGiles Goat-Boy14.Donald BarthelmeCome Back, Dr. Caligarri Unspeakable PracticesUnnatural ActsCity DaysSadnessGuilty PleasuresAmateursGreat DaysOvernight to Many Distant CitiesSnow WhiteThe Dead FatherThe King15.Thomas PynchonV.The Crying of Lot 49Gravity’s RainbowVinelandMason & Dixon16.William GaddisRecognitionsCarpenter’s GothicJR17.Vladimir NabokovLolita (2004年)Dar, or the GiftPale Fire (2005年)18. A. S. ByattPossession(2013年、2010年)The Shadow of the SunThe Virgin in the GardenA Whistling WomanThe Children's BookStill LifeThe Shadow of the Sun19.Tim O’Brien (A war writer)The Things They CarriedIf I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me HomeNorthern LightsGoing After CacciatoThe Nuclear AgeIn the Lake of WoodsJuly, JulyPostwar Poetry20.Elizabeth BishopQuestions of TravelGeography III“Sestina”“One Art”“Filling Station”“Over 2,000 Illustrations and a Complete Concordance”21.Richard WilburThe Beautiful Changes and Other PoemsCeremony and Other PoemsThings of This WorldAdvice to the Prophet and Other PoemsPrince Souvanna Phouma: An Exchange between Richard Wilbur and William Jay Smith ComplaintWalking to Sleep: New Poems and Translations Seed Leaves: Homage to R. F.22.John BerrymanThe Dream SongsThe DispossessedHomage to Mistress Bradstreet23.Randall JarrellBlood for a StrangerLittle Friend, Little FriendLossesThe Seven-League CrutchesThe Woman at the Washington ZooThe Lost WorldThe Confessional School24.Robert LowellLord Weary’s CastleLand of UnlikenessLife StudiesFor the Union DeadDay by Day25.Sylvia PlathA Winter ShipCrossing the WaterThe Bell Jar“Daddy”“Lady Lazarus”26.Anne SextonLive or DieTo Bedlam and Part Way BackAll My Pretty OnesTransformationsThe Death of NotebookThe Awful Rowing toward GodThe Beat Generation27.Allen GinsbergEmpty MirrorReality SandwichesThe ChangePlanet NewsThe Fall of AmericaA Supermarket in California (2011年出现诗句)28.Gary SnyderAugust on Sourdough29.W. S. MerwinThe Asians DyingFor a Coming ExtinctionThe Last One30.Robert BlySilence in the Snow FieldsThe Night around the Body31.James WrightMinnesotaLying in a Hammock at William Duffy’s Farm on Pine Island The New York School 32.Frank O’Hara“The Day Lady Died”33.John Ashbery“Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror”34. A. R. AmmonsCorsons InletMountain TalkThe Black Mountain Poets35.Charles OlsonProjective VerseIn Cold Hell, in ThicketThe DistanceThe Maximus PoemsThree “beat” writers36.William BurroughsThe Naked LunchThe ExterminatorThe Wild BoysCities of the Red NightMind WarsPlace of Dead Roads37.Jack KerouacOn the RoadThe Lonesome TravellerThe Subterraneans and Maggie Cassady 38.Henry Miller Tropic of CancerBlack SpringTropic of CapricornThe Colossus of MaroussiThe Rosy CrucifixionPostwar Drama39.Eugene O’NeilThe Hairy Ape (2005年)Long Day’s Journey into NightDesire under the Elm Tree (2010年)The Iceman ComethBound East for CardiffBeyond the HorizonThe Emperor JonesAnna Christie40.Elmer RiceThe Adding Machine41.Tennessee WilliamsThe Glass MenagerieA Streetcar Named Desire42.Arthur MillerDeath of a SalesmanThe Man Who Had All Luck43.Edward AlbeeWho’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? Multiethnic LiteratureAfrican American Literature1.Frederick DouglassMy Bondage and My Freedom2.Booker T. WashingtonUp from Slavery3.W. E. B. DuboisThe Souls of Black Folks: Essays and Sketches Harlem Renaissance4.Jean ToomerCane5.Countee Cullen“Shroud of Colour”ColourCopper SunThe Ballad of the Brown Girl/doc/88ea8e0bbe23482fb4da4c86.html ngston Hughes The Weary BluesSimple Speaks His MindThe Best of SimpleSimple’s Uncle SamMontage of a Dream Deferred“The Negro Speaks of Rivers”“As I Grew Older”7.Richard WrightUncle Tom’s Children: Four NovellasNative SonBlack Boy8.Ralph EllisonInvisible Man9.James BaldwinGo Tell It on the Mountain10.Alice WalkerThe Colour Purple (2010年)11.Toni MorrisonThe Bluest Eye (2011年)Beloved (2006年)Song of SolomonJazzParadiseAsian American Literature12.Maxine Hong KingstonThe Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Childhood among Ghosts China Men13.Amy TanThe Joy Luck ClubBritish LiteratureThe Middle Ages1.Geoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury Tales (2005年)The House of FameTroilus and CriseydeThe Book of DuchessThe Parliament of FowlsPardoner’s Tale (2004年)2.William LanglandVision of Piers the Plowman___________________________________________________________________________________ The Elizabethan Age1.Thomas MoreUtopia2.Edmund SpenserThe Shepherd’s CalendarProthalamion and EpithalamionAmorettiThe Faerie Queene3.Philip SidneyAstrophel and StellaArcadiaApologie for Poetrie4.Christopher MarloweTamburlaine the GreatJew of MaltaThe Tragical History of Doctor FaustusHero and LeanderThe Passionate Shepherd5.William ShakespeareHenry IVLove’s Labour’s LostRichard IIIRomeo and JulietA Midsummer Night’s DreamThe Merchant of Venice (2009年)The Merry Wives of WindsorAs You Like It (2006年)Julius Caesar (2005年)HamletOthelloKing LearMacbethAntony and CleopatraTimon of AthensAll’s Well That Ends WellMeasure for MeasureCymbelineWinter’s TaleThe Tempest6.Francis BaconAdvancement of LearningNew AtlantisEssays7.Ben JonsonEvery Man in His Humour___________________________________________________________________________________ The 17th Century 1.John DonneThe FleaA Valediction: Forbidden MorningDeath be not ProudThe CanonizationBatter my heart, three-personed God, for you2.John MiltonParadise LostParadise Regained (2006年)Samson Agonistes (2002年)Lycidas3.John DrydenAll for LoveAbsalom and AchitophelAn Essay of Dramatic Poesy4.John BunyanThe Pilgrim’s ProgressThe Life and Death of Mr. BadmanHoly WarGrace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners___________________________________________________________________________________ The Classic Age1.Alexander PopeEssay on Criticism (2004年)The Rape of the LockEssay on ManAn Epistle to Dr. ArbuthnotThe Dunciad2.Samuel JohnsonLondonThe Vanity of Human WishesLives of the PoetsA Fable for CriticsThe History of Rassledas, Prince of AbyssiniaTo the Right Honourable the Earl of ChesterfieldA Dictionary of English LanguageLife of the Poets3.Thomas GrayElegy Written in a Country Churchyard4.Oliver GoldsmithThe Deserted VillageShe Stoops to Conquer The Vicar of Wakefield5.Richard Brinsley Sheridan The RivalsThe School for Scandal6.Richard SteeleThe Spectator ClubThe Christian Hero7.Joseph Addison Adventures of a Shilling8.Jonathan SwiftThe Battle of the Books Tale of a TubThe Irish Drapier’s LettersA Modest Proposal Gulliver’s Travels9.Daniel DefoeRobinson CrusoeMoll FlandersRoxana10.Samuel Richardson Pamela, Or Virtue Rewarded Clarissa Howe。
美国文学名词解释美国文学，作为世界文学的重要组成部分，有着丰富多彩的文化背景和独特的创作风格。
在这篇文章中，我将为您解释几个与美国文学相关的重要名词。
1. 美国文学：美国文学是指在美国国土上创作的文学作品，包括小说、诗歌、戏剧和散文等各种文体。
美国文学自17世纪初殖民地时期开始出现，并逐渐形成独特的风格和主题，如自由、探索、个人价值观等。
该文学受到欧洲文学、非裔美国文学、拉丁美洲文学等多个文学传统的影响。
2. 讽刺文学：讽刺文学是通过调侃、嘲笑或批评等手法，通过善意或恶意地对社会、人物、社会习俗等进行揭示和描述的一种文学形式。
美国文学中讽刺常常用来表达对社会问题的关注以及对不公正现象的讽刺批评。
作家马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》便是美国文学中著名的讽刺作品之一。
3. 大都市文学：大都市文学是指以城市为背景、以城市生活为题材的文学作品。
美国是大都市文学的发源地之一，纽约市成为该文学流派的中心。
大都市文学反映了城市的动态与繁华，同时也揭示了城市中的社会问题和人际关系。
美国作家F·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德的小说《了不起的盖茨比》，以及薇拉·刘易斯和李欧·斯坦巴克的作品都是著名的大都市文学作品。
4. 美国本土文学：美国本土文学是指探讨、描写和反映美国本土历史、文化、民族特色的文学作品。
该文学形式着重于展示美洲原住民、欧洲移民、非裔美国人和其他少数族裔的文化传统和经验。
美国作家奥兰多·费斯特的小说《渐近线》以及路易斯·埃里斯的小说《米南多洛之歌》都是美国本土文学的代表作品。
5. 后现代主义文学：后现代主义文学是指具有反传统、颠覆常规、模糊现实与虚幻界限的文学形式。
在晚20世纪以后的美国文学中，后现代主义作品开始兴起。
该文学形式常常使用非线性叙事、多重视角和流派的混合等技巧来表达个体性、主观性和相对主义等概念。
美国作家托马斯·品钦的小说《地下时光》以及大卫·福斯特·华莱士的小说《无人生还》都是后现代主义文学的代表作品。
英美文学流派与作家知识点整理英美文学源远流长，在其发展历程中涌现出了众多的文学流派和杰出作家，这些流派和作家的作品不仅反映了当时的社会、文化和历史背景，也展现了人类思想和情感的丰富多样性。
以下是对一些重要的英美文学流派与作家的知识点整理。
一、浪漫主义文学浪漫主义文学兴起于 18 世纪末至 19 世纪初，强调个人情感、想象力和自然的重要性。
（一）英国浪漫主义作家1、威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）他是英国浪漫主义诗歌的先驱之一，其作品强调对自然的热爱和对普通人生活的关注。
代表作有《抒情歌谣集》（Lyrical Ballads）。
2、塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge）他的诗作充满奇幻的想象和神秘的元素，《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）是其经典之作。
3、乔治·戈登·拜伦（George Gordon Byron）拜伦以其奔放的激情和叛逆的精神著称，作品有《唐璜》（Don Juan）等。
4、珀西·比希·雪莱（Percy Bysshe Shelley）雪莱的诗歌富有理想主义和革命精神，《西风颂》（Ode to theWest Wind）广为流传。
（二）美国浪漫主义作家1、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving）他的作品具有浓厚的地方色彩和幽默风格，《瑞普·凡·温克尔》（Rip Van Winkle）是其代表作。
2、詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（James Fenimore Cooper）以描写边疆生活和印第安人而闻名，《皮袜子故事集》（The Leatherstocking Tales）是其重要作品。
二、现实主义文学现实主义文学在 19 世纪中叶兴起，注重真实地反映社会现实和生活。
（一）英国现实主义作家1、查尔斯·狄更斯（Charles Dickens）狄更斯的作品生动描绘了英国社会底层人民的生活，如《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield）。
1、Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林（1706-1790）he is the only good American author before the the Revolutionary W ar and he is the only one in the colonial period.写作特点：1.叙事清楚简洁 2.富有哲理和睿智 3.文字质朴幽默 4.易于读者接受。
2.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）英国人民将他视为“最受爱戴”的“政论家”，他的书“被看作穷人的圣经”。
拿破仑称他为“共和国的火炬，一切传奇中最伟大的人物”。
写作特点：支持独立宣言，语言精炼，层次分明，结构严密，逻辑性强，抒情和说理有机结合3.Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊(1743-1826)主张：主张追求幸福，人人生而平等，包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利4.Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺(1752-1832)Father of American Poetry" 美国诗歌之父，政治方面的新闻记者写作特点： the poems of Freneau fall mainly into two categories, one of description of nature, and one of expression of his political ideas.备注：菲利普·弗瑞诺作为一个自然诗人，在时间上介于布拉兹特里特和布莱恩特之间；作为一个哥特式作家，介于威格斯沃斯和爱伦·坡之间；作为一个原始主义者，介于莫顿和库珀之间。
5.Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文（1783-1859)the father of American literaturethe first great belletrist第一个纯文学作家，美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说。
British and American Literature一、选择题（共10个，每个1分）二、名词解释（共5个，共30分）Modernism: Modernism is a cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance, painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century, particularly in the years following World War I. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historicist tradition, and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.The key elements of Modernism in literature are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral['seribrəl] rather than emotive aspects. The work of Modernist writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment, dislocation, and alienation of men in the world, and by the emphasis on experimentation and formalism and objectivism which are, in most cases, a reaction to the Modern Age.Enlightenment: The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie [,bu:ʒwɑ:'zi:] against feudalism. The enlighteners thought the chief means for bettering the society is enlightenment or education for the people.Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism [,trænsen'dentlizəm] is a New England movement which flourished from about 1835 to 1860. It had its roots in romanticism and in post-Kantian idealism by which Coleridge was influenced. It had a considerable influence on American art and literature. Basically religious, it emphasized the role and importance of the individual conscience['kɔnʃəns], and the value of intuition in matters of moral guidance and inspiration.Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1908 to 1917.The Imagists used precise, clearly presented images in their works. They also used common, every day speech and aimed for conciseness[kən'saisnis], concrete imagery, and the creation of new rhythms. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church. They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.They wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They virtues of thrift and hard work.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin[sin] and total depravity[di'præviti], and limited atonement[ə'təunmənt] through a special infusion of grace form God.Puritanism has a profound influence on American literature.Realism:A nineteenth century European literary movement that sought to portray [pɔ:'trei] familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This was done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail. It is an action against Romanticism, and it paves the way for Modernism.Romanticism:A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century.Romanticism[rəu'mæntəsizəm] was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.Romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.Lost Generation: A term first used by Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date. The three best-known representatives of Lost Generation are F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos.三、简答（共30分，共5个或6个题目）Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic.He is considered as the father of detective story and psychoanalytic [,saikəu,ænəl'itik] criticism.His aesthetics[i:s'θetiks], his call for "the rhythmical['riðmikl] creation of beauty" have influenced French symbolists and the devotees of "art for art's sake."The style of Poe is unique. He tries to bring out the evil of humanity and show it to the world.He is what you would call a Dark Romantics.His writing style is owing to his personal tragedy.The three major themes of Edgar Allan Poe's short stories and poems are death, insanity, and horror.His famous Poems: The Raven, Annabel Lee, To Helen.Mark TwainMark Twain is a great literary giant of America.He was acclaimed as "the father of American literature."With works like The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Life on the Mississippi Twain shaped the world’s view of America and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done.Twain is also known as a local colorist who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions. With his great mastery and effective use of vernacular[və'nækjulə], Twain has made colloquial [kə'ləukwiəl] speech an accepted respectable medium in American literature. Besides,Twain’s humor and satire['sætaiə] is remarkable, too.Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway was an American writer and journalist.He was also known as one of the representatives of "the Lost Generation."Typical of this “iceberg” style is Hemingway’s style, which he had been trying hard to get.Besides, Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism[kə'ləukwiəlizəm] initiated by Mark Twain. He deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code, known as “grace under pressure.”His main woks include The Sun Also Rises,A Farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell Tolls,The Old Man and the Sea.Ezra PoundEzra Pound was an American expatriate poet and critic and a major figure in the early modernist movement in poetry.He launched Imagism which stressed clarity, precision, and economy of language.As a critic and editor, Pound discovered and encouraged many experimental authorsHis main woks include The Cantos['kæntəu] , In a Station of the Metro and so on.Henry JamesHenry James was an American-born writer, regarded as one of the key figures of 19th-century literary realism. James is generally ranked as the greatest American novelist of the second half of the 19th century.James is noted for his "international theme" which refers to the moral and psychological complications when the American innocence encountered the European sophisticationJames is a master of character portrayal[pɔ:'treiəl] and has extensively used the "stream of consciousness" method in his fictional writing. His style is over-elaborate, refined and genteel.His major works: The American,Daisy Miller,The Portrait of a LadyWalt WhitmanWalt Whitman was an American poet, essayist, journalist and humanist.He was a part of the transition between transcendentalism [,trænsen'dentlizəm] and realism, incorporating both views in his works. In this giant work Leaves of Grass, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him.Whitman’s poetical style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I.”Besides,Whitman was the first American to use free verse extensively.Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English.R.W. EmersonHe was an American essayist, philosopher, poet and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early 19th century.Emerson’s point of view1、the infinitude of man2、firmly believes in the transcendence [træn'sendəns] of the oversoul3、regards nature as the purest and the most satisfying moral influence on man4、everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world,and thathe makes the world by making himself.Emerson’s major literary works :Nature,The Amercian Scholar, PoetJane AustenJane Austen,an English novelist wrote numerous influential works contributing to the Western literary .Though living in the Romantic period, Austen is generally regarded as a realistic novelist.Her theme are mostly about love and marriage.Her style can be described as simple, suggestive , humorous and with quiet irony.Major works:Pride and Prejudice,Sense and Sensibility ,Mansfield Park,Emma Emily Dickinson四、问答（共2个题目，共30分）William Shakespeare1. Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is “to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature”. In his works, he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor['tju:də] monarch. Besides, his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time.2. Shakespeare is amazingly prolific. Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets['sɔnit], and 2 long poems. No two of his play invoke the same feeling or image among the audience. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays. He gives us a world of full-blooded people who live and struggle, suffer and rejoice, representing all the complexities and implications of real life.3. Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet ['kʌplit], and the dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writers. Many of his new coinage['kɔinidʒ] and turns of expressions have become everyday usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized version of the English Bible are the two great treasures of the English language.William FaulknerWilliam Faulkner is an American novelist and poet whose works feature his native state of Mississippi.He regarded as one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. In 1950,he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.Besides,he's considered part of the “Southern Renaissance.”In his works, Faulkner explains the present by examining the past, by telling the stories of several generations of family to show how history changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites as well as the conflicts between generations, classes, man and environment.His works also focus on focused on deterioration[di,tiriə'reiʃən],horror, violence and the abnormal.Faulkner wrote works of psychological drama and emotional depth, typically with long serpentine['sə:pənti:n] prose and high, meticulously-chosen[me'tikjuləsli] diction, also using groundbreaking literary devices such as stream of consciousness, multiple narrations or points of view, and time-shifts within narrative.Yoknapatawpha County is the setting for most of William Faulkner’s novels and short stories, with which Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.Major Works:The Sound and the Fury,As I lay Dying,Light in August, A Rose for EmilyWhat factors help the modernism come into being?Modernism rejects rationalism. Modernism includes internal, subjective, and psychological world. The student’s answer could cover Darvin’s revolution theory, Marxism and Relativity theory. It is a movement against the ration in the past.TranscendentalismR.W. Emerson published Nature in 1836 which represented a new way of intellectual thinking in America. “The Universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. Spirit is present everywhere.” This new voice led American Romanticism to a new and mature period, the period of New England Transcendentalism. This was the most significant development of American literature in the mid-19th century.New England Transcendentalism was, in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil. It was a system of thought that originated from three sources.Firstly, Unitarianism[,ju:ni'tεəriənizəm] laid the foundation for the central doctrines of transcendentalism. Unitarianism believed God as one being, rejecting the doctrine of trinity['triniti], stressing the tolerance of difference in religious opinion, and giving each congregation[,kɔŋgri'geiʃən] the free control of its own affairs and its independent authority.Secondly, the idealistic philosophy from France and Germany exerted enormous impact on American intellectuals.Thirdly, oriental mysticism as revealed in Hindu and Chinese classics reached America in English translations. As a result, New England Transcendentalism blended native American tradition with foreign influences.。
欧·亨利的写作风格介绍欧·亨利是美国短篇小说家、美国现代短篇小说创始人，其主要作品有《麦琪的礼物》、《警察与赞美诗》等，希望小编为大家带来欧·亨利的写作风格介绍，希望大家喜欢！一、欧·亨利的写作风格第一、写作的题材和对象的固定化。
欧·亨利的一生曾去过美国西部，而后重新回到美国大城市生活，所以在欧·亨利的写作题材囊括了美国西部的生活、美国大城市的生活，其中以美国大城市的生活为主。
而欧·亨利本人也并非什么大人物，所以他的写作对象同样大多数也是混迹于社会底层的小人物。
第二、欧·亨利小说的虽然短小，但其构思极为巧妙，将许多看似不可能发生的事情串联在一起，引人入胜。
第三、欧·亨利小说以语言幽默为主要特色，通过幽默的语言技巧，让读者往往泪水含笑，笑中含泪的进行阅读。
第四、欧·亨利的小说结局往往出人意料，这种结局被称为欧·亨利式结尾。
二、欧·亨利是哪国的欧洲近代史上，出现了许多杰出的作家，欧·亨利便是其中的一位，欧·亨利最为擅长的作品是小说，尤其是短篇小说，在他短短的一生之中，创作了近270篇的短篇小说和1篇长篇小说，为世界文学作出了巨大的贡献，与法国的莫泊桑、俄国的契诃夫并称为世界上的三大短篇小说巨匠。
那么欧·亨利是哪国的呢，欧·亨利是哪国的结论依据都有哪些，分别可以从哪些方面来进行论证?通过一系列的论证后，是否可以确定欧·亨利是哪国的?首先，从欧·亨利的人物生平方面来讨论他是哪国人。
翻阅历史资料，可以得出欧·亨利出生的信息，他于1862年出生于美国北卡罗来纳州的一个小城市，格林斯伯勒。
他的家庭十分不幸，母亲因病不幸早逝，父亲的不作为，小小的欧·亨利只能交给其祖母来抚养，由于家庭贫困，欧·亨利并没有接受过良好的教育。
3个重要作家Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway (1899-1961) is an American novelist, journalist and war correspondent. He is the leading spokesman of the “Lost Generation”, awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954.(Thematic patterns)(1)The Lost Generation: described in “The Sun also Rises”(1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that they were disillusioned with the war-wrecked world and spiritually alienated from a civilization and replaced by despair or a cynical hedonism.(2)The Hemingway Code Hero: described in “The Old Man and The Sea”(1952). A man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually. (Life is full of tension and battles, the world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom are known as "the Hemingway code".)(3)Ice theory: The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. Typical of this "iceberg" analogy is Hemingway's style. It means “Less is more”. (e.g: His novel “Indian Camp” has four “Icebergs” as the shadow.)Application: Hemingway’s Code Hero is embodied in “Indian Camp". It relates the story of young Nick watching his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by caesarian section with a jack-knife and without anesthesia to relieve the pain. In this novel, Hemingway's concern about violence and death by revealing Nick's feeling of perplexity, anxiety and terror over the misery of life and death. Hemingway introduced us five medical knowledge in the novel through the father’s teaching.(Writing style)(1)Hemingway's novel are based on using short, simple and conventional words and sentences, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone. No detail is wasted.("Less is more").(2) He is good at using “Iceberg Theory”, and colloquial style.(3) Hemingway develops the style of co1loquialism, understatement and symbolism.(4) The accents and mannerisms of human speech are well presented, so the characters are full of flesh and blood.Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau (1817-1862) is an American essayist, poet and philosopher. He is the representative of the philosophical and literary school of American Transcendentalism. In 1845 he built a cabin beside the Walden Pond and lived there in a very simple manner for over two years, which gave birth to a great transcendentalistwork —Walden (1854).(Writing style)His literary style interweaves close natural observation, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerity, and "Yankee" love of practical detail. Use precise language, long and complex paragraphs and sentences and vivid, detailed descriptions, made it lucid, simply wrought and unpretentious.(Theme)(1)For Thoreau, nature is not merely symbolic but divine in itself and human beings can receive precise communication from the natural world by way of pure senses. (2) He believed in self-culture and was eager to identify himself with the Transcendental image of the self-reliant man. he thinks, the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self- sufficient.(3)He emphasized individual conscience and even considered the society fetters of the freedom of individuals.Walden is a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, it emphasizes the importance of self-reliance, solitude, contemplation, and closeness to nature in transcending the "desperate" existence. Mainly expresses a critique of consumerism and capitalism. He does not perceive nature as a dead and passive object of conquest and exploitation.Walt WhitmanWhitman (1819-1892) is an American poet, essayist, journalist and humanist. He was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, and was also called “the father of verse”.(Writing style)(1) Whitman's poetic style is marked by the use of the poetic "I".(2) Whitman is also radically innovative in terms of the form of his poetry, such as adopted "free verse".(3)Whitman is conversational and casual, in the fluid, expansive, and unstructured style of talking. Using Parallelism and phonetic at the beginning of the lines.(4) His vocabulary is amazing, he is good at using powerful, colorful words and oral English.(Theme)His poetry is filled with optimistic expectation and enthusiasm about new things and new epoch.(1) He shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities.(2) He advocates the realization of the individua1 value. Most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” sing of the "en-mass" and the self as well.(3)Pursuit of love and happiness is approved of repeatedly and affectionately in his lines.(4) Some of Whitman's poems are politically committed.His major work “Leaves of Grass” commands great attention because of its uniquely poetic embodiment of American democratic ideals. He is the poet of the common people and the prophet and singer of democracy.In this poetry collection,(1)Openness, freedom, and individualism are all concerned.(2)It brings the hard-working farmers and laborers into American literature, attack the slavery system and racial discrimination.(3)It extols nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man's dignity and equality, and of the brightest future of mankind . Most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” sing of the "en-mass" and the self as well.The work was to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition and he believed that poetry could play a vita1 part in the process of creating a new nation.文学术语1.Transcendentalism 超验主义Transcendentalism is also called “New England Transcendentalism”. As a philosophical and literary moment, It flourished from 1810 to 1836 around Concord, Massachusetts. It was represented by Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. It has five characteristics: individualism, self-reliance, returning to nature, intuition and national consciousness.2.Prose Epic 散文史诗It is a long narrative poem telling of heroic deeds of reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. The novel Moby-Dick by Herman Melville is regarded as the Great American Novel.3.Free Verse自由体It is poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. It was invented by Walt Whitman and popular used in “Leaves of Grass.”4.Hemingway Code Hero 海明威式的硬汉It refers to some protagonists in Hemingway's works. In his novels, life is full of tension and battles. The world is in chaos and man is always fighting desperately a losing battle. Those who survive and perhaps emerge victorious in the process of seeking to master the code with a set of principles such as honor, courage, endurance, wisdom, discipline and dignity are known as "the Hemingway code". A man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually. It is described in“ TheOld Men and the Sea.”5. Lost Generation 迷惘一代The Lost Generation was a group of rebellious youth appeared in America after the First World War. It is represented by Hemingway. It’s described in “The Sun Also Rises.”The generation was “lost” in the sense that they were disillusioned with the war-wre cked world and spiritually alienated from a civilization and replaced by despair or a c ynical hedonism.6.Iceberg theory 冰山理论The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above the water. Typical of this "iceberg" analogy is Hemingway's style. Hemingway's style is actually polished and tightly contro1led, but highly suggestive and connotative. It means “less is more.”7. International theme 国际主题Henry Jame’s treatment with the c1ashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America.8. Local Colorism 地方色彩Local Colorism is a unique variation of American literary realism. Local colorism concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region or province, which are marked by its customs, dialects, customs, landscape or other peculiarities. It was represented by Mark Twain, especially in Mississippi life in Mississippi river.诗歌Historical background：Emily Dickinson（1830-1886), the best-known female poet in American literature. Her poems, as well as Walt Whitman's, were considered as a part of "American renaissance"; they were regarded as pioneers of imagism. (三首诗都可以写上去的，是诗人背景)1.I Died for Beauty（Emily Dickinson）我为美而死去（艾米莉·狄金森）I died for beauty－－but was scarce 我为美而死，却还不曾Adjusted in the Tomb 在墓中安息，When one who died for Truth，was lain 一个殉真理的烈士In the adjoining Room－－就成了我的近邻He questioned softly “Why I failed?”他轻声问我“你为何而丧生？“For beauty，”I replied－－我会说：“为了美”“And I－－for Truth－－Themself are One “我为真理，真与美本是一体“We Brethren，are，”He said－－他说：“我们也是兄弟”And so，as Kinsmen，met a Night－－于是，我们像亲戚在黑夜里相逢。
